Chartergus artifex (Christ, 1791)

Somavilla, Alexandre, Aragão, Marcos, Barroso, Paulo Cézar Salgado, Carpenter, James M. & Menezes, Rodolpho Santos Telles, 2024, Taxonomic account and phylogenetic relationships of the species of the Neotropical social wasp genus Chartergus Lepeletier, 1836 (Vespidae: Polistinae: Epiponini), Zootaxa 5418 (3), pp. 279-290 : 281-282

Chartergus artifex (Christ, 1791)

Fig. 1A–H , 4 , 5

Vespa artifex surinamensis Christ, 1791 , Naturgesch. Ins.: 226, pl. 20—“ Surinam ” (type lost).

Vespa chartaria Olivier, 1792 , Encyc. Méthod. 6 (2): 687—“de Cayenne & de Surinam ” (type lost).—Bequaert, 1938, Rev. Entomol., Rio de Janeiro 9: 114 (syn.: Vespa nidulans Fabricius ; designated as type of Epipona ).

Vespa nidulans Fabricius, 1793 , Entomol. Syst. 2: 271—[ French Guiana] “Cajennae” (? Paris).—Coquebert, 1799, Illus. Icon. Ins.: 24, pl. VI fig. 3A.—Latreille, 1829, Crust. Arach. Ins. 2: 339.—Carpenter, 1999, Am. Mus. Novitat. 3259: 8 (note on type).

Epipona nidulans; Latreille, 1802 , Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. 3: 365; 1809, Gen. Crust. Ins. 4: pl. XIV fig. 6; 1824, Mém. Mus. Hist. Nat. Paris 11: 316 (compared to Polistes lecheguana n. sp.).—Curtis, 1844, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 19: 258 (Epipone [!]; syn.: E. chartaria “Lat. ”).

Vespa chartifex Vallot, 1802 , Concord. Syst.: 171—[ French Guiana] “ Cayenne ” (type lost).

Epipona chartaria; Latreille, 1804, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. 13: 102, pl. XIV figs. 6–7; 1805, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. 13: 349, pl. CII figs. 6–7 (“Epipone cartonnière”), 1806, Hist. Nat. Crust. Ins. 1: Tab. XIV fig. 6 (Epipone [!]).—Bequaert, 1938, Rev. Entomol., Rio de Janeiro 9: 114 (syns.: V. nidulans Fabricius , V. artifex surinamensis Christ , V. chartifex Vallot , C. tuberculatus Cameron ; Guyana; Brazil; Bolivia).

Polistes nidulans ; Lepeletier and Serville, 1825, Encyc. Méthod. 10: 172.—Guérin, 1844, Icon. Règne Anim. Ins., Atlas: pl. 72, fig. 7.

Chartergus nidulans; Lepeletier, 1836, Hist. Nat. Ins. Hym. 1: 546.—White, 1841, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 7: 315.—Casolari and Casolari Moreno, 1979, Boll. Mus. Zool. Univ. Torino (4): 135 (list).

Chartergus chartarius; de Saussure, 1854, Ét. Fam. Vesp. 2: 217 (key), 220 (syns.: V. artifex surinamensis Christ , V. chartifex Vallot , V. nidulans Fabricius ).—M̂bius, 1856, Nester Gesell. Wespen: 34 (key), pl. XIII fig. 6.—Fox, 1898, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philad.: 457 ( Brazil: Amazonas, Mato Grosso).—Dalla Torre, 1904, Gen. Ins. 19: 85 (cat.).—Ducke, 1904, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, Pará 4: 324, 328 (key), 334 ( Brazil).—Cameron, 1906, Invert. Pacif. 1: 156 (compared to tuberculatus n. sp.).—Ducke, 1910, Ann. Hist.-Nat. Mus. Natl. Hung. 8: 484 (syns.: V. artifex surinamensis Christ , V. nidulans Fabricius , V. chartifex Vallot , C. globiventris de Saussure , C. tuberculatus Cameron ; female, male; French Guiana; Brazil).—Cameron, 1912, Timehri (3) 2: 219 ( Guyana).—Bequaert, 1944, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 94: 274 (list); 1949 (1948), Bol. Entomol. Venez. 7: 131 (Chartegus [!]; Venezuela).—Machado and Hebling, 1972, in C. da Cruz-Landim et al., Homenagem à Warwick E. Kerr: 199–204 (caste polymorphism).— Richards, 1978, Soc.Wasps Am.: 132 (key), 134, fig. 68.—Overal, 1978, Bol. Mus. Para. Emílio Goeldi (N. S.), Zool. 94: 9 (list).—Raw, 1989, Maracá Rainfor. Proj., Invert. Limnol., Prelim. Rep.: 35 ( Brazil), 36 (Chatergus [!]; distr.); 1989, Maracá Rainfor. Proj., Invert. Limnol., Prelim. Rep.: 41 (habitat preference).— Carpenter and van der Vecht, 1991, Ann. Carnegie Mus. 60 (3): 221 (note on material seen by Fox).—Almeida and Castro, 1991, Acta Biol. Par., Curitiba 20: 47 (coll. list).—Sarmiento, 1994, Rev. Biol. Trop. 42 (1/2): 358 (list).—Garcete-Barrett, 1999, Avispas Soc. Parag.: 30, fig.—Cooper, 2000, Entomol. Mon. Mag. 136: 196 (nest association with Azteca ; Agelaia pallidiventris ; Polybia rejecta , P. singularis , Synoeca virginea , and Icteridae).

Chartergus tuberculatus Cameron, 1906 , Invert. Pacif. 1: 155, male—“Rio Branco, Obidos, Brazil ” (London).

Chartergus artifex ; Carpenter, 1999, Am. Mus. Novitat. 3259: 1, 8.

Diagnosis. Clypeus wider than long, more transverse; clypeus touching the eyes for an extension equal than width of antennal socket; midlength gena equal to or wider than eye; genal margin clearly sinuate a little below the middle of eye, beyond it curved so that the gena becomes very broad again; humeri pronounced; pronotum with an anterior pale transverse band, and with prominence near ventral corner longer and more acute; pronotal fovea absent; scrobal furrow with less regular and usually weaker carinae; metanotum compressed; central tubercle of metanotum stronger; metanotum with a pale band across the top half, rarely partly black here; keel on dorsal half of propodeal angles longer; first metasomal segment wider than long; second metasomal segment as long as wide; usually the largest species in the genus Chartergus .

Remarks. Chartergus artifex (Christ, 1791) = Vespa artifex surinamensis Christ, 1791 , Naturgesch. Ins.: 226, pl. 20—“Surinam” (the type is lost). Vespa chartaria Olivier, 1791: 687 . Types, French Guiana: Cayenne; Surinam (lost). Vespa nidulans Fabricius, 1793: 271 . Types, French Guiana: Cayenne, (MNHN, Paris, lost). Vespa chartifex Vallot, 1802: 171 . Types, French Guiana: Cayenne (lost). According to Richards the types of these three synonyms of C. artifex are possibly lost and the only type in museums has been examined by us: Chartergus tuberculatus Cameron, 1906: 155 . Holotype, BRAZIL: PA, Obidos, Rio Branco, (NHM).

Type material examined. Holotype ♀ BRAZIL: Pará, Óbidos, Rio Branco, P. Cameron Coll. 1914 110, 3952 [label], Chartergus tuberculatus Cam. Type, Brazil [label], B.M. Type Hym. 18771 [label], NHMUK 010817927 ( NHM).

Additional material examined: CUBA: Santiago de Cuba (Maybe introduced or wrong label) (2♀, AMNH not in Map) ; ECUADOR: Sucumbios Prov., Limoncocha 00º24’S 76º36’W, 26.vi.1970, M. Naumann leg., nest (30♀, AMNH) ; Sucumbios Prov., Limoncocha 00º24’S 76º36’W, 26.viii.1970, M. Naumann leg., nest (20♀, AMNH) ; Coca on Rio Napo, Napo Pastaza prov., v.1966, L.E. Pena leg. (1♀, AMNH) ; COLOMBIA: Amazonas, Letícia , 70m, 29.x.1973, M. Corn leg. (3♀, AMNH) ; PERU: Huanaco, Tingo Maria, Rio Hualalga , 9.vii.1974, C. Potter & L. Stage leg. (1♀, AMNH) ; Rio Morona (1♀, AMNH) ; BOLIVIA: Chapare, Cesarzama , i.1975, Horacio leg. (2♀, AMNH) ; BRAZIL: Roraima, Tepequém, 14.xii.2015, M.L. Oliveira & P.R. Bartholomay leg. (1 ♀, INPA) ; P.N. Viruá , 16.xii.2015, M. L. Oliveira & P. R. Bartholomay leg. (1♀, INPA) ; Rorainópolis , -0.9458; -60.4178 / 21.vii.2012, Busca ativa, A. Somavilla et al. leg. (1♀, INPA) ; Amazonas, Rio Acre , 9º27’S 67º31’W, 70m, 17.x.1998 (5♀, AMNH) ; Amazonas, Paraná do Xiboreninho, 03°15’S 60°00’W, 5.viii.79 —mixed water/canopy fogging project, TRS#05, Col. by hand Adis, Erwin, Montgomery, et. al. leg. / Chartergus chartarius (Olivier) ♀, Det. C.K. Starr, 1988 / Chatergus artifex ♀, Somavilla, A. Det (1♀, INPA) ; Manaus, EMBRAPA, 02°53’29”S- 59°58’45”W / 23.xii.2012, Lote: 694, Guaraná orgânico, borda, K. Schoeninger leg. (1♀, INPA) ; Manaus, INPA I , 10.x.2014, D. Nogueira leg. (1♀, INPA) ; Iranduba, Cabeceira da Ponte , -3.1600 -60.0986 / 17.xi.2011, Oliveira, Tonon, Somavilla & Azevedo leg. (1♀, INPA) ; Est. Am1. Km64 , Mn.Am. Brasil, 29/7/70, col— A. Faustino (1♀, INPA) ; Manacapuru , 3°14’17.09”S / 0°36’1.31”O, 29.i.2019, C. Krug leg. / 10465 (1♀, INPA) ; Manicoré, Cachoeira , 05°29’44”S- 60°49’21”W, ix.2004, Malaise de solo, Floresta úmida, Silva & Pena leg. (1♀, INPA) ; PARNA do Jaú , 19.iii à 05.iv.2003 / M.L. Oliveira & J.A. Cunha leg., Avulso (1♁, INPA) ; Pará, Rio Trombetas / 05-iii-1981, Eq. Apoidea / Chartergus chartarius (1♀, INPA) ; Acre, Bujari, F.E.S. Antimary , 9°20’01”S / 68°19’17”W, 22.ix–06.x.2016, Malaise grande, E.F Morato & J.A Rafael leg. / Chartergus artifex ♀, Somavilla, A. Det. (1♀, INPA) ; Mato Grosso, Nova Xavantina , 17.viii.1997, F.B. Noll leg. (29♀, AMNH) ; SURINAME: Sarakreek, Afobaka , 15.10.1964, D.C. Geijskes leg. (2♀, AMNH) ; FRENCH GUIANA: Cayenne, Petit Saul , 26.x.2005, A Degean leg. (2♀, AMNH).

Distribution ( Fig 4 ). Colombia: Amazonas*, Meta, Putumayo, Vaupés; Venezuela: Monagas; Guyana; Suriname; French Guiana; Ecuador: Napo, Pastaza *, Sucumbios *; Peru: Huanaco*, Loreto; Brazil: Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Santa Catarina, S„o Paulo*; Bolivia: Beni, Chapare*, Cochabamba *; Paraguay.

Figures

FIGURE 1. Chartergus artifex (Christ, 1791)—A: lateral view. B: dorsal view. C: face, frontal view. D: nest. Holotype of Chartergus tuberculatus [currently Chartergus artifex]—E: lateral. F: dorsal. G: original label.

FIGURE 4. Map showing the current geographicdistribution of Chartergus species.For locality information see Supplementary material S1.

FIGURE 5. Phylogenetic relationships of Chartergus species inferred by Maximum Likelihood (A) and Maximum Parsimony (B) analysis using COI mitochondrial and morphological data. Values at the nodes represent Shimodaira-Hasegawa approximate likelihood ratio test/parametric ultrafast bootstrap (left) and symmetric resampling (right) supports as reported by IQ-Tree (A) and TNT (B), respectively.