Gloripallium pallium ( Linnaeus, 1758 )

Dijkstra, Henk H. & Beu, Alan G., 2018, Living Scallops of Australia and Adjacent Waters (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pectinoidea: Propeamussiidae, Cyclochlamydidae and Pectinidae), Records of the Australian Museum (Rec. Aust. Mus.) 70 (2), pp. 113-330 : 194-197

Gloripallium pallium ( Linnaeus, 1758)

Figs 40C,I, 41, 43A,C

Ostrea pallium Linnaeus, 1758: 697 , no. 163; Linnaeus, 1764: 526, no. 107; Linnaeus, 1767: 1145, no. 193; Born, 1778: 84; Born, 1780: 101; Gmelin, 1791: 3322, no. 40; Dillwyn, 1817: 253; Dijkstra, 1999: 405, figs 2E–F, 3A–B [lectotype]; Dijkstra, 2016: 116, fig. 16.

Figure 40. A, E, G, Glorichlamys quadrilirata (Lischke) , specimen in Fig. 38H, J; lv exterior (A), lv interior (E), rv exterior (G).B, D, F, H, K, Juxtamusium coudeini (Bavay) (B, D) separate valves,AM C.157660, NE of Cairns, GBR, QLD, 55 m; rv exterior (B), lv exterior (D); (F) lv only,AM C.338776, Keeper Reef, off Townsville, GBR, QLD, 43 m; lv exterior; (H, K), pair, AM C.075282, holotype of Juxtamusium oblectatum Iredale , Great Barrier Reef Exped. stn 16, 0.5 miles W of North Direction Isle, N QLD, 36.5 m; lv exterior (H), rv exterior (K). C, I, Gloripallium pallium (Linnaeus) , pair, AM C.132081, Low Isles, GBR, QLD; lv exterior (C), rv exterior (I). J, Juxtamusium maldivense (Smith) , rv only, AM C.165160, off S end of Fraser Island, QLD, 73 m; rv exterior. Scale bars represent 10 mm (A, B, D–H, J, K), 30 mm (C, I).

Figure 41. Distribution of Gloripallium pallium (Linnaeus) .

Pecten pallium (Linnaeus) .–Bruguière, 1797: pl. 210, figs 1a–b; Lamarck, 1819: 170; Bosc, 1824: 262; Defrance, 1825: 242; Deshayes, 1832a: 721, no. 18; G. B. Sowerby II, 1842: 73, pl. 17, figs 148–150; Chenu, 1843: 7, pl. 26, figs 1, 1a–c, 3–5c; Reeve, 1853: sp. 63, pl. 17, figs 63a–c; Küster & Kobelt, 1888: 39, 103, pl. 11, figs 1, 5, pl. 28, figs 7–8, pl. 29, fig. 1.

Chlamys pallium (Linnaeus) .–Röding, 1798: 163, no. 102; Dautzenberg & Bouge, 1933: 427; Wells & Slack-Smith, 1986: 54.

Pectinium pallium (Linnaeus) .– Link, 1807: 156.

Pecten novaeguinae Tenison Woods, 1878b: 267 .

Pecten (Aequipecten) pallium (Linnaeus) .–Dautzenberg & Bavay, 1912: 19; Oostingh, 1925: 254; Adam & Leloup, 1939: 59.

Gloripallium pallium (Linnaeus) .– Iredale, 1939: 357; Kira, 1962: 140, pl. 50, fig. 10; Waller, 1972a: 239, pl. 3, figs 45–56; Mastaller, 1979: 140; Dijkstra, (1983–1994)1984: 17, figs; Springsteen & Leobrera, 1986: 328, pl. 93, fig. 9; Mastaller, 1987: 210; Dijkstra, 1989: 14, 18, figs; Dijkstra et al., 1989: 24; Dijkstra et al., 1990: 3; Rombouts, 1991: 42, pl. 15, figs 4–4a; Dharma, 1992: 84, pl. 20, fig. 18; Lamprell & Whitehead, 1992: [26], pl. 11, fig. 67; Bernard et al., 1993: 50; Dijkstra, 1997: 316, 328, figs 28–31, 32; Dijkstra, Drivas & Jay, 1998: 7, fig. 9; Dijkstra & Knudsen, 1998: 63, pl. 10, figs 48–49; Hayami, 2000: 903, pl. 449, fig. 33; Wang, 2002: 218, pl. 4, fig. 1; Slack- Smith & Bryce, 2004: 237; Dharma, 2005: 250, 364, pl. 100, fig. 8; pl. 147, figs 11a–d; Raines & Poppe, 2006: 118–119, lower figs; pl. 70, figs 1–6; pl. 71, figs 1–6; pl. 72, figs 1–5; pl. 294, figs 1–5; Dijkstra & Moolenbeek, 2008: 23; Xu & Zhang, 2008: 89, fig. 249; Huber, 2010: 200; Raines, 2010: 608, pl. 995, figs 1–5; Dijkstra, 2013: 42, pl. 10, figs 3a–d, pl. 27, figs 1a–b.

Chlamys (Cryptopecten) pallium (Linnaeus) .–Hertlein, 1969: N357, fig. C.79: 1c; Dijkstra, 1990a: 9, 12.

Cryptopecten pallium (Linnaeus) .–Abbott & Dance, 1982: 309, fig.

Gloripallium pallium pallium (Linnaeus) .–Dijkstra, 1991: 46; Dijkstra, 1998a: 21.

Gloriapallium [sic] pallium (Linnaeus) .–Higo et al., 1999: 445.

Chlamys (Gloripallium) pallium (Linnaeus) .–Wells, Slack- Smith & Bryce, 2000: 42.

Type data. Ostrea pallium Linnaeus : lectotype (pr) LSL [not registered], 3 (lv + 2 rv) paralectotypes LSL [not registered], 2 (pr + rv) possible paralectotypes (pr) UUZM [not registered], paralectotype MSNP [not registered], designated by Dijkstra (1999: 406). Type locality: “Habitat in O. australiore & Indico”. Restricted to the Moluccas [Maluku], Indonesia, by Dijkstra (1999: 406).

Pecten novaeguinae Tenison Woods : holotype not traced in Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery , Hobart [Kemp, pers. comm.]. Type locality: Pleistocene, Hall Sound, Papua New Guinea.

Additional material examined. — AUSTRALIA: QUEENSLAND: Torres Strait, Darnley Island , 9°35'S 143°46' E , dead (1 v, C.051519); Torres Strait, Yorke Island , 9°44'S 143°25' E , dead, beach (1 v, C.104431); Torres Strait, Murray Island , 9°56'S 144°04'E ,dead (4 v,C.029791);GBR,Eel Reef,N end, 12°24'S 143°22'E, dead, 4–8 m (5 v, C.138390); GBR, No. 8 Sand Cay, N side, 13°21'S 143°57'E, dead, 15 m (1 v, C.157600); No 8. Sand Cay, N side, 13°21'S 143°57'E, dead, 4–21 m (4 v, C.336911); Reef 13-074, N end, 13°28'S 144°02'E, dead, 4–14 m (1 pr, C.133576); Reef 13-074, 13°29'S 144°02' E, dead, 7–10 m (3 v, C.336910); Reef 13-119, NW-tip, 13°40'S 144°09'E, dead, 3–6 m (1 pr, C.336912); No. 5 Sandbank Reef (13-120), SW end, 13°45' S 144°16'E, dead, 8–10 m (1 v, C.138338); Jewell Reef, 14°24'S 145°24'E, dead, 15–16 m (1 v, C.153304); Lizard Island , Granite Bluff, 14°39'S 145°27'E , dead, 15 m (4 v, C.338426); Lizard Island, North Point , 14°39'S 145°27'E , alive, 1.5–7.5 m (3 pr, C.344031); Lizard Island , off Crystal Beach point, 14°39'S 145°28'E , alive, 0–9 m (1 pr,C.338425); Macgillivray Cay, NW side, 14°39'S 145°29'E, dead, 9–15 m (7 v, C.138398); Lizard Island , Macgillivray Cay, NW side, 14°39'S 145°29'E , dead, 6–17 m (2 v, C.336913); Lizard Island , Macgillivray Cay, NW side, 14°39'S 145°29'E , dead, 1–2 m (1 v, C.336918); Lizard Island , Rocky Point, 14°40'S 145°26'E , dead, 6–9 m (1 pr, C.105505); Lizard Island , off Pebble Beach, 14°40' S 145°26'E , dead, 1–8 m (1 pr, C.108946); Lizard Island , Watsons Bay, N end, 14°40' S 145°27' E , alive, 0–2 m (1 pr, C.344027); Lizard Island , 14°40'S 145°28'E , dead (2 v, C.008624; 1 v, C.008625; 2 v, C.041562); GBR, No Name Reef, SW end, 14°40' S 145°39'E, dead, 15–20 m (2 v, C.153125); Lizard Island, between Palfrey Island & Freshwater Beach, 14°41'S 145°27'E , dead, 1 m (1 v, C.338427); Lizard Island , Bommie No. 2, 14°41'S 145°28'E , lagoon, dead, 9–12 m (3 v, C.104433); Lizard Island , W & NW of Bird Islet, 14°41'S 145°28' E , dead, 2–14 m (1 v, C.338422); Lizard Island, Bird Islet , 14°41'S 145°28'E , dead, 0–24 m (3 v,C.338423);W of Lizard Island, Eyrie Reef , 14°42' S 145°23'E , dead, 3–11 m (1 v, C.338424); Lizard Island, South Island , 14°42'S 145°27'E , alive, 0.5–18 m (1 v, C.105191;4 v, C.336917; 2 v, C.123339; 1 pr, C.344028);No. 10 Ribbon Reef, SW end, 14°56'S 145°42' E, dead, 8–10 m (1 v, C.138327); No. 7 Ribbon Reef, NW end, 15°08'S 145°44'E, alive, 6–15 m (1 pr, C.338428); Ruby Reef, NW side, 15°44' S 145°47'E, dead, 9–18 m (1 v, C.338429); N of Cairns, Opal Reef , 16°15'S 145°50'E , dead, 27 m (2 v, C.095925); Low Isles, 16°23'S 145°34'E, dead (2 v, C.119680); Low Isles, 16°23'S 145°34' E,alive (1 pr,C.132081);Michaelmas Cay, 16°36'S 145°59'E,dead (1 v, C.053650);Euston Reef, SW side, 16°40' S 146°13'E, dead, 21 m (1 v, C.336915); Euston Reef,SW side, 16°40'S 146°13'E, alive, 21–29 m (1 pr,C.344032); Green Island , 16°46'S 145°58'E , dead (1 v,C.336916);off Cairns, Fitzroy Island , 16°56'S 146°0'E ,alive (1 pr,C.083779);Family Islands,Dunk Island, 17°57'S 146°10' E,dead (1 v,C.132083); Hinchinbrook Channel, 18°15'S 146°03'E,alive, 18 m (1 pr,C.097579);off Townsville, 18°30'– 19°30'S 146°30'– 147°30' E, alive (2 pr, C.303765); Palm Islands , Orpheus Island , 18°38'S 146°30'E , dead (1 v, C.132087); Palm Islands , 18°40'S 146°33'E, dead (2 v, C.010051); NE of Townsville, Wheeler Reef , N side, 18°46'S 147°31'E , alive, 11 m (1 pr, C.112042); Wheeler Reef, SE side, 18°46'S 147°31'E, dead (1 pr, C.338430); Wheeler Reef, 18°46'S 147°31'E, alive, subtidal (1 pr, C.338447); Wheeler Reef, 18°46'S 147°31'E, dead, subtidal (2 pr, C.338448); E of Townsville, Broadhurst Reef , 18°57'S 147°44'E , dead,sublittoral (2 pr,C.104781);E of Townsville, Broadhurst Reef , 18°57'S 147°44' E , subtidal (3 pr, alive, C.338435; 1 pr, dead, C.338438; 4 pr, alive, C.338439); Broadhurst Reef,18°95'S 147°73.3'E, subtidal (1 pr, alive,C.338440; 1 pr, alive, C.338441; 1 pr, alive, C.338443; 1 pr, alive, C.338444; 1 pr, dead, C.338445); Broadhurst Reef,18°95'S 147°73.3'E,alive,sublittoral (2 pr,C.338442);Bowden Reef, 19°02'S 147°56'E, alive, sublittoral (1 pr, C.338434); off Bowen, Holbourne Island , 19°44'S 148°22'E , dead (2 v, C.067153); Whitsunday Group, Daydream [ West Molle ] Island, 20°15'S 148°48'E ,dead (2 v,C.336914);GBR,Creal Reef Cay, 20°32'S 150°22' E, dead,beach (2 v, C.203246); Creal Reef Cay, 20°32' S 150°22'E, dead (3 v, C.203247); Swain Reefs, Mystery Reef, 21°22' S 152°01'E, dead, 4–10 m (1 v, C.161835; 1 pr, C.336904); Swain Reefs, Reef 21-182, 21°22'S 151°41'E, dead, 10 m (1 v, C.336905); Swain Reefs,Mystery Reef, 21°23'S 152°01'E,dead, 10 m (1 v,C.161819);Swain Reefs, Reef 21-189, 21°27' S 151°41'E, dead, 3 m (1 v, C.146429); Swain Reefs, Reef 21-189, 21°27'S 151°41'E, dead, 9–10 m (1 v,C.148131); Swain Reefs,Reef 21-468, NW side, 21°30'S 152°25'E, dead, 10–14 m (1 v,C.161811);Swain Reefs,Thomas Cay, 21°36'S 152°21' E, dead, intertidal (3 v, C.319185); Swain Reefs, 3 km NE of W side of Gillett Cay, 21°42'S 152°26'E,dead, 64–73 m (2 v,C.336906);Swain Reefs,Gillett Cay, 21°43'S 152°25' E,dead,intertidal (2 v,C.336909);Swain Reefs,Big Sandy Cay (21-465), 21°48' S 151°52' E, dead, 9 m (1 v, C.097575); Swain Reefs, Sanctuary Reef, 22°03'S 152°40' E, dead, 6–14 m (2 v, C.143896); Swain Reefs, Sanctuary Reef, 22°04'S 152°40'E, dead, 1 m (1 v, C.144120); Swain Reefs, Capre Cay, 22°09' S 152°46' E, dead, intertidal (1 v, C.336908); Swain Reefs, 22°12'S 152°37'E, dead, 7–19 m (1 v, C.143142); Swain Reefs, 22°12'S 152°37'E,alive, 7–19 m (1 pr,C.336907);Swain Reefs,Howards Patches, 22°23'S 152°37'E, dead, 9–12 m (1 v,C.142722); Capricorn Group, Tryon Island , 23°15'S

151°47'E, dead (3 v, C.103810); Capricorn Group, Wilson Island , 23°18'S 151°57'E, dead (1 v,C.119681); Capricorn Group, North West Island , 23°18'S 151°42'E,dead(3 v, C.132085); Capricorn Group, Masthead Island , 23°32'S 151°45'E,dead (1 v,C.018933); Bunker Group, Fairfax Island , 23°51'S 152°22'E, dead (26 v, C.319186). WESTERN AUSTRALIA: Exmouth , 21°56'S 114°09' E,alive, 5 m (1 pr,C.091991). NORTHERN TERRITORY: Arnhem Land, Gove Peninsula, Yirrkala , 12°15'S 136°53'E, dead (4 v, C.061321).— MARIANA ISLANDS : Guam, Apra Harbour , 13°27'N 144°38'E,dead(7 v,C.338451).— PAPUA NEW GUINEA: New Ireland, Kavieng , 2°34'S 150°48' E,dead (1 v, C.102075); Trobriand Group, Kuia Island , 8°37'S 150°51'E,dead (2 v,C.321627); Samarai , 10°37'S 150°40'E, dead (8 v, C.338433).— SOLOMON ISLANDS : Choiseul Island, Wagina [= Vaghena] Island , 7°26'S 157°46'E, dead (1 v, C.095820); W coast Malaita Island , S of Aoki [= Auki], Laulasi Island , 8°52' S 160°44' E, exposed reef flats, dead (2 v,C.321619); Guadalcanal, Honiara,beaches W of Point Cruz , 9°25'S 159°56'E, dead,beach (1 v,C.116254). VANUATU: Eromanga Island , 18°48'S 169°05' E,dead (2 v, C.005352).— NEW CALEDONIA: Loyalty Islands , Ouv’a , 20°35'S 166°35'E,dead (1 v,C.116808); Nouméa, Ile Ste.Marie , 22°18'S 166°29' E,alive (1 pr,C.321631).CORAL SEA: Holmes Reef , 16°30'S 147°47'E, dead (2 v, C.319189); North East Herald Cay , 16°56'S 149°11'E,dead(7 v,C.203248); North East Herald Cay , 16°56'S 149°11'E,dead (4 v,C.319188);E of Cairns, Lihou Reef , 17°25'S 151°40' E,dead,beach (1 v,C.319187); Marion Reef, Carola Cay , 19°07' S 152°23'E, dead (4 v, C.203245); North Bellona Shoals , 20°49'S 158°29'E, alive (1 pr, C.344029); Saumarez Reef , 21°50'S 153°39'E, dead, 12–15 m (1 pr,C.142148); Wreck Reef, West Island , 22°12'S 155°10'E,dead (1 v, C.141775).— FIJI ISLANDS : Viti Levu, Nadi Bay , 16°57'S 178°47'E,dead, 9–35 m (1 pr,C.067576).—REP.OF KIRIBATI: Line Islands , Malden Island , 4°0'S 155°0' W,dead (1 pr, C.097578); Line Islands , Malden Island , 4°0'S 155°0'W, dead (7 pr, C.338453). For other regional data see Waller (1972a: 242) .

Description. Shell up to 90 mm high, most specimens c. 60 mm; solid, inflated, circular, equivalve, equilateral, auricles unequal in shape and size, umbonal angle c. 90-95°; vividly coloured with highly variable blotches and/or bands of red, yellow, purple, maroon or brown; interior whitish with orange or purple near margins and on auricles.

Both valves with 12–15 primary radial plicae, most specimens with 13 (somewhat narrower on left valve than on right), and 2–4 secondary riblets on crests of plicae (3 on most specimens; lacking near anterior and posterior margins) and in radial interspaces. Commarginal lamellae on plicae in early growth stages (also in adult stage of G. speciosum form), plicae becoming more tripartite near ventral margin. Auricles with 3–6 squamous or nodulous radial costae. Byssal notch deep, byssal fasciole rather broad. Functional ctenolium with 3–6 teeth. Resilifer narrowly triangular. Marginal auricular gape present between auricular crura. Resilial teeth weak, dorsal and intermediate teeth prominent. Inner surface plicate, with short, prominent internal rib carinae around ventral margin.

Dimensions. Illustrated specimen: QLD, GBR, Low Isles (AM C.132081): rv and lv both H 59.7, L 60.3 mm; D 23.0 mm.

Habitat. Living in the intertidal to the outer continental shelf, byssally attached to coral slabs or to rubble under slabs, a few specimens found amongst small rocks and rubble on steep slopes. Adults appear to be able to move to the open water area at night to feed and then move back into the rubble pile during the day.

Distribution. Throughout the tropical Indo-West Pacific (except the Red Sea and the Hawaiian Islands ) from southern Japan to northern Australia, westwards into the Indian Ocean to South Africa and Mozambique, and eastwards into the eastern central Pacific to the Marquesas Islands and Tuamotu Archipelago (Waller, 1972: 242–243; Raines & Poppe, 2006: 118); Mozambique, South Africa, 60–75 m (dead) (Dijkstra & Kilburn, 2001: 280–281); Red Sea to Japan, 1–45 m (Huber, 2010: 200); Philippines, 4–100 m (alive, minimum depth range) (Dijkstra, 2013: 43); Indonesia, 6–25 m (Dijkstra, 1991: 46–47); Papua New Guinea, 20–25 m (Dijkstra, 1998a: 21); Vanuatu, 3–60 m (Dijkstra & Maestrati, 2012: 405–406); Society Islands , 385–830 m, dead (Dijkstra & Maestrati, 2013a: 373). Maximum depth range of live-taken specimens is from the intertidal zone to c. 150 m (unpublished data, HHD). Present specimens from Australia alive from the intertidal zone to 29 m.

Remarks. The present specimens are indistinguishable from the type material and the sculpture is rather constant, except for the lamellae on the radial plicae. Most deep-water specimens have undivided plicae and strongly developed commarginal lamellae in the adult stage ( speciosum morph), treated by Waller (1972a: 241) as an intrapopulation variant, whereas shallow-water specimens have delicate, subdivided lamellae in late ontogeny ( pallium morph) (see Dijkstra & Kilburn, 2001: 281). We here follow Raines & Poppe (2006: 118–123) and Dijkstra (2013: 42–43), who maintained the pallium and speciosum forms as separate species.

Gloripallium speciosum (Reeve, 1853) , known from throughout the tropical Indo-West Pacific (except the Red Sea and the Hawaiian Islands ) differs from the present species mainly by having strongly developed, undivided commarginal lamellae on the radial ribs (divided into three rows of lamellae on each radial rib in G. pallium ), by having more prominent nodules and lamellae and fewer riblets on the auricles, by having generally slightly fewer ribs ( G. speciosum 10–11, G. pallium 12–13), and in size ( G. speciosum up to 60 mm, G. pallium up to 90 mm in height). We have not seen specimens from Australia.

For comparison with Gloripallium spiniferum (G. B. Sowerby I, 1835) from French Polynesia and Gloripallium maculosum (Forsskål, 1775) from the Red Sea, see Dijkstra & Kilburn (2001: 281).