Fidia viticida Walsh, 1972

Strother, M. S. & Staines, C. L., 2008, A revision of the New World genus Fidia Baly 1863 (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Eumolpinae: Adoxini), Zootaxa 1798 (1), pp. 1-100 : 80-94

Fidia viticida Walsh

( Figs. 23 , 35 , 42–43 , 48 , 51, 54, 56, 76–77, 99, 109; Map 1)

Colaspis flavescens Sturm 1826: 123 (catalog). Nomen Nudum.

Fidia flavescens: Sturm 1843: 295 (catalog, as synonym of F. lurida Dejean ); Gemminger & Harold 1874: 3376 (catalog, as synonym of F. lurida Dejean ).

Fidia lurida Dejean 1836: 412 (catalog); Dejean 1837: 436 (catalog); Sturm 1843: 295 (catalog); Gemminger & Harold 1874: 3376 (catalog). Nomen Nudum.

Fidia lurida Baly 1863: 153 (original description) Nomen Oblitum.

Baly, under the assumption that Dejean's F. lurida was valid, did not intend to describe F. lurida as a new species (see taxonomic history under generic treatment), and he would, therefore, not have designated a type for the species. It is impossible to know how many specimens Baly had before him during the preparation of his 1863 publication, but he stated in his introduction that he had access to the collection of Rev. H. Clark in addition to his own large collection. In the BMNH, specimens from the Clark collection bear a small, machine-printed label, "67⋅ 56", (S. Shute, pers. comm.), and specimens from the Baly collection bear a machine-printed label, "Baly Coll." ( Smith & Lawrence 1967).

In the Baly collection is a male bearing the following labels: "Type [extremely small, very pale green, handwritten] / Fidia lurida Dej. N. America [very pale green, handwritten, Baly "identification label" (see Smith & Lawrence 1967: 9–13, for discussion of Baly labels)] / Baly Coll.". The origin of the small type label is not known, but it appears to be written in Baly's hand, based on comparison with figures of Baly labels given in plate 1 by Smith & Lawrence. This male is here designated as Lectotype. It was chosen for three reasons: 1) it is a male, providing completely unambiguous identification for future comparisons; 2) it is the only specimen among the syntype series bearing an identification label of Fidia lurida written in Baly's hand, which indicates that the specimen matched Baly's concept of F. lurida , despite the fact that he may have added the label at a later date; and 3) it bears the locality, "N. America", matching the locality of F. lurida given by Baly. In addition to the labels listed above for this specimen, Strother added the following label, " LECTOTYPE Fidia lurida Baly design. M.S.Strother 1993 [red]". The specimen is pinned through the right elytron with a stout pin trimmed on both ends, which is inserted through a small piece of card stock; it is in fair condition with the elytra slightly parted, much of the elytral pubescence abraded, and the following structures missing: left antennomeres 9–11 and the right pro-, meso-, and metathoracic legs, each broken off cleanly at the trochanter.

Two additional specimens from the Baly collection, both females, bear the following labels: "Etats Unis [pale green, handwritten] / Baly Coll." and " Colaspis longipes Melsh. Am. bor. [handwritten, folded] / Baly Coll.", respectively. No evidence was found to suggest that these two specimens were not in Baly's collection in 1863, and they are considered to comprise part of Baly's syntype series. They are here designated as Paralectotypes, and to each has been added the label, " PARALECTOTYPE Fidia lurida Baly design. M. S. Strother 1993 [yellow]".

Four specimens of F. viticida from the Clark collection are housed in the BMNH. A female bearing the labels, " E. Coll. Laferte. / Fidia . Dej. lurida. dej. Am. bor. [green, handwritten, folded] / 67⋅ 56 / Fidia viticida Walsh det. M.S.Strother 1993", could not have been among the specimens seen by Baly prior to 1863 because Clark received the specimen from E. W. Janson, who bought La Ferté's collection in 1864 ( Horn & Kahle 1935 –37). For this reason, this specimen is here excluded from Baly's syntype series.

A male bearing the labels, "N. Amer. / Fidia not desc: Lec occurs on grape vines Walsh [handwritten, folded] / Fidia viticida Walsh [handwritten] / 67⋅ 56", is problematic. In answering correspondence from a viticulturist in Kentucky, Walsh (1866) mentioned an undescribed species of Fidia attacking grape in Illinois. Walsh did not introduce the name, Fidia viticida , until 1867. Therefore, the label above and the identification label, " Fidia viticida Walsh ", could not have been placed on the specimen until after 1866 and 1867, respectively. The origin of these labels is not known, and their presence, in the absence of further evidence, does not preclude the possibility that the specimen was in Clark's collection before 1863 and that the labels were added at a later date. This scenario is highly unlikely, however, and the specimen is here excluded from Baly's syntype series.

The two remaining specimens from the Clark collection are females and bear the following labels, " E. Coll: Chevt. / 67⋅ 56 / PARALECTOTYPE Fidia lurida Baly design. M. S. Strother 1993 [yellow]" and "67⋅ 56", respectively. Baly stated in his introduction that Clark's collection included specimens from Chevrolat's collection, and the female bearing the Chevrolat label is here taken as a paralectotype. As for the specimen bearing only the Clark accession label, it lacks sufficient data to determine whether it was before Baly, and it is here excluded from the syntype series.

Fidia viticida Walsh 1867a: 87 ,88 (original description); Henshaw 1885: 108 (checklist); Horn 1892: 198 (faunal treatment and key); Schaeffer 1904: 228 (key); Blatchley 1910: 1143 (faunal treatment); Clavareau 1914: 77 (catalog); Leng 1920: 293 (catalog); Wilcox 1954: 402 (faunal treatment); Schultz 1970: 250 (dissertation); Balsbaugh & Hays 1972: 73 (faunal treatment); Rouse & Medvedev 1972: 79 (faunal treatment); Wilcox 1975: 57 (checklist); Riley & Enns 1979: 65 (faunal treatment); Downie & Arnett 1996: 1334 (key); Riley et al. 2003: 152 (catalog); Clark et al. 2004: 103 (host plants); Ciegler 2007: 169 (faunal treatment).

According to Henshaw (1890: 373) and Horn & Kahle (1935 –1937), the Walsh collection was destroyed in the great Chicago fire of October, 1871. However, Henshaw stated that several of Walsh's types were sent to Drs. Hagen and Riley and were subsequently placed in the MCZC and USNM, respectively. On page 374 of his index, Henshaw placed a double asterisk by the name Fidia viticida , denoting that the type had been placed in the USNM. The USNM type catalog for the Chrysomelidae does not list F. viticida , and no specimen of F. viticida was found in the type collection (R. E. White pers. comm.). It is assumed that Walsh's type is lost or was destroyed in the Chicago fire. Schultz (1970) reached the same conclusion, but did not mention Henshaw's claim that the specimen had been placed in the USNM. Schultz designated a neotype from Hocking Co., Ohio and deposited it in the OSUC, but did not validly publish this designation. Because the neotype chosen by Schultz did not come from the type locality of Kentucky given by Walsh, it was not considered as a possibility for neotype designation in this study.

The distributions of F. viticida and F. confusa overlap in Kentucky, and the possibility exists that Walsh actually had specimens of F. confusa before him when he described F. viticida . Because the two species cannot be distinguished by the characters given by Walsh, and both species attack grape, there is no way to determine which species Walsh actually described. Much confusion has surrounded the identity of these two taxa, and designation of a neotype is deemed necessary to stabilize the application of the name F. viticida .

Neotype (♂, INHS): " Christian Co. KY. VI-15-1960 J. M. Campbell [date handwritten] / ILLINOIS NAT. HIST. SURVEY / NEOTYPE Fidia viticida Walsh design. M.S.Strother 1993 [red]", ( Strother 2003). The specimen is glued on a point and is in good condition, with all appendages intact and a hole in the right elytron from the original pin. The abdomen and aedeagus are glued on a point pinned beneath the specimen.

Fidia lurida Lefèvre 1885: 76 (nec Baly 1863: 153) (original description); Horn 1892: 199 (faunal treatment, synonymized with F. viticida Walsh ). Lectotype ♀ (MNHN): "Amér. bor. [handwritten] / Type [handwritten] / Ex-Musaeo LEFÈVRE 1894 / TYPE [red] / MUSEUM PARIS Coll. Oberthur Lefèvre [pale blue, last three words handwritten] / Fidia lurida E. Lef. [handwritten] / LECTOTYPE Fidia lurida Lefèvre design. M.S.Strother 1993 [red]". The specimen is in good condition, pinned through right elytron with elytra slightly parted. The left prothoracic leg and metatarsomeres 4 and 5 are missing. Three other specimens in the MNHN are here designated as Paralectotypes. Their label data are as follows: 2♀♀, "Amér. bor. [handwritten] / Ex-Musaeo LEFÈVRE 1894 / TYPE [red] / PARALEC- TOTYPE Fidia lurida Lefèvre design. M. S. Strother 1993 [yellow]" and 1♀, "Amér. bor. [green, handwritten] / Fidia lurida E. Lef. [handwritten] / Ex-Musaeo Mniszech / TYPE [red] / PARALECTOTYPE Fidia lurida Lefèvre design. M. S. Strother 1993 [yellow]".

Fidia vitocida: Bechyné 1950: 288 (misspelling).

Description. Males: TL = 5.08–6.44 mm, HW = 2.28–2.88 mm. Females: TL = 5.64–6.96 mm, HW = 2.72– 3.28 mm. Description as for F. confusa with the following exceptions: female with last abdominal sternum lacking medial fovea; male with probasitarsus narrowly elongate, tapered towards base; Penis: In posterior view, sides subparallel to slightly tapered towards apex, slightly widened at base of apical lobes; apical emargination semicircular, approximately as deep as wide; apical lobes subtriangular with acutely rounded apices. In lateral view, eudorsal surface of declivitous part convex; euventral surface concave, distally tapering to pointed, euventrally directed apex. Sperm guide composed of lower sclerite only. Spermatheca: Basal arm type.

MAP 1. Distribution of F. viticida (open triangle, state record only).

Diagnosis. Large (5.08–6.96 mm.); uniformly pale orange-brown to castaneous with white to straw-yellow pubescence; pronotum finely punctate-reticulate. Males with probasitarsus distinctly, evenly tapered towards base ( Fig. 56 ); apical emargination of penis semicircular, approximately as deep as wide ( Fig. 99 ); apical lobes subtriangular. Females lacking small medial fovea on last abdominal sternum.

Characters for distinguishing F. viticida from the similar species, F. confusa and F. texana , are given in the diagnosis under F. confusa .

Distribution (Map 1). Fidia viticida occurs throughout eastern North America from southern Ontario to the Gulf Coast, west to approximately the 100th meridian (although a few specimens were collected in Colorado and Utah). Specimens were collected at elevations ranging from sea level to approximately 808 m in Sheridan Co., Kansas.

Specimens examined (1625). CANADA. ONTARIO: Essex Co., Amherstburg, vi:81 (OSUC:1), Pelee I., viii:23 (OSUC:1), Wheatley, vi: 1967 (FSCA:1), Windsor, vi:8:1972 (CNCI:1); Kenora Co., Ojibway, vii:1:1943 (CNCI:1), vii:8:1943 (CNCI:4), viii:1:1943 (CNCI:1); Kent Co., Chatham, vi:29:50 (CNCI:1), Jeanettes Creek, vii:10:1964 (FSCA:1), Rondeau Park, viii:29:1975 (CNCI:1); County not determined, Tilbury, vii:25:1967 (CNCI:1).

GUATEMALA: No locality, vi:27:90 ( FMNH:2) [mislabeled specimens; locality not plotted on distribution map].

MAP 2. Distribution of F. cana (squares), F. confusa (triangles, open triangle state record only), F. texana (circles).

UNITED STATES. ALABAMA: Clay Co., Skyway Motorway, Talladaga Nat. For., v:28:1989 ( RHT:1); Cleburne Co., 5.7 mi. W Cheaha St. Pk., vi:21:1987 ( RHT:1); Elmore Co., hwy. 231, 6.2 mi. S jct. hwy. 14, vi:4:1989 ( RHT:6); Henry Co., 3.2 mi. N. of Hwy 431 on Hwy 173, v:31:1992 ( MSS:1); Houston Co., 3.8 mi. N. of the state line on Hwy 109, v:31:1992 ( MSS:1), at the jct. of Hwy 231 and 109, v:31:1992 ( MSS:5); Lee Co., Farm Ponds, vii:3:1965 ( AUEM:1), Meadows Hill, vi:14:1963 ( AUEM:1); Macon Co.,. 6 mi. S.W. of US 80 & 29, viii:20:1964 ( AUEM:1), Rt. 81, 1 mi. N of jct. with Rt. 199, vii:17:1965 ( AUEM:2); Mobile Co., Mobile, vi:14:1960 ( FSCA:1); Montgomery Co., county only, vii:2:1964 ( AUEM:1); Russell Co., 5.1 mi. S. of Lee Co. line on Hwy 51, v:31:1992 ( MSS:7). ARKANSAS: Conway Co., county only, vi:15:1959 ( UADE:1), vi:17:1959 ( UADE:1); Crawford Co., county only, vi:20:1969 ( UADE:1), Crittenden Co., Miss. River, vii:18:1976 ( JEWC:1); Desha Co., county only, vi:14:1971 ( UADE:1), vii:9:1971 ( UADE:1); Mississippi Co., county only, vii:2:1971 ( UADE:1); Phillips Co., county only, vi:11:1973 ( UADE:1); County not determined: South West Ark, no date ( AMNH:3); Barachias, vi:10:1924 ( CSUC:1). COLORADO: Douglas Co., Larkspur, viii:3:1932 ( LACM:1); State only, no date ( MCZC:5). CONNECTICUT: Hartford Co., Hartford, 1931 ( MCZC:1). DELAWARE: New Castle Co., Newark, vii:25:1907 ( INHS:1), Wilmington, vii:17:75 ( AUEM:1), County not determined: Water Gap, vi:12 ( AMNH:1). DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA: Washington, vi:14:03 ( USNM:1), vi:28:06 ( USNM:1), vi:25:22 ( USNM:1), vii:21 ( USNM:1), viii ( USNM:1), viii:2:95 ( USNM:1), no date ( USNM:5), District only, no date ( DEFW:1). FLORIDA: Gadsen Co., 6 mi. N

MAP 3. Distribution of F. convexicollis (squares), F. longipes (circles, open circle state record only), F. rileyorum (triangles).

Quincy; C-161, Willacoochee Cr., v:25:1988 ( FAMU:4), vi:23:1988 ( FAMU:1), Little River; US 90 4.5 mi. E Quincy, v:25:1988 ( FAMU:1), county only, vii:12:54 ( FSCA:1); Jackson Co., FL Caverns St. Pk., v:19:1985 ( EGRC:1), county only, viii:1:56 ( FSCA:1); Leon Co., Tallahassee, v:13:1986 ( FAMU:2), v:20:1986 ( FAMU:1); Marion Co., county only, vi:7:55 ( FSCA:2). GEORGIA: Baker Co., 10.3 mi. N.W. of Hwy 253 on Hwy 91, v:25:1992 ( MSS:22), cypress swamp on S-1930; 5.1 mi. NNW Newton, v:23:1975 ( FSCA:1, JEWC:1, RHT:2); Bibb Co., Lizella, v:18:39 ( UGCA:1); Chatham Co., Savannah, no date ( CUIC:1); Decatur Co., Attapulgus; C-241, Attapulgas Cr., vi:23:1988 ( FAMU:1); Fulton Co., Atlanta, vii:5:45 ( UGCA:1); Johnson Co., 1 mi. E Kite, v:25:1976 ( FSCA:3, RHT:2); Richmond Co., Cp. Gordon, Augusta, vii:2:55 ( UCDC:1); Thomas Co., 0.4 mi. N Florida border on hwy 19, v:26:1992 ( MSS:15), 4.4 mi. W of Hwy 19 on Hwy 84, v:26:1992 ( MSS:1). ILLINOIS: Champaign Co., Champaign, vi:15:1942 ( INHS:1), Mahomet, vii:4:1942 ( INHS:1), Urbana, vi:19:1940 ( INHS:1), vii:11:1940 ( INHS:1), vii:1:1949 ( UAIC:1); Cook Co., Chicago, vii:16:1922 ( SEMC:2), no date ( FMNH:9), Riverside, vii:14:14 ( FMNH:1, MCZC:1, USNM:5); Hardin Co., Cave-in-Rock, vii:7:1944 ( INHS:2); Henderson Co., Oquawka, vi:13:1932 ( INHS:1); Jo Daviess Co., East Dubuque, vii:3:1946 ( INHS:1), Galena, vii:10:1929 ( INHS:2); La Salle Co., Ottawa, vi:20:1939 ( UAIC:1), Starved Rock SP, vii:1938 ( UAIC:1), Utica, no date ( UAIC:1), county onlyvii:12:1937 ( UAIC:1), vii:25:1939 ( UAIC:1); Lake Co., Grayslake, vi:25:1985 ( SEMC:2); Madison Co., Collinsville, vi:24:1927 ( INHS:5), vi:30:1927 ( INHS:24); Mason Co., Havana, vii:11:1948 ( INHS:3); McLean Co., Hudson, vii:12: MAP 4. Distribution of F. delilahae (circles), F. pedinops (triangles).

1884 ( INHS:1), Normal, vii:2:07 ( USNM:1), no date ( INHS:2); Mercer Co., Keithsburg, vi:8:1932( INHS:1); Ogle Co., Oregon, vii:9:1927 ( INHS:1); Peoria Co., Peoria, Dry Run Creek, vii:7:1943 ( INHS:4); Pike Co., Pittsfield, vii:5:1946 ( UCDC:1), vii:6:1946 ( CNCI:1), vii:8:1946 ( UCDC:3), vii:9:1946 ( UCDC:7), vii:10:1946 ( UCDC:1); Putnam Co., SW Corner, vii:29:1959 ( INHS:1), county only, vi:24:1932 ( INHS:1); St. Clair Co., Kahokia, vi:30:1904 ( UMRM:37); Vermillion Co., Oakwood, vi:18:1939 ( INHS:11); County not determined: N. Ill., vii ( INHS:1), Rocky Branch, Dolson, vi:25:1932 ( INHS:1), Salts, vii:10:1926 ( INHS:2), Willow Spring, vii:12:22 ( CNCI:2); State only, no date ( INHS:3). INDIANA: Clark Co., county only, v:30:04 ( TAMU:1); Elkhart Co., Millers., 1928 ( USNM:1); Howard Co., NW Howard Co., viii:17:1983 ( LSUC:1), viii:18:1983 ( LSUC:1), viii:24:1984 ( LSUC:2), viii:13:1985 ( LSUC:1), viii:16:1985 ( LSUC:1), NW Howard County, vii:15–21:1987 ( LSUC:1); Jasper Co., Jasper-Pulaski St. Pk., vii:2:1988 ( BYUC:1); Johnson Co., county only, vii:10:1929 ( PURC:1); Knox Co., county only, vii:2:03 ( PURC:1); Lagrange Co., 2 mi NW Wolcottville, viii:14:1983 ( LSUC:1), county only, vii:17:1958 ( PURC:1), vii:25:1958 ( PURC:1); Lake Co., Hessville, vi:30:1917 ( CASC:2); Marion Co., Indianapolis, vi:1:1962 ( FSCA:1), W.S.B., vii:20:15 ( PURC:1); Noble Co., Sylvan Lake, vi–vii:30-3:1984 ( LSUC:4); Posey Co., Mt. Vernon, vi:5:1965 ( FSCA:2); Putnam Co., county only, no date ( BMNH:2); St. Joseph Co., South Bend, vii:7:1962 ( AMNH:4); Steuben Co., county only, viii:11:1921 ( CUIC:3); Tippecanoe Co., 7 m. NW Lafayette, vii:4:1983 ( JEWC:5), Lafayette, vii:8:1926 ( PURC:3), vii:16:1956 ( AJG:4), vii:11:1983 ( FSCA:1), vii:16:1983 ( FSCA:1), vi:17:1988 ( FSCA:3), vii:22:1988 ( FSCA:1), McCormick Woods, viii:10:1981 ( JEWC:3), Shore of Wildcat River near Ind. 25, vi:20:1979 ( PURC:1), Wildcat Creek, vi:21:1984 ( FSCA:1), vii:4:1986 ( FSCA:1), vii:24:1986 ( FSCA:3), MAP 5. Distribution of F. comalensis (squares), F. dicelloposthe (circles), F. humeralis (triangles).

county only, vii:13:1932 ( PURC:1), vii:4:1952 ( AMNH:1), vi:14:1953 ( AMNH:1), vi:28:1953 ( UAIC:1), vii:3:1953 ( USNM:7), vii:9:1955 ( UCDC:4), vii:17:1955 ( USNM:2), vi:24:1956 ( UCDC:3), vi:27:1956 ( AMNH:2), vi:30:1956 ( USNM:1), vii:7:1956 ( USNM:1), vii:2:1977 ( AMNH:2), vii:7:1982 ( FSCA:1), vii:8:1982 ( FSCA:1), vii:9:1982 ( FSCA:3), vii:5:1987 ( FSCA:6), vi:17:1988 ( FSCA:2), vii:22:1988 ( FSCA:5); Vermillion Co., county only, vi:21:03 ( PURC:2), viii:17:21 ( CUIC:1); Warren Co., county only, vii:28:03 ( PURC:1), vii:12:1983 ( FSCA:1); County not determined: Henryville, v:25:1963 ( FSCA:1); State only, no date ( NDSU:2). IOWA: Calhoun Co., Lake City, vi:10:55 ( NDSU:1); Clayton Co., Backbone St. Pk., viii:4:1973 ( EGRC:3), McGregor, vi:30:14 ( USNM:1), Strawberry Point viii:4:1973 ( EGRC:1); County 77, county only, vii:3:1939 ( AMNH:1); Decatur Co., Leon, vii:20:1961 ( TAMU:1); Des Moines Co., Burlngtn, no date ( MCZC:2); Dubuque Co., Dubuque, vi:29:1914 ( USNM:1); Fayette Co., Clermont, vi:18:1929 ( TAMU:1); Guthrie Co., Casey, viii:4:1991 ( BYUC:1); Humboldt Co., Dakota City, vi:13:55 ( NDSU:3); Johnson Co., Iowa City, vi:11 ( USNM:1), vi:13:11 ( USNM:3), vii:8 ( USNM:1), vii:19 ( USNM:1), vii:21 ( USNM:1), vii:22 ( USNM:1), x:1:17 ( LSUC:1), no date ( AMNH:1, UAIC:1, USNM:3), county only, vi:17:1927 ( SEMC:1); Lee Co., Ft Madison, no date ( FMNH:1); Mahaska Co., New Sharon, viii:10:32 (TAMU:1, USNM:1); Page Co., Shenandoah, vii:15:1929 ( TAMU:1); Polk Co., Des Moines, vi:9:1911 ( USNM:2), Johnston, Saylorville Lake, vii:9:1983 ( JEWC:1), W. Saylorville Lk., vi:22:85 ( JEWC:2); Pottawattamie Co., Council Blfs., vii:10:1909 ( INHS:1); Scott Co., Davenport, v:1897 ( UMRM:4), Pleasant Val., vii:5:1928 ( CNCI:1); Story Co., Ames, vii:7:13 ( USNM:1), vi:9:39 ( LSUC:2), viii:6:1952 ( CSUC:1); Union Co., Aston, vi:20:56 ( NDSU:2); Woodbury Co., Sioux City, vii:1918 ( USNM:1), vii:8:19 ( DEFW:1), vii:18: MAP 6. Distribution of F. clematis (triangles), F. dichroma (circles), F. spuria (squares).

1924 ( DEFW:1), vii:8:1926 ( DEFW:1), vii:21:1927 ( DEFW:1), viii:22:1927 ( DEFW:1), vi:26:1928 ( DEFW:1), vi:10:1936 ( DEFW:1), vi:21:1937 ( DEFW:1), vi:27:1937 ( DEFW:1), vi:29:1937 ( DEFW:2), vi:30:1937 ( DEFW:1), vii:8:1937 ( DEFW:1), no date ( DEFW:6); State only, no date ( SEMC:2). KANSAS: Atchison Co., Atchison, vii:4:1957 ( FSCA:1), county only, vii:11:24 ( SEMC:1); Douglas Co., Baldwin, vi:16:1906 ( AMNH:1, FMNH:1, USNM:3), county only, vi ( SEMC:2), vii:1:1923 ( CNCI:3), no date ( CUIC:1, SEMC:5); Marion Co., county only, vi:23:1923 ( SEMC:2); Pottawatomie Co., Onaga, xi:22 ( CASC:1), county only, no date ( UAIC:1); Riley Co., Clearwaters, vi:21 ( SEMC:1), county only, vi ( SEMC:1, USNM:1), vii:8:1955 ( OSUC:1), no date ( CUCC:1, UAIC:1); Shawnee Co., Topeka, vi:7 ( USNM:1), vii:10 ( USNM:1), no date ( USNM:1); Sheridan Co., county only, no date ( SEMC:1); Sumner Co., Wellington, no date ( USNM:1); Wyandotte Co., county only, vi:23:24 ( SEMC:2); State only, no date ( CUCC:3, FMNH:5, INHS:2, MCZC:4, PURC:4, USNM:1). KENTUCKY: Henderson Co., Henderson, vii:1:23 ( LACM:2); Powell Co., Natural Bridge St. Pk., viii:14:60 ( FSCA:2); State only, no date ( CUCC:1, INHS:2, USNM:1). LOU- ISIANA: Caddo Par., parish only, vi:14:1974 ( LSUC:1); Catahoula Par., parish only, v–vi:30-6:1972 ( LSUC:1); East Baton Rouge Par., 1.2 mi. S of Central on LA Hwy. 3034, v:28:1982 ( LSUC:2), Baton Rouge, vii:24:1923 ( LSUC:4), v:26:1981 ( LSUC:1), vi:3:82 ( EGRC:1), Baton Rouge, LSU Campus, v:22:1985 ( LSUC:1), v:26:1985 ( LSUC:10), v:27:1985 ( LSUC:1), v:31:1985 ( LSUC:1), Baton Rouge, Place DuPlantier Apts., v:12:85 ( EGRC:11), vi:11:1985 ( EGRC:13), parish only, v:25:85 ( LSUC:1); Grant Par., parish only, v– vi:30-6:1972 ( LSUC:1), vi:13–20:1972 ( LSUC:1), vi–vii:27-6:1973 ( LSUC:2); Iberville Par., Hwy. 77 10 mi. S Grosse Tete, v:28:1988 ( LSUC:1), Sunshine, vi:9:1962 ( LSUC:2); Madison Par., Tallulah, vii:2:1924 ( USNM:1), vi:1933 ( CUIC:4), vi:27:1938 ( USNM:1), no date ( USNM:1); Ouachita Par., parish only, vi:6:

MAP 7. Distribution of F. marraverpa (squares), F. papillata (circles), F. xanthonioides (triangles).

1977 ( LSUC:1); Plaquemines Par., Belle Chase, v:16:44 ( USNM:1); Point Coupee Par., parish only, vi:6:1978 ( LSUC:1); Rapides Par., parish only, vi:22–27:1973 ( LSUC:1); Red River Par., 5 mi. N Coushatta, vi:27:1987 ( EGRC:1); St. Landry Par., Thistlethwaite W.M.A., vi:16:1988 ( LSUC:2), parish only, vi:15:1973 ( LSUC:1), vi:29:1973 ( LSUC:1), vii:10:1973 ( LSUC:1), vi:10:1976 ( LSUC:1), vi:12:1978 ( LSUC:1); St. Martin Par., Atchafalaya Riv. & I-10, vi:13:85 ( FSCA:1); St. Tammany Par., 4.2 mi NE Abita Springs; sec. 24, T6; SR12E, vii:7:1983 ( LSUC:2), Jct. I-10 & Pearl River, vi:17:1982 ( EGRC:1); Tensas Par., parish only, vi:21–29:1972 ( LSUC:1), vii:24:1973 ( LSUC:1); West Baton Rouge Par., parish only, vii:3:1973 ( LSUC:1), vii:10:1973 ( LSUC:1); West Feliciana Par., Angola, vi:11:1968 ( LSUC:1), Hardwood on Hwy 61, v:16:1992 ( MSS:5), parish only, viii:9:1973 ( LSUC:1), vii:9:1976 ( LSUC:1); Parish not determined: Region of Lake Pontchartrain, ca. 1870–1874 ( MUIC:1), no date ( MCZC:1). MARYLAND: Baltimore, vii:6:09 ( CASC:2), vii:11:09 ( LACM:2), vii:15:09 ( CASC:8), vii:17:09 ( LACM:1), vii:21:09 ( CASC:1); Baltimore Co., Sparrows Point, vii:5:32 ( USNM:8), vii:5:34 ( CASC:22, CMNC:3), vii:5:1934 ( UAIC:8); Cecil Co., Conowingo, vi:14:1969 ( NCSR:1); Frederick Co., Myersville, vii:2:1970 ( NDSU:1); Montgomery Co., Great Falls, vii:12:18 ( USNM:1), vii:4:1963 ( CASC:2); Prince George’s Co., Beltsville, 1941 ( CNCI:2), College Park, iii:20:49 ( CMNC:1), Patuxent Ref., Bowie, viii:3:1948 ( USNM:1); State only, no date ( BMNH:1 NCSR:1, DEFW:8). MICHIGAN: Berrien Co., Herbert, vii:30:1974 ( LACM:1); Kalamazoo Co., Gull Lake Bio. Sta., viii:29:1966 ( AMNH:1), Macomb Co., 1 mi. E of Romeo, vii:6:1964 ( OSUC:2), Fraser, viii:1981 ( OSUC:3), Richmond, vii:1969 ( OSUC:1), Stony Creek Park, vii:1975 ( OSUC:1), vii:27:1977 ( OSUC:1); Monroe Co., Monroe, vii:28:12 ( UAIC:4); Wayne Co., Grosse Pointe, vii:7:66 ( OSUC:1). MINNESOTA: Hennepin Co., MAP 8. Distribution of F. pedestris (squares), F. tibialis (triangles).

Minneapolis, vii:23:1927 ( NDSU:1), MPLS, U. of M., v:1955 ( DEFW:1); Lac Qui Parle Co., Lac Qui Parle St. Pk., vii:11:1974 ( DEFW:1), vii:18:1974 ( DEFW:7), vii:30:1974 ( DEFW:1), viii:6:1974 ( DEFW:6), viii:15:1974 ( DEFW:3); Ramsey Co., St. Anthony Park, vi:25:1910 ( DEFW:2), vii:1 ( DEFW:2), St. Paul, vi:28:1931 ( DEFW:9), no date ( DEFW:1), St. Paul, U. Golf Club, vii:12:1927 ( DEFW:1), U. Farm, vii:10:1921 ( DEFW:1), U. Farm campus, vii:6:1923 ( DEFW:4), Univ. Farm, St. Paul, vii:13:1948 ( DEFW:11), county only, vii:7:1923 ( DEFW:25); Scott Co., Shakopee, vii:11:12 ( DEFW:2). MISSISSIPPI: Bolivar Co., nr. Benoit, vi:23:1983 ( MUIC:1), viii:5:1984 ( MUIC:3); Forrest Co., Hattiesburg, vi:22:57 ( CNCI:1), county only, vi:18:1970 ( MUIC:1); George Co., Lucedale, v:28:1930 ( CUIC:4); Jasper Co., hwy. 15, 7.9 mi. S jct. hwy. 504, vi:11:1989 ( RHT:1); Lauderdale Co., Meridian, vi:13:40 ( USNM:4); Oktibbeha Co., 1 mi. NE Adaton, vii:3:1972 ( MUIC:1), 17 mi. SW Starkville, vii:15:74 ( MUIC:1), 6 mi. S Starkville, vi:25:1970 ( MUIC:1), 6 mi. SW Starkville, vii:18–22:1984 ( MUIC:1), viii:2:1984 ( MUIC:1), viii:5–10:1984 ( MUIC:1), 7 mi. ESE Starkville, vii:18:1972 ( MUIC:1), vii:24:1972 ( MUIC:1), A&M Col., vi:1924 ( MUIC:5), Ag. Coll., v:1893 ( CSUC:3, MUIC:41, PURC:2, USNM:1), Agr. Col., vi:13:1912 ( MUIC:1), vi:10:20 ( MUIC:2), Starkville, vi:30:1977 ( MUIC:1); Sunflower Co., Indianola, vi:17:21 ( MUIC:2); Washington Co., Stoneville, vi:27:29 ( MUIC:8); Yalobusha Co., 5 mi SSE Pope, vi:8:1978 ( MUIC:1). MIS- SOURI: Boone Co., Ashland, ix:30:1955 ( UMRM:1), vii:9:1968 ( UMRM:1), C., vi ( USNM:4), Columbia, v:26:1922 ( UCDC:1, UMRM:1), vi:24:1927 ( UMRM:1), vi:10:1944 ( UMRM:1), vi:7:1946 ( UMRM:1), v:21:1948 ( UMRM:1), vi:25–26:54 ( CDAE:1), vi:14:1956 ( UMRM:2), vi:3:1957 ( UMRM:1), vi:24:64 ( UMRM:1), vi:21:1974 ( EGRC:1), vi:18:1977 ( UMRM:1), vi:27:1978 ( UMRM:3), vi:5:79 ( EGRC:1), no date MAP 9. Mexican distribution of F. albovittata (triangles), F. chapini (squares).

MAP 10. Central American distribution of F. albovittata .

MAP 11. Distribution of F. costaricensis (circles), F. guatemalensis (triangles, open triangle country record only).

( CDAE:1), McBaine, vi:9:1949 ( UMRM:1), vi:16:1949 ( UMRM:1), county only, vi:19:1969 ( UMRM:1), vi:28:1971 ( UMRM:2); Buchanan Co., St. Joe, vi:18:1932 ( CUIC:1); Callaway Co. , Fulton , vi:19:1947 ( UMRM:1); Gasconde Co. , Jct. Crider creek and A, vi:26:74 ( EGRC:2); Gentry Co. , 6 mi. SE Albany, vii:11:74 ( EGRC:1); Holt Co. , Mound City , vi:21:1968 ( UMRM:1), vii:5:1968 ( UMRM:3), vii:20:1968 ( UMRM:1), viii:5:1968 ( UMRM:1), viii:7:1968 ( UMRM:1), viii:16:1968 ( UMRM:1), vii:4:1969 ( UMRM:1), vii:16:1969 ( UMRM:1), vii:18:1969 ( UMRM:3), viii:16:1969 ( UMRM:1), viii:26:1969 ( UMRM:1); Jackson Co. , Kansas C., no date ( UMRM:2), county only, vii:1955 ( TAMU:1); Jefferson Co. , Barnhart , viii:5:35 ( UMRM:1); Lewis Co. , Wakonda St. Pk., vi:27:74 ( EGRC:2); New Madrid Co. , Portageville , vii:6:1968 ( UMRM:1), vii:7:1968 ( UMRM:1); Pike Co. , Louisiana, vi:12:49 ( LACM:3), vii:12:1949 ( CSUC:1); Randolph Co. , 1 mi. E Moberly, vii:8:1971 ( EGRC:1), vii:30:73 ( EGRC:1), vi:21:80 ( EGRC:1); St. Charles Co. , Weldon Springs , vii:14:1968 ( UMRM:1), vii:17:1968 ( UMRM:1), vii:23:1968 ( UMRM:1), viii:6:1968 ( UMRM:1); St. Louis Co. , St. Louis , vi:16:1900 ( CASC:1, USNM:1), vi:25:35 ( UMRM:1), vii:11:35 ( UMRM:1), vi:19:36 ( UMRM:2), vii:2:36 ( UMRM:1), vii:6:37 ( CUIC:1), viii:8:37 ( CUIC:1), no date ( CASC:2), county only, vii:8:42 ( UMRM:1); State only, no date ( BMNH:2, INHS:2, MCZC:1, DEFW:10). NEBRASKA: Douglas Co. , Omaha , vii:1907 ( INHS:1), Omaha ; (Child's Point), vi:8:1902 ( INHS:2); State only, no date ( MCZC:5). NEW JERSEY: Camden Co. , Collingswood , vii:3 ( LACM:2); Cape May Co. , Wildwood , viii:14 ( ANSP:1); Gloucester Co. , Wenonah , vii:10:10 ( USNM:1), Westville , vii:21:95 ( USNM:1); Middlesex Co. , N Brnswck,vii:1 ( AMNH:1), S. River, vii:17 ( AMNH:2); Morris Co. , Boonton , vi:6:01 ( USNM:1), vii:23:01 ( USNM:1), Chester , no date ( AMNH:1), Mendham , no date ( AMNH:1), Morristown , viii:10:1935 ( DEFW:1); Passaic Co. , Clifton ,vii:2:03 ( USNM:1), Passaic Junction , vii:8–30:09 ( AMNH:1), Paterson , vii:11 ( AMNH:1), Phillipsburg , vii:27:30 ( CASC:1); State only, no date ( CASC:3, FMNH:5, UAIC:1, UCDC:1, UMRM:3, USNM:1). NEW YORK: Chautauqua Co. , Fredonia , vii:12:1905 ( UADE:1), viii:11:06 ( CUIC:2), Ripley , vii:11:1902 ( CSUC:1, LACM:3), vii:13:1902 ( LACM:1), vii:14:1902 ( CSUC:1, LACM:1), county only, vi:1934 ( USNM:5); Columbia Co. , Mt. Merino , vii:10:1920 ( CUIC:1); Greene Co. , New Baltimore , 1879 ( AMNH:1); Kings Co. , Brooklyn , viii:12:1948 ( USNM:1), Brooklyn, L.I., vi:27:02 ( USNM:1), viii:15:03 ( USNM:1); Livingston Co. , Mt. Morris , viii:3:1971 ( UMRM:1); Monroe Co. , Rochester , viii:18:45 ( LACM:1), ix:8:45 ( LACM:1), county only, viii:25:53 ( CNCI:2); Nassau Co. , Glen Cove , iv:27:04 ( USNM:5); Onondaga Co. , Bridgeport , vii:20:13 ( USNM:1); Ontario Co., Canandaigua , viii:28:53 ( CNCI:1); Orange Co. , New Windsor , no date ( USNM:1); Queens Co. , Flushing , vii:22:18 ( AMNH:1); Richmond Co. , S.I., no date ( UAIC:2), Staten Isl. , no date ( CUIC:1); Rockland Co. , Nyack , vii:2:1884 ( AMNH:1); Suffolk Co., Cld. Spg. Harbor, vii:20:1900 ( AMNH:1), Kings Park , vii:24:20 ( AMNH:1), vii:27:1921 ( AMNH:2), vii:27:1924 ( AMNH:1); Tomkins Co. , Ithaca vicinity, vi:22:1984 ( CUIC:6), Ludlowville , vii:16:1975 ( CUIC:1), viii:8:1976 ( CUIC:1); Westchester Co. , Mosholu , no date ( AMNH:2), Yonkers , vi:22:1938 ( CUIC:1); County not determined: Aqueduct, L.I., vii:30:11 ( USNM:1), N.Y. City & vcty., no date ( USNM:1), New York, 1940 ( UADE:11); State only, no date ( CASC:1, LACM:3). NORTH CAROLINA: Cleveland Co. , county only, vi:7–19:1970 ( TAMU:1); Columbus Co. , Whiteville , vii:2:1954 ( NCSR:2); Johnston Co. , nr Clayton ; Poole Vineyard , vi:8:1978 ( NCSR:1), v:28:1979 ( NCSR:1), vi:13:1979 ( NCSR:1), vi:30:1979 ( NCSR:1), vii:21:1979 ( NCSR:3); Moore Co. , near West End ; Auman Vineyard , vi:5:1979 ( NCSR:6), nr West End ; Auman Vineyard , vi:15:1978 ( NCSR:1), v:29:1979 ( NCSR:1), vii:12:1979 ( NCSR:1); Wake Co. , Raleigh , viii:10:1988 ( NCSR:2), vi:24:97 ( USNM:1); State only, no date ( MCZC:1). OHIO: Adams Co. , Blue Creek , viii:26:1937 ( UGCA:1); Ashtabula Co. , Geneva , vii:12:23 ( OSUC:1), no date ( OSUC:1); Athens Co. , Athens , vii:28:37 ( UGCA:1), vi:26:39 ( UGCA:1), vii:6:39 ( UGCA:1), vii:9:39 ( UGCA:1); Auglaize Co. , St. Marys , no date ( FMNH:1); Clinton Co. , county only, vii:15:61 ( FSCA:1); Cuyahoga Co. , Euclid , vi:30:99 ( OSUC:1); Delaware Co., Delaware, vi:30:1947 ( CASC:13); Erie Co. , Sandusky , vii:17 ( UCEC:1), vii:47 ( USNM:13); Franklin Co. , Columbus , vii:31:14 ( DEFW:4), x:10:14 ( DEFW:1), vi:23:21 ( FSCA:2), vii:6:1923 ( OSUC:1), vii:9:24 ( CDAE:1), 1924 ( CUCC:2), vii:14:47 ( CDAE:1), vi:25:1984 ( BYUC:1), Columbus , Linden , vii:14:1984 ( BYUC:1), Columbus , Mock Park , vii:14:1984 ( BYUC:1), Mifflin Township near Mock Park , vii:18:1985 ( BYUC:1), county only, vi:21:42 ( CDAE:6); Hamilton Co. , Cin., no date ( ANSP:3); Hancock Co. , Van Buren St. Pk., vii:4:1985 ( BYUC:1), county only, vi:5:58 ( FSCA:1), vii:4:61 ( FSCA:1), vii:1961 ( FSCA:1); Knox Co. , county only, vii:14:1941 ( FSCA:2), vi:10:1944 ( FSCA:1); Licking Co. , county only, vi:30:34 ( OSUC:1); Lorain Co. , Amherst , vii:1933 ( TAMU:4), vii–viii:1958 ( TAMU:1), county only, viii:31:41 ( CDAE:1); Montgomery Co. , Dayton , vii:1:1905 ( MCZC:1); Ottawa Co. , Gypsum , vii:11:12 ( OSUC:1), vii:21:12 ( OSUC:1), Put-in-Bay , vii:16:62 ( OSUC:1), S. Bass Island , vii:7:1983 ( CUIC:1), S. Bass Island , Put-in-Bay , vii:14:1977 ( CUIC:1); Summit Co. , county only, ix:1:1937 ( SEMC:1); Vinton Co. , Lake Hope , vii:12:1987 ( BYUC:1). OKLA- HOMA: Caddo Co. , Hinton , vii:25:1937 ( OSEC:1); Major Co. , Cleo Springs , vi:5:1937 ( OSEC:3); Marshal Co. , Lake Texoma 2 mi. E Willis, vii:1965 ( UCDC:2), near Willis , vi:1965 ( UCDC:1); Woodward Co. , Woodward , no date ( USNM:2). PENNSYLVANIA: Berks Co. , Reading, vii:23:96 ( FMNH:4); Bucks Co. , Washington's Crossing , vii:25:1970 ( UAIC:1); Dauphin Co. , Harrisburg , vi:25:1930 ( LACM:1), vi:20:1938 ( NDSU:1), vii:14 ( INHS:2), vii:25:1940 ( NDSU:1); Delaware Co., Chadds Ford , vi:15:1988 ( MCZC:1), Lansdowne , v:10:1936 ( UAIC:1), Swarthmore , vi:13 ( OSUC:1), vi:28 ( ANSP:2); Erie Co. , Erie , vii:1:34 ( SEMC:1); Luzerne Co. , Wyoming, vii:4:1904 ( USNM:2); Montgomery Co. , Abington , vii ( MCZC:2), Mt. Airy , vii ( MCZC:1); Northampton Co. , Easton , vi:26:10 ( CASC:1); Philadelphia Co. , Frankford , viii:2 ( USNM:2), Philadelphia , vii:8:97 ( USNM:1), vii:9:97 ( USNM:1), West Park , vii:9 ( MCZC:1), no date ( OSUC:2); County not determined: Fairbrook , vii:14:60 ( NDSU:1), Germant'n , vii:10 ( ANSP:1), North East Pa. , vi:30:06 ( USNM:2), vii:17:07 ( USNM:1), vii:08 ( USNM:1), vii:9:15 ( UADE:2), vii:3:18 ( MCZC:1); State only, no date ( AMNH:1, MCZC:1, UAIC:2). SOUTH CAROLINA: Berkeley Co. , Pineville , vi:30:1961 ( NDSU:1); Charleston Co. , 1 mi. W McClellanville, vi:2:1973 ( FSCA:1); Dorchester Co. , Summerville , v:25:1954 ( NDSU:1); Greenville Co. , Greenville , vii:5:1987 ( TAMU:1), Horry Co. , Myrtle Beach , vii:3:1954 ( NDSU:1); Pickens Co. , Clemson College , vi:3:1933 ( CUCC:1). SOUTH DAKOTA: Gregory Co. , Ft. Randall Dam, vii:1:1968 ( NDSU:1). TENNESSEE: Anderson Co. , Oak Ridge , no date ( CDAE:1); Lake Co. , Reelfoot Lake , viii:26:1938 ( UGCA:1). TEXAS: Anderson Co. , county only, vii:4:1960 ( TAMU:1); Austin Co. , New Ulm , v:16:91 ( USNM:2); Brazos Co. , 1.5 mi. W Bryan, vi:14–18:1982 ( FSCA:1), Bryan , vi:15:88 ( EGRC:1), v:28:1989 ( AJG:32, TAMU:28), vi:2:89 ( EGRC:7), College Station , vi:24:1931 ( TAMU:1), v:26:1932 ( TAMU:1), vi:1972 ( TAMU:1), vii:20:1979 ( TAMU:1), v:23:89 ( EGRC:1), v:28:89 ( EGRC:3), vi:1:1989 ( TAMU:7), vi:17:1989 ( TAMU:1), vi:18:1989 ( EGRC:1), vi:19:89 ( EGRC:1), near College Station , TAMU Range Sci. Area , vii:2–9:1978 ( TAMU:1); Brooks Co. , 5.1 mi. S Rachal, v:31:1981 ( EGRC:1); Burleson Co. , Lake Sommerville St. Pk. (north shore), vi:2:89 ( EGRC:7), county only, vi:3:1955 ( TAMU:2); Burnet Co. , Inks Lake St. Pk., v:21:1989 ( EGRC:45), v:25:1992 ( MSS:14); Colorado Co., Columbus , no date ( USNM:1); Dallas Co. , Dallas , no date ( MCZC:4); Fort Bend Co. , Missouri City , v:29:77 ( EGRC:5), v:31:77 ( EGRC:1); Gillespie Co. , county only, vi:23:40 ( OSUC:1); Grimes Co. , 11 mi. E Navasota, vi:14:1986 ( JEWC:2); Harris Co. , Houston , vi:18:1971 ( FSCA:1); Leon Co. , [county only], vi:2:58 ( OSUC:1); Liberty Co. , Dayton vi:22:17 ( CUIC:1); Matagorda Co. , 2 mi se Blessing , 29:v:1988 ( BPBM:1); Montgomery Co. , 5 mi. W Conroe near San Jacinto River , v:29:1965 ( TAMU:1); Rusk Co. , county only, vi:8:49 ( OSUC:1); San Augustine Co. , 8km. S Pineland, vi:23:1989 ( TAMU:3); Tarrant Co. , Ft. Worth Nature Center, vi:24:1989 ( EGRC:4); Travis Co. , Austin-BFL, vi:12:1986 ( TAMU:5), vi:13:1986 ( TAMU:2), vi:18:1986 ( TAMU:5), vi:19:1986 ( TAMU:3), vi:20:1986 ( TAMU:1), vi:22:1986 ( TAMU:1), vi:25:1986 ( TAMU:3), vii:8:1986 ( TAMU:1); Victoria Co. , 9 m. NE Victoria, v:17:1979 ( EGRC:1); Walker Co. , Ellis Prison, vii:11:1977 ( TAMU:1); County not determined: Belfrage, no date ( MCZC:1); State only, no date ( ANSP:2, INHS:2, MCZC:9). UTAH: State only, no date ( ANSP:1, MCZC:2). VIRGINIA: Albemarle Co. , Charlottesville, vi:13:42 ( USNM:1), county only, no date ( UMRM:2); Alexandria Co. , Rosslyn, no date ( UDNM:3); Botetourt Co. , Craig Creek Rec. Area , near Oriskany, vi:14:1991 ( EGRC:1); Fairfax Co. , Great Falls , vi:25:12 ( USNM:1), vi:16:15 ( USNM:1), Vienna, vi:11:11 ( USNM:1), vi:22:1912 ( UCEC:1), vi:22:12 ( USNM:11), vii:22:13 ( USNM:1), vi:30:42 ( USNM:1), vi:23:43 ( USNM:8); Fauquier Co. , county only, vii:6:1940 ( USNM:1), King George Co. , Fredericksburg, vi:19:04 ( USNM:7), vii:19:89 ( USNM:1); Loudoun Co. , Bluemont, vi:28:1914 ( USNM:1); Nelson Co., county only, vii:18:1906 ( AMNH:1), vii:2:1913 ( USNM:1); Shenandoah Co. , New Market, vi:13:1986 ( BYUC:2); State only, Falls Church, v:5 ( MCZC:1), vi:14 ( MCZC:1). WEST VIRGINIA: Braxton Co. , Burnsville Lake , vii:16:1991 ( BYUC:1); Jackson Co. , Cottageville, vi:27:1989 ( BYUC:1); Jefferson Co. , Site 371, vii:8:1986 ( BYUC:1); Kanawha Co. , Charleston, viii:21:1986 ( BYUC:1), Guthrie, vii:16:1989 ( BYUC:1), vii:22:1989 ( BYUC:1), viii:5:1989 ( BYUC:2), vii:21:1990 ( BYUC:1), vii:27:1990 ( BYUC:2), St. Albans , vii:10:1990 ( BYUC:1). WISCONSIN: Dane Co. , Madison, vi:14:1965 ( UMRM:2); State only, vii ( NDSU:1). NORTH AMERICA ONLY: Amer. bor., no date ( FMNH:12, BMNH:2), N. Amer., no date ( BMNH:1). No locality, vii:16:1894 ( USNM;3), no date ( AMNH:1, ANSP:1, BMNH:1, CUCC:1, INHS:11, MCZC:2, SEMC:1, TAMU:1, DEFW:3, USNM:4) .

Temporal Data. Collecting dates ranged from 20 March to 10 October.

Natural History. Fidia viticida has been taken on many members of the Vitaceae ( Ampelopsis arborea (L.), A. cordata Michx. , Parthenocissus quinquefolia (L.), and numerous Vitis spp. ) and is a well known pest of vineyards in the grape growing regions of the eastern United States. Additionally, specimens have been taken in alfalfa, corn, cotton, "English Ivy", hibiscus, "multiflora rose", and soybean, but no evidence indicates that these represent true host records. Specimens have also been taken at lights and in Malaise, Leggett, and boll weevil sex attractant traps.

Taxonomic History. Sturm (1826) applied the name Colaspis flavescens to this species in the catalog of his insect collection. He provided neither a description nor an indication for this species, and the name is a nomen nudum. Dejean (1836) introduced the name Fidia , and listed F. lurida and F. murina as the two species comprising the genus. Dejean did not provide a description nor an indication for either taxa, and F. lurida Dejean is a nomen nudum. Sturm (1843) synonymized C. flavescens with Dejean's F. lurida , evidently believing that the latter was a valid name.

Baly (1863) gave the first description of Fidia and listed F. lurida as the type species. As stated previously in the taxonomic history under the generic treatment, Baly's generic description made F. lurida available, and authorship of this name is attributed to him even though he attributed the name to Dejean. Baly stated that he knew of two species of Fidia , one from the United States and the other from Mexico, but he did not provide names for them. Because he designated F. lurida as the type species of the genus, it clearly represented one of the two species he knew. Further, because Dejean (1836) gave "Amer. bor." as the locality of F. lurida , it can safely be assumed that the U.S. species referred to by Baly is F. lurida . It should be noted here that Baly made no mention of F. murina , which Dejean also listed from North America. With regards to the Mexican species, it is possible that Baly was referring to F. albovittata Lefèvre , because a single female specimen in the BMNH bears the "67⋅ 56" label denoting its inclusion in the Clark collection. This, however, is of no nomenclatural significance because Baly did not provide a name for the Mexican species.

Walsh (1867a) described this species as Fidia viticida . Lefèvre (1885), not realizing that Baly had already made F. lurida available, described the species as new under the name F. lurida . Horn (1892) synonymized Lefèvre's F. lurida with F. viticida .

Although F. lurida Baly is the valid name of this taxon according to the Principle of Priority (Art. 23.1, ICZN 1999), no subsequent author has recognized it as such. Fidia viticida has been used by all subsequent authors, with the exception of Lefèvre (1885), as the valid name for this taxon. This case meets both conditions of Article 23.9.1 ( ICZN 1999) necessary for the suppression of an unused senior synonym: 1) the senior name has not been used as a valid name after 1899 and 2) the junior name has been applied to the taxon, as its presumably valid name, by at least ten different authors in at least 25 publications during the same period.

Figures

FIGURES 21–24. Dorsal habitus of Fidia species. 21. F. texana. 22. F. tibalis. 23. F. viticida. 24. F. xanthonioides.

FIGURES 35–37. Right prothoracic femur. 35. F. viticida ♀. 36. F. guatemalensis ♂. 37. Xanthonia vagans ♀. Scale bar = 0.5 mm.

FIGURES 42–47. Right prothoracic tibia (scale bar = 0.2 mm). 42. F. viticida ♂. 43. F. viticida ♀. 44. F. cana ♂. 45. F. convexicollis ♂. 46. F. longipes ♂. 47. F. rileyorum ♂.

FIGURES 48–49. Leg characters (scale bar = 1.0 mm). 48. F. viticida left meso- and metathoracic tibiae, lateral view. 49. F. guatemalensis left metathoracic tibia, lateral view.

FIGURES 53–57. Pro- and mesobasitarsus (scale bar = 0.2 mm). 53. F. clematis ♂. 54. F. viticida ♂. 55. F. confusa ♂. 56. F. viticida ♀. 57. F. clematis ♀.

FIGURES 96–100. Distal part of male aedeagus, lateral and dorsal views (scale bar = 0.5 mm). 96. F. texana. 97. F.confusa. 98. F. pedinops. 99. F. viticida. 100. F. clematis.