Tetralicia abnormis ( Quaintance, 1900 )

Ellenrieder, Natalia Von & Gill, Raymond J., 2024, The genus Tetralicia Harrison (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) in California, U. S. A., with the description of five new species and a redescription of Tetralicia granulata Sampson & Drews, 1941, Zootaxa 5527 (1), pp. 1-129 : 9-11

Tetralicia abnormis ( Quaintance, 1900)

Figs 1 , 29–35

Aleyrodes abnormis Quaintance, 1900: 17 .

Tetraleurodes abnormis : Quaintance & Baker 1914: 108; Mound & Halsey 1978: 195.

Aleuropleurocelus abnormis : Martin 2005: 20; Evans 2007: 169; Sanchez-Flores et al. 2017: 606; Carapia-Ruiz et al. 2018a: 1.

Tetralicia abnormis : Valencia & Evans 2024: 212 .

Material examined. 151 puparia: U.S.A., California: 1, Southern California, on oak, xii,1907, R.S. Woglum coll. [ USNM]; 2, Sierra Madre, R.S. Woglum coll. [ USNM]; 3, on oak R.S. Woglum coll. [ USNM]; 9, no data, R.S. Woglum coll.[ USNM]; San Diego County: 3, El Cajon , on oak, 15.i.1976, Gionfriddo & Brown coll. [ USNM]; Riverside County: 2, near Elsinore, at Brownsville, on oak, 2.iv.1947, D.J. Smith coll. [ USNM]; 22, Blue Jay Road & Ortega Highway, on Quercus agrifolia , 19.iii.1986, R.J. Gill coll. [ CSCA]; San Bernardino County: 1, Forest Falls, on oak, 25.ix.1975, Worthy & Row coll., CDFA PDR 75J2-44 [ CSCA]; Los Angeles County: 9, Mt. Baldy, on oak, vi.1930 [ CSCA]; 1, same data but 20.iv.1930 [ CSCA]; 22, Mt. Wilson, on oak, v. –xi. 1908, R.S. Woglum coll. [ USNM]; Tulare Co.: Springville, on oak, 17.x.1978, R. Swalm coll. [ CSCA]; Santa Barbara County: 1, Sierra Madre Mountains in N Santa Barbara Co., Salisbury Canyon, on Quercus turbinella , 2.x.1948, J.M. Tucker [ USNM]; 5, Los Olivos, on Quercus agrifolia , 6.x.1987, J. Davidson coll. [ CSCA]; Monterey County: 1, Hastings Natural History Reserve, on Quercus agrifolia , 9.iii.1940, C.D. Michener coll. [ CSCA]; Santa Clara County: 1, Loma Prieta Mountain, on Chrysolepis chrysophylla, 31.v.1978, R.J. Gill & R. Harris coll. [ CSCA]; Alameda Co.: 5, Calaveras Reservoir, Sunol, 13.xii.1989, T. Pieslak coll. [ CSCA]; 3, 10 mi S of Livermore, on live oak, 29.iii.1995, Campbell & R.J. Gill coll. [ CSCA]; San Joaquin County: 5, Woodbridge, on Quercus agrifolia , 28.ix.1978, Brown et al. coll. [ CSCA]; Amador County: 2, W of Drytown on Highway 16, on Quercus sp. , 30.iii.1976, E. Paddock & R.J. Gill coll. [ USNM]; Mendocino: 3 puparia, Covelo, 183 m a.s.l., on Quercus chrysolepis , 04.xi.1987, J. Xerogeanes coll., CDFA PDR 594346 [ CSCA]; Glenn County: 1, Mendocino National Forest, on oak, 29.ii.1984, Simpson & Protrice coll. [ USNM]. Arizona, Pima County: 3, base of Santa Catalina Mountain, on Quercus oblongifolia , 4.iv.1981, C.G. Pringle coll. [ USNM]; Santa Cruz County: 1, Flux Canyon, Patagonia Mountains, on Quercus toumeyi , 29.iii. 1969, Bache & Wiig Coll. [ USNM]. Utah, Washington Co.: 2, Dixie State Park, evergreen oak, 11.vii.1963, Knowlton & Pease coll. [ USNM]. Louisiana, East Baton Rouge Parish: 2, Baton Rouge, on oak, 11.viii.1921, T.H. Jones coll. [ USNM]. Texas, Galveston Co.: 4, Galveston, on oak, 10.ix.1927, Coll. C.P. Trotter [ FSCA]. Florida, Miami-Dade Co.: 3, Miami, on Quercus nigra , 3.viii.1923, Brown coll. [ FSCA]; Martin Co.: 1, Hobe Sound, on Quercus myrtifolia , 21.v.1978, S.P. Beidler [ FSCA]; 2, Palm City, on Quercus sp. , 22.i.1979, E.W. Campbell coll. [ FSCA]; Alachua Co.: 2, Gainesville, on Quercus virginiana , 22.x.1990, T. Rust coll. [ FSCA]; 1,Archer, 17026 SW 83 rd Ave., St. Peter's Baptist Church, on Persea borbonia , 4.iii.2006, Lyle coll. [ FSCA]; Clay Co.: 1, Doctors Inlet, on Quercus sp. , 14.iii.1980, H. Collins coll. [ FSCA]; Bradford Co.: 2, Starke, on Quercus laurifolia , 2.ii.1983, C. Riñera coll. [ FSCA]; Seminole Co.: 2, Seminole, on Quercus laurifolia , 17.i.1977, P. Pullara coll. [ FSCA]; St. Johns Co.: 3, Favor Dykes State Park, on Quercus laurifolia , 24.vi.1983 [ FSCA]; 4, Ponte Vedra Beach, on Persea borbonia , 29.iv.1981, K. Miller coll. [ FSCA]; Osceola Co.: 1, Kenansville, on Quercus sp. , 2.xii.1977, L.J. Chambliss coll. [ FSCA]; Indian River Co.: 1, Fellsmere, on Persea borbonia , 5.iv.1983, E.W. Campbell coll. [ FSCA]; 2, Vero Beach, on Quercus sp. , 28.i.1982, E.W. Campbell coll. [ FSCA]; 3, Oslo, on Quercus sp. , 30.iv.1980, E.W. Campbell coll. [ FSCA]; St. Lucie Co.: 1, Port St. Lucie, on Quercus sp. , 11.iii.1982, E.W. Campbell coll. [ FSCA]; Nassau Co.: 2, Fernandina Beach, on Persea borbonia , 27.i.1982, C. Webb coll. [ FSCA]; Brevard Co.: 1, Cocoa Beach, on Persea borbonia , 13.v.1982, F.A. Smith coll. [ FSCA]; Franklin Co.: 2, St. George Island, on Persea borbonia , 5.iv.1978, A.E. Graham coll. [ FSCA]; Hillsborough Co.: 1, Tampa, on Persea americana , 21.xi.1921, Robertson coll. [ FSCA]; Taylor Co: 1, Steinhatchee, on Magnolia virginiana , 19.iii.1979, Q. Anglin coll. [ FSCA]. Interception from Mexico: 3, on Persea americana , 12.vi.2003, J. Davison coll. [ CSCA]. Microphotographs of types at USNM (courtesy of Ian Stocks): lectotype and paralectotype (a & b), Aleurodes abnormis , Q. Type, adult & pupa, on Quercus semper-virens [= Q. virginiana ].

Hosts. Oak and chinquapin ( Fagaceae : Chrysolepis chrysophylla, Chrysolepis sp., Quercus agrifolia , Q. chrysolepis , Q. turbinella , Quercus sp. in California, and Quercus oblongifolia and Q. toumeyi in Arizona); elsewhere recorded also from citrus, eucalyptus, laurel, Magnolia virginiana , mango, Persea americana , P. borbonia , Quercus laurifolia , Q. myrtifolia , Q. nigra , Q. virginiana and Quercus sp. (this paper; Evans 2007; Valencia & Evans 2024).

Characterization.

Field characteristics. Puparium black, rounded oval to oval lacking a caudal protuberance, lacking dorsal wax and with a narrow lateral wax ring ( Fig. 1 ). Adult female with smoky spots on wings ( Quaintance 1900).

Slide-mounted characters. TMS extending over submargin but not reaching apparent margin, not lined with tubercles ( Fig. 29 ); longitudinal molting suture lined with tubercles from T2/T3 suture to head submargin; eyespots present, oval; Ce, T2 and T3 setae present; T3 setae arising from anterior margin to behind anterior margin of metanotum ( Figs 29–31 ); medial area with depressions lined with small granulations on each side of head (two or three), T2 (two or three) and T3 (one), and with well-defined anteromedial depressions with sclerotized margins on each abdominal segment ( Fig. 29 ); with paired pores and porettes on each side of submedial area of head (1–4), T2 (1–3), T3 (1–3), A1 (1–2), A2 (0–1), A3 (0–1), A4 (0–1), A5 (1), A6 (0–1), A7 (1), and A8 (1); dorsal disc smooth except for a row of tubercles across anteromedial margin of A1 and small granulations at lateral ends of intersegmental boundaries on head, thorax, and abdomen ( Fig. 29 ); with pairs of pores and porettes along sides of dorsal disc ( Figs 29–31 ); dorsal submargin with small sparce granulations, more numerous along sides ( Figs 30, 31 ) but sometimes lacking; deflexed submargin with a wide band of small granulations separated by transverse folds adjacent to marginal glandular teeth from head to level of VO, with numerous paired pores and porettes on an irregular external row adjacent to apparent margin and with pores on an irregular band proximal to granulations ( Figs 29 , 35 ); marginal glandular teeth subquadrangular, with tips smoothly rounded to dentate; VO subcordate, inset from posterior margin by more than its own length; operculum cordate, its dorsal surface with a few longitudinal ridges and with microspinulae across distal third to fourth; lingula concealed by operculum; VO ring subtriangular, very narrow around lateral and posterior sections of VO, with anterior portion wide and subrectangular ( Figs 29 , 35 ), with dorsal setae of A8 arising from its sides at level of anterior margin of operculum ( Figs 29 , 35 ); bases of caudal setae usually widely separated, located at level of lateral margins of VO ring ( Figs 29 , 35 ); with two membranous ventral sacs medially to bases of mesothoracic legs ( Fig. 32 ); tegument of venter extensively covered by spinulae except for surface of legs and medial area of posterior abdomen ( Fig. 32 ).

Measurements. Puparium length: 930 ± 119; maximum width (at level of A1): 670 ± 79; length/maximum width: 1.4 ± 0.1; width at level of anterior margin of operculum: 353 ± 83; maximum width/width at anterior margin of operculum: 2.0 ± 0.3; deflexed submargin/body radius: 0.3 ± 0.04; Ce setae: 16 ± 4; T2 setae: 49 ± 35; T3 setae: 61 ± 39; dorsal A8 setae: 30 ± 3; caudal setae: 26 ± 2; anterior marginal setae: 26 ± 3; posterior marginal setae: 69 ± 3; ventral A8 setae: 31 ± 7; VO ring length: 69 ± 6; VO ring width: 82 ± 7; VO ring length/width: 0.8 ± 0.03; caudal seta/VO ring length: 0.4 ± 0.03; caudal seta/operculum length: 0.8 ± 0.1; VO length: 40 ± 4; VO width: 41 ± 4; VO length/width: 1.0 ± 0.1; operculum length: 32 ± 3; operculum/VO length: 0.8 ± 0.1 (see Table 1 for ranges).

Similar species. It shares the presence of eyespots and Ce setae with another three species that occur on Quercus in California, Tetralicia agrifoliae , T. mexicana , and T. nevadensis .

Diagnosis. It differs from the three species mentioned above by the presence of mediolateral depressions lined with granulations on head, T2, and T3 ( Figs 29 , 30 ), although these are not always apparent on slides, and by the absence of large tubercles on dorsal disc ( Fig. 29 ) [present, Figs 43 , 15 , 152, 142, 143]. It further differs from T. nevadensis by its oval ( Fig. 29 , 30 ) eyespots [slit-like in T. nevadensis , Figs 151–153 ], and from T. mexicana by its longitudinal molting suture lined with tubercles and rounded-oval puparium lacking a caudal protuberance ( Figs 29 , 30, 33, 35 ) [not lined with tubercles and elliptical with a caudal protuberance respectively in T. mexicana , Figs 142– 144, 149, 150 ]. For further differences from T. agrifoliae see under that species. The adult female was described by Quaintance (1900) and it is diagnosed from other known adults under T. guajavae .

Remarks. We detected the existence of two morphs regarding thoracic setae among the specimens from California. In one ( Figs 29 , 30 ) these setae are hairlike and short (T2 setae 15–22; T3 setae 17–24), and in the other one ( Fig. 31 ) flattened (ribbon-like) and long (T2 setae 66–97; T3 setae 78–107). These specimens are otherwise identical, and we interpret this as intraspecific variability. We observed a similar dimorphism in T. ceanothi , and this variability has also been reported in the Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and Bemisia afer (Priesner & Hosny) complexes ( Gill 2012). Mound (1963) showed that the number, size, and placement of dorsal setae in Bemisia tabaci may be correlated with the amount, distribution, and shape of leaf hairs on the host surfaces, and a similar explanation could be possible in this case.

The specimens of T. abnormis from California and Arizona differ from the types by the anteromedial abdominal depressions with sclerotized margins, smaller oval eye spots, widely separated caudal setae, and VO ring with anterior area wide and subrectangular. In order to evaluate the variability of these characters we borrowed a large series of specimens from Florida from FSCA. The only difference between the western (California and Arizona) and eastern (eastern U.S. and Mexico) specimens that we found to be consistent among all examined specimens was the anteromedial abdominal depressions sclerotized and covered by small granulations versus not sclerotized and not covered by small granulations respectively. All other characters overlap in their ranges when analyzing the eastern specimens (characters for eastern T. abnormis in square brackets; for illustrations see Carapia Ruiz et al. 2018a); e. g., eye spots smaller and oval [larger and subspherical to smaller and oval]; caudal setae more widely separated, arising usually at level of lateral margins of VO ring [usually arising closer together, within level of operculum lateral margins, to arising at level of lateral margins of VO ring]; VO ring with anterior area wide and subrectangular [with anterior area narrower, forming a separate earlobe like portion on each anterolateral corner of VO ring, to wide and subrectangular]. It is possible that the western specimens correspond to a separate species, but without further confirmatory characters we treat them here as T. abnormis .

Distribution. Described from Florida and known also from Arizona, Louisiana, Texas, and Utah in the U.S.A., from Mexico, and from interceptions from Colombia, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Jamaica, Peru, Spain, and Philippines (this paper; Carapia-Ruiz et al. 2018a; Evans 2007; Sanchez-Flores et al. 2017; Valencia & Evans 2024). Recorded here from California for the first time, from Alameda, Amador, Los Angeles, Glenn, Mendocino, Monterey, Riverside, San Bernardino, San Diego, San Joaquin, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, and Tulare Counties.

Figures

FIGURE 29. Tetralicia abnormis, Mendocino Co., Covelo, on Quercus chrysolepis: Habitus.

FIGURES 30–35. Tetralicia abnormis: 30, 32–35: Mendocino Co., Covelo, on Quercus chrysolepis (two puparia): 31: Los Angeles Co., Mt. Wilson, on oak. 30: Anterodorsal section; 31: Anterodorsal section; 32: Anteroventral section; 33: Caudal end, dorsal view; 34: Medial area of A3–A6; 35: Caudal end, ventral view.

FIGURE 43. Tetralicia agrifoliae sp. nov., Holotype: Habitus.

FIGURE 142. Tetralicia mexicana, California, on oak: Habitus.

FIGURE 143. Tetralicia mexicana, Sierra Madre, on Quercus: Habitus.

FIGURES 144–150. Tetralicia mexicana: 144, 146, 149, 150: Sierra Madre, on Quercus; 145, 148: San Bernardino County, New York Mountains of E San Bernadino Co., on Quercus turbinella; 147, 149: California, on oak. 144, 145: Dorsal disc and submargin of cephalothorax; 147: Dorsal submargin; 147: Venter of T1–T3; 148: Dorsal disc of A3–A8; 149: Caudal end of abdomen, dorsal view; 150: Caudal end of abdomen, ventral view.

FIGURE 151. Tetralicia nevadensis, San Bernardino Co., New York Mountains of E San Bernadino Co., on Quercus turbinella: Habitus of puparium.

FIGURE 152. Tetralicia nevadensis, Nevada, Clark Co., Paratype, Red Rock Canyon, Sand Stone Quarry, on Quercus: Habitus.

FIGURES 153–158. Tetralicia nevadensis: 153, 155: Nevada, Clark Co., Paratype, Red Rock Canyon, Sand Stone Quarry, on Quercus; 154, 156, 158: Arizona, Maricopa Co., Phoenix, Mezetzal Mountains, on oak; 157: San Bernardino Co., New York Mountains of E San Bernadino Co., on Quercus turbinella. 153: Dorsal disc and submargin of cephalothorax; 154: Deflexed submargin of T2–T3; 155: Dorsum of abdomen; 156: Venter of T1–T3; 157, 158: Caudal end of abdomen, dorsal view.

FIGURES 1–4. Puparia of Tetralicia in situ: 1: T. abnormis, Santa Barbara Co., Los Olivos, on Quercus agrifolia; 2, 3: T. acaudata, 2: Riverside Co., Tin Canyon, on manzanita, 3: San Bernardino Co., Mountain Home Village, Mill Creek Canyon, on manzanita; 4: T. agrifoliae, Riverside Co., Blue Jay Road & Ortega highway, on Quercus agrifolia. Fig. 2, by N. von Ellenrieder & R.W. Garrison, 1, 3, 4 by R.J. Gill.

FIGURES 13–16. Puparia of Tetralicia in situ: 13, 14: T. hoelmeri, Riverside Co.,Agua Caliente Indian Reservation, Palm Springs, on native shrub, 13: dorsal view, 14: posterior view; 15: T. hyptisemoryi, Imperial Co., Shell Canyon, on desert lavender, dorsolateral view; 16: T. laingi, Orange Co., Trabuco, on Salvia. Figs 13–16 by N. von Ellenrieder & R.W. Garrison.