Pharta brevipalpus ( Simon, 1903 ) Simon, 1903

SURESH P. BENJAMIN, 2011, Phylogenetics and comparative morphology of crab spiders (Araneae: Dionycha, Thomisidae), Zootaxa 3080, pp. 1-108 : 18-20

Pharta brevipalpus ( Simon, 1903) comb. nov.

Fig 47 C

Epidius brevipalpus Simon, 1903: 730 .

Cupa zhengi Ono and Song, 1986: 26 , figs 1–7. Holotype and paratypes in NSMT and ASB; not examined. New synonymy. Sanmenia zhengi ( Ono & Song, 1986) . Song and Kim 1992: 142 (transferred from Cupa to Sanmenia ).

Type material: Syntype: Male from Phuc-Son, northeastern Vietnam ( MNHN 22113/1574), examined.

Synonymy. Both sexes of Sanmenia zhengi have been well-illustrated facilitating unambiguous identification. Characteristic is the presence of two apophyses of the tibia of which one is a wide apophysis furnished with short strong hairs ( Fig 47 C; Ono 1995).

Diagnosis. Separated from all other species of the genus by the presence of two apophyses of the tibia, of which one is furnished with short strong hairs ( Fig 47 C; Ono 1995).

Description. See Ono and Song (1986) and Ono (1988).

Distribution. China, Japan, Vietnam.

Other material examined (taxa denoted with * were included in the matrix)

* Aphantochilus rogersi O. P.-Cambridge, 1870. ECUADOR: Orellana: 1 female, Reserva Etnica Waorani, Transect Ent. 1km S. Onkone Gara Camp 25 June1994, TL. Erwin et al. ( USNM). Panama: Canal Zone: 1 male, Colon, Humid forest, Canopy fogging, tree, 2–14 July 1979, E. Broadhead et al. ( USNM).

* Aphantochilus taurifrons ( O. P.- Cambridge, 1881) comb. nov. ECUADOR: Orellana: 2 males 1 female, Reserva Etnica Waorani, Transect Ent. 1 km S. Onkone Gara Camp, 25 June 1994, TL. Erwin et al. ( USNM).

* Apyretina sp. MADAGASCAR: Antsiranana Province: 2 males 2 females, PN Mt. D’Ambre, 12° 32’ S 38°49.10’ E. 1100 m, 23–28 November 1993, J. Coddington et al. ( USNM), Figs 52A–D, 53A–E, 54A–F, 55A–F, 56A–F.

Borboropactus sp. VIETNAM: Lam Dong Province: 7 females; Datanla Waterfall, ca. 5 km S of Da Lat, 11° 54’ 0 2.2’’N 108° 26’ 54.0’’E, 1300 m, evergreen hill forest, 5, 11–12 September 2003, P. Schwendinger ( MHNG), Figs 6 C, 21A–F.

Borboropactus squalidus Simon, 1884 . Female lectotype from Africa: no further details given (MNHN 5045/ 1572), Fig 20 C.

* Diaea subdola O. P.-Cambridge, 1885. SRI LANKA: Central Province: 2 males 2 females, Agrapathana, Agra Arboretum, 2003, S. P. Benjamin and M. Bahir (MHNG).

Epidius denisi Lessert, 1943 . Female lectotype from DR CONGO: no more data given (MRAC 114110).

Epidius guineensis Millot, 1942 . Lectotype from DR CONGO: Bamania: 1 male, 1962, R. P. Hulstaert, no more data given (MRAC 122567; Figs 33 B, 33C).

Epidius lyriger Simon, 1897 . Lectotype from PHILIPPINES: Manila: 1 female, no more details given (MNHN 13705/1574).

* Epidius parvati Benjamin, 2000 . SRI LANKA: Western province: 1 male 1 female. Colombo, Bellanwila- Attidiya, 14 August 1996, SP. Benjamin (AMNH), Fig 7 D.

* Mecaphesa asperata (Hentz, 1847) . USA: Kansas: 1 male 1 female, ‘Cherokee co. 5 mi. N. 3.3 mi. E of Crestiline’, 7 May 1984, GF Hevel (USNM), Figs 57 A–E, 58A–F.

* Monaeses sp. SRI LANKA: Central Province: 1 male 1 female, Agrabopath forest reserve, 18–21 February 2007, 1660– 800 m, SP. Benjamin and Z. Jaleel (MHNG), Figs 9 A, 9B.

* Onocolus sp. ECUADOR: Orellana: 1 male 1 female, Reserva Etnica Waorani, Transect Ent., 1 km S Onkone Gara Camp, 25 June 1994, TL. Erwin et al. (USNM), Figs 8 A, 59A–G, 60A–F.

* Onomastus nigricauda Simon, 1900 . SRI LANKA: Western province: 1 male 2 females, Kalutara district, Horane, Bodinagala, 19 July 1996, SP. Benjamin. Same locality, 5 males 6 females, 10 February.2007, leg. SP. Benjamin and Z. Jaleel. Sabaragamuwa province: 1 male, Ratnapura District, Morningside section, primary forest, 23 February2007, SP. Benjamin and Z. Jaleel (MHNG).

* Oxytate subvirens (Strand, 1907) . SRI LANKA: North Western Province: 4 males 2 females, Kurunegala District, Kurunegala, Ethagala Mountains, ca. 300 m, 1–28 February 2007, hand collecting, leg. Z. Jaleel (USNM), Figs 61 A–E.

* Philodromus rufus Walckenaer, 1826 . USA: West Virginia: 3 females 5 males, Monongalia Co. WV University forest, Chestnut Ridge, Mixed Oak-Hardwood. Pitfall trap, 22–30 May 1989, DT. Jennings (USNM), Figs 62 A–G.

Phrynarachne sp. A. TANZANIA: Tanga: 2 males 1 female, E Usambara Mtns., 12 km SE Amani, kihuhwi- Zigi Forest Reserve, 5° 6.3’ S 38°40.6’ E, 400–450 m,. 2–4 November 1995, CE. Griswold, N. Scharff, D. Ubick (CAS).

* Phrynarachne sp. B. MADAGASCAR: Mahajanga: 3 males. Parc National Tsingy de Bemaraha. 3.4 km, 93°E of Bekopaka, Tombeau Vazimba, 6–10 November 2001, 19° 8’ 31’’ S 44°49’41’’ E, 50 m, EF28 beating low vegetation tropical dry forest, B. L. Fisher et al. (CAS), Figs 63 A–E, 64A–F.

* Pharta gongshan ( Yang, Zhu and Song, 2006) . PR CHINA: Fugong: 2 males, 2 females, LuMaDeng County, N 27.02529° E 98.86256°, 1200 m, 23 April 2004, Peng Guang-Xu (USNM), Figs 7 C, 8C, 47A, 47B, 47D– F, 49A–F, 50A–F, 51A–D.

* Sidymella angulata (Urquhart, 1885) . NEW ZEALAND: South Island: 1 male, Marlborough Prov., Pelorus Bridg scenic Reserve, 26 February 2005, D. Silva and H. Wood (CAS CASENT 9023857), Figs 65A, B.

Stephanopis cambridgei Thorell, 1870 . Holotype: 1 adult female, AUSTRALIA, Thorell’s collection (SMNH 1163), Figs 5 D, 5G.

* Stephanopis cambridgei Thorell, 1870 . AUSTRALIA: Australian Capital Territory: 1 male 1 females, Black Mt. Canberra, 35° 18’S: 149° 0 8’E, 650 m, open Eucalyptus woodland, 7 August 1990, CE. Griswold and TC. Meikle (USNM). Western Australia: 1 male 1 female, Tinglewood near cabins, 6.98 km 5 0 N Walpole, disturbed Eucalyptus forest, S 34° 54’ 51.0’’ E 116° 43’ 50.9’’, 24 February 2006. G. Hormiga and L. Lopardo (GWU), Figs 66A–G, 67A–E.

* Stephanopis sp. CHILE: Region X: 2 females, Parque National Puyehue, Forest behind Cabanas de la Fundaction de las Raices, Between Rte 215 and Rio Gol Gol, ca. 3 km E Entre Lagos, S 40° 39’ 59.0’’ W 72° 10’ 19’’, 22–24 January 2003, beating vegetation, SE. Lew (CAS CASENT 9016500), Figs 68 A, 68B, 69A–F.

* Stiphropus lugubris Gerstäcker, 1873 . KENYA: 3 males, Kakamega Forest, 0° 22’ N 34°50’ E, 2001–2003, canopy fogging, W. Freund (ZEmk Ar. 092), Figs 70A, 70B , 73 A–H. Remarks: the original material (a dried out sub-adult male) was collected by Baron Karl Klaus (Carl Claus) von der Decken on one of his expeditions to Mount Kilimanjaro ( Gerstäcker 1873) and is lost (type depository unknown). Stiphropus lugubris is identified here based on the original description. The material is from the type locality.

* Strophius sp. PANAMA: Canal Zone: 5 male 2 females, Colon, humid forest, canopy fogging, tree, 2–14 July 1979, E. Broadhead et al. (USNM), Figs 70 C, 70D–F, 71A–F, 72A–F.

* Strigoplus sp. SRI LANKA: North Western Province: 2 males, Kurunegala District, Kurunegala, Ethagala Mountains, ca. 300 m, 1–28 February 2007, hand collecting, Z. Jaleel (USNM), Figs 74 A–F, 75A–F.

Thomisops sp. SRI LANKA: Central Province: 1 male 1female, Matale District, Riverstone, Knuckles range, ca. 1100 m, 0 7°31’42’’N, 80° 44’17’’E, 10 March 1998, hand collecting, SP. Benjamin (MHNG), Fig 7 E.

* Thomisus granulifrons Simon, 1906 . SRI LANKA: Western Province: 1 male 1 female, Bellanwila-Attidiya, 1 February–30 March 1998, SP. Benjamin (USNM), Figs 7 A, 8D.

* Xysticus cristatus (Clerck, 1757) . SPAIN: no further data, 1 male 1 female, (USNM), Figs 9 C, 9D.

* Xysticus fraternus Banks, 1895 . USA: West Virginia: 4 males 2 females, Monongalia Co., WV University forest, Chestnut Ridge. Mixed Oak-Hardwood, pitfall trap, 22–30 May 1989, DT Jennings, (USNM), Figs 9 E, 9F.

Figures

FIGURE 5. Photographs of Thomisidae. A Borboropactus bituberculatus (MNHN 5460 / 1572); B Borboropactus squalidus (MNHN 5045 / 1572); C Cebrenninus rugosus (MNHN 8652 / 1572), prosoma; D Stephanopis cambridgei (SMNH 1163); E lectotype of Pharta bimaculata (SMNH 1167); F C. rugosus, opisthosoma; G S. cambridgei (SMNH 1163), epigynum; H Epidius lyriger (13705); I Epidius rubropictus (MNHN 22347).

FIGURE 6. Photographs of Thomisidae. A Borboropactus nyerere sp. nov., female; B ditto, male; C Borboropactus sp., female; D Cebrenninus srivijaya sp. nov., male; E Geraesta mkwawa sp. nov., male; F ditto, female.

FIGURE 7. Tarsi of Thomisidae, tarsi showing trichobothrial number and pattern, dorsal view. A, B, D – H female; C male. A Thomisus granulifrons; B Aphantochilus rogersi, left leg 4; C Pharta gongshan, left leg 1; D Epidius parvati, left leg 4; E Thomisops pupa, left leg 1; F Geraesta hirta, left leg 1; G Stephanopis cambridgei, left leg I; H Aphantochilus taurifrons, left leg 4. Scale bars = 20 µm (D), 100 µm (A – C, E – H).

FIGURE 8. Setae of thomisids. A Onocolus sp. from Ecuador, female, left leg I, lateral view; B Cebrenninus rugosus female from Sumatra, left leg IV, dorsal view; C Pharta gongshan, female, left leg I, lateral view; D Thomisus granulifrons, female, left leg I, lateral view; E Cebrenninus rugosus, female prosoma, dorsal view; F ditto, detail, dorsal view. Scale bars = 10 µm (B), 100 µm (C – F), 1 mm (A).

FIGURE 9. Setae of thomisids. A female left leg I Monaeses sp. from Sri Lanka, lateral view; B ditto, sternum, ventral view; C female, Xysticus cristatus, left leg I; D ditto, detail; E X. fraternus, female prosoma, dorsal view; F ditto, detail. Scale bars = 20 µm (D), 50 µm (C) 100 µm (C, D), 1 mm (A, B, E, F).

FIGURE 33. Epidius binotatus (MNHN 13670 / 1574). A ventral view of left male palp. B, C Epidius binotatus guineensis (MRAC 122567), right male palp (B ventral, C retrolateral). Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 57. Scanning electron micrographs of Mecaphesa asperata. A – E male palp (A, E prolateral, B ventral, C, D retrolateral). Scale bars = 100 µm.

FIGURE 61. Scanning electron micrographs of Oxytate subvirens (A – E) and Onomastus nigricauda (F – H). A – C male palp (A retrolateral, B ventral, C prolateral); D epigynum, ventral view; E – H claw tufts, lateral view. Scale bars = 10 µm (E, F), 100 µm (A – D, G, H).

FIGURE 62. Scanning electron micrographs of Philodromus rufus (USNM). A – B male palp (A ventral, B prolateral); C RTA, retrolateral view; D epigynum, ventral view; E sternum, ventral view; F, female, left leg I, lateral view; G ditto, detail. Scale bars = 10 µm (G), 100 µm (A – F).

FIGURE 63. Scanning electron micrographs of Phrynarachne sp. (CAS). A – D male palp (A ventral, B, D retrolateral, C, E dorsal). Scale bars = 100 µm.

FIGURE 68. Stephanopis sp. from Chile (USNM). A epigynum, ventral view; B vulva, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 73. Scanning electron micrographs of Stiphropus lugubris, male (USNM). A – F male palp (A retrolateral, B, F ventral, C, E prolateral D dorsal); G prosoma, frontal view; H chelicerae, frontal view. Scale bars = 100 µm.

FIGURE 74. Scanning electron micrographs of Strigoplus sp., male. A prosoma, dorsal view; B endites and labium, ventral view; C, D left leg 1 lateral view; E scopula, lateral view; F sternum, ventral view. Scale bars = 100 µm.

FIGURE 47. A, B, D – F Pharta gongshan. C, P. brevipalpus (MNHN 22113 / 1574). A – C male palp (A, C ventral, B retrolateral); D epigynum, ventral view; E – F vulva (E ventral, F dorsal). Scale bars = 0.1 mm (D – F), 0.2 mm (A – C).

FIGURE 20. A, B, D Borboropactus bituberculatus. C Borboropactus squalidus (MNHN 5045 / 1572). A – B male palp from Irian Jaya, Waigeo Island (A prolateral, B retrolateral); C, D epigynum, ventral view (MNHN 5460 / 1572). Scale bars = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 70. A, B Stiphropus lugubris (USNM). C – F Strophius sp. (USNM). A-D male palp (A, C ventral, C, D retrolateral); E epigynum, ventral view; F vulva, ventral view. Scale bars = 0.1 mm (A, B, E, F), 0.2 mm (C, D).