Dynastor strix ( Bates, 1864 )

Piovesan, Mônica, Casagrande, Mirna Martins, Lamas, Gerardo & Mielke, Olaf Hermann Hendrik, 2024, Systematics of Dynastor Doubleday, [1849] (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae, Satyrinae, Brassolini), Zootaxa 5492 (4), pp. 451-504 : 495-499

Dynastor strix ( Bates, 1864) stat. rest.

( Figs 28 , 38–42 )

Brassolis strix Bates, 1864 . Ent. monthly Mag. 1 (7): 164, females, Guatemala, central valleys.—Herrich-Schäffer, 1865. Corr.-Blatt zool.-min. Ver. Regensburg 19 (5): 64.—Kirby, 1871. Syn. Cat. Diurn. Lep., p. 125.

Dynastor strix ; Godman & Salvin, 1881. Biol. Centr.-Amer., Lep. Rhop. 1 (12), p. 123, pl. 12, figs 3, 4 (d, v).— Röber, 1889, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 2 (5), p. 192.— Stichel, 1902. Berl. ent. Ztschr. 46 (4): 523.— Blandin, 1977. Publ. Lab. Zool. l’École norm. sup., Paris, 9: 163, 165, 168, 177, 216, fig. 55 (geogr. distr.); biogeogr.

Dynastor macrosiris f. strix ; Staudinger, 1887, in Staudinger & Schatz. Exot. Schmett. 1 (18), p. 214.

Dynastor macrosiris strix ; Stichel, 1904, in Wytsman. Gen. Ins. 20, p. 10; syn.: hannibal .— Stichel, 1909. Das Tierreich 25: 26; syn.: hannibal .— Fruhstorfer, 1912, in Seitz. Gross-Schmett. Erde 5, p. 289, pl. 62b (female v).— Rothschild, 1916. Novit. Zool. 23 (3): 310.— Stichel, 1932. Lep. Cat. 51, p. 21.—D’Abrera, 1987. Butt. Neotrop. Reg. 3, p. 394.—R. G. de la Maza E. et al., 1989. Rev. Soc. Mex. Lep. 12 (2): 61.—R. F. de la Maza R., 1987. Marip. Mexicanas, p. 96, pl. 23, fig. 5 (male d).—Luis-Martínez et al., 1991. Publ. esp. Mus. Zool., Mexico, 3: 32.—R. G. de la Maza E. & J. de la Maza E., 1993. Marip. Chiapas, p. 183.— Casagrande, 2004. Brassolini, in Lamas (ed.) Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea-Papilionoidea, in Heppner (ed.). Atlas Neotrop. Lep. 5A, p. 203.— Salinas-Gutiérrez et al., 2004. Jour. Lep. Soc. 58 (3): 136.—Vargas-Fernández et al., 2008. Nymph. Mexico 2, p. 61, 180, pl. 17, figs 8, 9 (male d, v), 10 (female d).— Garzón-Orduña & Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 3. — Montero-Ramírez, 2010. Checklist 6 (4): 679.—Hernández-Baz et al., 2010. Marip. Veracruz, p. 94, pl. 45 (male d, v).—Rodríguez-Flores et al., 2010. Biodiversidad (Managua) 2: 59, fig.1 (d, v).—J. Miller et al., 2012. Insecta Mundi 205: 57.—J. de la Maza E. & R. G. de la Maza E., 2015, in Carabias, J. de la Maza E. & Cadena (eds.). Conserv. Desarr. sust. Selva Lacandona, p. 639.

Dynastor macrosiris [misidentification]; Glassberg, 2007. Swift Guide Butt. Mexico and C. America (1 st ed.), p. 132 (figs male d, v).—Glassberg, 2018. Swift Guide Butt. Mexico and C. America (2 nd ed.), p. 152 (figs d, v).— Garzón-Orduña & Penz, 2009. Zootaxa 2134: 3, fig. 1d (female d).

Taxonomic history. Brassolis strix was transferred to Dynastor by Godman & Salvin (1881), treated as a local form of Dynastor macrosiris by Staudinger (1887), and as a subspecies of Dynastor macrosiris by Stichel (1904) and subsequent authors in reviews, catalogs, and checklists, with records of hostplant and geographic distribution.

Type material. Brassolis strix Bates, 1864 was described based on an unspecified number of females from Guatemala, central valleys. Godman & Salvin (1881) stated that the description was based on more than one female specimen, as they said: “Described first by Mr. Bates from specimens found by us at Chuacus, in Guatemala, in 1861.” [Chuacús, Baja Verapaz, Guatemala]. One female syntype was found at the NHMUK, with the following labels: / B.M. TYPE No. Rh. 6105 Brassolis strix , ♀ Bates./ Type H. T./ ♀ / B.C.A.Lep.Rhop. Dynastor strix, Bates. Godman-Salvin Coll. 1919 .—6./ Sp. figured./ Chuacus, Guatemala. F.D.G. & O.S./ Choacus Guatemala S. + G./. To stabilize the nomenclature of this taxon, this specimen is hereby designated as the lectotype of Brassolis strix Bates, 1864 , and the following labels will be attached: / LECTOTYPUS / Lectotypus Brassolis strix Bates, 1864 , Piovesan, Casagrande & O. Mielke det. 2024/.

Diagnosis. Dynastor strix stat. rest. is morphologically similar to Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov., Dynastor macrosiris , and Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., but differs by the VFW with a thick rusty red band between M 1 and M 3 ( Figs 24–25 , 30 , 33–34 , 38–39 ). The male genitalia of Dynastor strix stat. rest. also differs from the cited species in having the bifurcation of the gnathos apex of the same size ( Figs 26 , 35 , 40 ). The female genitalia is very similar to Dynastor macrosiris and Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., but the paired signa are intermediate in size, and the posterior margin of lamella antevaginalis is more notched ( Figs 27 , 36 , 41 ).

Variation. FW, length: male 44–59 mm (n=5), female 57–62 mm (n=5); width of the band that extends from the costal margin to CuA 1; size and shape of the spot in CuA 1 –CuA 2. VFW, shape and color of postdiscal patches and spots. VHW, number, size, and shape of the spots.

Comments. Dynastor strix stat. rest. has been downgraded to a subspecies rank since the earlier 20th century, but the wing color pattern, the morphology of the male genitalia, and the molecular data do not support this status. Dynastor strix stat. rest. has a wing color pattern similar to Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov., Dynastor macrosiris and Dynastor hannibal stat. rest., but differs from the cited species by the VFW with a thick rusty red band between M 1 and M 3, the most remarkable external character. Moreover differences in the male and female genitalia are also found, namely bifurcation of gnathos apex of the same size and the more notched posterior margin of lamella antevaginalis, respectively. The single DNA barcode sequence of Dynastor strix stat. rest. was provided by Montero-Ramírez (2010) and by comparing it with the sequences of Dynastor hannibal stat. rest. and Dynastor pharnaces stat. nov., the divergence found (5% for both) supports the differences found in the morphology. Montero-Ramírez (2010) also provided the most southern record of Dynastor strix stat. rest. so far known ( Costa Rica, Limón). Dynastor strix stat. rest. is sympatric with Dynastor stygianus stat. rest.

Natural history. Unknown.

Geographic distribution. Mexico (San Luis Potosí ( Salinas-Gutiérrez et al. 2004), Veracruz, Distrito Federal, Quintana Roo, Chiapas, Oaxaca, Puebla,); Guatemala (Baja Verapaz, El Petén, Izabal); Honduras (Cortés) ; El Salvador (Ahuachapán) ; Costa Rica (Limón) ( Fig. 28 ). Dynastor strix stat. rest. occurs at elevations between 100 and 800 m (Maza E. & Maza E. 1993).

Temporal distribution. April – November (J. Maza E. & R. Maza E. 1993).

Etymology. Possibly a bird of ill omen (an owl or a bat?) in the mythology of classical antiquity.

Specimens examined. Photos of the lectotype of Brassolis strix ( Fig. 42 ), and the following specimens: MEXICO: Veracruz —no locality, 2 females, C. C. Hoffmann leg., AMNH_IZC 00352903, 00352904 (AMNH); Palo Gacho , 1941, 1 female, J. Camelo leg., USNMENT01589342 ( USNM); Presidio , 27-VIII-1940, 1 male, C. C. Hoffmann leg., AMNH_IZC 00352900 (AMNH); Tapalapan , 25-VIII-1982, 1 male */**, Coxa leg., DZ 52.735 ( DZUP); Santecomapan , VIII-1952, 1 male, T. Escalante leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107873 ( MGCL); Los Tuxtlas , X-1976, 1 male, USNMENT01589341 ( USNM). Distrito Federal — Ciudad de México, 1 male, C. M. Holmo leg. , AMNH_IZC 00352901 (AMNH). Quintana Roo — Lázaro Cárdenas (Nuevo X- Can), 8-VIII-1967, 1 female *, OM 41.671 ( DZUP-OM) . Chiapas — Ocosingo ( San Quintín ), 20–26-XI-1973, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107869 ( MGCL) . Oaxaca — Palomares, 8-IX-1961, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107874 ( MGCL) ; Sierra de Tuxtepec , VI-1954, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107870 ( MGCL) . Puebla — Xicotepec (La Ceiba), IX-1971, 1 male, T. Escalante leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107871 ( MGCL) . GUATEMALA: El Petén — Sayaxché, 29-XI-1963, 1 male, E. C. Welling leg., AMNH_IZC 00352906 ( AMNH), (Petexbatún) , 2-IX-1963, 1 female *, OM 41.943 ( DZUP-OM) . Izabal — Tenedores , 9-VII-1965, 1 female, E. C. Welling leg., AMNH_IZC 00352905 ( AMNH) . EL SALVADOR: Ahuachapán — El Refugio, XI-1992, 2 females, L. Kassarov leg., UFFLMNH MGCL 1107875 , 1107877 ( MGCL) , XI-2007, 1 female, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107876 ( MGCL) . COSTA RICA: no department —no locality, 1 male, UFFLMNH MGCL 1107872 ( MGCL) .

iNaturalist records: HONDURAS: Cortés — Santa Cruz de Yojoa , 14°51’16.3”N, 87°57’21.0”W, 23-V-2023 , Sergio Isac Zúñiga Martínez (available at: inaturalist.org/observations/163316592. Accessed June 30, 2023) .

Figures

FIGURE 24. Dynastor macrosiris (Westwood, 1851): Male, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; Brazil, Pará (DZ 54.260–DZUP). The black arrows indicate the diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 25. Dynastor macrosiris (Westwood, 1851): Female, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; Peru, Río Huallaga (AMNH_IZC 00352908–AMNH).

FIGURE 26. Dynastor macrosiris (Westwood, 1851): Male genitalia: a. dorsal view, b. ventral view, c. lateral view; aedeagus: d. dorsal view, e. ventral view, f. lateral view (DZ 54.260–DZUP). The black arrows indicate the diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 27. Dynastor macrosiris (Westwood, 1851): Female genitalia: a. lateral view; b. detail of signa; c. ventral view (OM 78.930–DZUP–OM). The black arrow indicates one of the diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 28. Geographical distribution of Dynastor macrosiris (Westwood, 1851), Dynastor pharnaces Stichel, 1908 stat. nov., Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 stat. rest., and Dynastor strix (Bates, 1864) stat. rest. Asterisk (*) and at (@) inside the sampled locality indicate that the geographical distribution data was retrieved from the bibliography and iNaturalist (www. inaturalist.org), respectively.

FIGURE 30. Dynastor pharnaces Stichel, 1908 stat. nov.: Female, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; Peru, Chanchamayo (USNMENT01589343–USNM). The black arrows indicate the diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 33. Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 stat. rest.: Male, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; Colombia, Boyacá (DZ 52.734– DZUP; CMBUT1655-20). The black arrows indicate the diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 34. Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 stat. rest.: Female, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; Colombia, Boyacá (DZ 3969– DZUP).

FIGURE 35. Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 stat. rest.: Male genitalia: a. dorsal view, b. ventral view, c. lateral view; aedeagus: d. dorsal view, e. ventral view, f. lateral view (DZ 52.734–DZUP; CMBUT1655-20). The black arrow indicates one of the diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 36. Dynastor hannibal Oberthür, 1881 stat. rest.: Female genitalia: a. lateral view; b. detail of signa; c. ventral view (DZ 3969–DZUP). The black arrow indicates one of the diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 38. Dynastor strix (Bates, 1864) stat. rest.: Male, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; El Salvador, Ahuachapán (FLMNH MGCL 1107875–MGCL). The black arrows indicate the diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 39. Dynastor strix (Bates, 1864) stat. rest.: Female, a. dorsal, b. ventral views; El Salvador, Ahuachapán (FLMNH MGCL 1107876–MGCL).

FIGURE 40. Dynastor strix (Bates, 1864) stat. rest.: Male genitalia: a. dorsal view, b. ventral view, c. lateral view; aedeagus: d. dorsal view, e. ventral view, f. lateral view (DZ 52.735–DZUP; CMBUT1654-20). The black arrow indicates one of the diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 41. Dynastor strix (Bates, 1864) stat. rest.: Female genitalia: a. lateral view; b. detail of signa; c. ventral view (OM 41.943–DZUP–OM). The black arrows indicate the diagnostic characters of the species.

FIGURE 42. Dynastor strix (Bates, 1864) stat. rest. Lectotype of Dynastor strix (Bates, 1864) stat. rest.; a. dorsal view, b. ventral view.