Tursiocola costata Frankovich & M.J. Sullivan, 2015

Frankovich, Thomas A., Sullivan, Michael J. & Stacy, Nicole I., 2015, Three New Species of Tursiocola (Bacillariophyta) from the Skin of the West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus), Phytotaxa 204 (1), pp. 33-48 : 40-42

Tursiocola costata Frankovich & M.J. Sullivan , sp. nov. ( Figs. 47–66 ).

The frustules are linear rectangular, slightly widened in the middle by elevated transapical interstriae costae, with bluntly rounded ends and two striated copulae ( Figs. 47–50 ). The striae of the two copulae are located just below the valve margins and are separated by a relatively broad hyaline area ( Figs. 47–50 ). The valves are slightly heteropolar and lanceolate with drawn out rostrate apices ( Figs. 51–57 ). Length 17–29 μm, width 2.5–3.9 μm, length to width ratio 6.3–9.8. The heteropolarity of the valves is evidenced by small differences in the lengths of the valve halves or differences in the degree to which the apices are drawn out (i.e., one valve end may be more rostrate than the opposing end). The valve face is also asymmetric around the narrow axial area with one half of the valve face wider than the other ( Figs. 51–53, 55–57 ). The axial area bends towards the thinner valve half ( Figs. 51–53, 55–57 ). The raphe is not evident in LM. The central area is diamond-shaped and is intersected by a narrowing stauros that extends to the valve margin ( Figs. 51–53, 55–57 ). The transapical striae are convergent throughout the valve face ( Figs. 51–53, 55–57 ), 22–29 in 10 μm. By focusing through the valve, pseudosepta can be seen to extend over approximately 1/5 to 1/4 of the valve length from the apices, which then continue as narrow strips along the valve margin before connecting with the central area ( Figs. 51–52, 54, 57 ).

Type:— UNITED STATES. Florida: Florida Bay, skin samples removed from a recently dead individual of a West Indian manatee Trichechus manatus in the vicinity of Coon Key , 25º 03’ 18” N, 80º 44’ 10 ”W, T. A. Frankovich, 28 October 2013 (holotype CAS! 223045, Figs. 47–68 ; isotypes ANSP! GC59141 , BM! 101 788, BRM! Zu10/8) .

SEM morphology:— Externally, the valve face has convergent uniseriate transapical striae separated by raised interstriae for 1/2 to 2/3 of the valve length ( Figs. 58, 61, 63–64 ). There is a clear transition between the valve face and the valve mantle ( Figs. 61, 63–64 ). Interstriae costae are not present on the valve mantle where the transapical striae are parallel in the middle and slightly convergent towards the apices ( Figs. 61, 63–64 ). The mantle edge is narrow with a clear transition between it and the upper mantle at the valve middle ( Figs. 63–64 ). The raised interstriae costae are rounded on the narrower half of the valve face, and triangular with sharp edges in cross-section on the wider halves of the valve faces ( Figs. 63–64 ). The transapical striae are composed of circular to oval to irregular areolae, approximately 18 areolae in 10 μm along the transapical axis ( Figs. 58, 60–64 ). A narrow strongly silicified rib lies within the axial area ( Figs. 58, 60–61, 63–64 ). The raphe is very fine and lies immediately adjacent to the rib on the narrower half of the valve face ( Fig. 58 ). The central area is raised ( Figs. 61, 63–64 ), diamond-shaped and intersected by a narrow linear stauros about the width of the interstriae area ( Figs. 58–59, 61, 63–64 ). A single interstriae costa is sometimes present in the stauros ( Figs. 59, 63 ). The proximal raphe ends are expanded and deflected towards the narrower valve half ( Fig. 59 ). The distal raphe ends are apparently bifurcated, obscured by overhanging siliceous flaps and deflected in the same direction as the proximal raphe ends ( Fig. 60 ).

The interstriae transapical costae are also visible in the internal view of the valve ( Figs. 65–66 ). The butterfly-like structure that connects the pseudosepta to the central area and the very narrow stauros is also clearly seen ( Figs. 65–66 ). The pseudosepta extend from the apices as siliceous plates for approximately one-quarter of the valve length ( Fig. 65 ), which then continue as narrow strips that run along the valve margins before widening into broad concave “wings” of the butterfly-like structure in the central area ( Figs. 65–66 ). The narrow strips of the pseudosepta briefly widen towards their middle ( Fig. 65 ). The pseudosepta and the butterfly-like structure enclose two rounded pyriform-shaped voids on either side of the central area ( Fig. 65 ). Internally, the raphe lies along the center of a strong siliceous rib that widens in the central area ( Figs. 65–66 ). Two knob-like structures are present on the rib on opposing sides of the raphe at the valve center ( Fig. 66 ). The center of the butterfly-like structure is hexagonal ( Figs. 65–66 ) and connects with the wings of the butterfly-like structure at a near 90º angle ( Fig. 66 ). A very narrow stauros intersects the central area ( Fig. 66 ).

The girdle is composed of two copulae ( Fig. 62 ), possessing a single row of circular to oval pores, 22–28 in 10 μm ( Figs. 62 , 67–68 ). The copulae are open on one end with tabs in the middle that extend advalvarly towards the valve margins ( Figs. 67–68 ). In whole frustules, the pores are partially obscured by the valve mantle ( Fig. 62 ).

Etymology:— From Latin costa (rib), with reference to the transapical interstriae costae which are diagnostic for identification of this species in SEM in valve and girdle views.

Taxa relative abundances:— Eighteen taxa from 11 genera were observed in a count of 502 valves from the type slide CAS 223045 ( Table 1). The 3 newly described Tursiocola species comprised 89% of the valves counted. The relative abundances of T. ziemanii , T. varicopulifera , and T. costata were 52, 24, and 12%, respectively. None of the other described Tursiocola or Epiphalaina taxa were observed in the material, though two isolated valves of an unidentified Tursiocola taxon with strongly dorso-ventrally curved valves were observed in LM and SEM ( Figs. 69–71 ). The scarcity of those specimens in the sample did not permit a comprehensive description at this time, but a butterfly-shaped shadow of thickened silica around the stauros ( Figs. 69–70 ) suggests a Tursiocola species. The 14 other taxa observed in the valve count constituted only 11% of the valves counted.

Figures

FIGURES 47–57. Tursiocola costata. Type population, LM. 47–50. Frustules in girdle view showing size range. 51–57. Specimens in valve view showing size range and morphological variation. Scale bars. 47–57 = 10 μm. = indicates same specimen at different foci.

FIGURES 58–64. Tursiocola costata. Type population, SEM. 58. External view of entire valve showing drawn out rostrate apices, asymmetric valve face, bent axial area, diamond-shaped central area and narrow stauros. 59. External view of central area showing deflection of proximal raphe ends. 60. External view of apparently bifurcated distal raphe end. 61. External oblique view of entire valve with attached cingulum showing raised interstriae costae and convergent striae on valve face, raised central area, distinct valve mantle and 2 copulae, each with 1 row of pores. 62. Entire frustule in girdle view showing raised interstriae costae and cingulum with 2 copulae, each with a single row of pores adjacent to the valve margin. 63. Detail of valve center and cingulum in oblique view showing transitions between valve face, mantle and margin. 64. Detail of external valve center in oblique view showing raised interstriae costae, round areolae and narrow stauros. Scale bars: 58, 61–62 = 5 μm; 59–60, 63–64 = 1 μm.

FIGURES 65–68. Tursiocola costata. Type population, SEM. 65. Internal view of whole valve showing pseudosepta and butterfly structure. 66. Detail of butterfly structure and internal hexagonal central area with two knobs on the raphe rib. 67. Isolated copula showing internal structure and opening at one end (arrow). 68. Isolated copula in girdle view showing opening at one end (short arrow), a single row of pores, and a central tab (long arrow) on the advalvar side. Scale bars: 65, 67–68 = 5 μm; 66 = 1 μm.

FIGURES 69–71. Tursiocola sp. SEM. 69. Entire valve showing acute apices and arcuate outline in mantle view. Fig. 70. Detail of external central area in mantle view showing raised central area, stauros and areolae. 71. Detail of external valve apex in side view showing thickened valve margin and distal raphe end curving around apex (arrow). Scale bars: 69 = 1 μm; 70–71 = 1 μm.