Atherigona Rondani, 1856

Muller, B. S., 2015, Illustrated key and systematics of male South African Atherigona s. str. (Diptera: Muscidae), African Invertebrates 56 (3), pp. 845-845 : 848-857

Genus Atherigona Rondani, 1856

Diagnosis: Atherigona can be distinguished from other genera of South African Muscidae by the very characteristic angular head shape, its elongated parafacial, and long postpedicel (third antennal segment) which extends past the middle height of the eye; in some species almost extending to the lower facial margin. Only one pair of reclinate orbital setae present, the proclinate orbital pair being absent. The katepisternum with three setae arranged in the shape of an equilateral triangle (1:1:1) and the hind tibia has no calcar present.

Subgenus Atherigona Rondani, 1856

Orthostylum Macquart, 1851 b: 246 (273) (as genus). Type species: Orthostylum rufipes Macquart, 1851 [= Coenosia pulla Wiedemann, 1830 ], by original designation.

Atherigona Rondani, 1856: 97 (as genus). Type-species: Atherigona varia Meigen, 1826 , by original designation.

Diagnosis: Males of Atherigona s. str. can easily be distinguished from members of the subgenus Acritochaeta Grimshaw and other muscids by the presence of a stemmed trifoliate process, extending from the epandrium; and in most species a hypopygial prominence on the dorsal surface of tergite 7+8 (some species, such as A. divergens Stein, 1913 (= A. hancocki van Emden, 1940 ) and A. tetrastigma Paterson, 1956 , have it absent). Female Atherigona s. str. can be distinguished by having paired anterior plates on tergite 8. The male palpal shape has also served as diagnostic in the past, with the male palpus being short, apically dilated and usually with a degree of truncation, in contrast to the female palpus which is more straplike. There are, however, two new species described in this study ( A. heteropalpata sp. n. and A. flaviheteropalpata sp. n.) with the males having straplike palpi, resembling those of the females of the subgenus.

Descriptionremarks:Theinclusionofthe r­m crossveinratioisimportant,asitcanpossibly be used in the future to discriminate between or at least group individuals of the same species based on the ratio itself if the measurement of enough individuals are recorded.

The following leg characters are common to all species of Atherigona s. str. and not repeated in the descriptions — Fore femur with one row of posterodorsal setae, one preapical seta; fore tibia with one ventral, one dorsal and one posterodorsal preapical seta. Mid femur with one preapical posterodorsal seta; mid tibia with one median posterior seta, apically with one antero- and one posteroventral as well as one ventral seta. Hind femur with one row of anterodorsal setae; hind tibia with one median anterodorsal seta, preapically with one dorsal seta, apically with one anteroventral and one ventral seta, submedially with one anteroventral and one posterodorsal seta.

An illustrated key to males of South African Atherigona s. str. species

1 Hypopygial prominence absent; frontal plate infuscated, glossy............................2

– Hypopygial prominence present; frontal plate appearance variable .......................3

2 Proepimeron strongly differentiated, prominence with four equal length setae; trifoliate process complex, quinquefoliate ( Fig. 1a ) ................................................. ........................................................ divergens Stein (syn. n. hancocki van Emden )

– Proepimeron weakly differentiated, with two setae and one hair-like setulae; trifoliate process trident shaped ( Fig. 2a )................................ tetrastigma Paterson

3 Hypopygial prominence simple or reduced, sometimes appearing conical in posterior view..........................................................................................................4

– Hypopygial prominence developed otherwise, i.e. emarginate, knoblike, bifurcate, bilobate or tridentate................................................................................................5

4 Median piece of trifoliate process filiform in posterior view ( Fig. 3a ), greatly dilated in profile ( Fig. 3b ), being almost as wide as lateral plates; lateral plates without inner lobes; hypopygial prominence convex at apex ( Fig. 3c, d ) ................ ........................................................................................................ parviclivis sp. n.

– Median piece of trifoliate process with a slight apical dilation in both posterior view and profile ( Fig. 4a, b ), lateral plates at least 3× as wide as median piece in profile ( Fig. 4b ); hypopygial prominence much reduced with a slightly emarginated apex, almost appearing bifurcate ( Fig. 4c ) ........................................ parvihumilata sp. n.

5 Hypopygial prominence emarginated ( Fig. 5c ), knoblike ( Fig. 7c ) or truncated with projecting tubercles at apex ( Figs 17c–e; 18c )........................................................6

– Hypopygial prominence bifurcate ( Figs 38c, 45c ), bilobate ( Figs 64c, 68c ) or tridentate ( Fig. 31c, 34c ) .......................................................................................33

6 Vibrissae golden or yellow; hypopygial prominence emarginate apically..............7

– Vibrissae infuscated; hypopygial prominence variable...........................................8

7 Median piece of trifoliate process in profile with a right-angled bend medially ( Fig.5b ); filiform in posterior view, with an abrupt apical dilation; dilation with a shallow emargination ( Fig. 5a ); lateral plates without inner lobes in posterior view ............................................................................................ angulata Deeming

– Median piece of trifoliate process in profile hardly bent ( Fig. 6b ); median piece with medial dilation, as well as strong apical dilation; apex appearing convex and obtuse angled; lateral plates with inner lobes in posterior view ( Fig. 6a )................. ................................................................................................... pulla (Wiedemann)

8 Hypopygial prominence in the shape of a rounded or truncated knob, not projecting ( Fig. 7c )...................................................................................................................9

– Hypopygial prominence with projecting tubercles ( Figs 18c , 25c ) ......................18

9 Frontal plate with glossy appearance; frontal vitta infuscated, sometimes yellow on at least apical third.................................................................................................10

– Frontal plate with dusted appearance; frontal vitta appearance variable ..............12

10 Frontal vitta, frontal plate and postpedicel entirely infuscate...............................11

– Frontal vitta infuscated with apical third yellow, frontal plate glossy grey-brown; postpedicel infuscated except for narrow basal margin; wing entirely hyaline; tergites 4 and 5 with only dorsal spots and without setae on their posterior margins; hypopygial prominence in the shape of a rounded knob ( Fig. 7c )............................ ....................................................................................................... laevigata (Loew)

11 Hypopygial prominence in the shape of a rounded knob ( Fig. 8c ); wing with dark-brown smoky suffusions over humeral crossvein and Sc­R 1; tergites 4 and 5 each with a pair of lateral longitudinally lengthened markings in addition to the dorsal pairs; tergite 5 with a strong seta on the posterior margin of each dorsal spot; trifoliate process filiform in posterior view ( Fig. 8a ).................... bimaculata Stein

– Hypopygial prominence in the shape of a truncated knob ( Fig. 9c–f ); wing entirely hyaline; tergites 4 and 5 without any lateral longitudinal markings; trifoliate process greatly dilated apically, appearing almost circular in posterior view ( Fig. 9a )......... ................................................................. univittata Deeming & Overman (in part)

12 Palpus yellow ........................................................................................................13

– Palpus infuscated...................................................................................................14

13 Fore femur entirely yellow; frontal vitta yellow; hypopygial prominence doorknobshaped in posterior view ( Fig. 10c ); surstylus black on apex, with a small spot on posterior angle........................................................ nigrapicalis Deeming ( Fig. 10 )

– Fore femur infuscated on apical half to third; frontal vitta infuscated, at most with a dull ferruginous suffusion at apex; hypopygial prominence small and subtruncate ( Fig. 11c ), somewhat angular in general shape when viewed dorsally ( Fig. 11d ); surstylus without any infuscation............................ longifolia van Emden ( Fig. 11 )

14 Hypopygial prominence truncate knob-shaped, with apex slightly or broadly emarginated ...........................................................................................................15

– Hypopygial prominence truncate knob-shaped, but without any emargination....16

15 Hypopygial prominence with slightly emarginated apex; median piece of trifoliate process in profile narrow throughout its length, with gradual apical dilation; nowhere throughout its length is it more than ¹⁄5× as broad as it is long ( Fig. 12a, b ); tergite 3 usually immaculate or with only some brownish shadows, although in some specimens with a darker marking on dorsum .............. aurifacies van Emden

– Hypopygial prominence broadly emarginated at apex; median piece of trifoliate process in profile very strongly dilated along most of its length, although much less so towards apex ( Fig. 13b ), piece almost half as wide medially as it is long ........... ........................................................................................... griseiventris van Emden

16 Wing with brown smoky suffusions at humeral crossvein and at Sc­R 1; median piece of trifoliate process at most with only a slight median dilation in profile; lateral plates wider than median piece in profile...................................................17

– Wing entirely hyaline; median piece of trifoliate process noticeably dilated from base to just before apex; lateral plates narrow in profile, with a backwards twisted appearance ( Fig. 14b )...................................................................... capitulata sp. n.

17 Brown smoky suffusion on wing weakly visible; scutellum uniformly grey dusted; median piece of trifoliate process strongly dilated, with a clear median emargination and four strong erect setae in posterior view ( Fig. 15a ); surstylus without dark markings......................................................................................... umbonata sp. n.

– Brown smoky suffusion on wing clearly visible; scutellum grey dusted except for apical margin which is yellow; median piece of trifoliate process with slight apical dilation, apex convex without any emarginations and four setae weakly developed ( Fig. 16a ); surstylus with dark markings........................................... flavifinis sp. n.

18 Palpus shaped like that of subgenus Achritochaeta, i.e. straplike, not truncated or dilated at all ( Fig. 17f ); trifoliate process hyaline except for lateral margins of lateral plates which are infuscated, entire surface of process sculptured ( Fig. 17a ). .................................................................................................. heteropalpata sp. n.

– Palpus at least with some degree of truncation or dilation; trifoliate process surface usually smooth ......................................................................................................19

19 Hypopygial prominence with a blunt central tubercle and four sharply defined tubercles quadrately arranged ( Fig. 18b, c ); trifoliate process with median piece apically dilated, convex at apex ( Fig. 18a )..................................... aster van Emden

– Hypopygial prominence less complex, at most with only two projecting tubercles; trifoliate process variable ......................................................................................20

20 Frontal vitta yellow on at least apical third...........................................................21

– Frontal vitta entirely infuscate...............................................................................26

21 Frontal vitta infuscated, except for yellow apical third; postpedicel ferruginous for the most part, only infuscated on half of dorsal edge and apex; trifoliate process with median piece club-shaped in posterior view, having a pair of well-developed setae ( Fig. 19a, b ) .............................................................. marginifolia van Emden

– Frontal vitta entirely yellow; postpedicel infuscated for the most part, only ferruginous on basal margin; trifoliate process variable .......................................22

22 Legs with some degree of infuscation...................................................................23

– All legs yellow; trifoliate process appearance variable.........................................24

23 Hypopygial prominence stalklike with anterior projections weakly developed, appearing almost lobate ( Fig. 20c–e ); trifoliate process infuscated with a club-shaped median piece, the apex of which is either convex or slightly emarginated in some specimens, with four erect setulae; lateral plates with inner lobes present, plates with a hyaline centre ( Fig. 20a ) ......................................... erectisetula sp. n.

– Hypopygial prominence more truncated, with anterior projections moderately more developed ( Fig. 21c ); trifoliate process club-shaped in posterior view with three weak setulae on each “lobe” of the emarginated apex; lateral plates without inner lobes ( Fig. 21a ) ........................................................ humeralis (Wiedemann)

24 Strong and clearly visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae; scutum and scutellum golden dusted, only grey in immediate area surrounding the vittae and on centre of scutellum; hypopygial prominence truncated with extended lateral ridges leading towards anteriorly projecting tubercles ( Fig. 22c–d ); median piece of trifoliate process greatly dilated in profile except for extreme apex, wider than lateral plates ( Fig. 22b )............................................................. budongoana van Emden (in part)

– Weak and barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae; uniformly grey dusted, scutellum variable; hypopygial prominence stalked, apically dilated with anteriorly developed lobes/projecting tubercles; median piece of trifoliate process at most apically dilated apically ......................................................................................................25

25 Palpus apically dilated, truncated area diameter half the length of the entire palpus; parafacial golden dusted; median piece of the trifoliate process short, stout, with gradual dilation from base to the apex; lateral plates without any inner lobes ( Fig.23a )...................................................................................... falcata (Thomson)

– Palpus apically dilated, truncated area diameter much smaller than half the length of the entire palpus; parafacial grey dusted; median piece of trifoliate process club-shaped; lateral plates with inner lobes present ( Fig. 24a ) ........... ndumoensis sp. n.

26 Foreleg infuscated on at least apical third of tibia; palpus entirely infuscated, yellow or infuscated on at least basal third ...........................................................27

– Foreleg entirely yellow; palpus yellow ............... budongoana van Emden (in part)

27 Palpi entirely infuscate..........................................................................................28

– Palpi yellow on at least apical half........................................................................32

28 Fore femur infuscated on at least apical half.........................................................29

– Fore femur entirely yellow....................................................................................31

29 Frontal plate glossy black; wing entirely hyaline; trifoliate process apically greatly dilated, appearing almost circular in posterior view ( Fig. 9a ) .................................. ................................................................ univittata Deeming & Overman (in part).

– Frontal plate dusted; other characters variable......................................................30

30 Dorsum of abdomen without any median vittae; tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergites 3 and 4 with small equal sized round markings; median piece of trifoliate process apically dilated and slightly bifid; basal-lateral area of lateral plates angular in posterior view ( Fig. 25a ) .............................................................. decempilosa Dike

– Dorsum of abdomen with median vitta, except for tergite 5 which is immaculate; tergites 3 and 4 each with interrupted median vitta; tergite 3 with large dark marks, tergite 4 with small spots; median piece of trifoliate process dilated medially and apically; lateral plates narrow and curved in posterior view, with a long emargination in basal third of outer margin ( Fig. 26a ) .................................. binubila van Emden

31 Foreleg tarsi without any specialised chaetotaxy; trifoliate process with median piece filiform in posterior view, except for extreme apex ( Fig. 27a ), and quite strongly uncurved in profile, the apex appearing almost fishhook-like with a pair of long setulae (at least 5× as long as the secondary pair of setulae) ( Fig. 27b )........... ......................................................................................................... piscatoris sp. n.

– Foreleg with apical three tarsal segments having long dorsally positioned setulae, at least as long as segments are wide; trifoliate process with median piece having an elongated dilation in posterior view ( Fig. 28a ), boomerang shaped in profile ( Fig. 28b ), having four equal length setulae at apex .......................... oblonga sp. n.

32 Surstylus with dark markings at base and at apex; trifoliate process hyaline over most of surface except for lateral margins of lateral plates which are infuscated; median piece with long hyaline setulae that are as long as piece itself ( Fig.29a, b ). ........................................................................................................ libertensis sp. n.

– Surstylus immaculate; trifoliate process entirely infuscated, without any long setulae, only short black ones ( Fig. 30a ) .................................. angustiloba van Emden

33 Hypopygial prominence tridentate ( Figs 31c – 37c ), with three apparent lobes or processes ...............................................................................................................34

– Hypopygial prominence otherwise developed ......................................................40

34 Dark species with all legs entirely infuscated; palpus infuscated; apical half of median piece of trifoliate process hyaline (the rest infuscate), with a pair of long hyaline setulae (longer than entire piece) ( Fig. 31a ); surstylus infuscate ................. ......................................................................................................... albicornis sp. n.

– At least mid and hind legs with majority of surface yellow; rest of characters variable..................................................................................................................35

35 Palpus entirely infuscate........................................................................................36

– Palpus yellow on majority of surface, in some cases with bases somewhat infuscate ................................................................................................................37

36 Median piece of trifoliate process with a flattened Y-shaped dilation in posterior view ( Fig. 32a ); fore femur with no more than apical third infuscated; tergite 3 immaculate ............................................................................ occidentalis Deeming

– Median piece of trifoliate process apically dilated in posterior view, appearing cordiform, apex with an emargination ( Fig. 33a ), although in some specimens much less pronounced; fore femur with apical two-thirds infuscated; tergite 3 with dark markings............................................................................... kirkspriggsi sp. n.

37 Foreleg yellow; trifoliate process with median piece having only short setulae at apex .......................................................................................................................38

– Foreleg infuscated on apical third of femur, half of tibia and majority of tarsi; trifoliate process with median piece having long setulae at apex, at least half the length of the median piece ....................................................................................39

38 Frontal vitta infuscated, at most with a dark reddish suffusion at apex; lateral plates of trifoliate process largely yellow, infuscated on lateral margins, median piece with gradual dilation towards apex, no emargination, hyaline on basal half; trifoliate process hood quite prominent ( Fig. 34a )............................... perfida Stein

– Frontal vitta appearing dirty yellow, medially darker than the rest; median piece of trifoliate process infuscated, filiform except for dilated, emarginated apex; trifoliate process hood reduced ( Fig. 35a ) ........................................................ chirinda Dike

39 Frontal vita infuscated on basal half, yellow on apical half; postpedicel yellow with infuscation on dorsal and apical margins; palpus entirely yellow; trifoliate process with median piece wider at base than apex in profile ( Fig. 36b ), piece and lateral plates with fine setulae on surface ( Fig. 36a ); apex of median piece with a pair of long setulae....................................................................................... cinarina Séguy

– Frontal vitta appearing dark, dirty yellow, with no clear black-yellow division towards apex; palpus yellow with base infuscated; trifoliate process with median piece apically dilated in profile and posterior view ( Fig. 37a, b ); process without fine surface setulae; apex of median piece with a pair of long setulae as in A. cinarina ........................................................................................ naqvii Steyskal

40 Frontal vitta yellow or ferruginous on at least apical half to third........................41

– Frontal vitta entirely infuscated, at most with dull lighter suffusion at apex........53

41 Foreleg with femur infuscated on apical half to third...........................................42

– Foreleg with femur yellow throughout, at most with dark marking at apex.........44

42 Antenna infuscated, at most with margins of scape and pedicel, and base of postpedicel ferruginous .........................................................................................43

– Antenna appearing entirely ferruginous; hypopygial prominence strongly bifurcate ( Fig. 38c ); trifoliate process with median piece entirely filiform in posterior view ( Fig. 38a ), strongly dilated in profile ( Fig. 38b ) ............................. ruficornis Stein

43 Palpus yellow, appearing straplike; hypopygial prominence with only a slight emargination apically, giving process a bilobed appearance ( Fig. 39c ); trifoliate process with median piece strongly dilated in posterior view with a clear emargination at apex, making piece appear cordiform ( Fig. 39a ), uniformly developed in profile with no clear dilation ( Fig. 39b ) ............... flaviheteropalpata sp. n.

– Palpus yellow, apically dilated and truncated; hypopygial prominence with a deep rounded bifurcation with apex pointing towards anterior ( Fig. 40c ); trifoliate process with median piece apically dilated in posterior view, deeply bifid ( Fig. 40a ), piece greatly dilated at base in profile, almost 2x as wide as lateral plates ( Fig. 40b ) ...................................................................................................... latibasilaris sp. n.

44 Fore tibia and tarsi entirely yellow, without any infuscation ................................45

– Fore tibia infuscated on at least apical third; fore tarsi infuscated on at least one segment .................................................................................................................47

45 Head longer than deep; parafacialia very wide, at widest longer than horizontal length of eye, at narrowest still wider than postpedicel ...... mitrata Séguy ( Fig. 41 )

– Head deeper than long...........................................................................................46

46 Hypopygial prominence in the shape of two fused pointed triangles when viewed dorsally ( Fig. 42c ); trifoliate process with median piece having a strong apical dilation, which is emarginated at apex, even more pronounced in profile ( Fig.42 a,b ); lateral plates infuscated ............................................................ bedfordi van Emden

– Hypopygial prominence truncated and bifurcated ( Fig. 43c ); trifoliate process with lateral plates at least two thirds as long as median piece in profile ( Fig. 43b ), with median piece dilated and convex at apex; lateral plates infuscated on apical half ( Fig. 43a ) .................................................................................... ochracea Deeming

47 Frontal vitta infuscated on at most basal two thirds..............................................48

– Frontal vitta entirely yellow ..................................................................................50

48 Scutum grey dusted, with very weak and barely visible 2-4 dorsocentral vittae; frontal plate grey dusted; postpedicel yellow/ferruginous, in some cases with dorsal margins slightly infuscated; hypopygial prominence not deeply bifurcate, but shallow or bilobate ..........................................................................................49

– Scutum entirely yellow, undusted, with one clear median 2-4 dorsocentral vitta running to apex of scutellum; frontal plate glossy; postpedicel infuscated except for basal margin which is ferruginous; hypopygial prominence with a deep bifurcation running all the way down to base ( Fig. 44b ).................................. theodori Hennig

49 Vibrissae infuscated; trifoliate process with median piece entirely filiform in posterior view ( Fig. 45a ); club-shaped in profile ( Fig. 45b ); lateral plates at least 2× as wide as median piece in profile; hypopygial prominence bifurcate ................ ....................................................................................................... rubricornis Stein

– Vibrissae golden; trifoliate process with median piece strongly dilated at apex in both posterior view and profile ( Fig. 46a, b ); lateral plates at most as wide as median piece in profile; hypopygial prominence bilobate ( Fig. 46c–e ).................... .................................................................................................. chrysohypene sp. n.

50 Tergite 5 with a pair of small dark spots; hypopygial prominence with a wide, shallow bifurcation ( Fig. 47c ); trifoliate process with median piece having a gradual apical dilation in posterior view ( Fig. 47a ) ............. tritici Pont & Deeming

– Tergite 5 immaculate; other characters variable....................................................51

51 Hypopygial prominence with a shallow emargination between two lobes ( Fig.48c ); trifoliate process with median piece apically dilated, having only a shallow emargination as well, apex with two small setulae on each “lobe” and four strongly projecting setulae, one pair lateral and the other anteriorly placed ( Fig. 48a ); lateral plates with inner lobes............................................................................ londti sp. n.

– Hypopygial prominence with two apically truncated lobes in the shape of two fused triangles when viewed from above; trifoliate process with a strong apically dilated median piece..............................................................................................52

52 Trifoliate process with a strong apically dilated median piece in posterior view, emarginated at apex ( Fig. 49a ); lateral plates of trifoliate process at least twice as wide as median piece in profile, also, with inner lobes; hood inconspicuous in profile ( Fig. 49b ) ............................................................. hyalinipennis van Emden

– Trifoliate process with median piece emarginate apically, with three short setulae on each “lobe” ( Fig. 50a ); lateral plates only slightly wider than median piece in profile, without inner lobes; hood appearing winged in posterior view.................... ....................................................................................... secrecauda Séguy (in part)

53 Palpus infuscated, at most with surface of truncation lighter than the rest...........54

– Palpus yellow, at most with base infuscate ...........................................................57

54 Fore femur infuscated on at least apical third .......................................................55

– Fore femur yellow, at most with a dark mark apically..........................................56

55 Fore femur infuscated on apical third; hypopygial prominence bifurcated with short pointed processes ( Fig. 51c, f ) .................................. lineata lineata (Adams)

– Fore femur infuscated on apical two thirds; hypopygial prominence bifurcated with rounded processes, appearing truncated ( Fig. 52c )........... lineata torrida Deeming

56 Hypopygial prominence in the shape of two fused triangles when viewed from above, i.e. bilobate ( Fig. 50c )................................................... secrecauda (in part)

– Hypopygial prominence strongly and in some cases widely bifurcate ( Fig. 53c ) .... ..................................................................................... lineata ugandae van Emden

57 Hypopygial prominence bifurcate.........................................................................58

– Hypopygial prominence otherwise developed ......................................................65

58 Bifurcation with bases of processes close together, appearing “v” or “u” shaped...59

– Bifurcation with bases of processes widely separated, at least twice width of processes themselves ( Fig. 54c )..................................................... soccata Rondani

59 Tergite 1+2 with large dark markings or if absent then tergite 5 with at least a pair of small round spots ..............................................................................................60

– Tergites 1+2 and 5 not as above ............................................................................61

60 Tergite 1+2 with two large dark markings and an expanded median vitta, giving it a triangular appearance; tergite 5 immaculate; trifoliate process with lateral plates having well-developed inner lobes, median piece apically emarginated ( Fig. 55a ). ................................................................................................. nesshurstensis sp. n.

– Tergite 1+2 immaculate; tergite 5 with two small dark round spots; trifoliate process with lateral plates without inner lobes, median piece apically convex ( Fig. 56a ) .... ............................................................................................................ vernoni sp. n.

61 Palpus infuscated on basal half; scape and pedicel entirely infuscated; trifoliate process with median piece apically dilated and convex at apex with numerous minute hairs ( Fig. 57a, e ); hypopygial prominence with moderately deep, rounded bifurcation ( Fig. 57c, g ) ..................................................................... convexa sp. n.

– Palpus entirely yellow; scape and pedicel ferruginous; trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence variable ...................................................................................62

62 Hypopygial prominence with a deep, “v” shaped bifurcation ( Fig. 58c ); trifoliate process with a strongly dilated median piece, having a deep cleft at apex ( Fig. 58a ); median piece almost bent at an angle in profile ( Fig. 58b ) .............. rimapicis sp. n.

– Hypopygial prominence with a more rounded or “u” shaped bifurcation; median piece of trifoliate process with only a slight to moderate apical dilation; appearance of the median piece in profile variable, but never bent .........................................63

63 Trifoliate process with median piece apically dilated, at least 2× as wide as rest of structure, having two projecting setulae on ventral surface of apex ( Fig. 59a ); lateral plates at least 2× as wide as median piece in profile; median piece filiform in profile, not dilated ( Fig. 59b ); epandrium and surstyli with dark markings ......... .......................................................................................................... falkei Deeming

– Trifoliate process barely dilated apically in posterior view; lateral plates no more than 1.5× as wide as median piece in profile; median piece either dilated or filiform in profile; epandrium and surstyli with or without dark markings........................64

64 Scutum and postpronotal lobe uniform in appearance, grey dusted; hypopygial prominence processes noticeably projecting anteriorly ( Fig. 60d, e ); trifoliate process with median piece approximately same width as lateral plates in profile ( Fig. 60b )...................................................................................... danielssoni sp. n.

– Scutum grey dusted and postpronotal lobe gold to golden-silver dusted; hypopygial prominence processes barely projecting anteriorly ( Fig. 61d ); trifoliate process with median piece dilated in profile along almost entire length ( Fig. 61b ) .............. ................................................................................................................. tigris sp. n.

65 Dorsal surfaces of tergites entirely uniformly infuscated up to lateral margins, with no individual markings or spot except for tergite 5 which is immaculate; scutum dark-brown .................................................................. stuckenbergi sp. n. ( Fig. 62 )

– Dorsal surfaces of tergites never entirely infuscated, but with only large marks or smaller spots, which never take up more than two thirds of an individual segment surface ...................................................................................................................66

66 All legs yellow; hypopygial prominence subcordiform in anterior view ( Fig. 63c ); trifoliate process with median piece apically dilated and apex slightly emarginate in posterior view ( Fig. 63b )....................................................... steeleae van Emden

– At least foreleg with some degree of infuscation; hypopygial prominence and trifoliate process variable ......................................................................................67

67 Frontal plate dusted in appearance; wing appearance variable; trifoliate process variable..................................................................................................................68

– Frontal plate rather glossy in appearance; wing with brown smoky suffusions over humeral crossvein and Sc­R 1; trifoliate process with median piece apically dilated, apex with quite a deep “u” shaped emargination ( Fig. 64a ) .......... matilei Deeming

68 Trifoliate process infuscated over majority of surface..........................................69

– Trifoliate process hyaline over majority of surface, with only the apex of the median piece and stem infuscated; median piece entirely filiform in posterior view ( Fig.65a ).................................................................................. gilvifolia van Emden

69 Tergite 1+2 with broadly developed infuscated markings; hypopygial prominence stalked, with lateral lobes ( Fig. 66c, d ); median piece of trifoliate process rather filiform, with only a slight apical dilation ( Fig. 66a ), piece somewhat dilated throughout in profile ( Fig. 66b )................................................ trapezia van Emden

– Tergite 1+2 immaculate; trifoliate process with median piece having a clear apical dilation, in profile only dilated at apex (if at all); hypopygial prominence without lateral lobes, but rather lobes appearing to be fused or projecting........................70

70 Trifoliate process with median piece convex at apex, without any emargination ( Fig. 67a ), without dilation in profile ( Fig. 67b ) .............................. valida (Adams)

– Trifoliate process with median piece almost roundly dilated with well-defined emargination at apex ( Fig. 68a ), somewhat apically dilated in profile ( Fig. 68b ) .................................................................................................................. zulu sp. n.

Figures

Figs 1–9. Atherigona spp.: trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence of (1) A. divergens Stein; (2) A. tetrastigma Paterson; (3) A. parviclivis sp. n.; (4) A. parvihumilata sp. n.; (5) A. angulata Deeming; (6) A. pulla (Wiedemann); (7) A. laevigata (Loew); (8) A. bimaculata Stein; (9) A. univitatta Deeming & Overman. Not to scale.

Figs10–18.Atherigona spp.:trifoliate processand hypopygialprominence of(10) A.nigrapicalisDeeming; (11) A. longifolia van Emden; (12) A. aurifacies van Emden; (13) A. griseiventris van Emden; (14) A. capitulata sp. n.; (15) A. umbonata sp. n.; (16) A. flavifinis sp. n.; (17) A. heteropalpata sp. n., also palpus; (18) A. aster van Emden. Not to scale.

Figs 37–45. Atherigona spp.: trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence of (37) A. naqvii Steyskal; (38) A. ruficornis Stein; (39) A. flaviheteropalpata sp. n.; (40) A. latibasilaris sp. n.; (41) A. mitrata Séguy; (42) A. bedfordi van Emden; (43) A. ochracea Deeming; (44) A. theodori Hennig; (45) A. rubricornis Stein. Not to scale.

Figs 64–68. Atherigona spp.: trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence of (64) A. matilei Deeming; (65) A. gilvifolia van Emden; (66) A. trapezia van Emden; (67) A.valida (Adams); (68) A.zulu sp. n. Not to scale.

Figs 28–36. Atherigona spp.: trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence of (28) A. oblonga sp. n.; (29) A. libertensis sp. n.; (30) A. angustiloba van Emden; (31) A. albicornis sp. n.; (32) A. occidentalis Deeming; (33) A. kirkspriggsi sp. n.; (34) A. perfida Stein; (35) A. chirinda Dike; (36) A. cinarina Séguy. Not to scale.

Figs 19–27. Atherigona spp.: trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence of (19) A. marginifolia van Emden; (20) A. erectisetula sp. n.; (21) A. humeralis (Wiedemann); (22) A. bundongoana van Emden; (23) A. falcata (Thomson); (24) A. ndumoensis sp. n.; (25) A. decempilosa Dike; (26) A. binubila van Emden; (27) A. piscatoris sp. n. Not to scale.

Figs 46–54. Atherigona spp.: trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence of (46) A. chrysohypene sp. n.; (47) A. tritici Pont & Deeming; (48) A. londti sp. n.; (49) A. hyalinipennis van Emden; (50) A. secrecauda Séguy; (51) A. lineata lineata (Adams); (52) A. lineata torrida Deeming; (53) A. lineata ugandae van Emden; (54) A. soccata Rondani. Not to scale.

Figs 55–63. Atherigona spp.: trifoliate process and hypopygial prominence of (55) A. nesshurstensis sp. n.; (56) A. vernoni sp. n.; (57) A. convexa sp. n.; (58) A. rimapicis sp. n.; (59) A. falkei Deeming; (60) A. danielssoni sp. n.; (61) A. tigris sp. n.; (62) A. stuckenbergi sp. n.; (63) A. steeleae van Emden. Not to scale.