Eopycna, Sanborn, 2020

Sanborn, Allen F., 2020, Redescription of the cicada genus Pycna Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 (Hemiptera: Cicadidae: Cicadinae: Platypleurini) with the formation of two new genera, one new species, one revised species status and twenty-four new combinations, Zootaxa 4722 (2), pp. 157-174 : 169-171

Eopycna n. gen. Sanborn

( Figs. 1–2 )

TYPE SPECIES.— Cicada repanda Linnaeus, 1758: 436 ( India) .

SPECIES INCLUDED.— Eopycna coelestia ( Distant, 1904a) n. comb., Eopycna concinna ( Boulard, 2005) n. comb., Eopycna himalayana ( Naruse, 1977) n. comb., Eopycna indochinensis ( Distant, 1913) n. comb., Eopycna minor ( Liu, 1940) n. comb., Eopycna montana ( Hayashi, 1978) n. comb., Eopycna repanda ( Linnaeus, 1758) n. comb., and Eopycna verna ( Hayashi, 1982) n. comb.

Walker (1850) described six varieties of P. repanda using individual Greek letters to distinguish the individual taxa. However, Article 11.9.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature requires at least two letters to form a valid species name ( ICZN 1999). As a result, the six varieties of this species proposed by Walker (1850) are unavailable and cannot be classified as subspecies under Article 45.6.3 ( ICZN 1999) as was reported in Sanborn (2013). The minor differences in fore wing venation used to distinguish his varieties and the lack of distributional information provided by Walker (1850) prohibits the assignment of his varieties to any of the species that have been described since his work.

ETYMOLOGY.—The name is a combination of Eo – (Gr. eos, dawn, east) in reference to the eastern distribution of the species in comparison to the true species of Pycna and – pycna for the previous genus of assignment. The genus is feminine.

DESCRIPTION

Medium sized cicada (about 17–26 mm body length, 61–78 mm wing span), often densely pilose. Head not as wide as mesonotum, head and postclypeus smoothly arched, some species with apex flattened, eyes not as wide as anterior pronotal collar, vertex at area of ocelli shorter than frons, epicranial suture widened between lateral ocelli, lateral ocelli closer to each other than to eyes, higher than median ocellus in frontal view, lateral vertex narrower than eye, supra-antennal plate reaching one third to one half of distance to eye meeting postclypeus at right angle, dorsal postclypeus not as long as dorsal vertex, postclypeus convex on ventral side, slightly arching from supraantennal plate to small indentation at terminal central sulcus when viewed from dorsal side, central sulcus on ventral surface widening in middle, rostrum length species specific, reaching from posterior trochanters to abdominal sternite I or II but may extend as far as sternite VII, reaching greater posterior segments in females than males of the same species. Pronotum shorter than mesonotum, lateral angles of pronotal collar dilated with rounded apex not reaching the level of the internal angle of the basal cell when the fore wings are open, paranota with slightly curved anterior angles. Mesonotum covering dorsal metanotum, small part of metanotum extends laterally beyond wing groove, cruciform elevation smoothly arched posteriorly. Fore femora with two or three vestigial spines, tarsi threesegmented. Male operculum completely encapsulating meracanthus, with smoothly curved lateral and posterior margins, domed lateral to meracanthus, extending from almost covering tympanal cavity to middle of sternite II, to sternite III in some Himalayan species, medial margins overlapping except in E. verna n. comb., meracanthus triangular curved mediad, extending to middle of operculum. Female operculum similarly shaped laterally but truncated medially, extending medially only to medial base of meracanthus, meracanthus of similar shape to male extending over anterior margin of female operculum. Fore wings opaque at base, partially hyaline distally, with eight apical cells, fore wings about 2.5–3.0X longer than broad. Fore wing costal margin dilated near base, expanded into shelflike extension with a oblique curve at base, maximum width of expansion greater than maximum distance between costal vein and radius+subcostal vein, basal cell longer than broad, fore wing cubitus anterior straight at base, length of the fused median and cubitus anterior veins extending from arculus greater than length of basal cell, radius anterior and radius posterior arise from same portion of node, radial crossvein perpendicular or nearly so to radius anterior 2 and radius posterior veins, mediocubital crossvein slightly arching or sinusoidal. Hind wing opaque except for wing margin, some specimens of E. coelestia n. comb. may have partially hyaline distal apical cells, with six apical cells. Abdomen about as long as distance between apex of head and posterior of cruciform elevation, may be shorter due to constriction in abdominal segments, lateral margins straight at base, abdomen begins narrowing posteriorly to genitalia at tergite 4. Timbal cover flat, completely covering timbal in some species, very small portion of dorsal timbal visible in some species, reaching metathorax anteriorly, timbal extending below wing base, tympana concealed by opercula. Male sternite VIII widened U-shape when viewed from posterior with transverse posterior margin. Female sternite VII with curved lateroposterior margin and single shallow U-shaped medial notch. Pygofer distal shoulder not developed, smoothly curved, may be curled mediad, dorsal beak triangular, pygofer upper lobe absent, pygofer basal lobe flattened and adpressed to pygofer, extending about half the length of the pygofer, lateral branch of uncus arched and narrowing to median extensions distally, curving mediad forming a canal to restrain aedeagus prior to apex ( Fig. 1D ), claspers absent, male aedeagus a simple tubular structure restrained by distal uncus. Female abdominal segment 9 with dorsal beak, posterior margin semicircular, ovipositor sheath extends beyond anal styles.

MEASUREMENTS (MM).—Length of body: 17.1–26.0; length of fore wing: 27.3–38.2; width of fore wing: 9.4– 14.9; length of head: 1.7–2.3; width of head including eyes: 8.2–10.6; width of pronotum including suprahumeral plates: 10.5–13.6; width of mesonotum: 8.6–10.8.

DIAGNOSIS.—The hyaline outer margins of the hind wings found in species of Eopyncna n. gen. quickly distinguish them from the species of Pycna with their completely opaque hind wings and species of Pycnoides n. gen. with their hyaline apical cells and outer margins of the hind wings. Some specimens of E. coelestia n. comb. have hyaline distal apical cells in the hind wing but apical cell 2 is at least partially opaque in these specimens but always colored proximally in species of Pycnoides n. gen. Species of Eopycna n. gen. also possess a transverse or smoothly arched anterior postclypeus barely extending anterior to the supra-antennal plates rather than the anterior extension of the postclypeus forming a more triangular head in species of Pycna and Pycnoides n. gen. The costal vein and radius+subcostal vein are well separated in Pycna but adjacent in Eopycna n. gen. The radial crossvein is perpendicular or nearly so to radius anterior 2 and radius posterior veins in Eopycna n. gen. but obliquely angled in Pycna and Pycnoides n. gen. The mediocubital crossvein is smoothly curved in species of Pycna but straight in species of Eopycna n. gen. The lateral branch of the uncus forms curved extensions distally that restrain the aedeagus in Eopycna n. gen. but form flattened plate-like structures in Pycna and are straight or divergent with a semicircular expansion near the terminus in Pycnoides n. gen. The aedeagus is supported near the base of the uncus and is surrounded near the uncus terminus in Eopycna n. gen., is restrained only near the base of the uncus in species of Pycna and is restrained at the base and may also be restrained near but proximal to the terminus which remains above the aedeagus rather than curving under it in Pycnoides n. gen.

Species of Suisha Kato, 1928 can be distinguished by the smoothly arched anterior of the head and postclypeus, the medial supra-antennal plate extends anteriorly more than the postclypeus, the broadly extended base of the costal margin, and globose timbal covers. The hyaline wings quickly distinguish the single Asian species of Oxypleura Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843 (although Oxypleura also appears not to be monophyletic group ( Price et al. 2010)). Incomplete timbal covers and the completely opaque fore and hind wings distinguish the single species of Hamza Distant, 1904b . Species of Hainanosemia Kato, 1927 and Kalabita Moulton, 1923 can be distinguished by the very small lateral expansions of the pronotum forming an almost triangular head and pronotum, the hyaline distal hind wing apical cells of Hainanosemia , and the macular fore wings and hyaline hind wings of Kalabita .

DISTRIBUTION.—Species of the genus have been reported from central, eastern and southeastern Asia with records from Bhutan, China, India, Indochina, Indonesia, Japan, Malaya, Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Ryukyu Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tibet, and Vietnam ( Metcalf 1963; Duffels and van der Laan 1986; Sanborn 2013; 2015; Price et al. 2016; Price et al. 2019).

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF EOPYCNA N. GEN.

1 Mesonotal lateral sigillae with small spots on anteromedial and posterior regions, male opercula not overlapping medially.................................................................... Eopycna verna ( Hayashi, 1982) n. comb.

- Mesonotal lateral sigillae completely marked, male opercula overlapping medially................................. 2

2 Fore wing ulnar cell 3 without marking across center of cell connecting spots on node and mediocubital crossvein............................................................................... Eopycna minor ( Liu, 1940) n. comb.

- Fore wing ulnar cell 3 with marking across center of cell connecting spots on node and mediocubital crossvein.......... 3

3 Distal half of fore wing mainly hyaline with small maculation, distal apical area of hind wings hyaline................. 4

- Distal half of fore wing hyaline with large markings, distal apical area of hind wings colored......................... 5

4 Wingspan greater than 70 mm, postclypeus central sulcus reaching apex, pronotum piceous within paramedian and lateral fissures, abdominal tergites piceous with olivaceous posterior margins, male opercula obviously overlapped medially, basal area of fore wing brownish.............................................. Eopycna coelestia ( Distant, 1904a) n. comb.

- Wingspan less than 65 mm, postclypeus central sulcus not reaching apex, pronotum not marked within paramedian and lateral fissures, abdominal tergites ochraceous with piceous posterior margins, male opercula barely overlapped medially, basal area of fore wing ochraceous......................................... Eopycna indochinensis ( Distant, 1913) n. comb.

5 Distal hind wing anal cell 2 with dark marking, may expand to include the entire anal cell........................... 6

- Distal hind wing anal cell 2 without dark marking, entire anal cell 2 unicolorous................................... 7

6 Pronotum without longitudinal piceous mark on dorsal midline, spot on mesonotum midline separate from marks within scutal depressions, male opercula with ferruginous margin, posterior uncus bent at an approximate right angle to base........................................................................... Eopycna concinna ( Boulard, 2005) n. comb.

- Pronotum with longitudinal piceous mark on dorsal midline, spot on mesonotum midline expanding laterally to fuse with marks covering scutal depressions, male opercula with ochraceous margin, posterior uncus bent at oblique angle to base......................................................................... Eopycna repanda ( Linnaeus, 1758) n. comb.

7 Body length 18–19 mm, fore wing length 28–29 mm ( Naruse and Takagi 1977), mark in pronotum paramedian fissure fusing to posterolateral midline fascia, mark on mesonotal disk separated from marks in submedian sigillae, ventral abdomen covered with sparse pile, lateral base of uncus curved.......................... Eopycna himalayana ( Naruse, 1977) n. comb.

- Body length 19.8–21.5 mm, fore wing length 29.2–31.2 mm ( Hayashi 1978), mark in pronotum paramedian fissure not reaching to posterolateral midline fascia, mark on mesonotal disk expanded and fused with marks in submedian sigillae, ventral abdomen covered with dense pile, lateral base of uncus straight............. Eopycna montana ( Hayashi, 1978) n. comb.

NEW COMBINATIONS FOR PYCNA SCHMITZI BOULARD, 1979 AND PYCNA TANGANA ( STRAND, 1910)

While trying to determine the identity of the new species, it was determined that P. schmitzi Boulard, 1979 and P. tangana ( Strand 1910) are assigned incorrectly to the genus Pycna . The genus Canualna Boulard, 1985a was erected for cicadas similar to those of the genus Pycna but differing in the larger aspect of the head, the much more elongated body, the abdomen being as long as the distance from the anterior postclypeus to the posterior cruciform elevation in males and longer in females, the moderately pronounced paranota, and the timbal cover that completely covers the timbal ( Boulard 1985a). The images and description of Pycna schmitzi in Boulard (1979) suggest it should be placed in Canualna rather than Pycna (or Pycnoides n. gen.). The swollen postclypeus extending well anterior of the supra-antennal plates, the elongated body with the abdomen being as long as the distance between the anterior postclypeus and posterior cruciform elevation in the male and longer than the distance in the illustrated female, the narrower paranota, the narrower hind wings, the fore femur having only the secondary spine upright, the complete timbal covers, and the thick lateral branch of the uncus with a wide terminus are all characteristic of the genus Canualna . Both of the other species of Canualna are also known from Saõ Tomé Island in the Gulf of Guinea ( Goemans 2010). Therefore, Pycna schmitzi Boulard, 1979 is transferred to Canualna to become Canualna schmitzi ( Boulard, 1979) n. comb. The reassignment also eliminates the divergent distribution, uncus structure, hind wing shape and coloration pattern of the species from the species being transferred to Pycnoides n. gen.

Distant (1905c) distinguished Orapa from Pycna primarily by the timbals being completely exposed in Orapa . The specimen of Platypleura (Pycna) tangana illustrated by Strand (1910) has exposed timbals and a small head with respect to the anterior pronotum. Strand (1910) also described his new species as being similar to Pycna numa Distant, 1904b , the species that Distant (1905c) used as the type species of his new genus Orapa . Therefore, based on the comparisons made by Strand (1910), the small head in comparison to the anterior prothorax, and the exposed timbals in the figure of Strand (1910), Pycna tangana is reassigned to Orapa to become Orapa tangana ( Strand, 1910) n. comb. Although Distant (1905) assigned Orapa to the Tibicininae Distant, 1905d , Boulard (1985b) reassigned the genus to the Cicadinae with the erection of his new tribe Orapini Boulard, 1985b. The analysis by Price et al. (2019) supports the position of the tribe within the Cicadinae and determined that Orapa nested deep within the Platypleurini radiation and made Orapini a junior synonym of Platypleurini .

Figures

FIG. 1. Comparison of Pycna Amyot & Audinet-Serville, 1843, Pycnoides n. gen. and Eopycna n. gen. morphology.A, Habitus comparison of the three genera that once comprised Pycna. Pycna madagascarensis (Distant, 1879) (top middle), Pycnoides semiclara (Germar, 1834) n. comb. (lower left), and Eopycna repanda (Linnaeus, 1758) n. comb. (lower right); B, Pycna madagascarensis dorsum. Scale bar = 5 mm. 3, Pycnoides semiclara n. comb. dorsum. Scale bar = 5 mm. D, Eopycna repanda n. comb. dorsum. Scale bar: A, 2 cm; B—D, 5 mm.

FIG. 2. Comparison of Pycna, Pycnoides n. gen., and Eopycna n. gen. male genitalia and timbal covers.A, male posterolateral view of genitalia of Pycna madagascarensis, note the large lateral uncus lobes; B, posterior view of Pycna madagascarensis male genitalia; C, Pycna madagascarensis timbal cover; D, male posterolateral view of genitalia of Pycnoides semiclara n. comb., note the enlargement near the distal lateral uncus lobes and large basal pygofer lobe; E, posterior view of Pycnoides semiclara n. comb. male genitalia; F, Pycnoides semiclara n. comb. timbal cover; G, male posterolateral view of genitalia of Eopycna repanda n. comb., note the lateral uncus lobes surround the aedeagus near the distal terminus; H, posterior view of Eopycna repanda n. comb. male genitalia; I, Eopycna repanda n. comb. timbal cover. Scale bar: A—I, 2 mm