Cremastosperma cauliflorum R.E.Fr.

Pirie, Michael D., Chatrou, Lars W. & Maas, Paul J. M., 2018, A taxonomic revision of the Neotropical genus Cremastosperma (Annonaceae), including five new species, PhytoKeys 112, pp. 1-141 : 1

7. Cremastosperma cauliflorum R.E.Fr. Figs 2b, e , 13 , 15 , Map 5

Cremastosperma cauliflorum R.E.Fr. Acta Horti Bergiani 10: 330. 1931.

Type.

PERU, Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 m a.s.l., Feb-Mar 1930, Klug, G. 902 (holotype: B! [B 10 0242371]; isotypes: F! [F0054580F], NY! [NY00025860], S! [S-R-6959], US! [US00104263]).

Description.

Tree 2-20 m tall, 4-25 cm diam.; young twigs and petioles glabrous to rather densely covered with appressed or erect golden hairs to 0.5 mm long. Leaves: petioles 4 –12(– 16) by 2 –4(– 6) mm; lamina elliptic to obovate or narrowly so, (14 –)20– 61 by 5 –14(– 22) cm (index 2.3-3.7), chartaceous, olive/brown green above, darker below, glabrous above except for base of primary vein sparsely covered with appressed or erect hairs to 0.3 mm long, base, primary and secondary veins sparsely to rather densely covered with appressed or erect golden hairs to 0.5 mm long below, base acute to obtuse, apex acuminate (acumen 5-45 mm long), primary vein verrucose (particularly at the base), deeply grooved for most of length, 1.5 –3.5(– 5) mm wide at widest point, secondary veins (6 –)10– 17, occasionally 1-2 intersecondary veins, distance between from 4 mm at the base to up to 40 mm closer to the apex, angles with primary vein from 45-70° at the base to 45-60° closer to the apex, not branching, forming mostly distinct loops, smallest distance between loops and margin 1-5 mm, tertiary veins percurrent. Inflorescence of 1-5 flowers, branching, solitary or clustered in groups of up to 7, on thick leafless twigs or on main trunk (then often on brachyblasts); peduncles 3 –12(– 15) by 1 –1.5(– 3) mm (in flower), 3-15 by 1-3 mm (in fruit); pedicels 10-45 by 1-3 mm at the base (in flower), 15-45 by 1-3 mm (in fruit), peduncles and pedicels rather densely to densely covered with mainly erect golden hairs ca. 0.3 mm long, often with hairs more densely covering the articulation point between shoot and pedicel; single lower bract (from the axil of which short shoots develop bearing new flowers), deltate, 1.5-2 mm long, acute, soon falling off, densely covered with mostly appressed golden hairs to 0.3 mm long; upper bract attached around midway along pedicel, broadly to very broadly ovate or deltate, 2-4 mm long, obtuse or acute, outer side densely covered with appressed or erect golden hairs to 0.3 mm long; closed flower buds depressed ovoid, opening in development; flowers (pale) green, creamy white, greenish-yellow or yellow in vivo, brownish-yellow or brown with orange, dark brown or black base in sicco, outer side of sepals and petals densely covered with erect or appressed golden hairs to 0.4 mm long, inner side of sepals and petals sparsely to rather densely covered with erect hairs to 0.4 mm long or glabrous, base glabrous; sepals free, broadly to very broadly ovate-deltate, mostly recurved, 3-5 by 4-6 mm, obtuse, soon falling off; outer petals elliptic to broadly elliptic, 10 –25(– 32) by 9-17 mm, inner petals elliptic, 11 –21(– 32) by 6-11 mm; androecium 7-10 mm diam., stamens 1.5-2 mm long, connective appendage 0.7-1 mm wide; gynoecium 2-3 mm diam., carpels ca. 40, 2-2.3 mm long, sparsely to rather densely covered with mostly appressed golden hairs to 0.2 mm long. Monocarps 9-41, globose to transversely broadly ellipsoid, slightly asymmetrical, 8-13 by 10-14 mm, green maturing to orange, red, brown and black in vivo, blackish-brown or brown in sicco, sometimes with an apicule at or near the apex; stipes 7 –23(– 32) by 1-2 mm; fruiting receptacle depressed ovoid, 4-11 mm diam; monocarps, stipes and receptacle rather densely covered with erect golden hairs to 0.2 mm long. Seeds broadly ellipsoid to globose, orange, pitted, 9-10 by 9-10 mm, raphe sunken, regular.

Distribution.

Amazonian Colombia (Amazonas, Putamayo), Ecuador (Morona-Santiago, Napo, Pastaza, Sucumbíos), Peru (Loreto) and Brazil (Acre, Amazonas).

Habitat and ecology.

Moist primary forest, mostly non-inundated areas, on clayey or lateritic soil or white sand. At elevations of 100-500 m. Flowering: June, August, October-February; fruiting: May-February.

Vernacular names.

Colombia: Espintana blanca (Raffauf 102); Jiobo ñaatraje duceju (J. Murillo 565). Ecuador: Mantach (Shuar; Warush Juwa RBAE 119), Moncapatahue (Huaorani; M. Aulestia 3238), Nanguehue (M. Aulestia 3395), Piton (Quech; Cazalet et al. 7528), Uñetahue (Huaorani; Rubio 812), Uñitague (Huaorani; Espinosa 399). Peru: Bara (Rimachi 480), Bara caspi (McDaniel 20761, Rimachi 2397), Espintana (Cheta 6/173, Rimachi 2397), Mantaach (Achual Jivaro; W.H. Lewis 12049).

Notes.

Cremastosperma cauliflorum is one of only three species of the genus displaying a branched inflorescence. It can be discerned from C. napoense and C. alticola by the presence of indument on the monocarps and stipes and by the greater length and density of hairs on the inflorescences. The wood is aromatic, flowers reported as vanilla scented.

Preliminary conservation status.

Cremastosperma cauliflorum is one of the more widespread and abundant species of the genus, found in protected areas in Colombia and Ecuador, as well as in Northern Peru. Least concern [LC] (Table 1 ).

Selected Specimens Examined.

BRAZIL. Acre: Mun. Mancio Lima, Rio Moa, 7°25'S, 73°38'W, 12 Oct 1989, Cid Ferreira et al. 10019 (NY); Cruzeiro do Sul-Boa Fé road, km 12, 7°34'S, 72°44'W, 2001, Maas et al. 9029 (U); Mun. Cruzeiro do Sul, BR-307, 7°34'S, 72°45'W, 2001, Maas et al. 9251 (U). COLOMBIA. Amazonas: Tarapaca, 3°02'S, 70°00'W, 100 m a.s.l., 30 Jun 1992, Rudas et al. 4514 (MO); Parque Nacional Amacayacu, 3°45'S, 70°15'W, 100 m a.s.l., 8 Aug 1989, Vásquez et al. 12655 (MO). Putamayo: Puerto Leguízamo, Puerto Leguízamo-La Tagua road, 0°92'00"S, 74°46'40"W, 19 Jan 2000, Suárez 1331 (COL). ECUADOR. Morona-Santiago: Taisha, 2°23'S, 77°30'W, 500 m a.s.l., 14 Jun 1980, Brandbyge et al. 31854 (AAU, U); El Centro Shuar Pampants, 2°47'S, 77°36'W, 300 m a.s.l., 11 Sep 1985, Warush Juwa RBAE 119 (U); Cordillera de Cutucú, 2°06'48"S, 77°44'39"W, 610 m a.s.l., 16 Jul 2007, Wisum & Kajekai 1165 (WAG). Napo: Reserva Etnica Huaorani, 0°59'S, 76°12'W, 235 m a.s.l., 18 Jan 1995, Aulestia & Omehuat 3238 (QCNE); Río Wai si ayá, 0°15'S, 76°21'W, 300 m a.s.l., 13 Aug 1981, Brandbyge et al. 33503 (AAU, MO, NY, U); Río Aguarico, E of mouth of Río Cuyabeno, 0°16'S, 75°54'W, 200 m a.s.l., 20 Feb 1980, Holm-Nielsen et al. 21501 (AAU, K, MO, U); Cuyabeno Wildlife Reserve, 0°29'S, 75°32'W, 230 m a.s.l., 25 Sep 1991, Palacios 7602 (U). Pastaza: Pozo petrolero 'Danta 2' de UNOCAL, 1°47'S, 76°48'W, 365 m a.s.l., 1 Oct 1990, Espinoza & Coba 399 (MO, U); Pozo petrolero ‘Ramirez’, 1°32'S, 76°51'W, 300 m a.s.l., 21 Feb 1990, Zak 5272 (U). PERU. Loreto: Yanamono Explorama Reserve, 3°27'S, 72°51'W, 100-150 m a.s.l., 31 Dec 1998, Chatrou et al. 224 (MOL, U); Allpahuayo-IIAP, 3°50'S, 73°25'W, 150 m a.s.l., 2 Jan 1999, Chatrou et al. 233 (L, MOL); Prov. Requena (locality unknown), 4°50'S, 73°45'W, 170 m a.s.l., 8 Aug 1985, Cheta 6/ 173 (K); Prov. Maynas, NW of Zona Protectado Pucacuro, 2°08'13"S, 75°08'58"W, 160-270 m a.s.l., 26 Aug 2006, Dávila et al. 2784 (L); Nauta-Iquitos road, 4°30'S, 73°32'W, 140 m a.s.l., 27 Jun 1979, C. Díaz 1229 (F, MO, U); Caserío Gamitana, Reserva del Río Mazán, 3°30'S, 73°10'W, 116 m a.s.l., 21 Jun 1990, Grández et al. 1591 (LPB, MO, U); Prov. Maynas, NW of Area de Conservación Ampiyacu, 2°52'40"S, 73°00'46"W, 150-160 m a.s.l., 16 Oct 2009, Huamantupa et al. 12928 (L); Las Amazonas, ExplorNapo Camp, 3°20'S, 72°55'W, 100-140 m a.s.l., 15 Feb 1991, Pipoly et al. 12982 (MO, U); Prov. Requena, Quebrada Yanayacu-Río Tapiche, 6°15'49"S, 73°54'31"W, 140-180 m a.s.l., 16 Oct 2014, Ríos et al. 4491 (F, L); Andoas, 2°55'S, 76°25'W, 210 m a.s.l., 5 Jun 1981, Vásquez & N. Jaramillo 1938 (F, MO, U); Maniti, Recreo, 3°42'S, 72°50'W, 115 m a.s.l., 14 May 1988, Vásquez 10637 (F, MOL, NY, U); Iquitos-Nauta road, 4°10'S, 73°20'W, 150 m a.s.l., 14 Dec 1988, Vásquez & N. Jaramillo 11423 (MO, U, USM); Puerto Almendras, 3°48'S, 73°25'W, 122 m a.s.l., 20 Jun 1989, Vásquez & T. Soto 12358 (MO, U, USM).

Figures

Figure 2. Fruits and seeds of Cremastosperma. Adapted from plate 8 from van Setten & Koek-Noorman (1992). a Cremastosperma megalophyllum R. E. Fr. b, e C. cauliflorum R. E. Fr. c C. microcarpum R. E. Fr. d C. macrocarpum Maas f C. monospermum (Rusby) R. E. Fr. (a Brandbyge & Asanza C. 30017 b, e Prance et al. 24094 c Gentry et al. 32153 d Wingfield & van der Werff 6751 f Sperling et al. 6198).

Map 5. Distribution of Cremastosperma bullatum Pirie; C. cauliflorum R. E. Fr.; C. cenepense Pirie & Zapata; and C. longicuspe R. E. Fr.

Figure 13. a-b Cremastosperma brevipes (DC.) R. E. Fr. a flowers (Maas et al. 8064; photo PJMM) b fruit (Mori et al 22721; photo Scott Mori) c-e C. bullatum Pirie c, e Flowering specimen (Pirie et al. 94; photos c MDP e Robin van Velzen) d leaf base showing bullate corrugations of the lamina and long golden indument (Pirie et al. 71; photo: MDP) f, g C. cauliflorum R. E. Fr. Flowering specimens (f Maas et al. 9029, photo PJMM g Chatrou et al. 224, photo LWC) h-j C. dolichocarpum Pirie. Flowering and fruiting specimen (Pedraza et al. 2146; photos: Maria F. Gonzalez).

Figure 15. Cremastosperma cauliflorum R. E. Fr. a fruiting specimen b inflorescence (a Prance et al. 24094 b Vasquez & N. Jaramillo 11423).