Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900

Ruiz, Gustavo R. S., Costa, Erika L. S. & Bustamante, Abel A., 2021, Revision of Gypogyna Simon, 1900 (Araneae: Salticidae), Zootaxa 5057 (2), pp. 241-259 : 244-248

Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900

Figs 1–43 , 51 , 63

Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900: 387 (syntypes from Paraguay, unknown date, Germain, deposited in MNHN, not examined); Simon 1901: 444, figs 500–501; Galiano 1958: 20, figs 3A–C; Galiano 1963: 360, pl. XXI, figs 1–3; Bedoya-Róqueme, Galvis & Martínez 2018: 2 , figs 1–3; Pett 2019: 1, figs 2–4; World Spider Catalog 2021.

Additional material examined. COLOMBIA: Córdoba: Montería : 1 ♂ [photos given in Bedoya-Róqueme, Galvis & Martínez (2018)], 23.XI.2017, E. Bedoya-Róqueme (CZUC-OARA-074) . ECUADOR: Sucumbíos: Reserva Faunística Cuyabeno ( Laguna Grande ): 1 ♀, 26.IV.1994, W.P. Maddison ( WPM#94-030 ) ( UBC-SEM) . BRAZIL: Pará: Belém: 1 ♀, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, research campus, unknown date, C.A.C. Favacho (photographed, Fig. 1 ); Sergipe : São Cristóvão: 1 ♂, Universidade Federal do Sergipe campus, unknown date, UFSE students ( IBSP 10349 ) ; Mato Grosso do Sul: Corumbá, Passo do Lontra : 43 ♂, 93 ♀ and 5 juveniles, VI.1998 – XI.1999, J. Raizer et al. ( IBSP 63 , 413 , 423 , 425 , 484 , 529 , 531 , 564 , 576–577 , 587 , 706 , 792 , 801 , 859 , 875 , 888 , 906 , 908 , 937 , 968 , 979–980 , 983 , 990 , 1061 , 1082 , 1084 , 1097 , 1107 , 1136 , 1168 , 1212 , 1219 , 1366 , 1572 , 1594 , 1628 , 1685 , 1791 , 1795 , 1841 , 1863 , 2536 , 2572 , 2643 , 2687 , 2690 , 2830 , 3248 , 3371 , 3396 , 3452 , 3741 , 4029 , 4308–4309 , 4313 , 5351 , 5353 , 5509 , 5511 , 5520 , 5527 , 5560–5565 , 5567–5569 , 5571–5572 , 5574–5575 , 5577–5578 , 5639 , 5641 , 5889 , 5991 , 7336 , 8056 , 8523 , 18083 , 20888 , 26819 , 30210 , 30968 , 38966 , 81117–81129 , 87192 ) ; Rio Pardo , 1 ♂, 22–25.V.2001, F.S. Cunha & R. Souza ( IBSP 53390 ) ; Santa Rita do Pardo : 2 ♂, 02–05.VII.2001, D. Candiani & F. Lini ( IBSP 53292 ) ; Anaurilândia : 5 ♀ and 1 juvenile, 05–19.III.2001, F.S. Cunha & C.R. Souza ( IBSP 53335 , 53364 ) ; São Paulo: Presidente Epitácio, Usina Hidrelétrica Sérgio Motta : 7 ♂ and 28 ♀, 1999–2002, Equipe IBSP ( IBSP 53083 , 53122 , 53166 , 53270 , 53305 , 53393 , 53433 ) ; Rio Grande do Sul: Cachoeira do Sul (S30.0219°, W52.9178°): 1 ♂ ( MCTP 9725 ) and 1 ♀ ( MCTP 3554 ) , R.G. Buss , 14.XI.1992 . Palmares do Sul, Buraco Quente : 5 ♂ and 14 ♀, 11.XI.2003, Equipe Probio ( MCN 36806) . PARAGUAY: Ñeembucu, Estancia Santa Ana (26.8434°S, 58.0360°W): 1 ♂ [photos given in Pett (2019)], 14.IX.2019, M. Richardot (CCPLT-Ar 240) . ARGENTINA: Misiones: Oberá : 1 ♂, G. Rubio (photos sent by G.D. Rubio) .

Diagnosis. Among the three species, G. forceps is more similar to G. amazonica sp. nov. In these two, male chelicerae extend almost parallelly forward (they are more divergent in G. mexicana sp. nov.), and the distal pair of promarginal teeth (DPT) is located near the articulation of the fang ( Fig. 51 ) (DPT is more basal in G. mexicana ; Fig. 52 ). Also, the abdominal color pattern is simpler in G. forceps and G. amazonica , with fewer details ( Figs 1–3 ), while there are more dorsal pairs of dark spots in G. mexicana ( Figs 53–56 ). However, both sexes of G. forceps can be immediately recognized by the unusual abdominal color pattern, with a pair of oblique long dark lines anteriorly and a pair of strongly stained dark spots near the spinnerets ( Figs 1–9 ) (absent in G. amazonica ; multiple stain pairs in G. mexicana ). The male palp is very similar among the three species, but in G. forceps it is much wider at the middle portion of the cymbium, while the cymbial borders are more parallel in the other two species. Copulatory openings in the epigyne of G. forceps are more conspicuous ( Fig. 43 ), copulatory ducts are less compact, and the spermathecae are more rounded ( Fig. 39 ), in comparison to those of G. mexicana ( Figs 44 , 50 ) (the female of G. amazonica is unknown).

Description. Male (MCTP 9725). Total length: 4.22. Carapace orange, 1.97 long, 1.37 wide, 0.84 high; intestinal diverticula can be seen within cephalic area through translucent cuticle. Ocular quadrangle 1.03 long. Anterior eye row 1.13 wide and posterior 1.10 wide. Labium, endites and sternum clear. Chelicera orange. Palp as described for the genus ( Figs 34–37 ). Legs 1423, yellow. Length: I 3.97 (1.10 + 1.62 + 1.25), II 3.00 (0.91 + 1.13 + 0.96), III 2.94 (0.88 + 1.04 + 1.02), IV 3.49 (1.07 + 1.28 + 1.14). Abdomen with a pair of oblique long dark lines anteriorly and a pair of strongly stained dark spots near the spinnerets ( Figs 1–9 ). Spinnerets brown.

Description. Female (MCTP 3554). Total length: 4.38. Carapace as in male, 1.95 long, 1.23 wide, 0.75 high. Ocular quadrangle 1.05 long. Anterior eye row 1.14 wide and posterior 1.20 wide. Labium, endites, palps and sternum clear. Chelicera orange. Legs 4132, yellow. Length: I 3.26 (0.98 + 1.30 + 0.98), II 2.57 (0.81 + 0.94 + 0.82), III 2.73 (0.84 + 0.96 + 0.93), IV 3.44 (1.05 + 1.28 + 1.11). Abdomen as in male. Spinnerets clear.

Variation. Additional variation in spines: most specimens examined have only the d 0-1-1 pattern of spines on all femora, but a few specimens have d 1-1-1, as in the holotype of G. amazonica sp. nov.

Distribution. Known from tropical localities in northern South America ( Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil: Pará), coastal northeastern Brazil ( Brazil: Sergipe), midwestern/southwestern Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo), and temperate localities in northeastern Argentina (Misiones), Southern Paraguay (Ñeembucu) and southern Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul) ( Fig. 63 ).

Note. The posterior pair of dark brown spots on the dorsum of the abdomen ( Figs 4–9 ) is obvious in all specimens examined and in the syntypes of G. forceps [“ Abdomen ... in parte apicali maculis nigris binis obliquis supra ornatum” ( Simon 1900: 387)].

Figures

FIGURE 63. Distribution records of Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900 (red circles) and G. amazonica Ruiz sp. nov. (blue pentagon). Yellow lines indicate country limits, while white lines indicate Brazilian states (names in italics).

FIGURES 1–3. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, live specimens. 1 male from Oberá (Argentina), dorsal view; 2 same, with chelicerae open wide; 3 female from Belém (Brazil), dorsal view. Photos 1–2: G.D. Rubio; 3: C.A.C. Favacho.

FIGURES 4–9. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900. 4–6 male (4 dorsal; 5 ventral; 6 lateral); 7–9 female (7 dorsal; 8 ventral; 9 lateral).

FIGURES 10–13. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, female. 10 carapace, dorsal; 11 same, detail of cephalic region; 12 chelicerae, retrolateral; 13 detail of previous, showing retromarginal teeth of right chelicera.

FIGURES 14–20. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, male chelicerae. 14 right chelicera, dorsal (prolateral); 15 detail of previous, showing tip of fang with promarginal flap (white arrow); 16 same, showing opening of venom gland (white arrow); 17 left chelicera, ventral (retrolateral); 18 detail of previous, showing tip of fang; 19 detail of previous, showing teeth; 20 detail of previous, showing retrolateral distal apophysis.Abbreviations: DPT—distal prolateral tooth of chelicera; RDA—retrolateral distal apophysis of chelicera; RT—retrolateral tooth of chelicera; sPT—smaller prolateral tooth of chelicera.

FIGURES 21–25. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, copulatory structures. 21 left male palp, ventral; 22–24 same, detail of proximal cymbium and tibia (22 retrolateral view; 23 same, slightly moved towards dorsal; 24 same, further moved, showing hook-like retrolateral tibial apophysis); 25 epigyne, ventral.

FIGURES 26–27. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, epyginal internal structures. 26 dorsal, showing unusual cleft on external walls of copulatory ducts (black arrows); 27 same, dorsal, slightly peeled off to show spermatheca and fertilization ducts. Abbreviations: cd—copulatory duct; FD—fertilization duct; S—spermatheca.

FIGURES 28–33. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, male, spinnerets. 28–29 anterior lateral spinnerets (28 right, 29 left); 30–31 posterior median spinnerets (30 right, 31 left); 32–33 posterior lateral spinnerets (32 right, 33 left). Abbreviations: ac—aciniform gland spigot; MAP—major ampullate gland spigot; mAP—minor ampullate gland spigot; n—nubbin; pi—piriform gland spigot. Asterisks in Figs 28–29 mark piriform gland spigots.

FIGURES 34–39. Gypogyna forceps Simon, 1900, copulatory structures. 34–37 left male palp (34 prolateral; 35 ventral; 36 retrolateral; 37 dorsal); 38 epigyne, ventral; 39 same, cleared, dorsal. Abbreviations: CL—cymbial lobe; co—copulatory opening; E—embolus; FD—fertilization duct; gl—glandular duct; rCG—retrolateral cymbial groove; RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis; RvTA—retroventral tibial apophysis; S—spermatheca.

FIGURES 40–44. Copulatory structures in Gypogyna spp. 40–42 left male palp of G. forceps Simon, 1900 (40 ventral; 41 retrolateral; 42 dorsal); 43 epigyne of G. forceps, ventral; 44 epigyne of G. mexicana Ruiz & Bustamante sp. nov., ventral.

FIGURES 51–52. Male chelicerae in Gypogyna spp. 51 G. forceps Simon, 1900, ventral (retrolateral); 52 G. mexicana, ventral. Abbreviations: DPT—distal prolateral tooth of chelicera; En—endite; fvb—fang ventral bump; L—labium; RDA—retrolateral distal apophysis of chelicera; RT—retrolateral tooth of chelicera; sPT—smaller prolateral tooth of chelicera.

FIGURES 53–56. Gypogyna mexicana Ruiz & Bustamante sp. nov., live specimens. 53–54 male holotype from Puerto Vallarta (Mexico) (53 dorsal; 54 frontal); 55–56 female from Estación de Biología Chamela (Mexico) (55 dorsal; 56 frontal) (W.P. Maddison 2015, under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 International license).

FIGURES 45–50. Diagnostic structures in Gypogyna spp. 45–46 left male palp of G. amazonica Ruiz sp. nov. (45 ventral; 46 retrolateral); 47–48 left male palp of G. mexicana Ruiz & Bustamante sp. nov. (47 ventral; 48 retrolateral); 49 epigyne of G. mexicana, ventral; 50 same, cleared, dorsal.