Philonema agubernaculum Simon & Simon, 1936

Arai, Hisao P. & Smith, John W., 2016, Guide to the Parasites of Fishes of Canada Part V: Nematoda, Zootaxa 4185 (1), pp. 1-274 : 54

publication ID	https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4185.1.1
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0D054EDD-9CDC-4D16-A8B2-F1EBBDAD6E09
DOI	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5626680
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/038FB248-FF84-FF81-89B9-C2BA22499F30
treatment provided by	Plazi (2016-11-08 07:41:12, last updated by Guilherme 2025-02-13 19:53:50)
scientific name	Philonema agubernaculum Simon & Simon, 1936
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** Philonema agubernaculum Simon & Simon, 1936

Synonym: ** Philonema salvelini Richardson, 1936

Description (after Simon & Simon 1936). With characteristics of the genus.

Males: mean 16.5 (range 12–23) long; mean maximum width 0.296. Mean lengths of the muscular and

glandular portions of the oesophagus are 0.404 and 1.122 respectively. Anus to tail tip averages 0.276. Spicules

equal, sharply curved, lightly chitinized, mean length 0.284 ( Fig. 36 View FIGURE 36 A).

Females: 86.1 (49–140) long; mean maximum width 0.771. Mean lengths of muscular and glandular

oesophagus 0.553 and 1.172 respectively ( Fig. 36 View FIGURE 36 B). Anus to tail tip averages 0.446 ( Fig. 36 View FIGURE 36 C). Anus sometimes

atrophied in gravid worms. Vulva and vagina atrophied in gravid worms. Small ovary present at each end of body.

Uterus of gravid worms filled with embryos and occupying nearly all of the body cavity. Uteri of young specimens

contains eggs in various stages of development. Eggs measure 0.032 x 0.046. Embryos 0.343 long. Comments: ** P. agubernaculum requires both redescription and much improved illustrations. A nerve ring is

not mentioned in the original description so in Figure 36 View FIGURE 36 B one has been added in a position based on the anatomy

of ** P. oncorhynchi (see Fig. 37 View FIGURE 37 B,D).

Sites: body cavity, kidneys, liver, swim bladder

Hosts: Coregonus artedi (11, 15); Coregonus clupeaformis (6, 21); Gasterosteus aculeatus (8); Oncorhynchus kisutch (9, 11, 15, 33); Oncorhynchus mykiss (4, 7, 12, 14, 19, 21, 33); Oncorhynchus nerka (14, 21, 24, 26, 27, 29, 32, 36); Osmerus mordax (8); Prosopium cylindraceum (6); Prosopium williamsoni (12, 14, 19, 21, 35); Salmo salar (31); Salvelinus alpinus (5, 6, 10, 13, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25, 28, 34, 37); Salvelinus fontinalis (1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 30, 31); Salvelinus malma (14, 21); Salvelinus namaycush (6, 20, 21)

Distribution: Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Newfoundland, Northwest Territories, Pacific, Quebec Records: 1. Richardson 1936a (QC); 2. Richardson 1936b (QC); 3. Sandeman & Pippy 1967 (NF); 4. Ko & Adams 1969 (BC); 5. Pippy 1970 (NF); 6. Hicks & Threlfall 1973 (LB); 7. Adams 1974 (EX, BC); 8. Hanek & Molnar 1974 (QC); 9. Leong & Holmes 1974 (AB); 10. Jamieson & Freeman 1975 (NT); 11. Leong 1975 (AB); 12. Anon. 1978 (BC); 13. Curtis 1979 (NU); 14. Anon. 1981 (BC); 15. Leong & Holmes 1981 (AB); 16. Dick & Belosevic 1981 (NT); 17. Curtis 1982 (NT); 18. Stewart & Bernier 1982 (NU); 19. Arai & Mudry 1983 (BC); 20. Stewart & Bernier 1983 (NT); 21. Anon. 1984 (BC); 22. Curtis 1984 (NT, QC); 23. Dick 1984 (NT); 24. Groot et al. 1984 (BC); 25. Stewart & Bernier 1984 (NT); 26. Bailey & Margolis 1987 (BC); 27. Bailey et al. 1988 (BC); 28. Bouillon & Dempson 1989 (LB); 29. Groot et al. 1989 (BC); 30. Marcogliese & Cone 1991a (LB, NL); 31. Marcogliese & Cone 1991b (NF); 32. Adamson et al. 1992 (BC); 33. Despres et al. 1995 (BC); 34. Kolasa & Curtis 1995 (QC); 35. Nener et al. 1995 (BC); 36. Bennett et al. 1998 (BC); 37. Desdevises et al. 1998 (QC)

References

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Bailey, R. E., Margolis, L. & Groot, C. (1988) Estimating stock composition of migrating juvenile Fraser River (British Columbia) sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, using parasites as natural tags. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 45, 586 - 591. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 88 - 071

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Bouillon, D. R. & Dempson, J. B. (1989) Metazoan parasite infections in landlocked and anadromous Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus Linnaeus), and their use as indicators of movement to sea in young anadromous charr. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 2478 - 2485. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 89 - 350

Curtis, M. A. (1979) Metazoan parasites of resident Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) from a small lake on southern Baffin Island. Le Naturaliste Canadien (Quebec), 106, 337 - 338.

Curtis, M. A. (1982) Host-parasite interactions in Arctic and sub-Arctic lakes. In: Meerovitch, E. (Ed.). Aspects of Parasitology ̶ a Festschrift dedicated to the 50 th Anniversary of the Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, 1932 - 1982. McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, pp. 41 - 57. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0031182000054895

Curtis, M. A. (1984) The influence of food web structure on parasite transmission to Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) in northern Canada. Proceedings. British Society for Parasitology, 04 - 06 April 1984, University of Bristol. Parasitology, 89 (2), xlix.

Desdevises, Y., Arthur, J. R. & Pellerin-Massicotte, J. (1998) Parasites of anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.) from two sites in Ungava Bay (Quebec, Canada). Journal of the Helminthological Society of Washington, 65, 87 - 90.

Despres, L., Adamson, M. L. & McDonald, T. E. (1995) Development of a diagnostic molecular marker for Philonema spp. (Nematoda: Dracunculoidea) infecting salmonids in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 52 (Suppl. 1), 129 - 133. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 95 - 518

Dick, T. A. & Belosevic, M. (1981) Parasites of Arctic charr Salvelinus alpinus (Linnaeus) and their use in separating sea-run and non-migrating charr. Journal of Fish Biology, 18, 339 - 347. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1981. tb 03775. x

Groot, C., Margolis, L. & Bailey, R. (1984) Does the route of seaward migration of Fraser River sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts determine the route of return migration of the adults? In: J. D. McCleave, G. P. Arnold, J. J. Dodson & W. B. Neill (Eds.), Mechanisms of Migration in Fishes. NATO Conference Series, Series IV. Marine Sciences, Volume 14. Plenum Press, New York & London. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1007 / 978 - 1 - 4613 - 2763 - 9 _ 17

Groot, C., Bailey, R., Margolis, L. & Cooke, K. (1989) Migratory patterns of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) smolts in the Strait of Georgia, British Columbia, as determined by analysis of parasite assemblages. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 67, 1670 - 1678. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 89 - 240

Hicks, F. J. & Threlfall, W. (1973) Metazoan parasites of salmonids and coregonids from coastal Labrador. Journal of Fish Biology, 5, 399 - 415. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1973. tb 04468. x

Jamieson, J. & Freeman, R. S. (1975) Parasitology: Parasites of man and Arctic char at Igloolik. In: T. W. M. Cameron & L. W. Billingsley (Eds.), Energy Flow: its Biological Dimension. Summary of the International Biological Programme in Canada 1964 - 1974. Published by the Royal Society of Canada, Ottawa, pp. 290 - 293.

Ko, R. C. & Adams, J. R. (1969) The development of Philonema oncorhynchi (Nematoda: Philometridae) in Cyclops bicuspidatus in relation to temperature. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 47, 307 - 312. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 69 - 062

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Leong, T. S. & Holmes, J. C. (1974) Acquisition of helminths by coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, introduced into Cold Lake, Alberta: a comparison with helminths of native salmonid fish. Proceedings. 3 rd International Congress of Parasitology, 25 - 31 August 1974, Munich, Federal Republic of Germany, 3, p. 1639.

Leong, T. S. (1975) Metazoan parasites of fishes of Cold Lake, Alberta: a community analysis. Ph. D. Dissertation. Department of Zoology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, 170 pp.

Leong, T. S. & Holmes, J. C. (1981) Communities of metazoan parasites in open water fishes of Cold Lake, Alberta. Journal of Fish Biology, 18, 693 - 713. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8649.1981. tb 03811. x

Marcogliese, D. J. & Cone, D. K. (1991 a) Do brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) from insular Newfoundland have different parasites than their mainland counterparts? Canadian Journal of Zoology, 69, 809 - 811. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / z 91 - 119

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Nener, J., Kieser, D., Thompson, J. A. J., Lockhart, W. L., Metner, D. A. & Roome, R. (1995) Monitoring of mountain whitefish Prosopium williamsoni from the Columbia River system near Castlegar, British Columbia: health parameters and contaminants in 1992. Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, No. 2036: xi + 89 pp.

Pippy, J. H. C. (1970) Use of ultraviolet light to find parasitic nematodes in situ. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 27, 963 - 965. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1139 / f 70 - 107

Richardson, L. R. (1936 a) Notes on the parasites of Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill) in Lake Edward (Quebec) with a description of Philonema salvelini sp. n. (Filarioidea) and a description of Echinocephalus lateralis Leidy, 1851. Minutes of the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Canada (Appendix B), p. 109. (Abstract Report ̶ read 22 May.)

Richardson, L. R. (1936 b) Observations on the parasites of the speckled trout in Lake Edward, Quebec. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 66, 343 - 356. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1577 / 1548 - 8659 (1936) 66 [343: ootpot] 2.0. co; 2

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Simon, J. R. & Simon, F. (1936) Philonema agubernaculum sp. nov. (Dracunculidae), a nematode from the body cavity of fishes. Parasitology, 28, 440 - 442. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1017 / s 0031182000022617

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Figures

FIGURE 36. Philonema agubernaculum Simon & Simon, 1936. A. male, posterior end; B. female, anterior end; C. female, posterior end. (Redrawn from Simon & Simon 1936 but with the addition in B. of a nerve ring)

FIGURE 37. Philonema oncorhynchi Kuitunen-Ekbaum, 1933. A. female, en face view; B. male, anterior end, lateral view; C. male, posterior end, lateral view; D. gravid female, anterior end, with larvae in uterus; E. subgravid female, posterior end, with eggs in uterus. (Redrawn from Moravec & Nagasawa 1999 a)