Milnesium tardigradum Doyère, 1840 sensu

Kaczmarek, Łukasz, Michalczyk, Łukasz & Mcinnes, Sandra J., 2015, Annotated zoogeography of non-marine Tardigrada. Part II: South America, Zootaxa 3923 (1), pp. 1-107 : 31-35

76. Milnesium tardigradum Doyère, 1840 sensu lato [T] [m]

Milnesium tardigradum Doyère ( Richters 1911a)

Arctiscon tardigradum Schrank ( Murray & Wailes 1913)

Milnesium tardigradum Day. ( Heinis 1914)

Milnesium tardigradum Doy. 1840 ( Rahm 1931, 1932, Ramazzotti 1962a ) Milnesium tardigradum Doyére, 1840 (de Barros 1943, Claps & Rossi 1988, Jerez & Narváez 2001) M. tardigradum Doyère 1840 (du Bois-Reymond Marcus 1944)

M. tardigradum ( Ramazzotti 1957 , Garitano-Zavala 1996)

Milnesium tardigradum Doy. ( Iharos 1963)

Milnesium tardigradum tardigradum Doyere, 1840 ( Claps & Rossi 1984) Milnesium tardigradum ( Doyéré, 1840) ( Maucci 1988)

Milnesium tardigradum Doyere, 1840 ( Claps & Rossi 1981, Rossi & Claps 1989) Milnesium tardigradum Doyère, 1840 ( Séméria 1993, Garitano-Zavala 1995, Pilato et al. 2003a, Rossi et al. 2009) Milnesium tardigradum ( Mihelčič 1967, 1972, Nickel et al. 2001)

Milnesium cf. tardigradum Doyère, 1840 (Moly de Peluffo et al. 2006, Peluffo et al. 2007) Terra typica: France (Europe), terra neotypica: Germany (Europe)

Argentina:

• 22°17′S, 63°44′W; 600 m asl: Salta Province, road No 34 between Estación Pocitos and Tartagal, lichens on tree. Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 24°07′S, 65°24′W; 1,450 m asl: Jujuy Province, road to Yala, mosses on the edge of irrigation ditch. Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 24°19′S, 64°33′W; 850 m asl: Jujuy Province, road to Santa Clara from Abra de los Morteros, lichens and mosses on trees (2 samples). Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 24°30′S, 65°17′W; 1,200 m asl: Jujuy Province, Abra de Santa Laura, lichens on mountain slope. Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 24°44′S, 65°29′W; 1,350 m asl: Salta Province, San Lorenzo, lichens on tree and lichens on wood on soil in the mountains (2 samples). Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 24°55′S, 64°09′W; 400 m asl: Salta Province, road from Las Lajitas to J.V. González, lichens on tree in the mountains and mosses and lichens on trees (3 samples). Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 25°38′S, 65°39′W; 1,250 m asl: Salta Province, road on Cafayate to Salta, mosses on soil and mosses on tree in the mountains (2 samples). Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 26°47′S, 65°20′W; 750 m asl: Tucumán Province, Horco Molle, mosses and lichens on trees. Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 26°51′S, 65°26′W; 700 m asl: Tucumán Province, road from San Miguel de Tucumán to Tafi del Valle, mosses and lichens on tree. Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 26°51′S, 65°23′W; 1,400 m asl: Tucumán Province, Villa Nogués, mosses on house wall. Claps & Rossi (1984)

• 27°57′S, 58°48′W; 50 m asl: Corrientes Province, Empedrado, Paraje Sombrerito, lichen on power pole and mosses on fallen tree (3 samples). Claps & Rossi (1988)

• 28°30′S, 59°02′W; 50 m asl: Corrientes Province, Bella Vista, Selaginella sp. on soil (2 samples). Claps & Rossi (1988)

• 33°00′S, 58°31′W; 0 m asl: Entre Ríos Province, Gualeguaychú, lichens on tree. Claps & Rossi (1988)

• 35°40′S, 63°44′W; 143 m asl: La Pampa Province, General Pico, mosses and lichens on trees. Moly de Peluffo et al. (2006)

• 36°22′S, 56°43′W; 0 m asl: Buenos Aires Province, San Clemente del Tuy, mosses on shaded soil in, lichens on tree ( Eucalyptus ) in full sun, lichens on roots ( Eucalyptus ) in shade, lichens on tree ( Eucalyptus ) in shade and lichens on tree (Tamarisk) in full sun, lichens on tree (Causarina) in full sun (6 samples). Rossi & Claps (1980)

• 36°22′S, 56°43′W; 0 m asl: Buenos Aires Province, camping San Clemente del Tuy, lichens on tree ( Eucalyptus ) in shade and in full sun (2 samples). Rossi & Claps (1980)

• 36°24′S, 56°57′W; 0 m asl: Buenos Aires Province, Port General Lavalle, lichens on tree (Tamarisk) in full sun. Rossi & Claps (1980)

• 36°24′S, 56°57′W; 0 m asl: Buenos Aires Province, General Lavalle, lichens on tree (Tamarisk) in full sun. Rossi & Claps (1980)

• 36°24′S, 56°49′W; 0 m asl: Buenos Aires Province, road between San Clemente del Tuy and General Lavalle, lichens. Rossi & Claps (1980)

• 36°39′S, 64°17′W; 177 m asl: La Pampa Province, Santa Rosa [Santa Rosa de Toay], mosses and lichens on trees ( Robinia pseudoacacia , few species of Fraxinus or Prosopis caldenia ). Peluffo et al. (2007)

• 38°53′S, 71°13′W; 1,300 m asl: Neuquén Province, Aluminé, Villa Pehuenia, Moquehue Lake, moss on soil. Rossi et al. (2009)

• 39°12′S, 70°55′W; 900 m asl: Neuquén Province, Aluminé, Rucachoroi Lake, lichen on tree. Rossi et al. (2009)

• 39°14′S, 70°55′W; 950 m asl: Neuquén Province, Aluminé, Abra Ancha, lichen on soil. Rossi et al. (2009)

• 39°25′S, 71°17′W; 1,000 m asl: Neuquén Province, Aluminé, Quillén Lake, lichen on tree. Rossi et al. (2009)

• 40°07′S, 71°39′W; 700 m asl: Neuquén Province, Hua Hum, Junín de los Andes, mosses on soil and rock. Rossi et al. (2009)

• 40°49′S, 63°00′W; 0 m asl: Rio Negro Province, Viedma, mosses on soil. Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 41°00′S, 71°30′W; 800 m asl: Neuquén Province, Isla Victoria, mosses on tree. Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 41°11′S, 71°49′W; 1,800 m asl: Rio Negro Province, Nahuel Huapi National Park, Monte Tronador, mosses and lichens on tree ( Nothofagus pumilio ) and lichens on trees (4 samples). Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 41°12′S, 71°50′W; 1,000 m asl: Rio Negro Province, Tronador (Ventisqueros) [Ventisquero Negro del Cerro Tronador], lichens on dry rocks in full sun. Mihelčič (1967)

• 41°13′S, 71°30′W; 2,250 m asl: Rio Negro Province, Nahuel Huapí National Park, Cerro Catedral, semi-wet, lichens on tree ( Nothofagus sp.). Claps & Rossi (1981)

• 41°14′S, 71°46′W; 800 m asl [850m asl]: Rio Negro Province, Pampalinda [Pampa Linda] near Cainquenes stream, mosses on dry trees in full sun and moist soil (2 samples). Mihelčič (1967)

• 41°58′S, 71°31′W; 390 m asl: Rio Negro Province, Bolson [El Bolsón], cypress grove, lichens on dry trees in full sun and moist soil and mosses on dry singles trees exposed to full sun and wind (3 samples). Mihelčič (1967)

• 41°59′S, 71°31′W; 360 m asl: Rio Negro Province, El Bolsón, foot of Piltriquitron Mt., mosses under saxicolous plants on the extremely arid cliffs of promontory and mosses on dry ledge (2 samples). Iharos (1963)

• 41°59′S, 71°31′W; 350 m asl: Rio Negro Province, El Bolsón, foot of Piltriquitron Mt., mosses on rocks in shaded Libocedrus chilensis -Lomatia obliqua forest. Iharos (1963)

• 41°59′S, 71°30′W; 680 m asl: Rio Negro Province, El Bolsón, Piltriquitron Mt., mosses on decaying trunk on western, sunny slope. Iharos (1963)

• 41°59′S, 71°29′W; 820 m asl: Rio Negro Province, El Bolsón, Piltriquitron Mt., mosses near and under Mulinum spinosum -pads. Iharos (1963)

• 43°10′S, 71°45′W; 350 m asl: Chubut Province, Los Cipreses, mosses on tree in the forest. Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 43°28′S, 71°09′W; 1,650 m asl: Chubut Province, Cerro Cuche, mosses on rock. Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 43°42′S, 66°29′W; 150 m asl: Chubut Province, Dique Florentino Ameghino, mosses on rocky soil. Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 49°20′S, 72°53′W; 400 m asl: Santa Cruz Province, El Chaltén, Hosteria Fitz Roy, lichens and mosses on soil. Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 50°06′S, 73°20′W; 200 m asl: Santa Cruz Province, Los Glaciares National Park, Bahia Onelli, lichens on tree and lichens on tree ( Nothofagus betuloides ) (2 samples). Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 50°06′S, 73°18′W; 200 m asl: Santa Cruz Province, Los Glaciares National Park, shores of Argentino Lake, near the Onelli glacier, Nothofagus forests, in the shade, mosses and lichens on trees and rocks. Maucci (1988)

• 50°18′S, 72°48′W; 200 m asl: Santa Cruz Province, shores of Argentino Lake, La Bandera [Puerto Bandera] near El Calafate, lichens on rocks, in full sunlight. Maucci (1988)

• 50°28′S, 73°01′W; 300 m asl: Santa Cruz province, Los Glaciares National Park, shores of Lake Argentino, near the Perito Moreno glacier, Nothofagus forest, in the shade, mosses. Maucci (1988)

• 54°47′S, 68°13′W; 100 m asl: Tierra del Fuego Province, Tierra Mayor ( Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego), moss ( Sphagnum sp.) on rocks. Rossi & Claps (1989)

• 48°47′S, 69°11′W: Undefined locality, Santa Cruz Province, Valle de la Florida, lichens on soil and mosses on rocks (2 samples). Rossi & Claps (1989)

• Undefined localities cited according Mihelčič (1967), dry mosses on tree in full sun (2 samples). Mihelčič (1972)

Bolivia:

• 14°29′S, 67°48′W; 3–7,000 ft asl / 900– 2,150 m asl: La Paz Department, Tuichi valley. Murray & Wailes (1913)

• 14°49′S, 69°04′W; 11–12,000 ft asl / 3,350–3,650 m asl: La Paz Department, Pelechuco. Murray & Wailes (1913)

• 16°11′S, 68°35′W; 3,680–4,000 m asl: La Paz Department, Cordillera de la Real de los Andes, Huarina, moorland floor, cushion moss. Garitano-Zavala (1995, 1996)

• 16°13′S, 68°13′W; 4,550–4,700 m asl: La Paz Department, Cordillera de la Real de los Andes, Tuni, subnival floor, cushion moss. Garitano-Zavala (1995, 1996)

• 16°18′S, 68°17′W; 4,300–4,400 m asl: La Paz Department, Cordillera de la Real de los Andes, Wila Kunka, high Andean floor, cushion moss. Garitano-Zavala (1995, 1996)

Brazil:

• 08°24′S, 38°05′W; 400 m asl: Pernambuco State, Tapera, mosses. Rahm (1931, 1932)

• 21°49′S, 49°05′W: Undefined localities in São Paulo State, few localities. Rahm (1931, 1932), de Barros (1943)

• 22°58′S, 43°15′W; 450 m asl: Rio de Janeiro State, neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca National Park, mosses and algae. Rahm (1931, 1932)

• 23°33′S, 46°38′W; 750 m asl: São Paulo State, São Paulo, many localities. du Bois-Reymond Marcus (1944)

• 25°26′S, 49°16′W; 900 m asl: Paraná State, Curitiba, mosses or aquatic plants. du Bois-Reymond Marcus (1944)

Chile:

• 30°25′S – 37°45′S [30°40′S, 71°41′W]; 620 m asl: Region IV Coquimbo (Región de Coquimbo), Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park, Fray Jorge, 420 km on north of Santiago de Chile, mosses or lichens from caudacifolio forest with N. obliqua var macrocarpa , mixed rainforest with Araucaria araucana , Nothofagus obliqua and N. dombeyi and steppe shrubs. Ramazzotti (1962a)

• 30°25′S – 37°45′S [30°44′S, 70°43′W]; 2,000 m asl: Region IV Coquimbo (Región de Coquimbo), near Los Molles, ca. 420 km on north of Santiago de Chile, mosses or lichens from caudacifolio forest with N. obliqua var macrocarpa , mixed rainforest with Araucaria araucana , Nothofagus obliqua and N. dombeyi and steppe shrubs. Ramazzotti (1962a)

• 30°25′S – 37°45′S [32°58′S, 71°01′W]; 1,900 m asl: Region V Valparaíso (Región de Valparaíso), Cerro El Roble, 45 km. on east of Valparaiso, mosses or lichens from caudacifolio forest with Nothofagus obliqua var macrocarpa , mixed rainforest with Araucaria araucana , Nothofagus obliqua and N. dombeyi and steppe shrubs. Ramazzotti (1962a)

• 33°04′S, 70°57′W; 1,100 m asl: Region RM Metropolitana (Región Metropolitana de Santiago), near Tiltil, leaf litter ( Drimys winteri var. chiloense ). Ramazzotti (1964a)

• 33°20′S, 70°36′W; 1,400 m asl: Region RM Metropolitana (Región Metropolitana de Santiago), Santiago de Chile and vicinity, Manquehue Mt., dry soil and mosses. Rahm (1931, 1932)

• 33°20′S, 70°17′W; 2,800–3,000 m asl: Region RM Metropolitana (Región Metropolitana de Santiago), La Parva, lichens. Ramazzotti (1964a)

• 33°25′S, 70°31′W; 800 m asl: Region RM Metropolitana (Región Metropolitana de Santiago), Santiago de Chile and vicinity, Valle de las Condes, dry soil and mosses. Rahm (1931, 1932)

• 33°26′S, 70°38′W; 670 m asl: Region RM Metropolitana (Región Metropolitana de Santiago), Santiago de Chile and vicinity, San Cristóbal Mt., dry soil and mosses. Rahm (1931, 1932)

• 33°29′S, 70°36′W; 550 m asl: Region RM Metropolitana (Región Metropolitana de Santiago), Santiago de Chile and vicinity, Quebrada de Macul and San Ramón, dry soil and mosses. Rahm (1931, 1932)

• 33°36′S, 70°34′W; 700 m asl: Region RM Metropolitana (Región Metropolitana de Santiago), Santiago de Chile and vicinity, Fundo Principal near Puente Alto, dry soil and mosses. Rahm (1931, 1932)

• 35°00′S, 70°48′W; 720–735 m asl: Region VII Maule (Región del Maule), Los Queñes/Curicò, mosses (2 samples). Ramazzotti (1964a)

• 364°8′S, 73°01′W; 0 m asl: Region VIII Biobío (Región del Biobío), neighbourhood of Concepción, mosses. Rahm (1931, 1932)

• 30°25′S – 37°45′S [37 ° 43′S, 73 ° 02′W], 1,500 m asl: Undefined locality in Region IX Araucania (Región de la Araucanía), Cordillera Nahuelbuta south of Concepción, mosses or lichens from caudacifolio forest with Nothofagus obliqua var macrocarpa , mixed rainforest. Ramazzotti (1962a)

• 38°44′S, 72°35′W; 100 m asl: Region IX Araucania (Región de la Araucanía), Temuco, lichens ( Parmelia sp., Leptogium ruginosum ). Richters (1911a)

• 38°44′S, 72°35′W; 100 m asl: Region IX Araucania (Región de la Araucanía), neighbourhood of Temuco, mosses. Rahm (1931, 1932)

• 39°52′S, 73°23′W; 100 m asl: Region XIV Los Ríos (Región de Los Ríos), neighbourhood of Valdivia-Niebla, mosses and algae. Rahm (1931, 1932)

• 41°19′S, 72°58′W; 50 m asl: Region X Los Lagos (Región de Los Lagos), Puerto Varas and Cayutué, mosses. Rahm (1931, 1932)

• 42°37′S, 73°49′W; 100 m asl: Region X Los Lagos (Región de Los Lagos), Chiloé Island, mosses. Rahm (1931, 1932)

• 50°59′S, 73°00′W; 1,200 m asl: Region XII Magallanes (Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena), Torres del Paine National Park, mosses on trees and rocks, nearly all in half sunlight. Maucci (1988)

• 51°34′S, 72°36′W; 200 m asl: Region XII Magallanes (Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena), Ultima Esperanza, near Cueva del Milodón, mosses on rocks, in sunlight. Maucci (1988)

• 53°08′S, 70°54′W; 0 m asl: Region XII Magallanes (Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena), Punta Arenas, mosses on branches, in the shade. Maucci (1988)

• 53°18′S, 70°22′W; 0 m asl: Region XII Magallanes (Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena), Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, Porvenir, mosses. Rahm (1931, 1932)

• 54°30′S, 70°47′W; 800 m asl: Region XII Magallanes (Región de Magallanes y de la Antártica Chilena), Timaukel, Alberto de Agostini National Park, hill S of Monte Sarmiento, mosses. Ramazzotti (1957)

Colombia:

• 07°09′N, 75°23′W; 1,400 m asl: Antioquia Department, Cafetal La Camelia, lichens and hepatic (Frulania okamiensis Steph.) on soil, hepatic ( Frullania evolita Steph. ), lichens and leaves, moss ( Brachythecium stereopoma (Spruce)) (3 samples). Heinis (1914)

• 07°07′N, 73°02′W; 700– 1,970 m asl: Santander Department, El Diviso Natural Reserve, Cypress forest (Cupresus lusitanica) and Pine forest ( Pinus patula ) and trail, mosses ( Lyperodon tomentosus , Thuidium peruvianum , Campylopus densicoma var. densicoma , Sematophyllum insularum ). Jerez & Narváez (2001)

• 06°49′N, 72°56′W; 1,460 m asl: Santander Department, Guaca, moss ( Squamidium nigricans Hook. ). Heinis (1914)

• 04°36′N, 74°04′W; 2,700 m asl: Bogota Department, above Bogota, mosses ( Pilopogon gracilis and Campylopus sp.). Heinis (1914)

• 04°35′N, 74°03′W; 3,200 m asl: Bogota Department, Páramo Cruz Verde, mosses ( Stereodon amabilis Mitt. , Rhacocarpus humboldtii (Hook.) , Pilopogon mulleri Hpe. , Dicranum wallisii C. M. and hepatic ( Frullania mathanii Steph. ). Heinis (1914)

• 02°44′N, 76°50′W; 2,000 m asl: Cauca Department, above Tambo, moss ( Thuidium sp.) and hepatic ( Frullania coalita Steph. ). Heinis (1914)

Ecuador:

• 00°22′S, 78°09′W; 4,000 m asl: Napo Province, Papallacta Pass, moss ( Leptodontium viticulosoides ). Pilato et al. (2003a)

Paraguay:

• 22°39′S, 57°46′W; 50 m asl: Concepción Department, Puerto Max, between Concepción and Rio Ata, lichens and mosses ( Forsstroemia cuspidata and Frullania sp.). Richters (1911a)

• 25°20′S, 57°13′W; 200 m asl: Cordillera Department, Cordillera de Altos, Tucangua, mosses and lichens on palm tree ( Acrocomia sclerocarpa ). Richters (1911a)

Peru:

• 13°04′48′′S, 72°18′00′′W; 2,350 m asl [13 ° 10′S, 72 ° 33′W; 2,500 m asl]: Cusco Region, Machu Picchu, mosses or lichens. Nickel et al. (2001)

• 13°12′S, 69°38′W; 1–3,000 ft asl / 300–900 m asl: Madre de Dios Region, Tambopata Valley. Murray & Wailes (1913)

• 13°08′24′′S, 72°10′12′′W; 2,300 m asl [13 ° 15′S, 72 ° 16′W; 2,850 m asl]: Cusco Region, Ollantaytambo, mosses or lichens. Nickel et al. (2001)

Uruguay:

• 30°57′S, 57°31′W; 50 m asl: Salto Department, Termas del Arapey, mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes. Claps & Rossi (1997)

• 31°03′S, 57°38′W; 50 m asl: Salto Department, Arroyo Palomas, mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes. Claps & Rossi (1997)

• 31°20′S, 57°51′W; 50 m asl: Salto Department, Arroyo San Antônio de Chico, mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes. Claps & Rossi (1997)

• 31°23′S, 57°57′W; 50 m asl: Salto Department, Salto, mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes. Claps & Rossi (1997)

• 32°31′S, 55°46′W: Undefined locality, Cañada Cousillas, mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes. Claps & Rossi (1997)

• 34°10′S, 55°49′W; 50 m asl: Florida Department, Arroyo San Juan, mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes Claps & Rossi (1997)

• 34°25′S, 57°44′W; 50 m asl: Colonia Department, Riachuelo, mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes. Claps & Rossi (1997)

• 34°28′S, 57°50′W; 0 m asl: Colonia Department, Colonia [Colonia del Sacramento], mosses or lichens on rocks, trees or posts or aquatic macrophytes. Claps & Rossi (1997)

Venezuela:

• 10°33′N, 66°46′W; 2,300 m asl: Region Capital, Avila [El Ávila National Park], mosses or lichens. Séméria (1993)

Record numbers: Argentina: 47, Bolivia: 5, Brazil: 5, Chile 23, Colombia: 6, Ecuador: 1, Paraguay 2, Peru: 3, Uruguay: 8, Venezuela: 1; total: 101.

Remarks: For over 150 years Milnesium was considered to be a monotypic, highly cosmopolitan genus. However, current research recognises over twenty congeners and suggests that Milnesium tardigradum sensu stricto is limited to the Palaearctic (see: Michalczyk et al. 2012a,b). All South American reports for M. tardigradum predate the re-description of M. tardigradum sensu stricto (Michalczyk et al. 2012a, b) and therefore these records should be considered dubious and require re-examination using modern taxonomy. Currently there is no evidence that M. tardigradum s. s. occurs in South America, and the above list probably represents a number of different Milnesium species (Michalczyk et al. 2012a,b).