Archiearinae Fletcher, 1953

Murillo-Ramos, Leidys, Brehm, Gunnar, Sihvonen, Pasi, Hausmann, Axel, Holm, Sille, Ghanavi, Hamid Reza, Õunap, Erki, Truuverk, Andro, Staude, Hermann, Friedrich, Egbert, Tammaru, Toomas & Wahlberg, Niklas, 2019, A comprehensive molecular phylogeny of Geometridae (Lepidoptera) with a focus on enigmatic small subfamilies, PeerJ 7, pp. 1-39 : 19

Archiearinae Fletcher, 1953

The hypothesis presented in this study recovered Archiearinae as a monophyletic entity after some taxonomic rearrangements are performed. This subfamily was previously considered as sister to Geometrinae + Ennominae ( Abraham et al., 2001) , whereas Yamamoto & Sota (2007) proposed them to be the sister-taxon to Orthostixinae + Desmobathrinae . Our findings agree with Sihvonen et al. (2011) who recovered Archiearinae as the sister-taxon to the rest of Geometridae excluding Sterrhinae and Larentiinae , although only one species was included in their study. Archiearis Hübner, (1823) is sister to Boudinotiana Esper, 1787 and these taxa in turn are sister to Leucobrephos Grote, 1874 ( Fig. 4 ). The southern hemisphere Archiearinae require more attention. Young (2006) suggested that two Australian Archiearinae genera, Dirce and Acalyphes , actually belong to Ennominae . Our analyses clearly support this view and we therefore propose to formally transfer Dirce and Acalyphes to Ennominae (all formal taxonomic changes are provided in Table 2). Unfortunately, the South American Archiearinae genera Archiearides Fletcher, 1953 and Lachnocephala Fletcher, 1953 , and Mexican Caenosynteles Dyar, 1912 ( Pitkin & Jenkins, 2004), could not be included in our analyses. These presumably diurnal taxa may only be superficially similar to northern hemisphere Archiearinae as was the case with Australian Dirce and Acalyphes .

Figures

Figure 4 Phylogenetic relationships of the subfamilies Archierinae, Desmobathrinae, Epidesmiinae subfam. nov., Oenochrominae. Numbers above branches are SH-aLRT support (%)/ultrafast bootstrap support, UFBoot2(%), for nodes to the right of the numbers. Values of SH ≥ 80 and UFBoot2 ≥ 95 indicate well-supported clades (Trifinopoulos & Minh, 2018). Taxonomic changes are indicated by a symobolized arrow>. *Formal taxonomic treatment will be dealt with in P. Sihvonen et al., 2019, unpublished data. Full-size DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7386/fig-4