SPONGURIDAE Haeckel, 1862

Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, Geodiversitas 43 (15), pp. 405-573 : 444-445

Family SPONGURIDAE Haeckel, 1862

Spongurida Haeckel, 1862: 239, 447-452 [as a family]; 1887: 288, 339-341 [as a family]. — Zittel 1876-1880: 124 [as a group]. — Stöhr 1880: 86 [as an order]. — Bütschli 1889: 1956 [as a family]. — nec Rüst 1892: 158. — nec Cayeux 1894: 206. — Schröder 1909: 3 [as a family]. — Anderson 1983: 23.

Sponguridae – Claus 1876: 160. — Popofsky 1912: 115. — Clark & Campbell 1942: 36; 1945: 20. — Campbell & Clark 1944a: 21; 1944b: 13. — Frizzell & Middour 1951: 22. — Campbell 1954: D73. — Orlev 1959: 441. — Chediya 1959: 112. — Pessagno 1973: 56; 1977b: 931. — Petrushevskaya 1975: 576-577 ( sensu emend. ); 1979: 114 ( sensu emend. ). — Nakaseko & Sugano 1976: 122. — Dumitrica 1979: 26; 1984: 100. — Kozur & Mostler 1981: 38-39 ( sensu emend. ). — De Wever 1982b: 181. — Tan & Su 1982: 150. — nec Noble 1994: 27-28. — Dumitrica 1995: 26. — Chen & Tan 1996: 151. — Hollis 1997: 46. — Cordey 1998: 75. — Tan 1998: 196. — Kozlova 1999: 101. — Tan & Chen 1999: 201. — Amon 2000: 51. — De Wever et al. 2001: 166. — Afanasieva et al. 2005: S287-288 [in Order Spongurata ]. — Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 130. — Bragin 2007: 999. — Chen et al. 2017: 136.

Spongida [sic] – Mivart 1878: 176 [as a subsection].

Spongellipsida Haeckel, 1887: 341 [nomen dubium, as a subfamily].

Spongodruppida Haeckel, 1887: 341, 348 [nomen dubium, as a subfamily].

Spongellipsinae – Clark & Campbell 1942: 36 [nomen dubium]; 1945: 20. — Campbell & Clark 1944a: 21; 1944b: 13. — Chediya 1959: 112.

Spongodruppinae – Campbell & Clark 1944a: 22 [nomen dubium]. — Campbell 1954: D74. — Chediya 1959: 114.

Spongurinae – Frizzell & Middour 1951: 22. — Campbell 1954: D73. — Pessagno 1973: 57.

TYPE GENUS. — Spongurus Haeckel, 1861b: 844 [type species by monotypy: Spongurus cylindricus Haeckel, 1861b: 845 ].

INCLUDED GENUS. — Ommatogramma Ehrenberg 1861b: 832 (= Spongurus n. syn., Spongocorisca synonymized by Petrushevskaya & Kozlova 1972: 528;? Spongurantha n. syn., Spongurella n. syn.).

NOMINA DUBIA. — Spongellipsarium , Spongellipsidium , Spongellipsis , Spongocore , Spongocorina , Spongodruppa , Spongodruppula , Spongolena, Sponguromma , Stypolarcus .

DIAGNOSIS. — Shell is cylindrical to ellipsoidal in shape without bi-polar radial spines.Test filled with a structureless spongious tissue with a microsphere. Pylome may exist. No radial beams penetrating though the spongious meshwork were recognized.

The gray endoplasm is embedded in the spongy shell. No endoplasm is present outside of the shell. The protoplasm, emitting in an autofluorescent red with DAPI dyeing, occupies the spongy shell, with the exception of both inflated ends of the shell. Granular organisms of an unknown origin are distributed throughout the internal periphery of the spongy shell. Gelatinous matter covers the whole area around the shell to include a part of the spines.

STRATIGRAPHIC OCCURRENCE. — Late Campanian-Living.

REMARKS

Many genera (Amphicarydiscus, Ommatogramma , Spongocore , Spongocorisca ) were once synonymized with Ommatogramma ( Petrushevskaya & Kozlova 1972: 528; Suzuki et al. 2009d: 247; Matsuzaki et al. 2015; 24), but the synonymy of Ommatogramma has been updated herein. As noted in Matsuzaki et al. (2015: 24), Spongocore cannot be used as a valid genus name due the absence of an illustrated type species. The genus Ommathymenium is often confused with Ommatogramma as a result of the ambiguous type drawings of these genera. Specimens classifiable into Ommathymenium have a phorticiid-type internal structure and consequently both genera must be separated at family or higher level. It is noted that Bragina (2003: 249) established a new species “ Spongurus cylindricus ” from the Cenomanian of Sakhalin, Far East, but it is a primary junior homonym of “ Spongurus cylindricus ” from the seawater in Messina, Haeckel (1861b: 845).

Living images ( Suzuki & Not 2015: figs 8.8.15, 8.10.1) of protoplasm and algal symbionts by epi-fluorescent observation with DAPI dyeing ( Zhang et al. 2018: 14, figs 27, 28) were documented.

VALIDITY OF GENERA

Ommatogramma

Spongurus has the same type species as Spongurella . Previous studies classified Ommatogramma into the Euchitonidae ( Campbell 1954: D86), but its lectotype ( Suzuki et al. 2009c: pl. 63, figs 4a-c) obviously does not fit with the classical definition of the Euchitonidae that are defined as “ flat disc-shaped shell [...] concentric rings [...]” written in Campbell (1954: D86). The four available genera synonymized here are defined by the followings characters: two opposite similar arms with distal terminal spines and a complete lattice-mantle for Ommatogramma ( Campbell 1954: D88); spongy shell without polar spines or latticemantle, tiny spinules throughout test, homogenous spongy framework everywhere for Spongurus ( Campbell 1954: D74); absence of tiny spinules throughout surface as a subgenus of Spongurus for Spongurantha ( Campbell 1954: D74); and solid shell with lattice-mantle but without terminal spines, shell distinctly three-joined for Spongocorisca (Campbell 154: D74 as Spongocorissa [sic]). The development of a lattice-mantle, tiny spinules through the test and terminal spines from two opposite ends of the test is variable within a species or among species. Spongocorisca is distinguished from the other genera by its three-jointed appearance but the type specimens of Ommatogramma and Spongurus also show a similar appearance. The name Spongurus has been widely used as a valid genus name but Ommatogramma was selected as the valid genus by Petrushevskaya & Kozlova (1972: 528). In addition, Ommatogramma is dated on 13 December 1860 and Spongurus is dated on 20 December 1860.