ENTACTINARIA Kozur & Mostler, 1982

Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, Geodiversitas 43 (15), pp. 405-573 : 461

Order ENTACTINARIA Kozur & Mostler, 1982

Molecular phylogenetic lineage III ( Sandin et al. 2021)

DIAGNOSIS. — One, to rarely two or three, spherical cortical shells, whose wall are made of a spongy layer or of a spherical shape consisting of a full coarse mesh. The central cubic structure is framed with sharp corners and contains a heteropolar microsphere; with

MB and two A-rays on its top. Following an author’s recommen- dation (PD), the Lineage III is regarded as a living Entactinaria . Nonetheless, it is noted that the true genus Entactinia have a MB and two sets of radial rays at both ends; however, it has never been observed in living Entactinaria ( Nakamura et al. 2020: supplement).

REMARKS

We include the Rhizosphaeroidea (Clade G: Haliommilla , Rhizosphaera ), Centrocuboidea (Clade H: Octodendron ; Clade I: Plegmosphaeromma ), Centrolonchoidea , Heliosaturnaloidea and Thalassothamnoidea in the Entactinaria sensu Dumitrica , but the diagnosis for the Lineage III shown above does not include Centrolonchoidea , Heliosaturnaloidea and Thalassothamnoidea due to the lack of molecular support. The axopodial system was regarded as a determinant character applicable to superfamily or order level taxonomy ( Hollande & Enjumet 1960; Cachon & Cachon 1985). However, molecular phylogenetic studies ( Sandin et al. 2021) discarded this hypothesis.