Goliathopsis esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913

Xu, Hao & Qiu, Jian-Yue, 2020, Three new synonyms within the flower chafer genus Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae) from China, Zootaxa 4789 (1), pp. 91-131 : 103-107

Goliathopsis esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913

( Figs. 8 , 16 , 28–29 , 40–41 , 62–72 , 93–94 , 128–137 , 164 )

Goliathopsis esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913: 421 (type locality: Kouy-Tchéou, Chine [= Guizhou, China]), figs. 1-2, 3- 4 ♂ and ♀; Schenkling 1921: 364; Mao 1937: 1096; Medvedev 1964: 333, fig. 792 (cephalic horn); Antoine 1991: 9 (in key), plate I, fig. 5 (parameres), plate III, fig. 5 ♂; Sakai & Nagai 1998: 156 (Yangsuo, Guangxi, China), plate 2, fig. 42 ♂; Krajčík 1999: 39; Smetana 2006: 300; Krajčík 2011: 70; Krajčík 2012: 116; Bezděk 2016: 391.

Goliathosis [ sic!] camptotropus Yang, 1988: 8 (type locality: Luodian , Guizhou, China), figs. 1a-1d ♂ (cephalic horn and para- meres). New synonym.

Goliathopsis camptotropus: Bezděk 2016: 391 .

Coliathopsis [ sic!] polystricus Yang, 1988: 8 (type locality: Wangmo , Guizhou, China), figs. 2a-2d ♂ (cephalic horn and para- meres). New synonym.

Goliathopsis polystricus: Bezděk 2016: 391 .

Type material. Although the original publication of Goliathopsis esquiroli did not indicate the number of type specimens, Pouillaude (1913) explicitly indicated the description based on “Types ♂ et ♀ et quelques exemplaires”, and the entire type series was deposited in Oberthür Collection. A male and a female among a large series of con- specific specimens in MNHN were labeled by Pouillaude as types, but these conspecific specimens all bear the same printed label and the label data conforms to the original publication. Actually, in the case of his new species established on several specimens, Pouillaude only attached his handwritten label to a single specimen for each sex with the term “type” and a citation of the original publication (see Figs. 132, 136 ). But the number of the labeled “type” specimen is not always accorded with his statement in the publication. Like so many authors of the period, he only chose a typical individual instead of labeling all type specimens. Consequently, all specimens in MNHN bearing the identical label “ Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913” are treated as syntypes. We also found the same label alongside few specimens of G. esquiroli in RMNH, BMNH, NHMB, IRSNB , and probably in some others. These specimens were believed to belong to the original series and exchanged by Oberthür after the species was named. In order to preserve the stability of zoological nomenclature, the male ( Figs. 128–132 ) in MNHN bearing Pouillaude’s label is here designated as lectotype of G. esquiroli : Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol , 1913 // G. Es- quiroli, Pllde. Ins. 1913. p421, type ♂ [Pouillaude’s handwriting] // Goliathopsis esquiroli Pouill., G. RUTER dét. 19 [white label]. Forty five paralectotypes (23♂♂, 22♀♀) were examined: 1♀ ( MNHN, Figs. 133–136 ), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913// G. Esquiroli , Pllde. Ins. 1913. p421, type ♀ [ Pouillaude’s handwriting] ; 16♂♂, 14♀♀ ( MNHN) , 1♂, 1♀ ( MNHN, de Lisle collection), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913 ; 1♂, 1♀ ( NHMB, Frey Coll.), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913 ; 2♂♂, 2♀♀ ( BMNH, Bourgoin Coll.), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913 // Co-type // Goliathopsis esquiroli Pouill., Cotype ; 2♂♂, 2♀♀ ( BMNH, Oberthür Coll.), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913 // Co-type ; 1♀ ( IRSNB), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913 // Le Moult vend .; 1♂ ( RMNH), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1913 // goliathopsis esquiroli Pouill. // co-Type [in red ink] .

The type locality of Goliathopsis esquiroli was given as Guizhou without exact locality ( Pouillaude 1913), and we believed that Father Joseph Esquirol (1870–1934) perhaps collected them from Wangmo County of southern Guizhou where he worked from 1912 to 1924 ( Moussay & Appavou 2004).

The holotypes of G. camptotropus ( Fig. 72 ) and G. polystricus ( Fig. 137 ) are presumed lost, and their collecting data are transcribed from the original publication ( Yang 1988) as follows: ♂ (holotype of G. camptotropus ), Luodian County, Guizhou, alt. 450 m, VI.1981, Qian-Ying Meng leg.; ♂ (holotype of G. polystricus ), Wangmo County, Guizhou, alt. 500 m, V.1979, Chen-Jing Yang leg.

Other material examined (25♂♂, 37♀♀). CHINA: Hunan: 1♂ ( SYSM, En-398696), 1934.VII.20, S. Hunan Prov. S. China. Tai Kwong Village. Lam Mo District [i.e. Linwu County], F. K. To leg.; 1♀ ( SYSM, En-398697), 1934.VII.21, S. Hunan Prov. S. China. Tai Kwong Village. Lam Mo District, F. K. To leg.; Guizhou: 1♂ ( BMNH, Bourgoin Coll.), 2♂♂, 1♀ ( MFNB) CHINE, Kouy-Tchéou, Kouy yang fou [Guiyang]; 1♂ ( MNHN), Kouy-Tchéou, R.P.J.R. Chaffanjon, 1903; 1♀ ( MNHN), MUSEUM PARIS, Kouy-Tchéou, Kouy yang fou [Guiyang], Pere J. Es- quirol, 1911; 1♂ ( MNHN), Chine, Kouy-Tchéou, R. P. J. Esquirol, 1912; 8♂♂, 24♀♀ ( MNHN), 1♂, 1♀ ( BMNH), MUSEUM PARIS, KOUY TCHÉOU, PÈRE J. ESQUIROL, 1914; 3♂♂, 2♀♀ ( MNHN), China, Kwei-Tscheou; 4♂♂, 4♀♀ ( NHMB, Frey Coll.), 1♂, 1♀ ( MHNG, Petrovitz Coll.), Koui-Tchéou, Coll. Dr. Itzinger; 1♀ ( NHMB, Frey Coll.), Koui-Tchéou // Sammlung Schürhoff // esquiroli // Goliathopsis esquiroli Plld. det. Schein München; Guangxi: 1♂ ( NSCJ), 1♂, 1♀ ( BMNH, Krajčík Coll.), 1990.VII, Yangshuo, Guangxi Prov., R. Dunda leg.; Yunnan: 1♀ ( MNHN), Peyentsin, Yunnan // MUSEUM PARIS, COLL A SICARD 1930.

Diagnosis. Body length 11.3–12.0 mm; width 5.4–6.0 mm. Body black. Pronotum with four small tomentose spots in disc ( Figs. 62, 64 ), the two on same side connected occasionally ( Figs. 69 , 128, 133 ); the tomentose midline usually absent, at most with several discontinuous maculae ( Figs. 72 , 128 ). Elytron with many light yellow, tomentose maculae; four maculae usually present on specific positions: a small one on posthumeral area ( Fig. 62 ), sometimes enlarged ( Figs. 64 , 66, 69 ); a small one on the mediodiscal area near sutural costa; a large one on the median portion of lateral declivity, usually expanded towards distal area; a small one on the postdiscal areas near sutural costa, sometimes enlarged ( Fig. 128 ). Disc of elytron with drop shaped, setiferous punctures ( Fig. 8 ); setae short. Pygidium without tomentum, densely clad with rounded, setiferous punctures ( Figs. 28–29 ). Cephalic horns of male slightly constricted at base ( Fig. 16 ), sometimes curved backward ( Figs. 67, 70, 72 ); inner sides with tomentum. Male genitalia large ( Figs. 40–41 ), proximal and distal parts of parameres distinctly expanded in apical view, medially constricted, apex reversed and sharp; parameres almost flat in lateral view, proximal part of basal piece distinctly expanded.

This species resembles Goliathopsis lameyi , but body size smaller, cephalic horns shorter, and elytra with more small tomentose maculae.

Distribution. China: Hunan (new record), Guizhou, Guangxi, Yunnan (new record).

Remarks. The data of Goliathopsis esquiroli in MNHN revealed that this species was not only caught in 1913, Father Joseph Esquirol also collected few individuals in 1911 and 1912. As a French missionary, he worked in Luodian County since 1908, and transferred to Wangmo County in 1912 ( Moussay & Appavou 2004). This fact suggested that the distribution range of G. esquiroli covered southern Guizhou where the types of G. camptotropus and G. polystricus were collected.According to the original descriptions and illustrations ( Yang 1988), the latter two species actually extremely resemble G. esquiroli in appearance and parameres although they have been inappropriately compared with G. gressitti and G. velutinus . Indeed, the diagnostic character of G. camptotropus is the cephalic horns curving backward apically ( Fig. 72 ); whereas this is a morphological anomaly that can be observed from a few males in a large series of male specimens of G. esquiroli ( Figs. 67, 70 ). Meanwhile, Yang (1988) claimed that G. polystricus differs from G. esquiroli by the position of the tomentous maculae on the dorsal surface ( Fig. 137 ); but the size and position of these maculae are not reliable ( Figs. 62, 64 , 66, 69 , 128, 133 ), and the median line on pronotum is sometimes discontinuous ( Fig. 128 ), even absent ( Figs. 62 , 66 ; also see Medvedev 1964; Antoine 1991; Sakai & Nagai 1998). Consequently, the diagnosis characters of both two species are considered in the range of variation of G. esquiroli , and we proposed G. camptotropus and G. polystricus as junior synonyms of G. esquiroli .

Figures

FIGURE 164. Known distribution of Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 species. Syncretic markers indicate identical or very close localities; type localities of the known species are marked, that of G. despectus (Westwood, 1873), G. cervus Janson, 1881, and G. esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913 are missing because the precise type localities are unknown.

FIGURES 1–12. Characters of Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 species. 1–4, mouthparts of Goliathopsis duponti Antoine, 1991: 1, epipharynx; 2, mandibles; 3, maxillae; 4, labium. 5–12, setiferous punctures on the disc of elytron: 5, G. cervus Janson, 1881; 6, G. despectus (Westwood, 1873), paralectotype of G. capreolus Gestro, 1888 in BMNH; 7, G. duponti Antoine, 1991; 8, G. esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913; 9, G. ferreroi Antoine, 1991; 10, G. gressitti Ruter, 1978; 11, G. lameyi Fairmaire, 1893; 12, G. velutinus Pouillaude, 1913.

FIGURES 13–21. Cephalic horns of Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 species (dorsal view). 13, G. cervus Janson, 1881; 14, G. despectus (Westwood, 1873), paralectotype of G. capreolus Gestro, 1888 in MNHN; 15, G. duponti Antoine, 1991; 16, G. es- quiroli Pouillaude, 1913; 17–18, G. ferreroi Antoine, 1991; 19, G. gressitti Ruter, 1978; 20, G. lameyi Fairmaire, 1893; 21, G. velutinus Pouillaude, 1913.

FIGURES 22–37. Pygidium of Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 species (male in left, female in right; posterior view). 22–23, G. cer- vus Janson, 1881; 24–25, G. despectus (Westwood, 1873), lectotype and paralectotype of G. capreolus Gestro, 1888 in MSNG; 26–27, G. duponti Antoine, 1991; 28–29, G. esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913; 30–31, G. ferreroi Antoine, 1991; 32–33, G. gressitti Ruter, 1978; 34–35, G. lameyi Fairmaire, 1893; 36–37, G. velutinus Pouillaude, 1913.

FIGURES 38–53. Male genitalia of Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 species (apical and lateral view). 38–39, G. lameyi Fairmaire, 1893; 40–41, G. esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913; 42–43, G. velutinus Pouillaude, 1913; 44–45, G. duponti Antoine, 1991; 46–47, G. ferreroi Antoine, 1991; 48–49, G. despectus (Westwood, 1873), paralectotype of G. capreolus Gestro, 1888 in MNHN; 50–51, G. gressitti Ruter, 1978; 52–53, G. cervus Janson, 1881.

FIGURES 62–65. Habitus of Goliathopsis esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913 (dorsal and ventral view). 62–63, male; 64–65, female.

FIGURES 66–72. Variability of Goliathopsis esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913. 66–68, male paralectotype of G. esquiroli Pouillaude with curving horns in MNHN (dorsal, lateral, and oblique view); 69–71, male paralectotype of G. esquiroli Pouillaude with small horns in MNHN (dorsal, lateral, and oblique view); 72, illustrations (habitus, horn, pygidium, and parameres) of the male holotype of G. camptotropus Yang, 1988 (modified from Yang 1988).

FIGURES 89–102. Habitus of Goliathopsis Janson, 1881 species (male in left, female in right; oblique view). 89–90, G. cervus Janson, 1881; 91–92, G. duponti Antoine, 1991; 93–94, G. esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913; 95–96, G. ferreroi Antoine, 1991; 97–98, G. gressitti Ruter, 1978; 99–100, G. lameyi Fairmaire, 1893; 101–102, G. velutinus Pouillaude, 1913.

FIGURES 128–137. Type specimens and variability of Goliathopsis esquiroli Pouillaude, 1913. 128–132, male lectotype in MNHN of G. esquiroli Pouillaude and labels; 133–136, female paralectotype of G. esquiroli Pouillaude in MNHN and labels; 137, illustrations (habitus, setiferous punctures, horn, pygidium, and parameres) of the male holotype of G. polystricus Yang, 1988 (modified from Yang 1988).