Cybaeus consocius, Chamberlin & Ivie, 1932

Bennett, Robb, Copley, Claudia & Copley, Darren, 2021, Cybaeus (Araneae: Cybaeidae): the consocius species group of the Californian clade, Zootaxa 4965 (3), pp. 401-436 : 403-404

Key to the species of the Cybaeus consocius group

1. Proximal arm of tegular apophysis in ventral view with tip forked ( Fig. 3 , 20 ), bifid ( Figs 11 , 21 ), or a broad trough ( Figs 18 , 22 ); in retrolateral view with smoothly, simply curved dorsal margin ( Figs 4 , 12 , 19 ). Proximal loops of copulatory ducts distinctly U-shaped in dorsal view of vulva ( Figs 7 , 15 , 25 )...................................................... 2

- Proximal arm of tegular apophysis in ventral view with tip acuminate and/or spirally twisted ( Figs 28 , 35 , 44 , 55–56 , 61 , 82 ) or blunt with long, narrow ventral trough ( Figs 70 , 73 ); in retrolateral view, dorsal margin a simple curve ( Figs 36 , 83 ) or a more complex compound curve ( Figs 29 , 45 , 62 ). Proximal loops of copulatory ducts not distinctly U-shaped in dorsal view ( Figs 32 , 41 , 48 , 66 , 79 )........................................................................................ 4

2(1). Proximal arm of tegular apophysis in ventral view with broad, ventral trough terminating in a small point ( Figs 18 , 22 ). Atrium divided ( Figs 23, 26 )............................................................. hummeli Bennett spec. nov.

- Proximal arm of tegular apophysis in ventral view conspicuously forked ( Fig. 3 ) or with inconspicuously bifid tip ( Fig. 11 ). Atrium undivided, inverted U-shaped ( Figs 5, 9 , 13 ).......................................................... 3

3(2). Proximal arm of tegular apophysis with inconspicuously bifid tip ( Fig. 11 ). Atrium convex medially, concave laterally ( Fig. 13 ). Copulatory ducts attached to anterolateral corners of atrium and extending anteriorly from the atrium a distance equal to about 1/4 to 2/5 the distance from epigastric groove to anterior margin of atrium ( Figs 14–15 )......... hesper Chamberlin & Ivie

- Proximal arm of tegular apophysis with right-angled fork ( Fig. 3 ). Atrium concave ( Figs 5, 9 , 16 ). Copulatory ducts attached to lateral margins of atrium ( Figs 6–8 , 17 ); extending little or no distance anteriorly from atrium… consocius Chamberlin & Ivie

4(1). Patellar apophysis with small dorsobasal prominence bearing several peg setae ( Figs 68–69 , 72 ). Tibia with small ridge dorsomedially above retrolateral tibial apophysis ( Figs 68–69 ). Medial portion of embolus flattened, ribbon-like ( Figs 70–71 ). Proximal arm of tegular apophysis blunt with narrow longitudinal trough ventrally ( Figs 70–71 , 73 ). Atrium large, nearly as wide as vulva ( Figs 74, 77 ). Copulatory ducts broad, prominent; converging from atrium to midline then diverging before turning posteriorly at anterior margin of vulva ( Figs 75–76, 78–79 )................................ ubicki Bennett spec. nov.

- Patellar apophysis without dorsobasal prominence ( Figs 27 , 34 , 43 , 60 , 81 ). Tibia without dorso-medial ridge. Embolus “normal” ( Figs 35 , 44 , 61 ). Tip of proximal arm of tegular apophysis acuminate ( Figs 35 , 44 , 61, 63 ). Atrium large but not nearly as wide as vulva ( Figs 30 , 37 , 64 ) or small ( Figs 46–47 , 52 ). Copulatory ducts narrower (or, if broad, then membranous and not prominent); not following trajectory of converging then diverging before turning posteriorly ( Figs 31 , 40 , 47 , 65 )......... 5

5(4). Patellar apophysis with two to six peg setae ( Fig. 43 ). Proximal arm of tegular apophysis with prominent ventral keel and terminating in short, slightly twisted tip ( Figs 44–45 , 56 ). Atrium small, inconspicuous, its width equal to about 1/3 of the width of the vulva ( Figs 46–47 , 52 )............................................................ penedentatus Bennett

- Patellar apophysis with 13 to 40 peg setae ( Figs 27 , 34 , 60 , 81 ). Proximal arm of tegular apophysis without ventral keel; tip twisted or not ( Figs 28 , 35 , 57 , 61, 63 ). Atrium larger, more conspicuous, its width about 1/2 to 2/3 width of the vulva ( Figs 30 , 37 , 64 ).............................................................................................. 6

6(5). In retrolateral view, dorsal margin of tegular apophysis a simple curve, lacking a proximal projection ( Figs 36 , 83 ). Copulatory ducts usually only contiguous at atrium ( Figs 38, 40 ). Femora usually banded..................................... 7

- In retrolateral view, dorsal margin of tegular apophysis a compound curve with a prominent proximally directed projection ( Figs 29 , 61–62 ). Copulatory ducts usually contiguous at atrium and medially ( Figs 31–32 , 65–67 ). Femora usually unbanded ................................................................................................... 8

7(6). About 13 peg setae around tip of short, anteriorly directed patellar apophysis ( Fig. 81 ). Proximal arm of tegular apophysis with simple moderately corkscrewed tip lacking a dorsal process ( Figs 57 , 83 ). Spermathecal stalks slightly sinuous, describing an obtuse angle of about 120 ⁰ –130 ⁰ near Bennett’s glands ( Fig. 41 )................................... vulpinus Bennett

- About 35 peg setae dorsally on long, anterolaterally directed patellar apophysis ( Fig. 34 ). Proximal arm of tegular apophysis with simple untwisted tip; tip with small, triangular dorsal process ( Figs 35 , 58 ). Spermathecal stalks more strongly sinuous, describing an acute angle of about 55 ⁰ –65 ⁰ near Bennett’s gland ( Fig. 39 )...................... pan Bennett spec. nov.

8(6). Patellar apophysis long, about as long as width of patella, with 15–25 peg setae ( Fig. 60 ). Proximal arm of tegular apophysis with prominent basal projection and strongly twisted tip ( Figs 61–63 ). Copulatory ducts and spermathecal stalks elongate ( Figs 65–67 )..................................................................................... simplex Roth

- Patellar apophysis shorter, length about 2/3 patellar width, with 30–40 peg setae ( Fig. 27 ). Proximal arm of tegular apophysis with much less prominent basal projection and a weakly twisted tip ( Figs 28–29 ). Copulatory ducts and spermathecal stalks short ( Figs 31–32 )............................................................... opulentus Bennett spec. nov.

Figures

FIGURES 1–4. Cybaeus spp., males, left palpus (1 C. simplex from Ashland watershed, Oregon; 2–4 C. consocius from Muir Woods, California). 1 Patella, tibia, and genital bulb, ventral. 2 Patella and tibia, dorsal. 3–4 Genital bulb (3 ventral, 4 retrolateral). DA—distal arm of tegular apophysis, E—embolus, PA—proximal arm of tegular apophysis, PS—peg setae, PTA—patellar apophysis, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis.

FIGURES 20–22. Cybaeus spp., males from California (20 C. consocius from Muir Woods, 21 C. hesper from Skyline Boulevard at King’s Mountain, 22 C. hummeli spec. nov. from Skyline Boulevard at King’s Mountain). 20, 22 Left palpus, proximal tip of tegular apophysis, ventral. 21 Right palpus, proximal tip of tegular apophysis, ventral. Unlabelled arrows indicate diagnostic characters (20 right angle forked tip, 21 inconspicuous bifid tip, 23 small acuminate tip and central longitudinal concavity).

FIGURES 10–12. Cybaeus hesper, male from Skyline Boulevard at King’s Mountain, California, right palpus. 10 Patella and tibia, dorsal. 11–12 Genital bulb (11 ventral, 12 retrolateral). PA—proximal arm of tegular apophysis, PTA—patellar apophysis, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis.

FIGURES 18–19. Cybaeus hummeli spec. nov., male from Skyline Boulevard at King’s Mountain, California, left palpus, genital bulb (18 ventral, 19 retrolateral). E—embolus, PA—proximal arm of tegular apophysis.

FIGURES 5–9. Cybaeus consocius, females from California, copulatory organ (5–7 holotype, 8 from Mount Tamalpais, 9 from near Oakville). 5 Epigynum, ventral. 6–8 Vulva (6, 8 ventral, 7 dorsal). 9 Atria, ventral. BG—Bennett’s gland, CD—copulatory duct, HS—head of spermatheca, SS—stalk of spermatheca. Unlabelled arrows indicate anterior margin of atrium.

FIGURES 13–17. Cybaeus spp., females, copulatory organ (13–15 C. hesper, syntype of C. minor; 16–17 C. consocius, holotype of C. marinensis). 13, 16 Epigynum, ventral; 14–15, 17 Vulva (14, 17 ventral, 15 dorsal). CD—copulatory duct. Unlabelled arrows indicate anterior margin of atrium.

FIGURES 23–26. Cybaeus hummeli spec. nov., females from California, copulatory organ (23–25 from Miramar, 26 from San Francisco). 23, 26 Epigynum, ventral. 24–25 Vulva (24 ventral, 25 dorsal). CD—copulatory duct.

FIGURES 27–29. Cybaeus opulentus spec. nov., male from Riverton, California, left palpus. 27 Patella and tibia, dorsal. 28–29 Genital bulb (28 ventral, 29 retrolateral). PA—proximal arm of tegular apophysis. Unlabelled arrows indicate compound curve of dorsal margin of tegular apophysis.

FIGURES 33–36. Cybaeus pan spec. nov., male from Calpine, California, left palpus. 33–34 Patella and tibia (33 retrolateral, 34 dorsal). 35–36 Genital bulb (35 ventral, 36 retrolateral). PA—proximal arm of tegular apophysis. PTA—patellar apophysis, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis. Unlabelled arrows indicate simple curve of dorsal margin of tegular apophysis.

FIGURES 42–45. Cybaeus penedentatus, male from Holy City, California, left palpus. 42–43 Patella and tibia (42 retrolateral, 43 dorsal). 44–45 Genital bulb (44 ventral, 45 retrolateral). PA—proximal arm of tegular apophysis. PTA—patellar apophysis, RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis. Unlabelled arrows indicate ventral keel of proximal arm of tegular apophysis.

FIGURES 55–58. Cybaeus spp. males from California, left palpus, proximal arm of tegular apophysis (55 C. opulentus spec. nov. from Riverton, 56 C. penedentatus from Holy City, 57 C. vulpinus from Columbia, 58 C. pan from Calpine) (55–56 ventral, 57–58 prolateral). Arrows indicate diagnostic characters (55 slightly twisted tip and prominent basal protrusion; 56 acuminate slightly twisted tip and longitudinal ventral keel; 57 smoothly curved, twisted tip; 58 triangular keel dorsally on tip).

FIGURES 59–63. Cybaeus simplex, males from Oregon, left palpus (59 from Ashland watershed, 60–63 from H.J. Andrews Experimental Forest). 59 Tibia, retrolateral. 60 Patella and tibia, dorsal. 61–62 Genital bulb (61 ventral, 62 retrolateral). 63 Tip of proximal arm of tegular apophysis, ventral. Arrows indicate diagnostic characters (59 distal extension of retrolateral tibial apophysis, 61 strongly twisted tip and prominent basal projection of proximal arm of tegular apophysis, 62 compound curve of dorsal margin of tegular apophysis).

FIGURES 80–83. Cybaeus vulpinus, male from Columbia, California, left palpus. 80–81 Patella and tibia (80 retrolateral, 81 dorsal). 82–83 Genital bulb (82 ventral, 83 retrolateral). Arrows indicate simple curve of dorsal margin of tegular apophysis.

FIGURES 68–71. Cybaeus ubicki spec. nov., males from California, left palpus (68–69, 71 from Novato, 70 from Anchor Bay). 68–69 Patella and tibia (68 retrolateral, 69 dorsal). 70–71 Genital bulb (70 ventral, 71 retrolateral). E—embolus, PA—proximal arm of tegular apophysis. RTA—retrolateral tibial apophysis. Unlabelled arrows indicate dorsal tibial ridge and dorsal prominence of patellar apophysis.

FIGURES 72–73. Cybaeus ubicki spec. nov., male from Novato, California, left palpus. 72 Patellar apophysis, ventral. 73 Proximal arm of tegular apophysis, ventral. Arrows indicate diagnostic characters (72 dorsal prominence of patellar apophysis, 73 ventral longitudinal groove of proximal arm of tegular apophysis).

FIGURES 30–32. Cybaeus opulentus spec. nov., female from Riverton, California, copulatory organ. 30 Epigynum, ventral. 31–32 Vulva (31 ventral, 32 dorsal). BG—Bennett’s gland, CD—copulatory duct, HS—head of spermatheca.

FIGURES 37–41. Cybaeus spp., females from California, copulatory organ (37–38 C. pan spec. nov. from near Calpine, 39 C. pan spec. nov. from Sierra City, 40–41 C. vulpinus from Big Trees State Park). 37 Epigynum, ventral. 38–41 Vulva (38, 40 ventral; 39, 41 dorsal). CD—copulatory duct, SS—spermathecal stalk. Unlabelled arrow indicates epigynal notch.

FIGURES 46–51. Cybaeus penedentatus, females from California, copulatory organ (46–48 from Ben Lomond, 49 from Pescadero Creek, 50–51 from Mount Madonna). 46 Epigynum, ventral. 47–51 Vulva (47, 49–50 ventral; 48, 51 dorsal). AT—atrium.

FIGURES 64–67. Cybaeus simplex, females from Cascadia, Oregon, copulatory organ. 64 Epigynum, ventral. 65–67 Vulva (65 ventral, 66–67 dorsal). CD—copulatory duct.

FIGURES 74–79. Cybaeus ubicki spec. nov., females from California, copulatory organ (74–76 from Point Reyes Station, 77– 79 from Anchor Bay). 74, 77 Epigynum, ventral. 75–76, 78–79 Vulva (75, 78, ventral, 76, 79 dorsal). CD—copulatory duct.

FIGURES 52–54. Cybaeus penedentatus, female from Brookdale, California, copulatory organ. 52 Epigynum, ventral. 53–54 Vulva (53 ventral, 54 dorsal). AT—atrium.