Anchylorhynchus aegrotus Fahraeus, 1843

De, Bruno A. S. & Vanin, Sergio A., 2020, Systematic revision and morphological phylogenetic analysis of Anchylorhynchus Schoenherr, 1836 (Coleoptera, Curculionidae: Derelomini), Zootaxa 4839 (1), pp. 1-98 : 14-20

Anchylorhynchus aegrotus Fahraeus, 1843

( Figures 1 , 4G , 5G , 6I , 7C , 8A , 10 A–B, 17B, 21A)

Anchylorhynchus aegrotus Fahraeus in Schoenherr, 1843:335 (description); Lacordaire, 1863:520 (revision); Sherborn, 1922:85 (cat.); Blackwelder, 1947:827 (cat.); Vaurie, 1954:26, Figs. 2 A–B e 3D (revision); Viana, 1975:10, Figs. 3 e 6 (revision); Wibmer & O’Brien, 1986:195 (cat.); Franz, 2006:224 (phylogeny); Silva et al, 2012 (biology). Holotype: Male; Brazil. Deposited in NHRM, accession NHRS-JLKB 000027288, images examined.

Ancylorrhynchus aegrotus ; Gemminger & Harold, 1871:2545 (cat.); Voss, 1943:63 (revision); Bondar, 1941b:295 (biology); Bondar, 1943b:360 (revision).

Redescription. Male: Body size (length of elytra + pronotum) 4.3–5.5 mm.

Head: Rostrum 1.0–1.1 times as long as pronotum; 1.2–1.4 times wider at apex than at base; with integument yellowish to dark brown; with seven longitudinal carinae (including a pair along scrobes), distinct throughout their length; scrobes parallel to rostrum; apex covered by microsetae; areas between carinae covered by yellowish to brown scales, scales wide and distinctively narrower towards the apex of rostrum, directed toward the central carina. Eyes 1.5–1.8 times as high as wide; 0.6–0.9 times more separated above than below. Head with integument yellowish to dark brown, similar to rostrum; entirely covered by yellowish large scales or with yellowish large scales only near the eyes and on the sides and dark microsetae elsewhere; scales directed to a point basal to the inter-ocular fovea. Antennae with scape straight, barely reaching anterior eye margin; funicle: antennomere I only slightly wider than II, II about as long as I, and about 2 times as long as III; VI as wide as long, and narrower than club; club about as long as antennomeres V–VI of funicle. Left mandible straight on outer margin straight; with one dorsal seta; outer tooth evenly connected to the mandible margin, not forming a sharp angle, rounded at apex; inner tooth absent or weakly developed; molar region straight. Left maxilla with stipes moderately elongate, with a long ventral seta; galeo-lacinial complex extending beyond the apex of palpomere I; palpiger with transverse ventral region, dorsal region forming an acute angle at base; palpomere I with two apical setae shorter than the length of palpomere I; palpomere II approximately as long as palpomere I. Labium with prementum almost as wide as postmentum, about 1.5 times as wide as long, lateral margins parallel in median region, with a right angle in lateral-apical region, with sparse setae, not arranged in rows; ligula present, but inconspicuous; palps separated by less than half the width of palpomere I; palpomere I transverse; palpomere II shorter than palpomere III; palpomere III with one lateral seta.

Thorax: Pronotum 1.9–2.0 times as wide at base as long; base slightly lobed at middle; lateral margins in dorsal view parallel from base to median region, then convergent to apex, without apical constriction; integument brown, lighter than the head; covered by scales on the sides and microsetae on the disc, or entirely covered by scales; with uniformly yellowish scales or with a longitudinal median stripe of orange to brown scales, extending to the elytra and scutellum; scales on the disk directed to the center or to the basal half. Profemur approximately 3 times as long as wide; dorsal margin with curvature about as pronounced as ventral margin; tooth well-defined; about 3 times as wide as protibia. Protarsus with tarsomere I about as long as tarsomere III; tarsomeres I and II longer than wide; with short and dense setae on the ventral surface, without sparse and long setae on the sides. Scutellum 0.9–1.4 times longer than wide; integument brown, sometimes darker than elytra; scales yellowish, or brown. Elytra 1.2–1.4 times as wide as pronotum; 1.4–1.6 times longer than wide; 3.5–4.1 times longer than pronotum; humeri rounded; lateral margins distinctively wider at the middle; with uniformly yellowish scales or with a small longitudinal stripe of brown scales extending to the pronotum; epipleura with a distinct inflexion on interval IX, covered by scales with the same color as disk. Ventral region of thorax with integument yellow to brown, similar color to dorsal region; scales yellowish, similar to or slightly lighter than dorsal scales. Hypomeron densely covered by mostly non-overlapping scales; covered by scales similar in shape to those in pronotum, scales with apex truncated to acuminate; scales next to coxal cavities larger. Prosternum length 0.9–1.1 times the width of coxae; postocular lobes indistinct, with apical-lateral margin of prothorax regularly curved to slightly sinuate; covered by overlapping scales, with scales narrower than those in pronotum, with truncated apex. Metepisternum entirely covered by overlapping scales. Metasternum central concavity distinct; with long setae in the center.

Abdomen: Ventrites III–V covered by recumbent setae. Aedeagus about 3 times as long as wide; about 7 times as long as high; not wider at opening; with an acute anterior process; ventral plate thin and barely sclerotized, extending to approximately 0.3 times the length of apodemes. Apodemes about 1.5 times as long as aedeagus. Endophallus membranous and slightly sclerotized in area anterior to the basal sclerite; with microtrichae of the median region organized in a pair of bands, apparently the result of folds in membranes in this area.

Female. Body size 4.5–5.4 mm. Rostrum 1.0–1.2 times longer than pronotum; width at apex 1.2–1.3 times width at base. Eyes 1.5–1.7 times as high as wide; 0.9–1.0 times more separated above than below. Antennae with scape straight. Pronotum 1.6–1.8 times as wide at base as long; lateral margins in dorsal view converging from the base, with a marked inflexion at the median region and a subtle apical constriction. Prosternum length 0.9–1.2 times the coxal width. Scutellum 1.1–1.5 times as long as wide. Elytra 1.4–1.6 times as wide as pronotum; 1.4–1.6 times as long as wide; 3.7–4.0 times as long as pronotum. Ventrites III and IV with posterior retraction not sinuate and restricted to the posterior end of the segment.

Remarks. Anchylorhynchus aegrotus shares with A. variabilis , Anchylorhynchus vittipennis Voss , A. bucki and A. vanini the scales of the head and pronotum disk variably reduced, revealing the punctures underneath. It can be distinguished from the two former species by the yellowish-brown coloration, oval body shape and very wide pronotum with parallel margins at the base (in males) or convergent since the base with a marked inflection in the median region and apical constriction (in females).

Most specimens (including the holotype) bear yellowish scales throughout the dorsal surfaces. In constrast, some samples, especially those to the south of the species distribution, show a band of orange to brown scales extending from the base of the pronotum to the base of the elytra ( Figures 10 A–B). This color pattern is similar to A. bucki ( Figure 10L ), but differs for the band being shorter. Additionally, A. aegrotus can be distinguished by the longer rostrum, never shorter than the pronotum, and by the yellow scales in the epipleura, in contrast to dark scales for A. bucki .

This is species is very similar to A. vanini , but can be distinguished by a number of characters. Body length (elytra + pronotum) in A. aegrotus (4.3–5.5 mm) is smaller than in A. vanini (6.9–9.7 mm). Like most species in the genus, A. aegrotus has one long seta in the left mandible, while A. vanini has two long setae. Females of A. aegrotus can be readily distinguished from A. vanini females by the uniform yellowish pronotum coloration in the former and dark pronotum disk in the latter. The ventral metasternal concavity in males of A. aegrotus ( Figure 14B ) is narrower and more well-delimited than in males of A. vanini ( Figure 14C ).

Geographical Distribution. This species is distributed in forests and open habitats from the state of Bahia ( Brazil) to the estuary of the La Plata River, Argentina ( Figure 24 ). Some specimens from the Dirings collection (MZSP) are labelled as Carquejo, Ceará, Brazil, a locality much farther north than the others known for the species or for its known host plant. S. A. Vanin has found similarly suspect records for species of Belidae in the same collection, with species typical of southeastern Brazil labelled as collected Carquejo, Ceará. Both cases are likely mistakes.

Host Plants. Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman. (vouchers SPF B.A.S. Medeiros 88 and B.A.S. Medeiros 113)

We collected A. aegrotus in this plant in the states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais, Brazil. Bondar (1941a) reports the same host species (as Cocos romanzoffiana Cham. ) for specimens from Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil and specimen labels show that Ilse Gottsberger sampled the same species in Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil. Silva et al. (2012) reared A. aegrotus from seeds of S. romanzoffiana in Florianópolis , Santa Catarina, Brazil.

Examined Specimens. Type Material. BRAZIL. No region: No locality, Faldermann , no date (♂ holotype Anchylorhynchus aegrotus NHRS ) .

Other Material. ARGENTINA. Buenos Aires: Buenos Aires, A. Breyer, no date (7♀, 1♂ MACN) ; J. Boso , no date (1♀ MACN) ; Margheritis , III /1970 (30♀, 24♂ MACN) ; Rizzo , III /1970 (48♀, 24♂ MACN) ; Buenos Aires, Delta, A. Bachmann, III /1972 (87♀, 61♂ MACN) ; Buenos Aires, Palermo, A. Breyer, no date (1♂ MACN) ; Buenos Aires, Villa Devoto , Bandarolli S. J., 06/IV/1926 (1♀ MACN) ; Gomes S. J., 29/ III /1928 (1♂ MACN) ; 30/ III /1928 (1♀ MACN) ; Matus SJ, 18/ III /1928 (1♀ MACN) ; 27/II/1928 (1♀, 1♂ MACN) ; No locality, H. Richter, no date (8♀, 9♂ MLPA) . Chaco: Colonia Benitez , R. Golbach, XII/1948 (3♀, 5♂ MACN) ; Rio de Oro , I. Apostol, XI/1961 (1♂ MACN) . Entre Rios: Delta Paraná Guazu, E. E. Blanchard, 23/II/1919 (3♀, 5♂ MACN) ; no collector, 29/II/1919 (3♀ MACN, 1♀, 1♂ MLPA) . La Rioja: No locality, A. Breyer, no date (1♀ MACN) . Misiones: Puerto Londero, J. Forester, XI/1947 (7♀, 4♂ MACN) ; M. J. Viana, X/1947 (97♀, 91♂ MACN) ; XI/1947 (3♂ MACN) ; San Ignacio , B. & W. Bade, no date (1♂ MACN) ; Santa Maria, M. J. Viana, X/1946 (8♀ MACN, 2♀, 2♂ MLPA) ; X/1947 (3♀, 2♂ MACN, 6♂ MLPA) ; X/1948 (59♀, 59♂ MACN, 2♀, 6♂ MLPA) . Santa Fé: No locality, H. Richter, no date (1♀ MLPA) .

BRAZIL. Bahia: Salvador [mistake], G. Bondar, 1940 (13♀, 7♂ MZSP) . Ceará: Carquejo [mistake], Dirings , III /1949 (9♀, 8♂ MZSP) . Espírito Santo: Santa Teresa, B. A. S. Medeiros & L. H. M. Fonseca, 03/XI/2013 (5 sex undetermined MZSP) . Goiás: Jataí , Fazenda Nova Orlândia, Martins, Morgante & Silva, I/1964 (1♀ MZSP) . Mato Grosso do Sul: Maracaju, B. A. S. Medeiros & E. P. Antunes, 04/XII/2014 (3 sex undetermined MZSP) . Minas Gerais: Governador Valadares, B. A. S. Medeiros & F. M. Gudin, 04/XII/2013 (10 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Indianópolis, Fazenda Bela Tanda, Ilse Gottsberger, no date (2♀, 1♂ IGGT); Joaquim Felício, B. A. S. Medeiros & L. H. M. Fonseca, 19/XI/2013 (41 sex undetermined MZSP) ; Serra do Caraça , Exp. Dep. Zool., XI/1961 (1♀ MZSP); Kloss, Lenko , Martins & Silva col., XI/1961 (1♀ MZSP) ; Sete Lagoas , IPEACO, Becker, 20/X/1969 (1♀ DZUP) . Paraná: Alexandra , Laroca & Graf, 30/VII/1961 (1♀ DZUP) ; Arapongas, A. Maller, XI/1951 (1♂ MNRJ) ; Banhado Quatro Barras, Becker & Laroca, 09/III/1970 (1♂ DZUP) ; Curitiba, M. Hoffman, 03/III/1980 (1♂ DZUP); Foz do Iguaçu , Exp. Dept. Zoo, 12/XII/1966 (1♀ DZUP) ; Morretes , IAPAR, C. I. I. F., 29/XII/1984 (1♂ DZUP) . Rio de Janeiro: Nova Friburgo, Deyr, no date (1♂ MCZ) . Santa Catarina: Florianópolis, B. Pohl, no date (3♀, 9♂ MZSP) ; No locality, collector illegible, date illegible (2♀, 5♂ MNRJ) ; Nova Teutônia [Seara, Nova Teutônia], Dirings, XII/1945 (28♀, 28♂ MZSP) ; F. Plaumann, 05/XII/1945 (1♂ AMNH); 06/I/1946 (2♀, 4♂ AMNH); 06/X/1945 (15♀, 9♂ AMNH); 15/V/1945 (78♀, 58♂ AMNH); 16/XII/1945 (1♀, 3♂ DZUP, 1♀, 1♂ MNRJ); 18/ II/1946 (1♀, 1♂ AMNH); 19/XII/1952 (1♀, 1♂ MNRJ); 22/XII/1952 (7♀, 9♂ MNRJ); 23/I/1945 (1♀, 1♂ AMNH); 30/III/1945 (2♀, 2♂ AMNH); II/1942 (3♀, 2♂ CEAH); no date (1♀ CEAH, 5♀, 5♂ MNRJ); XII/1965 (8♀, 4♂ MZSP); XII/1966 (1♂ MZSP); no collector, II/1942 (1♂ CEAH) ; Rio Vermelho, Dirings , III /1957 (21♀, 10♂ MZSP); XII/1948 (2♀, 1♂ MZSP) . São Paulo: Barueri, K. Lenko, 01/I/1956 (1♀ DZUP); 01/V/1961 (1♀ MZSP); 02/IV/1966 (4♀, 1♂ MZSP); 04/I/1967 (1♀ MZSP); 05/XI/1960 (1♀, 2♂ MZSP); 09/IV/1961 (2♀ MZSP); 10/ III/1962 (1♀, 1♂ MZSP); 10/XII/1966 (1♀ MZSP); 12/II/1957 (1♀ MZSP); 14/I/1961 (2♀, 2♂ MZSP); 15/X/1960 (2♀, 2♂ MZSP); 16/XII/1965 (3♀ MZSP); 17/XII/1960 (5♀ MZSP); 22/I/1961 (1♀ MZSP); 22/X/1960 (2♀, 8♂ MZSP); 30/XII/1966 (1♂ MZSP); I/1965 (8♀, 4♂ MZSP); I/1966 (1♂ MZSP); III /1966 (1♂ MZSP); X/1958 (5♀, 6♂ MZSP); XI/1964 (3♀, 4♂ MZSP); XI/1965 (4♀, 6♂ MZSP); XII/1962 (1♀ MZSP); XII/1964 (1♀ MZSP); XII/1965 (3♀, 2♂ MZSP); XII/1966 (1♂ MZSP) ; Botucatu, Capivara, Ilse Gottsberger, no date (5♀, 4♂ IGGT) ; Botucatu, Pardinho, Ilse Gottsberger, no date (3♀, 1♂ IGGT) ; Estação Ecológica Paranapiacaba , Reichardt & Werner, 24/IX/1961 (1♂ MZSP) ; Horto Florestal Cantareira, A. Jer., 06/IX/1993 (1♀ MZSP) ; Itanhaém , Silva, M.C. C., 18/1999– 29/I/2000 (2♀ MZSP) ; Itu, Fazenda Pau d’Alho, F. S. Pereira, no date (1♀ MZSP) ; U. Martins, 08/ XI/1969 (2♀ MZSP); 28/X/1961 (1♂ MZSP); X/1965 (1♀ MZSP) ; Pindamonhangaba, Eug. Lefevre , Exp. Dep. Zool., 21/XII/1962 (1♂ MZSP) ; Registro , APTA Regional, B. A. S. Medeiros, 04/I/2007 (2♀, 6♂ MZSP) ; São Paulo, Cidade Universitária, B. A. S. Medeiros , III /2011 (1♂ MZSP) ; São Paulo, Ipiranga, C. Campaner, II/2001 (1♀ MZSP) ; São Paulo, Santana, F. Halik, 13/I/1963 (2♀, 2♂ MZSP); 15/II/1960 (1♂ MZSP); 15/XII/1957 (6♀, 6♂ MZSP); I/1958 (56♀, 40♂ MZSP) ; São Roque, H. Lane, 1961 (1♀ MZSP) ; Ubatuba , Base Inst. Ocean., P. Montouchet, 26/I–09/II/1971 (1♀, 1♂ MZSP) .

NO COUNTRY. No region : No locality, no collector, no date (8♀, 3♂ CEAH, 3♀, 2♂ MACN) .

ILLEGIBLE. illegible: illegible, collector illegible, date illegible (1♂ MNRJ); Muller, II/1943 (6♀, 2♂ MNRJ) .

Figures

FIGURE 1. Measurements taken and views used to take them, exemplified with a male of A. aegrotus. Scales: 500 µm. A Head, dorsal view: rostrum width at apex, rostrum width at base, distance between eyes above, head width. B Head, lateral view: rostrum length. C Head, ventral view: distance between eyes below. D Eye, frontal view: eye height and eye length. E Prothorax, dorsal view: prothorax length, prothorax width at base, scutellum length, scutellum width (in case scutellum at a different angle, an additional view with a detail of the scutellum was used). F Prosternum, ventral view: length of prosternum, coxal width. G Elytra, dorsal view: width of one elytrum. H Elytra, lateral view: length of elytra. I Proleg, lateral view: length of profemur, width of profemur, length of protibial, width of protibial. J Antenna, lateral view: length of scape, width of scape, length of each antennomere of the funicle, width of each antennomere of the funicle, length of club, width of club. K Male genitalia, dorsal view: width of aedeagus at base. L Male genitalia, lateral view: Length of aedeagus following the ventral curvature, length of ventral sclerotization beyond the insertion of apodemes, height of aedeagus, length of an apodeme following its curvature.

FIGURE 2. Heads of species of Anchylorhynchus. Scale: 500 µm. A A. centrosquamatus, male, showing five well-defined dorsal carinae in the rostrum and scales on the head directed to the interocular fovea. B A. centrosquamatus, male, showing the pairs of lateral carinae along the scrobe, totaling 7 carinae in the rostrum. C A. pinocchio, female, showing five dorsal carinae poorly defined towards the base. D A. pinocchio, female, showing the lateral carinae poorly defined towards the base. E A. aegrotus, showing scales in the head smaller and directed to the base of the head. F A. burmeisteri, showing scales in the head directed to the rostrum. G A. tricarinatus, male, showing three well-defined dorsal carinae. H A. tricarinatus, male, showing no lateral carinae. I A. bicarinatus, male, with three well-defined dorsal carinae. H A. bicarinatus, male, with only two dorsal carinae and no central carina.

FIGURE 3. Antennae of males of species of Anchylorhynchus. Scales: 500 µm. A A. bicolor. B A. chrysomeloides. C A. variabilis D A. minimus. E A. pinocchio. F A. trapezicollis. G A. latipes. H A. rectus. I A. albidus.

FIGURE 4. Left mandibles of species of Anchylorhynchus (ventral view). Scales: 100 µm. A A. amazonicus. B A. trapezicollis. C A. tricarinatus D A. minimus. E A. tremolerasi. F A. variabilis. G A. aegrotus. H A. vanini.

FIGURE 5. Left maxillae of species of Anchylorhynchus (ventral view). Scales: 50 µm. A A. amazonicus. B A. trapezicollis. C A. tricarinatus. D A. minimus. E A. tremolerasi. F A. bucki. G A. aegrotus. H A. vittipennis. I A. variabilis.

FIGURE 6. Labia of species of Anchylorhynchus (dorsal view). Scales: 50 µm. Palp setae illustrated only on left side and lateral-apical setae of prementum only on right side. A A. amazonicus. B A. trapezicollis. C A. minimus. D A. pinocchio. E A. tricarinatus. F A. tremolerasi. G A. bicolor. H A. bucki. I A. aegrotus J A. variabilis.

FIGURE 7. Prothorax of species of Anchylorhynchus, dorsal view. Arrows show microsetae on disk. Scales: 500 μm. A A. trapezicollis. B A. bicarinatus. C A. aegrotus. D A. vittipennis.

FIGURE 8. Prothorax of all Anchylorhynchus species. Except for A. parcus, only known from the male holotype, the thorax of a male (left) and a female (right) are shown for each species. Arrows show the direction of scales in each position. Scale: 500 µm. A A. aegrotus. B A. albidus. C A. amazonicus. D A. bicarinatus. E A. bicolor. F A. bucki. G A. burmeisteri. H A. camposi. I A. centrosquamatus (from de Medeiros & Núñez-Avellaneda 2013). J A. chrysomeloides. K A. goiano. L A. imitator. M A. latipes. N A. luteobrunneus (from de Medeiros & Núñez-Avellaneda 2013). O A. minimus. P A. multisquamis. Q A. parcus. R A. pinocchio (from de Medeiros & Núñez-Avellaneda 2013). S A. rectus. T A. trapezicollis U A. tremolerasi V A. tricarinatus W A. vanini X A. variabilis Y A. vittipennis.

FIGURE 10. Habitus of species of Anchylorhynchus. Some images are mirrored in relation to originals. Scales: 1 mm. A A. aegrotus (male) B A. aegrotus (female) C A. albidus D A. amazonicus (male holotype) E–F A. amazonicus (Canaã dos Carajás, Brazil) G A. bicarinatus H–K A. bicolor. Photographs in K provided by Roberta Valente based on specimens loaned from NHMUK. L A. bucki.

FIGURE 14. Habitus of species of Anchylorhynchus (continued). Scales: 1 mm. A A. variabilis (female). B–C A. vittipennis.

FIGURE 24. Geographical distribution of species of Anchylorhynchus based on specimens examined, excluding suspicious locations as indicated in the main text. The distribution of A. parcus is unknown. A A. aegrotus, A. albidus, A. amazonicus, A. centrosquamatus. B A. bicarinatus, A. bicolor, A. burmeisteri, A. rectus. C A. bucki, A. goiano, A. imitator, A. luteobrunneus. D A. camposi, A. minimus, A. multisquamis, A. tremolerasi. E A. latipes, A. pinocchio, A. trapezicollis, A. vittipennis. F A. chrysomeloides, A. tricarinatus, A. vanini, A. variabilis.