Diaspididae, Bacteriodetes A, 1096

Normark, Benjamin B., Okusu, Akiko, Morse, Geoffrey E., Peterson, Daniel A., Itioka, Takao & Schneider, Scott A., 2019, Phylogeny and classification of armored scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Diaspididae), Zootaxa 4616 (1), pp. 1-98 : 46-47

Key to subfamilies of Diaspididae

1 AF permanently enclosed within sclerotized cuticle of 2F (pupillarial); without plates or gland spines; ducts absent or minute; perivulvar pores, when present, forming a horizontal band anterior to vulva; antenna multisetose (rarely unisetose); with 0–3 (usually 0) pairs of pygidial lobes; median lobes, when present, roughly quadrate, with serrate to notched apical margin (sometimes appearing bilobed); body size minute (0.4–0.8 mm long); 2F body margin without plates; with or without gland spines; with or without ducts—when marginal ducts present, these are 2-barred and often short and wide (barrel-shaped); CR abdominal segments III–VI each with 2 submedian setae (1 dorsal, 1 ventral); head without dorsal ducts; abdominal segment II with a submedian dorsal duct; M diploid, with half of the chromosomes heterochromatic; antenna 6-segmented, without annulations; Nearctic and Neotropical................................................................ ANCEPASPIDINAE - AF permanently enclosed within the sclerotized cuticle of 2F (pupillarial) or not (non-pupillarial); usually with gland spines, or plates, or both; ducts usually present, often large; perivulvar pores, when present, usually in 4–5 groups, some pores situated posterolaterad of vulva; antenna unisetose or (less commonly) multisetose; with 0–5 (usually 1–3) pairs of pygidial lobes; median lobes various, but never appearing bilobed; body size various (0.4–3 mm long); 2F body margin with or without plates; with or without gland spines; usually with ducts, which may be 1- or 2-barred and of various sizes and shapes; CR abdominal segments III–VI each with 1 submedian seta, which may be dorsal or ventral; head with or without dorsal ducts; if submarginal dorsal ducts are absent from head, abdominal segment II lacks a submedial dorsal duct; M haploid, without heterochromatic chromosomes or (less commonly) diploid, with half of the chromosomes heterochromatic; antenna 5- or 6- segmented, with or without annulations; widespread.......................................................................... 2

2 AF antenna with 3–8 setae; plates distinctive, consisting of a dorsoventrally thickened portion that appears bifurcate or trifurcate and a thinner marginal portion stretched between the tines; without fringing on plates and without gland spines; without pores near posterior spiracle; first 3 pygidial lobes similar in shape, unilobular, without notches; dorsal ducts very thin, resembling ventral microducts; M diploid, with half of the chromosomes heterochromatic; circumtropical, extending to temperate regions of South Africa and Australia, and in greenhouses...................................... FURCASPIDINAE

- AF antenna unisetose or (less commonly) multisetose; plates, when present, of uniform thickness and often fringed; with or without gland spines; with or without pores near posterior spiracle; lobes various; ducts various, dorsal ducts often wider than ventral microducts; M haploid, without heterochromatic chromosomes or (less commonly) diploid, with half of the chromosomes heterochromatic; widespread....................................................................... 3

3 AF usually with fringed plates and without gland spines; L2 and L3, when present, unilobular; ducts 1- or 2-barred; orifices of marginal macroducts, if oblong, with long axis usually parallel to body margin; pores by anterior spiracle present or absent, when present usually 5-locular; 2F usually with fringed plates; L2 unilobular; CR abdominal segment II with submedian dorsal duct; abdominal segments III–VI without dorsal submedian setae; abdominal segments IV–VI each without ventral submedian seta; head and mesothorax each with submarginal or submedial dorsal duct; terminal segment of antenna with 2 apical setae; tarsus with seta near base of claw; tarsus and tibia fused or separated by a septum; AM midcranial ridge with dorsal branches reduced; tubercular ocelli present; pronotal ridges present; abdomen without dorsal setae on segments IV–VII; M haploid without heterochromatic chromosomes or diploid with half of the chromosomes heterochromatic; widespread.............................................................................................. ASPIDIOTINAE

- AF usually without fringed plates and with gland spines; L2 usually bilobular, L3 bilobular or unilobular; ducts usually 2- barred; orifices of marginal macroducts, if oblong, with long axis oblique or perpendicular to body margin; pores by anterior spiracle usually present, usually 3-locular; 2F usually without fringed plates; L2 usually bilobular; CR abdominal segment II without submedian dorsal duct; abdominal segments III–VI each with dorsal submedian seta; abdominal segments IV–VI each with ventral submedian seta; head and mesothorax without submarginal or submedial dorsal ducts; terminal segment of antenna with 1 apical seta; tarsus with or without seta near base of claw; tarsus and tibia separated by a septum; AM midcranial ridge with dorsal branches present; tubercular ocelli absent; pronotal ridges absent; abdomen with dorsal setae on segments IV–VII; M haploid, without heterochromatic chromosomes; widespread.............................. DIASPIDINAE