Rhinolophus

Dobson, George Edward, 1878, Rhinolophus, Catalogue of the Chiroptera in the collection of the British Museum, London: British Museum, pp. 100-122 : 100-104

. RHINOLOPHUS .

Rhinolophus, Geoffroy. Desrn. Nouv. Did. d'Hist. Nat. 1803 , xix. p. 383; Bonaparte, Saggio di una distrib. anim. vertebr. 1831, p. 16; Deters, MB. Akad. Beri. 1871, p. 303; Dobson, Monogr. Asiat. Chiropt. p. 37 (1876)..

Aquias , Phyllotis , Rhinolophus, Gray, P. Z. S. 1866, p. 81 .

Nose-leaf very complicated, consisting of three distinct portions —anterior, central, and posterior; the anterior horizontal portion is horseshoe-shaped, usually angularly emarginate in front, contain ­ ing within its circumference the nasal orifices and the central erect nasal process; the posterior nose-leaf is triangular, erect, with cells on its anterior surface; the central process rises between and behind the nasal orifices, is flattened anteriorly, and posteriorly sends back­

wards a vertical, laterally compressed process, which is either con ­ nected with the front surface of the posterior nose-leaf or free. Base of the outer side of the car expanded, forming a large antitragus. Wings very large; metacarpal bone of fourth finger exceeding that of second in length. Basioccipital very narrow between the auditory bullae, in most species linear; cochleae prominent, deeply grooved externally; foramen rotundum united with sphenoidal fissure.

Dentition. Ine. c. pm. |=|, m.

Second lower premolar generally minute and placed outside the tooth-row; first upper premolar minuto, pointed, standing in the tooth-row or lying in the outer angle between the closely approxi ­ mated canine and second large premolar.

Range. Temperate and tropical parts of the eastern hemisphere —from Ireland to Japan, from South Africa to Australia, New Guinea and New Ireland.

In temperate regions the species hibernate in dry and warm hiding-places during the winter, not venturing abroad while any cold remains; in tropical and subtropical countries they are fond of frequenting hill-ranges; and many of the species are clothed with remarkably long and dense fur.

Synopsis of the Species.

A.Second upper premolar separated from the canine by a rather wide space, in the centre of which the first small premolar is placed; second lower premolar small, but distinctly visible, placed in the outer angle between the adjoining premolars, or (rarely) stand­ ing in the tooth-row.

a. Central nose-leaf or sella not united with the terminal portion of the nose-leaf, the posterior extremity of the connecting process being received into a concavity in the front surface of the terminal lancet­ shaped leaf.

. Antitragus large, separated posteriorly by a deep angular notch; forearm " -. 85..................................................... Rh. coelophyllus , p. 104.

b. Central nose-leaf or sella united posteriorly by a laterally flattened band (the poste­ rior connecting-process) with the upper and front surface of the base of the ter ­ minal nose-leaf.

b ’. Horizontal portion of the sella expanded, much wider than the base of its vertical process.

b". Sides of the base of the sella folded inwards and backwards.

2. Summit of the vertical process of the sella broadly rounded oft' or _ truncated; forearm 2"'9.............. Rh. luctus , p. 10-5.

3. Summit of the vertical process of the sella narrowly rounded off or subacute; forearm 2".................. Rh. trifoliatus , p. 106.

c". Sides of the base of the sella turned up wards,forming acup-shaped cavity above and between the nasal ori­ fices.

4. Antitragus separated posteriorly by

a shallow notch; lower lip with

a single groove; forearm 2"-25.. Uh. mitratus , p. 107.

6. Antitragus separated by a deep an­

gular groove; lower lip with three

grooves; forearm " -85 .............. Rh. philippinensis , p. 107.

d"- Sides of the base of the sella forming

rather long triangular projections.

6. Horseshoe-shapedmembranedivided

in front by a longitudinal groove

with raised edges; forearm 2"'2., Rh. euryotis , p. 108.

c'. Horizontal portion of the sella not ex­

panded, scarcely wider than the base

of its vertical process.

e". Upper margin of the posterior con­

necting-process of the sella conjoined

with the summit of the vertical pro ­

cess at the same level, not exceeding

it posteriorly in height.

7. Vertical process of the sella nar­

rowed abruptly about the middle

and rounded off ahove; lower lip

with a single vertical groove;

forearm 2"-2................................. Rh. pearsonii , p. 108.

8. Sides of the vertical process of the

sella straight, summit triangular;

lower lip with three grooves;

forearm 2"-1................................. Rh. rufus , p. 109.

f". Upper margin of the posterior con ­

necting-process exceeding the sum ­

mit of the anterior vertical process

in height.

f". Upper margin of the posterior con­

necting-process forming a low

rounded projection, slightly ex­

ceeding the summit of the vertical

process of the sella in height.

a. Vertical process of the sella broad,

as broad as the horizontal por ­

tion above the nostrils.

9. Ears longer than the head;

forearm 1"'6......................... Rh. manrotis , p. 110.

ss. Vertical process of the sella nar ­

rower than the horizontal por ­

tion.

o'. Ears as long as the head.

10. Horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf

broad, concealing the muz ­

zle; forearm 1 ” '9, thumb

0,,-3 ................................. Rh. megaphyllus , p. 110.

ss'. Ears shorter than the head.

12. Horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf broad, concealing the muz ­ zle; forearm 2"'05, thumb 0 *45 ................................. Rh.andamanensis ,^. 113.

11. Horseshoe-shaped nose-leaf leaving the sides of the muzzle uncovered; forearm „ 2"T, thumb 0"-35 .......... Rh. affinis , p. 112.

g' " Upper margin of the posterior connecting-process forming a more or less acute projection, exceeding considerably the summit of the vertical process of the sella in height.

y- Sides of the vertical process of the sella parallel, summit broadly rounded off.

y. Antitragus separated poste ­ riorly by a deep angular notch.

y". Terminal process of the pos ­ terior nose-leaf short and narrow.

13. Wings from the metatarsi or from base of the toes; forearm T'-9.................. Rh. acuminatila , p. 113.

14. Wings from the ankles; forearm 2" .................. Rh. petersii , p. 114.

15. Wings from the ankles; forearm 1"-5.................. Rh. minor , p, 114.

8”. Terminal process of the posterior nose-leaf broad, forming an equilateral tri ­ angle.

16. Wings from the ankles; forearm " -3.................. Rh. garoensis , p. 115.

S'. Antitragus separated posteriorly by a shallow notch.

17. Wings from the tibiae above the ankles; forearm 1"'8.. Rh, euryale , p. 110,

Sides of the vertical process of the sella converging upwards.

t. Antitragus separated posteriorly by a shallow notch.

18. Wings from the ankles; forearm " ’8...................... Rh. hlasii , p. 117.

f. Antitragus separated posteriorly by a deep angular notch.

19. Wings from the ankles; forearm T' -5...................... Rh. hipposideros , p. 117.

c. Sides of the vertical process of the sella concave.

rj'. Antitragus separated posteriorly by a shallow notch.

20. Wings from the ankles or tibiae; forearm " -7.......... Rh. lancieri , p. 118.

B. Second upper premolar close to the canineÇ

the iirst small premolar either quite exter­

nal to the tooth-row or wedged in between

the canine and second premolar; second

lower premolar very small, generally with

difficulty distinguished, always external to

the tooth-row *.

r]". Ears not attenuated near

their extremities; first up­

per premolar wedged in be ­

tween the canine and second

premolar, or half external.

22. Ears much shorter than

the head; forearm " -75 I. clivosus , p. 120.

23. Ears as long or longer

than the head; forearm

1"'9 ........................... Rh. capensis , p. 2.

Ö ". Ears attenuated near their

extremities; first upper

premolar quite external to

the tooth-row.

24. Ears shorter than the

head, obtusely pointed;

horeshoe-shaped nose­

leafbroad, concealingthe

muzzle; forearm 2”-2.. Rh. athiops , p. 122.

21. Ears shorter than the

head, very acutely point­

ed; horseshoe small, not

concealing the sides of

the muzzle; forearm

2”-25............................. Rh. ferrum-equinum ,

p. 119.