Aspidiotinae (Diaspididae)

Smith-Pardo, Allan H., Evans, Gregory A. & Dooley, John W., 2012, A review of the genus Chrysomphalus Ashmead (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Diaspididae) with descriptions of a new species and a new, related genus, Zootaxa 3570, pp. 1-24 : 3-4

Key to the Aspidiotinae (Diaspididae) genera similar to the genus Chrysomphalus

1a. Paraphyses arising only from basal angles of lobes, not from an interlobular space, sometimes with a weak sclerotization close to paraphysis at basal angle of lobe............................................................... 2

1b. Paraphyses arising from basal angles of lobes and at least one interlobular space, usually located more or less halfway between lobes..................................................................................... 5

2a (1a). Anal opening large, space between opening and posterior margin of pygidium not more than 2x diameter of opening; L2 and L3 usually reduced to small points; paraphyses wide and robust; plates usually with fringed apices........................................................................................ Hemiberlesia Cockerell, 1897

2b. Anal opening small, space between opening and posterior margin of pygidium more than 2x diameter of opening; L2 and often L3 well developed; paraphyses slender; plates variable................................................ 3

3a (2b). L2 and L3 well developed; plates usually well developed and with fringed apices..... Abgrallaspis Balachowsky, 1948

3b. L3 not developed; L2 developed but often only as small points; plates usually short, and spine-like, without fringed apices................................................................................................. 4

4a (3b). Paraphyses arising from lateral angle of L1 typically elongate, slender and terminating in a heavily sclerotized knob.............................................................................. Clavaspis MacGillivray, 1921

4b. Paraphyses arising from lateral angle of L1 not terminating in a heavily sclerotized knob.. Diaspidiotus Cockerell, 1897

5a (1b). Lateral margin of pygidium entirely without plates or gland spines; paraphyses absent anterior to L3.............................................................................................. Targionia Signoret, 1869

5b. Lateral margin of pygidium with at least a few plates or gland spines; paraphyses present or absent anterior to L3..... 6

6a (5b). Pygidium with 5 plates between L1 and L2; L2 larger than L1 with many short teeth and L2 closer to L3 than to L1; 2 paraphyses present between L1 and L2................................................ Pentalaminaspis nov. gen.

6b. Pygidium with fewer than 4 plates or gland spines between L1 and L2; L2 not larger than L1, and L2 located closer to L1 than to L3; with 0 or 1 paraphyses present between L1 and L2.............................................. 7

7a (6b). Pygidial margin anterior to L4 not heavily sclerotized, without a series of short paraphyses; plates anterior to L3 conspicuous, branched, fringed or clubbed, their length usually exceeding that of lobes; anus usually located closer to posterior margin than to vulva................................................................................ 8

7b. Pygidial margin anterior to L4 heavily sclerotized, often with a series of short paraphyses; plates anterior to L3 not as long and conspicuous, and may be branched, fringed or spine-like, their length usually not exceeding that of lobes; anus usually in middle or closer to vulva than posterior margin....................................................... 10

8a (7a). Paraphyses absent or, if present, poorly developed, short, not exceeding length of lobes; paraphyses in L2–L3 interlobular space absent or not pronounced....................................... Dynaspidiotus Thiem & Gerneck, 1934

8b. Paraphyses well-developed, long and slender, each as long as, or exceeding, length of lobes; paraphyses in L2–L3 interlobular space well-developed, long and slender............................................................. 9

9a (8b). Prosoma of mature female strongly sclerotized, reniform shaped with lateral lobes more or less enclosing pygidium in most species; paraphyses relatively short, about as long as lobes in most species.. Aonidiella Berlese & Leonardi, 1896

9b. Prosoma of mature female, if strongly sclerotized, not reniform in shape and with lateral lobes not enclosing pygidium; paraphyses relatively long, much longer than lobes in most species.................. Chrysomphalus Ashmead, 1880

10a (7b). Pygidium broad at the base, elongate and tapering apically to a point, lateral margins tending to be slightly concave; with 3 pairs of pygidial lobes; L4 reduced to a point or absent; margin anterior to L4 heavily sclerotized; and with or without an extended series of well-developed, quite long, closely set paraphyses; often with most or all paraphyses between L1 and L4 similar in length................................................................................. 11

10b. Pygidium usually short and broad, not tapering apically to an acute point, lateral margins tending to be convex; usually with 4 or 5 pairs of pygidial lobes; L4 usually well developed;; margin anterior to L4 lightly to heavily sclerotized, paraphyses anterior to L4 absent, weakly developed or rather few; often with most or all paraphyses between L1 and L4 variable in length................................................................................... 13

11a (10a). Pygidium with 4 or more pairs of well-developed pygidial lobes; margin anterior to L4 without distinct paraphyses; plates between lobes long, distinctly longer than length of lobes................................ Marginaspis Hall, 1946

11b. Pygidium with 3 pairs of pygidial lobes; margin anterior to L4 with paraphyses; plates between lobes short to moderate in length, not distinctly longer than length of lobes......................................................... 12

12a (11b). Pygidium tapering apically an acute point.............................................. Acutaspis Ferris, 1941

12b. Pygidium tapering apically to a rounded or truncate apex......................... Lindingaspis MacGillivray, 1921

13a (10b). Pygidium with longest paraphyses arising from the lateral corner of base of lobes (usually with 2 paraphyses between L1 and L2 and between L2 and L3); dorsum of pygidium divided into sclerotized areas; large V-shaped reticulate sclerotized area on A6 always present.............................................. Crenulaspidiotus MacGillivray, 1921

13b. Pygidium with longest paraphyses in interlobular space(s); usually with 1 paraphysis between L1 and L2 and another between L2 and L3; dorsum of pygidium not divided into sclerotized areas and without a large V-shaped reticulate sclerotized area on A6.................................................................................. 14

14a (13b). Anterior margin of head of mature female distinctly sclerotized, differentiated from lateral margin, resembling a “cap”.............................................................................. Mycetaspis Cockerell, 1897

14b. Anterior margin of head of mature female not distinctly sclerotized or differentiated from lateral margin, not resembling a “cap”...................................................................... Melanaspis Cockerell, 1897