Serromyia Meigen

Borkent, Art, 2014, The Pupae of the Biting Midges of the World (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), With a Generic Key and Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationships Between Genera, Zootaxa 3879 (1), pp. 1-327 : 67-68

Serromyia Meigen

( Figs. 20G , 25D , 30A , 36D , 44N , 49D , 60C , 74H )

DIAGNOSIS: Only pupa of Ceratopogonidae with abdominal segment 4 sensilla L-1-IV, L-2-IV and L-3-IV close together on a rounded tubercle ( Fig. 60C ).

DESCRIPTION: Total length = 3.10–4.19 mm. Without larval exuviae retained on abdomen. Exuviae with flagellum appressed against lateral margin of face, midleg, wing (as in Figs. 15D , 33B ). Ecdysial tear medial to base of antenna (as in Figs. 15D , 79D ). Head: Dorsal apotome ( Fig. 20G ), without ventral line of weakness, with short dorsomedial tubercle, without central dome; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite (as in Fig. 13B ) separated from scutum by thin cuticle, but partially fused to scutum upon emergence, each side separated medially by dorsal apotome in whole pupa; mouthparts ( Fig. 25D ) with mandible well-developed, lacinia absent; palpus extending posterior to posterolateral margin of labium; labium entire (not divided medially); apex of antenna ( Fig. 36D ) anterior to posterior extent of midlength portion of midleg (portion lateral to mesosternum), narrowed posteriorly; sensilla: dorsal apotomals ( Fig. 20G )—1 short seta, 1 campaniform sensillum; dorsolateral cephalic sclerite sensilla—1–2 short setae (1 specimen with one very short, 1 elongate seta), 1 campaniform sensillum; clypeallabrals ( Fig. 25D )—absent; oculars ( Fig. 25D )—1 campaniform sensillum. Thorax: Prothoracic extension ( Fig. 25D ) wide, well-developed, extending from palpus to antenna; mesonotum with short tubercles, not extending posteromedially, not dividing metathorax medially ( Fig. 49D ); respiratory organ ( Fig. 44N ) length/width = 2.64–4.09, moderately elongate, wide apically, somewhat flattened laterally or circular in cross-section, with pores closely abutting or slightly separated at apex of respiratory organ, arranged in single row, outer surface smooth, with short, wide pedicel, base without posteromedial apodeme, membranous base of respiratory organ moderately elongate, tracheal tube straight to slightly curved along length, with spirals restricted to base or to half length, distally with plates; wing ( Fig. 36D ) without apical tubercle or angle, separated medially by fore-, midlegs; halter apex and hind leg (as in Fig. 33A ) broadly abutting; halter apex abutting anterolateral knob-like extension of tergite 2; legs ( Fig. 36D ) with lateral margin of foreleg near midlength of wing evenly curved; hind leg visible at lateral margin of wing (as in Fig. 32L ); with apex of foreleg moderately anterior to apex of midleg; apex of hind leg abutting apex of midleg laterally; sensilla: anteromedials—1 seta; anterolaterals—1 seta; dorsal setae ( Fig. 30A )—D-1-T, D-2-T, D-4-T, D-5-T setae, D-3-T campaniform sensillum; D-1-T, D-2-T on single tubercle, D-3-T posterior to D-4-T; supraalar 2—campaniform sensillum; metathoracics ( Fig. 49D )—1 small seta, 2 campaniform sensilla; M-3-T near anterior margin of metathorax. Abdomen: without pigmentation pattern, segment 2 as wide or slightly wider than segment 3, segments with undivided, thin to thick setae, with rounded short tubercles, tergites or sternites entire, each without membranous disc; segment 9 ( Fig. 74H ) not strongly modified, terminal processes closely approximated basally, each projecting posterodorsolaterally, tapering to pointed apex; sensilla: tergite 1 ( Fig. 49D ) with 8 setae, 2 campaniform sensilla, including 4 lateral sensilla, D-2-I, D-3-I closely approximated, D- 7-I situated anterolaterally near L-1-I; segment 4 ( Fig. 60C )—D-2-IV peg-like seta, D-3-IV short slender setae, on rounded tubercles; D-5-IV, D-8-IV short setae, D-9-IV absent; D-5-IV on short separate tubercle, D-4-IV and D-8- IV on short separate tubercle, posterior dorsal sensilla in transverse row, arranged medially to laterally: D-5-IV, D- 4-IV, D-8-IV; D-7-IV near L-1-IV; L-1-IV on rounded tubercle with L-2-IV, L-3-IV all short setae, L-4-IV on short tubercle, V-5-IV, V-6-IV, V-7-IV short setae, on rounded tubercles, V-5-IV, V-6-IV on single tubercle; segment 8 without D-3-VIII, without L-1-VIII; segment 9 ( Fig. 74H )—with D-5-IX, D-6-IX campaniform sensilla.

DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT: The genus Serromyia is known from 35 species from every Region worldwide other than the Neotropical Region ( Borkent & Bissett 1990; Borkent 2014 ). Species have been collected from bogs, fens, wet meadows, streams or small rivers. At least within the Holarctic Region, species are restricted to wooded areas. Strenzke (1950) and Thienemann (1950) found immatures in mosses at lake margins in Germany and Kettle & Lawson (1952) found larvae in mud associated with marshlands.

TAXONOMIC DISCUSSION: There are only two species of Serromyia known as pupae (with one of these actually of uncertain identity) ( Tables 2–3 ).

Of the five specimens of Serromyia available for study, one was of S. atra and previously studied by Borkent & Bissett (1990). It included a pharate adult, ensuring correct identification of this specimen. Of the remaining specimens, three were of pupal exuviae and one of a whole pupae, all previously slide mounted, with old, similar labels (perforated edges), with the same handwriting (likely that of Thienemann), and at least one collected by Strenzke (1950, site 220, Grosser Ukleisee, Germany), with the notation "gez." (short for gezüchtet, meaning reared). Strenzke (1950:349) noted that larvae were "not rare in damp mosses [in German]". All were previously identified as S. femorata (probably by Strenzke), even though no associated adult material was present. The pupa was young, so there were no pharate adult features to be studied. As such, there is a level of uncertainty as to both the species identification ( Borkent & Bissett 1990) as well as the generic identity. However, it appeared that all four were conspecific and Strenzke likely correctly identified the emerged adults as Serromyia , considering their distinctively fat and spinose hind femora. The pupae also matched the description of S. femorata by Kettle & Lawson (1952) and were very similar to that of S. atra , further suggesting that the generic identification of these specimens is correct.

Borkent and Bissett (1990) missed the sensillum coeloconica D-7-IV on abdominal segment 4 of the Serromyia pupa they illustrated.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: S. atra : 1 pupa, Schöhsees, Germany (ZSMC). S. femorata : 1 pupa, 2 pupal exuviae, no locality, date (likely Thienemann collection, ZSMC); 1 pupal exuviae, Grosser Ukleisee, Germany (likely Thienemann collection, ZSMC).

Figures

FIGURE 13. Anterior portion of heads and thoraces, in anterior or anterodorsal view. A. Leptoconops kerteszi, ecdysial sutures of head enhanced to show position. B. Culicoides denticulatus. C. Ceratopogon nr. abstrusus. D. Brachypogon sp. (from 6 km E. Falkland, BC, Canada). E. Alluaudomyia bella, dorsal apotome absent. F. Clinohelea curriei. G. Pellucidomyia leei. H. Mallochohelea caudellii. I. Bezzia sp. (from Bolean Lake, BC, Canada).

FIGURE 15. Anterior portion of heads. A. Culicoides denticulatus, in anteroventral view. B. Ceratopogon nr. abstrusus, in anterior view. C. Brachypogon sp., in anterior view (from 6 km E. Falkland, BC, Canada). D. Stilobezzia antennalis, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present. E. Allohelea japonica, in ventral view, dorsal apotome not present (distorted slide specimen). F. Atyphohelea macroneura, in ventral view, right side of head, dorsal apotome not present.

FIGURE 20. Dorsal apotomes, anterior view. A. Stilobezzia soror (from Mayer 1934c). B. Stilobezzia lutea (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). C. Stilobezzia antennalis (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). D. Stilobezzia pallidiventris (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). E. Schizonyxhelea forattinii (from Borkent 2000a). F. Schizonyxhelea bulla (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, modified). G. Serromyia sp.. H. Allohelea japonica. I. Monohelea obscura. J. Atyphohelea macroneura (from Borkent 1998). K. Parabezzia alexanderi male (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a, modified). L. Parabezzia alexanderi female (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a, modified). M. Clinohelea dryas (from Elson-Harris & Kettle 1986). N. Clinohelea tasmaniensis (from Elson-Harris & Kettle 1986). O. Heteromyia wokei (from Wirth & Grogan 1977, modified). P. Pellucidomyia leei (from Elson-Harris & Kettle 1986).

FIGURE 25. Posterior portion of heads, in ventral view. A. Stilobezzia antennalis. B. Stilobezzia rabelloi (from Borkent & Craig 2001). C. Schizonyxhelea bulla. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica. F. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen). G. Atyphohelea macroneura. H. Parabezzia huberti.

FIGURE 30. Dorsal setae from left side of thoraces. A. Serromyia sp. B. Allohelea japonica. C. Monohelea obscura. D. Atyphohelea macroneura. E. Parabezzia huberti. F. Echinohelea lanei. G. Clinohelea curriei. H. Heteromyia clavata. I. Pellucidomyia leei. J. Dibezzia debenhamae (dirty specimen, D-5-T perhaps broken setal socket). K. Hebetula tonnoiri. L. Jenkinshelea magnipennis. M. Macropeza natalensis. N. Mallochohelea caudellii. O. Probezzia sabroskyi. P. Neobezzia fittkaui (from Ronderos et al. 2011, modified). Q. Nilobezzia curticornis. R. Johannsenomyia argentata. S. Lanatomyia miles. T. Anebomyia atripes.

FIGURE 32. Cephalothoraces and abdominal segments 1–3, in lateral view. A. Austroconops mcmillani. B. Leptoconops linleyi. C. Forcipomyia (Phytohelea) sp. (Florida, USA). D. Atrichopogon sp. (from 6.5 km NW Enderby, BC, Canada). E. Dasyhelea sp., in anteroventral view (Herman Lake, 4 km SE Eagle Bay, BC, Canada). F. Dasyhelea oppresa. G. Culicoides denticulatus. H. Ceratopogon nr. abstrusus. I. Brachypogon sp. (from 6 km E. Falkland, BC, Canada). J. Alluaudomyia bella. K. Baeodasymyia michaeli. L. Stilobezzia antennalis.

FIGURE 33. Cephalothoraces and abdominal segments 1–3, in lateral view. A. Parabezzia sp. (5 km. E. Danby, Vermont, USA). B. Clinohelea curriei. C. Pellucidomyia leei. D. Hebetula tonnoiri. E. Jenkinshelea sp. (from Ottawa, ON, Canada). F. Mallochohelea caudellii. G. Probezzia seminigra. H. Nilobezzia sp. (from Kruger NP, South Africa). I. Sphaeromias longipennis. J. Bezzia sp. (6 km E. Salmon Arm, BC, Canada) K. Palpomyia sp. (Black Lake, Quebec, Canada). L. Phaenobezzia sp. (from Skulsuza, South Africa).

FIGURE 36. Legs, wings and apices of the antennae, in ventral view. A. Stilobezzia antennalis. B. Stilobezzia lutea. C. Schizonyxhelea forattinii. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica (reconstructed from distorted specimen). F. Monohelea obscura (reconstructed from distorted specimen).

FIGURE 44. Respiratory organs, in dorsal view, pattern on tracheal tubes shown only in some. A. Alluaudomyia latipennis (from Debenham 1971). B. Alluaudomyia footei (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). C. Baeodasymyia christopheri (from Borkent & Craig 1999). D. Austrohelea campbellensis. E. Stilobezzia antennalis (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, modified). F. Stilobezzia glauca (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). G. Stilobezzia ochracea (from Kettle & Lawson 1952). H. Stilobezzia diversa (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). I. Stilobezzia rabelloi (from Borkent & Craig 2001). J. Stilobezzia navaiae (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). K. Stilobezzia lutea (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). L. Schizonyxhelea bulla (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, as a Stilobezzia). M. Schizonyxhelea forattinii (from Borkent 2000a). N. Serromyia femorata (from Kettle & Lawson 1952). O. Allohelea japonica. P.Monohelea hirsuta (from Wirth & Grogan 1981, modified). Q. Atyphohelea macroneura (from Borkent 1998). R. Parabezzia alexanderi (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a). S. Parabezzia huberti (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a). T. Echinohelea lanei (from Wirth 1994b).

FIGURE 49. Metathoraces and tergites 1, in dorsal view. A. Austrohelea campbellensis. B. Stilobezzia antennalis. C. Schizonyxhelea forattinii. D. Serromyia sp.. E. Allohelea japonica. F. Monohelea obscura.

FIGURE 60. Abdominal segments four, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). A. Stilobezzia rabelloi (from Borkent & Craig 2001). B. Schizonyxhelea forattinii (from Borkent 2000a, modified). C. Serromyia sp.

FIGURE 74. Abdominal segments 9. A. Baeodasymyia michaeli, female, in dorsal view (modified from Borkent & Craig 1999). B. Austrohelea campbellensis, female, in dorsal and ventral view (reconstructed from distorted specimen, shagreen not shown). C. Stilobezzia lutea, male, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). D. Stilobezzia lutea, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). E. Stilobezzia rabelloi, male, in ventral view (from Borkent & Craig 2001). F. Schizonyxhelea bulla, female, in dorsal and ventral view (from Wirth & Grogan 1981). G. Schizonyxhelea forattinii, female, in ventral view (from Borkent 2000a). H. Serromyia sp., female (in dorsal and ventral view (reconstructed from distorted specimen, shagreen not shown). I. Allohelea japonica, female, in dorsal and ventral view (shagreen not shown). J. Monohelea obscura, male, in dorsal and ventral view (reconstructed from distorted specimen, shagreen not shown). K. Atyphohelea macroneura, female, in dorsal view (from Borkent 1998). L. Parabezzia huberti, male, in ventral view (from Grogan & Wirth 1977a).

FIGURE 79. Evolution of ecdysial sutures and splits in pupal exuviae of Ceratopogonidae, head and anterior portion of thorax in ventral view. Numbers refer to character states of characters 2 and 8 in text. Red indicates ecdysial splits. A. Leptoconopinae. B. Forcipomyiinae. C. Dasyheleinae. D. Most Ceratopogonini. E. Most Ceratopogonini, Clinohelea. F. Allohelea, Atyphohelea, Parabezzia. G. Heteromyia, Pellucidomyia, Hebetula. H. most Sphaeromiini s. lat., most Palpomyiini, Paryphoconus; some Bezzia are nearly completed fused (as in Fig. 79I), with only the dorsal apotome separate, along with an ecdysial split along the base of the antenna and the dorsal thoracic split. I. Jenkinshelea, Macropeza, Mallochohelea, Probezzia, Neobezzia.