Paragryllina, Desutter-Grandcolas, 1987

Cadena-Castañeda, Oscar J., Páez, Geraldine, Buitrago, Oscar, Quintana-Arias, Ronald Fernando & Tavares, Gustavo Costa, 2021, Studies of Neotropical crickets: New Paragryllina taxa (Orthoptera: Phalangopsidae) with comments on several previously described species, Zootaxa 5081 (1), pp. 60-76 : 62-63

Key to Paragryllina genera

(modified from Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992 and Desutter-Grandcolas & Feberon, 2020)

1. Hind tibiae with three outer and two or three inner subapical spurs (sometimes only one in Rumea , in which the second inner spur can be regressed or even absent). Species not so flattened (head deeper than wide in frontal view, pronotum lateral lobes longer). Forewings exceeding abdominal tip in males and females. Fastgium narrow, half as wide as the first antennal segment. Median ocellus nearly apical............................................................................ 2

- Hind tibiae with three outer and one inner subapical spur. Species flattened (head wider than deep in frontal view, pronotum lateral lobes very short). Forewings not exceeding or slightly exceeding abdominal tip. Fastigium broad, as wide as first antennal segment. Median ocellus subapical on fastigium........................................ Benoistellae n. stat....3

2. Hind tarsomeres mostly with a single row of spines. Hind tibiae mostly with three inner subapical spurs. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic sclerite and parameres not regressed; ectophallic fold simple, membranous, its apex visible dorsally between pseudepiphallic parameres. Female forewings: transversal veins as marked as longitudinal veins.... Paragryllae n. stat....5

- Hind tarsomeres with two rows of spines. Hind tibiae with two inner subapical spurs (sometimes only one). Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic sclerite and parameres regressed; ectophallic fold hypertelic, sclerotized ( Figs. 1A–C ). Female forewings: longitudinal veins stronger than transversal veins........................................ Rumeae n. stat.... Rumea

3. Tympanum present on both sides of the fore tibia. Tibiae very short, and hind tibiae thick. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic parameres elongated and not curved on the dorsal margin, obliquely truncated at the apex in lateral view. The lateral lobe rounded at the distal edge and undivided. Female genitalia: copulatory papilla sclerotized, cone-shaped, more or less elongated at the apex (copulatory papilla of Izerskya species , unknown)....................................................... 4

- Fore tibia with a prominent inner tympanum and no outer tympanum. Tibiae more elongated, not or little thickened. Male genitalia: pseudepiphallic parameres short, curving distally, not obliquely truncated at the apex in lateral view. The lateral lobe moderately divided in lateral view, with an upper lobe larger than the lower one ( Figs. 1D–F ). Female genitalia: copulatory papilla barely sclerotized, long, plicated over its whole length ( Fig. 1G )................................... Silvastella

4. Mid-size (12‒15 mm). General coloration of body yellowish with some veins bluish green. Male genitalia: Pseudopiphallic sclerite short, with two large membranous areas; pseudopiphallic parameres conical and parallel; ectophallic fold not reduced ( Figs. 1H–J ). Female genitalia: copulatory papilla sclerotized, cone-shaped, more or less elongated at apex ( Fig. 1K ).................................................................................................. Benoistella

- Small-size (8‒10 mm). General coloration of body greyish with some veins white or grey. Male genitalia: Pseudopiphallic sclerite without membranous areas. Pseudopiphallic parameres thin and divergent distally. Ectophallic fold strongly reduced (Figs. L–N).................................................................................... Izerskya

5. Fore tibia with tympanum on both sides. Hind tibia without spur modified as a quadrangular plate. Hind tarsomeres with a single row of spines. Male genitalia symmetrical............................................................ 6

- Fore tibia with tympanum only on the outer side. Hind tibia with the last outer subapical spur modified as a quadrangular plate. Hind tarsomeres with two rows of spines. Male genitalia highly asymmetrical ( Figs. 2A–C ).................. Dambachia

6. Male genitalia tubular and elongated‒shaped; pseudepiphallic lateral lobe connected with the pseudepiphallic median lobe.. ................................................................................................... 7

- Male genitalia not tubular‒shaped; pseudepiphallic lateral lobe not connected with the pseudepiphallic median lobe....... 8

7. Mirror and harp membranous and occupying much of the tegmina, with clearly defined veins. Pseudepiphallus not fused in its tubular section, without conspicuous streaks or channels; lateral lobe without long spine or if it is present, as a very short prolongation ( Figs. 2D–F )..................................................................... Aclogryllus

- Mirror and harp slightly membranous, with similar thickness of the rest of the tegmina and with reduced size; dividing veins moderately defined ( Fig. 6A ). Pseudepiphallus fused much as a tubular section, most notably in dorsal view and with striae or channels in the distal area. Lateral lobe as a long spine, almost as long as the medial prolongation of the pseudepiphallus ( Figs. 6B–D ).............................................................................. Alfarogryllus n. gen.

8. Male epiproctus with a pair of thin and long processes ( Figs. 3N ). Dorsal surface of the hind tibia with three inner and three outer spurs; one conspicuous and glandular apical spur. Ventral valves of female ovipositor apically with ventral edge bearing denticles.................................................................................... Paragryllus

- Male epiproctus without processes or notable modifications ( Fig. 3M ). Dorsal surface of the hind tibia with less than three spurs on both margins; no glandular apical spur. Ventral valves of female ovipositor apically without denticules............................................................................................................ Bolivacla

Figures

FIGURE 1. Male genitalia and female copulatory papilla (Rumeae and Benoistellae genera groups). A–C. Rumea gaschei Desutter, 1988. D–G. Silvastella epiplatys (Nischk & Otte, 2000). H–K. Benoistella guyanensis guyanensis (Chopard, 1920). L–N. Izerskya minutissima Gorochov, 2019. A, D, H, L. Male genitalia in dorsal view. B, E, I, M. ventral view. C, F, J, N. lateral view. G, K. Copulatory papilla of female. A–C, G–K. After Desutter-Grandcolas, 1992. D–F. After Nischk & Otte, 2000. L–N. Draw from Gorochov, 2019.

FIGURE 2. Male genitalia (Paragryllae genera group) A–C. Dambachia eritheles Nischk & Otte, 2000. D–E. Aclogryllus crybelos (Nischk & Otte, 2000). G–I. Bolivacla boliviana Gorochov, 2014. A, D, G. Male genitalia in dorsal view. B, E, H. ventral view. C, F, I. lateral view. A–F. After Nischk & Otte, 2000. G–I. Draw from Gorochov, 2014.

FIGURE 3. Tegmina, epiproctus and male genitalia of Paragryllus subgenera (Paragryllae genera group). A–D. Paragryllus (Melloius) temulentus Saussure, 1878. E–H. Paragryllus (Souzaius) minutus Gorochov, 2009 (After Gorochov, 2009). I. Paragryllus (Paragryllus) circularis circularis Gorochov, 2007. J–L. Paragryllus (Paragryllus) circularis multinervis Gorochov, 2007 (After Gorochov, 2007). M. Bolivacla sp. N. Paragryllus (Paragryllus) martinii Guérin-Méneville, 1844. A, E, I. Male tegminae. B, F, J. male genitalia in dorsal view. C, G, K. ventral view. D, H, L. lateral view. M, N. male epiproctus.

FIGURE 6. Alfarogryllus panoplos (Otte, 2006) n. comb. A. Male habitus in dorsal view. B–D. Genitalia in dorsal, ventral and lateral view respectively. E. Female habitus in dorsal view. F. Hemicophus paranae Saussure, 1878 (after Saussure, 1878).