Parapsyche spinata Denning 1949b

Givens, Donald R., 2015, Parapsyche species (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae: Arctopsychinae) of western North America, Zootaxa 4057 (4), pp. 451-489 : 467-471

Parapsyche spinata Denning 1949b

Figures 6a–c ; 7a, b; 12; 17; 25; 27;28; 32; 37a–d.

Parapsyche spinata Denning (1949b , 116, 118 figs. 7, 7a; male). Holotype male: House Rock Forest Camp, Willamette National Forest, [confluence of Sheep Creek and South Santiam River] Linn Co., Oregon, August 3, 1948, (C.P. Alexander) (CASC). Givens & Smith 1980, 7, 8–9, 18, figs, 11a–c, 19 figs. 15a–c, male genitalia and female genitalia, female as Parapsyche sp. 1).

Male. Description See Denning (1949b: 116, 118 figs. 7, 7a).

Female. Diagnosis. See Givens & Smith (1980, 8–9, 19 figs. 15a–c, as Parapsyche sp. 1). Additionally, P. spinata differs from P. extensa in the shape of tergum IX ( Figs. 5a , 6a ) and the shape of the pair of internal sclerotized structures (its) within the fused sterna IX and X ( Figs. 5b , 6b ).

Description. See Givens & Smith (1980, 8–9, 19 figs. 15a–c, as Parapsyche sp. 1).

Pupa. Diagnosis. The shape of the apical processes, viewed from a caudal aspect, readily distinguishes P. spinata from the known pupae of other western North American Parapsyche species. The rounded mesal apices of the apical processes are shorter than the lateral apices ( Figs. 7a, 7b ), unlike P. a l m o t a and P. turbinata with acute and equal lateral and mesal apices ( Figs. 2a, b , 9a, b ), and unlike P. elsis with acute mesal apices ( Fig. 4b ). In lateral aspect, the apical processes of P. spinata are recurved less than 90° to the longitudinal axis ( Fig. 7a ), unlike P. elsis for which the curvature is greater than 90° to the longitudinal axis ( Fig. 4a ). The P. s p i na t a pupa also lacks the long, tubular, yellow, subapical setae found in the P. elsis pupa. The apical processes of P. spinata , P. almota , and P. turbinata are covered with short spines and their sclerotization extends anteroventrad laterally; only the caudal surface of the apices of the apical processes of P. elsis have these short spines, the lateral surfaces lacking spines.

Description. Yellowish brown. Length 10.0 mm (N=2). Right pupal mandible with 3 subapical teeth, left mandible with 3 small subapical teeth and 1 larger basal tooth ( Fig. 12 ); each mandible with basolateral tuft of black ls setae. Hook plates IIIa each with 7–9 hooks, IIIp with 6–9 hooks, IVa with 2–4 hooks, Va with 4 or 5 hooks, Vp with 8 or 9 hooks, VIa with 3 or 4 hooks, and VIIa with 2–4 hooks ( Fig. 28); hook plates on IIIp circular; hook plates on Vp oval with stout hooks ( Fig. 25 ); all hook plates brown.

Apical processes dark brown; in lateral aspect, angled less than 90° to longitudinal axis of body; each with sclerotization extending anteroventrad laterally. Processes covered with short stout spines smaller basally and larger apically, with tuft of thick black setae basally on ventrolateral bulge and hair-like setae on anterior margin. Apical processes in caudal view rounded basally, obliquely truncate and slightly concave apically, with lateral apices acute, longer than rounded mesal apices ( Fig. 7b ).

Pupal Case. Length 11.0 mm (N=1), width 4.0 mm (N=1). Case constructed of various sizes of small gravel, pebbles and grains of sand, over inner silk puparium. Interstitial spaces small, with pebbles tightly packed. Case oblong, with ends rounded ( Fig. 32 ). Mesal ventral area of case typical of family, with exposed puparium, the ventral corners with small pebbles/grains of sand, much like those of P. almota and P. turbinata .

Larva. Diagnosis. A pair of single filament gills on abdominal sternum VIII separates both mature and early instar larvae of P. spinata from those of P. elsis and P. almota . The ventral apotome of P. spinata has parallel sides and a rectangular shape, separating it from those of P. e xt e ns a and P. el sis, both of which have triangular to subrectangular ventral apotomes. The abdominal setation on P. spinat a is similar to that of P. ex t en s a, having appressed hl setae, and dark (reddish), cylindrical, basally tapered (clavate), semi-erect sh setae (c-sh). Black to reddish, long, striated sh setae (ls-ts) also are scattered on abdominal segments I–VIII, although not as numerous or as tubular as on P. extensa ( Figs. 36a , 37a ). The larva of P. s pi n at a may be distinguished from that of P. turbinata by the presence on abdominal segments I–VIII of short, dark (reddish), fluted sh setae (f-sh) on P. turbinata ( Fig. 38a ) and the absence of these fluted setae on the larvae of P. spinata ( Fig. 37a ). The shape of the ventral apotome ( Figs. 14, 17 ) separates P. spinata from P. a l m o t a; unlike P. al m o t a, P. spinata has a pair of single gills on sternum VIII. The number of lateral line gill filaments per gill also distinguishes P. s p i na t a from P. e xt e ns a and P. elsis ( Fig. 27).

Description. Head: Dark reddish brown, appearing pitted and sculptured, anterior margin convex and anterolateral margins with secondary tan (light) ls setae. Ventral surfaces of parietals sculptured, rugulose, with transverse striations. Pairs of dark primary seta present in positions 7, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 17. Primary seta in positions 16 and 17 translucent (whitish), difficult to see, most apparent when viewed laterally. Setae 16 much longer than setae 17. Primary setae at anterolateral corners of frontoclypeus in positions 2 and 3. Frontoclypeus with bl setae, punctuate in appearance due to the numerous setal sockets. Parietals with appressed hl seta. Tubular tan cylindrical tp setae on parietals and frontoclypeus above ocular areas. Frontoclypeus with 4 distinct dark muscle scars anteriorly, adjacent to anterior yellow ocular area (pale region surrounding eyes). Indistinct muscle scars present posteriorly on frontoclypeus. Frontoclypeus sometimes with pair of single pale, translucent (whitish) setae in position 5 near tentorial pits. Anterior margin of reddish brown submental sclerite concave with anterior distal corners each bearing 4 dark ls seta. Labrum fully clothed with dark (tan to reddish), short, ap setae. Primary dark (reddish) setae in positions 5 and 6. Yellowish brush-like labial tufts of fine hl setae arising from anterolateral corners of labrum, curving mesad. Anteromesal margin of labrum clothed with fringe of light hl setae. Brown ventral apotome rectangular, broad, with parallel sides; in mature larvae 2–3½× as long as wide mesally.

Thoracic nota: Pronotum brown to dark brown; mesonotum brown; metanotum yellowish brown. Pro-, meso-, and metanota with appressed hl seta. Pronotum with pair of pale, translucent (whitish, barely visible), short erect primary submesal setae at midlength. Meso- and metanota each with single primary seta with prominent setal socket in each sa 1 and sa 2 position.

Legs: Dark brown to yellowish brown. Foretrochantins brown, each with 1–10 setae, of which 1–4 are dark acuminate seta, others shorter, tan to reddish. Coxae with both short reddish sl setae and black ls setae on anterolateral surfaces; posterior margins each with 6–17 long, black ls setae. Procoxae each with primary seta in position 1. Meso- and metacoxae with primary setae at positions 2 and 3. Pro-, meso-, and metatrochanters each with black primary setae in positions 2 and 3, sometimes absent in position 2. Trochanters, femora, tibiae, and tarsi with tan to reddish, short and long sl setae along apicoventral margins of meso- and metathoracic legs. Row of 5– 10 short reddish sl setae on posterolateral surfaces of meso- and metathoracic tibiae. Femora of meso- and metathoracic legs generally with black primary setae in positions 2, 3 and 4, sometimes absent from any of the 3 positions.

Abdomen: Terga I–VII each with 2 pairs of setal tufts of black, short cylindrical setae in positions sa 2 and sa 3; tergum VIII with pair of setal tufts of black, short cylindrical setae in sa 3 position; each setal tuft with 8–14 setae and frequently with long black primary seta. Terga clothed with numerous appressed dark hl setae intermingled with numerous dark (reddish), cylindrical, basally tapered (clavate), semi-erect sh setae (c-sh) ( Fig. 37a ), in addition to few scattered erect, cylindrical, dark (black to reddish), long sh setae (ls-ts), often occurring predominantly on abdominal segments V–VII ( Fig. 37a ). Sterna I–VIII essentially glabrous with only few appressed hl setae. Sternum VII with 1 pair of short black primary setae lateral to meson. Abdominal sternum VIII with mesal ovoid sclerite, bearing 11 or 12 long, black ls setae on posterior margin; sclerite may be only lightly sclerotized. Tergum IX with lateral sclerotized areas (light to heavily sclerotized) with appressed hl setae, single long black primary seta arising from posterior margin of each sclerotized area, and appressed hl setae between sclerotized areas. Sternum IX with pair of yellow sclerites with appressed hl setae and clear (tan) sl setae, setal sockets not prominent; 15–25 dark ls setae arising from posterior margin of each sclerite, these sclerites separated by glabrous meso-longitudinal membrane. Lateral line gills similar to those of P. almot a and P. turbinata ( Figs. 19 a, b); present on segments III–VII; segment III on each side with single gill bearing 2 gill filaments; segments IV–VI each with 2 gills, dorsal gill with 2 terminal gill filaments, ventral gill with 4 gill filaments arising from bulbous gill base; segment VII with single gill having 4 terminal gill filaments ( Fig. 28). Sternum VIII with pair of single, submesal gill filaments ( Fig. 28).

Anal prolegs: Sclerites of prolegs yellowish brown, each with basal tuft of 10–12 long, reddish ls seta. Dorsal aspect of caudal lobes glabrous; ventral aspect with scattered dark appressed hl setae; lateral surfaces of prolegs with dark ls seta; dorsal, mesal and lateral surfaces of anal prolegs with appressed hl seta; Tan to reddish sl seta on lateral surfaces of proleg sclerites; setal sockets prominent. Anal gills 0 or 3–5.

Distribution Literature records, borrowed collections and collections of P. s p i n at a by the author suggest that the range includes the Sierra Nevada and the Cascade and Coastal Ranges of California and Oregon.

Bionomics. Parapsyche spinata occurs primarily at lower altitudes, 61– 558 m. The elevation at the type locality, House Rock Forest Camp, Linn Co., OR, is 548.6 m. Emergence occurs from June to September.

Parapsyche spinata typically lives in streams that are narrow (0.6– 3 m wide), 7.6–30.5 cm deep, slowly flowing, and with a substratum composed of small cobble, gravel, sand and mud. Water temperatures recorded in July and August averaged 12o C at lower altitudes. Parapsyche spinata is sympatric with P. turbinata , P. e l s i s, and A. grandis .

Material examined. CALIFORNIA: Humboldt Co. Boise Cr., tributary to Trinty R., 07-iii-2012, 9 L (JL) ( JLPC); Brown Cr., 04-vi-1987, 1 L (J.M. Harrington and T. Hofstra) ( NPSC); Devils Cr., 07-iv-1980, 2 L (J.M. Harrington and T. Hofstra) ( NPSC); creek, 1.6 km E Gregg Cr. (Hwy. 299), 20 L (RW) ( CSUC); Grizzley Cr., E Hwy. 36, 09 -vi-2007, 2 L (JL) ( JLPC); Jolly Giant Cr., Arcata, Arcata Community Forest, 06-viii-2011, 4 M (JL) ( JLPC); 26-ii-2012, 1 L (JL) ( JLPC); 02-iii-2013, 11 L (JL) ( JLPC); Jolly Giant Cr. Arcata, Humboldt State University, 25-vi-2010, 10 L (JL) ( DGPC); 20-viii-2011, 4 L (JL) ( DGPC); 15-viii-2012, 2 M, 1 L (DRG) ( DGPC); 16-viii-2012, 2 L, (DRG) ( DGPC); 18-viii-2012, 1 M, (JL) ( DGPC); 22-vii-2013, 1 M P, 5 L (DRG) ( DGPC); McGarvey Cr., 01-i-1981, 1 L (M. Harrington and G. Winters) ( NPSC); Red Mt. Cr., (Rd. 10N12), 08-viii-2007, 1 L, (JL) ( JLPC); Optam Cr., tributary to Red Wood Cr., (Chezan Rd.), 08-vi-2011, 1 L (JL) ( JLPC); Red Mt. Cr., (Rd. to Fish Lk.), 26-iv-1980, 1 L (RW) ( CSUC); Red Mt. Cr., (Rd. 10N12), 27-viii-2006, 2 L (JL) ( DGPC); Trinty R. 50.4 km E Arcata, Hwy. 299, 25 -iii-2013, 1 L (JL) ( JLPC). Marin Co., small strms., Point Reyes, Bear Valley Trail, 24-iii-1986, 2 L (RW) ( CSUC); Woodacre, 12.9 km NW of San Rafael, 28-iv-1985, 1 L (B. Hudson) ( EMEC). Plumas Co., creek, 12.9 km NW Chester, 18-vii-1958, 1 M (JP) ( EMEC). Siskiyou Co., McCloud R., 15-vi-1974, 1 M ( EMEC); Mt. Shasta City, 5-viii-1958, 1 M (JP) ( EMEC); Ph Shasta, 24-vi-1958, 1 M (JP) ( EMEC). Trinity Co., Bidden Cr., (Hwy. 299), 27-iv-1980, 22 L (RW) ( CSUC); 20-viii-2012, 2 L (JL) ( DGPC); Bidden Cr., 6 km SE of Burnt Ranch, Trinity Nat'l. Forest, (Hwy. 299), mile marker Tri. 13.4 (21.6 km), 22-vii- 2013, 4 L (DRG) ( DGPC); tributary of Stewart Fork nr. Trinty Alps Resort, 23-iv-1984, 20 L (RW) ( CSUC). OREGON: Benton Co., creek, 11.9 km SW Philomath, 21-ii-1980, 1 F (K. Hosman) ( CSUC); Right Branch Oak Cr., 10.5 km NW Corvallis, (East side of Patterson Rd.), 2.4 km N of Fisheries Lab., 04-ix-1970, 1 F (C. Kerst) ( DGPC); N Fork Rock Cr., Mary's Peak, 28-vii-1998 to 01-ix-1998, 11 M, 4 F (S. Fitzgerald) ( DRPC); 1 F (S. Fitzgerald) ( CASC). Jackson Co., Clark Cr., 06-x-1993, 1 L, (RW) ( CSUC); Bear Gulch, 13-x-1994, 4 L (RW) ( CSUC). Lane Co., small strm., ca. 1.6 km W Blue River, 17-vii-1980, 1 M (E. Evens and J. Wold) ( DGPC); Mona Cr., (FS Rd. 1510), T. 15S, R. 4E, sec. 35, 16 -vii-1996, 1 M (DER) ( DRPC). Lincoln Co., Flynn Cr., cliff strm. 28- iv-1982, 1 L (RW) ( CSUC); Linn Co., Ram Cr., (Snow Cr. Rd., Rt. 20 west side Tombstone Pass), 11-viii-1982, 4 M, 1 M P, 1 PP (RW) ( CSUC).

Figures

FIGURES 6 a – c. Parapsyche spinata Denning, female genitalia. 6 a, left lateral; 6 b, caudoventral; 6 c, dorsal.

FIGURES 5 a – c. Parapsyche extensa Denning, female genitalia. 5 a, left lateral; 5 b, caudoventral; 5 c, dorsal. Abbreviations: ist = internal sclerotized structure; lp = lateral plate; md = medial declivity; sp = setal patch; Xt = tergite X; IX & Xs = combined sterna IX + X.

FIGURES 7 a, b. Parapsyche spinata Denning, male pupal apical processes. 7 a, left lateral; 7 b, caudoventral.

FIGURES 2 a – c. Parapsyche almota Ross, male pupal apical processes. 2 a, left lateral; 2 b, caudoventral; female apical process. 2 c, caudoventral.

FIGURES 9 a – b. Parapsyche turbinata Schmid, male pupal apical processes. 9 a, left lateral; 9 b, caudoventral.

FIGURES 4 a, b. Parapsyche elsis Milne, pupal apical processes (from Givens & Smith 1980). 4 a, left lateral; 4 b, caudoventral.

FIGURES 10 – 13. Parapsyche spp., pupal mandibles, dorsal. 10, Parapsyche almota Ross; 11, Parapsyche elsis Milne (from Given & Smith 1980); 12, Parapsyche spinata Denning; 13, Parapsyche turbinata Schmid.

FIGURES 25 – 26. Parapsyche spp., pupal hook plates. 25, Parapsyche spinata Denning; 26, Parapsyche turbinata Schmid. Abbreviations: III – VII = abdominal terga III – VII; a = anterior; p = posterior.

FIGURES 29 – 33. Pupal cases. 29, Parapsyche almota Ross; 30, Parapsyche elsis Milne (from Givens & Smith 1980); 31, Parapsyche extensa Denning; 32, Parapsyche spinata Denning; 33, Parapsyche turbinata Schmid.

FIGURES 36 a – e. Parapsyche extensa Denning, larval abdominal tergal setae. 36 a, abdominal tergum VI; 36 b, setal tuft (st), abdominal tergum III; 36 c, tip of ls-ts; 36 d, close-up of hl & c-sh; 36 e, tip of c-sh. Abbreviations: c - sh = clavate scale hair, hl = hair-like seta, ls - ts = long slender tubular seta, ps = primary seta, st = setal tuft.

FIGURES 37 a – d. Parapsyche spinata Denning, larval abdominal tergal setae. 37 a, abdominal tergum VI; 37 b, close-up of c - sh; 37 c, close-ups of hl and ls - ts; 37 d, tip of ls - ts. Abbreviations: c - sh = clavate scale hair, hl = hair-like setae, ls - ts = long slender tubular setae.

FIGURES 38 a – e. Parapsyche turbinata Schmid, larval abdominal tergal setae. 38 a, setal tuft (st); abdominal tergum V; 38 b, abdominal tergum VI; 38 c, close-up views of f - sh, c - sh, and hl; 38 d, close-up of f - sh; 38 e, tip of tw - sh. Abbreviations: c - sh = clavate scale hair, f - sh = fluted scale hair, hl = hair-like setae, ps = primary seta, st = setal tuft, tw - sh = twisted scale hair.

FIGURES 14 – 21. Parapsyche spp., 14 – 18, larval ventral apotomes, 14, Parapsyche almota Ross; 15, Parapsyche elsis Milne; 16, Parapsyche extensa Denning; 17, Parapsyche spinata Denning; 18, Parapsyche turbinata, Schmid. 19 (a – b) – 21, lateral line gills, 19 a, 19 b, Parapsyche almota Ross; 20, Parapsyche elsis Milne; 21, Parapsyche extensa Denning.