identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C687EF4416FFFCFF54FE57FA5DFB49.text	03C687EF4416FFFCFF54FE57FA5DFB49.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Asterolecaniidae	<div><p>A key to separate adult females of the eight species of Asterolecaniidae that induce galls</p><p>1(0) Body margin with single row of large 8-shaped pores. Galls formed on twigs of Globularia salicina (Plantaginaceae) . ......................................................................................... Asterolecanium rehi</p><p>- Body margin without a row of large 8-shaped pores. Not on Plantaginaceae ....................................... 2</p><p>2(1) Venter with bilocular pores.. ............................................................................ 3</p><p>- Venter without bilocular pores........................................................................... 6</p><p>3(2) Body circular. Galls formed on stems of Acacia sp. (Fabaceae); each gall flat and blister-like, with opening blocked by exuviae of immature females.................................................................. Abditicoccus acaciae</p><p>- Body ovoid but with abdomen acutely tapered. Not on Fabaceae; galls not as above.. ............................... 4</p><p>4(3) Anal region heavily sclerotized; 8-shaped pores present on dorsum; anal ring bearing setae. Galls formed on leaves of Banksia (Proteaceae) and bearing tufts of modified leaf hairs.. .......................................... Frenchia banksiae</p><p>- Anal region not sclerotized; 8-shaped pores absent from dorsum; anal ring without setae. Galls formed on stems of Allocasuarina and Casuarina (Casuarinaceae), without modified hairs................................................... 5</p><p>5(4) Dorsum with quinquelocular pores. Each gall with a basal swelling giving rise to a woody tube....... Frenchia casuarinae</p><p>- Dorsum without quinquelocular pores. Each gall a swelling without a woody tube................. Frenchia semiocculta</p><p>6(2) Dorsum without simple disc pores; venter with small 8-shaped pores. Galls formed on leaves and twigs of Mystroxylon aethiopicum (Celastraceae); each gall flat and blister-like..................................... Abditicoccus mystroxyloni</p><p>- Dorsum with simple disc pores; venter without 8-shaped pores. Not on Celastraceae; each gall prominent............... 7</p><p>7(6) Venter of abdomen with transverse bands of multilocular pores. Galls formed on twigs of Quercus mongolica (Fagaceae); each gall dome shaped, with opening blocked by exuviae of second-instar nymph...................... Endernia despoliata</p><p>- Venter without multilocular pores. Galls formed on branches of Mesua ferrea (Guttiferae); each gall rounded or conical, with opening blocked by abdominal apex.................................................. .. Amorphococcus mesuae</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EF4416FFFCFF54FE57FA5DFB49	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Xu, Han;Ning, Mengwei;Wu, San-An	Xu, Han, Ning, Mengwei, Wu, San-An (2022): Descriptions of all the female developmental stages of Endernia despoliata Danzig a gall-inducing pit scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Asterolecaniidae). Zootaxa 5115 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5115.3.6
03C687EF4416FFF5FF54FB4FFA9AFB73.text	03C687EF4416FFF5FF54FB4FFA9AFB73.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Endernia despoliata Danzig 1971	<div><p>Endernia despoliata Danzig 1971</p><p>Endernia despoliata Danzig 1971: 1414.</p><p>Material examined. CHINA, Liaoning Province, Haicheng city, on twigs of Quercus mongolica, leg. Tianlin Chen &amp; San-an Wu; 10.v.2021, 10 adult females ; 4.vii.2021, 5 adult females; 17.v.2021, 5 first-instar nymphs; 28.v.2021, 3 second-instar nymphs; and 2.vii.2021, 2 third-instar nymphs.</p><p>Updated description</p><p>Adult female (Figs 1 A, B; 2)</p><p>Appearance in life. Gall (Fig. 1A) subcircular with a small opening at the top, the tissue near the opening woodier than other parts of the gall; body of adult female enclosed in gall. The gall opening is closed by the exuviae of the second-instar nymph. Adult female in gall subcircular, 1.00– 1.25 mm long, 0.9–1.0 mm wide; yellowish when young, later becoming yellowish green to red.</p><p>Details of slide-mounted specimen. Antennae (Fig. 2A) highly reduced, each 1-segmented or inconspicuously 2-segmented with 2 fleshy setae and a slender seta apically; eyes absent; mouthparts developed; legs absent. With 2 pairs of thoracic spiracles. Anal ring (Fig. 2B) situated on venter, triangular, without pores, but bearing a pair of small setae situated just anterolateral to opening.</p><p>Dorsum. Tubular ducts (Fig. 2C), each about 25 μm long and 2.5–3.5 μm wide, densely distributed; simple disc pores (Fig. 2D), each about 3 μm in diameter, sparsely present between tubular duct openings.</p><p>Margin. Without a marginal row of 8-shaped pores and simple disc pores, but each side with 3 or 4 quinquelocular pores situated near posterior end; anal lobes slightly developed, each with 1 inner marginal seta, 3–5 outer marginal setae, and an apical seta about 60 μm long.</p><p>Venter. Each spiracle closely associated with 6–10 quinquelocular pores (Fig. 2E), each about 4 μm in diameter, and frequently 1 trilocular pore (Fig. 2F), about 3 μm in diameter, situated near atrium. Each spiracular furrow with 3–5 (occasionally 9) quinquelocular pores sparsely distributed (Fig. 2E). Short tubular ducts (Fig. 2G) each about 3 μm long and 2 μm wide, present around mouthparts. Multilocular pores (Fig. 2H), each about 5 μm in diameter and with 10 outer loculi, arranged in 5 transverse bands across medial area of abdomen. Vulva not obvious, surrounded by small setae (Fig. 2I).</p><p>Eggs (Fig. 1C)</p><p>Appearance in life. Each egg oval, about 0.15 mm long, yellowish, laid under abdominal venter of adult female.</p><p>First-instar nymph (Figs 1D; 3)</p><p>Appearance in life. No gall developed at this stage. Insect body yellowish, oval, about 0.25 mm long and 0.15 mm wide.</p><p>Details of slide-mounted specimen. Antennae each 6-segmented, terminal segment longest, with 2 long setae; antenna about 67.5 μm long, usual segment lengths (in μm): I, 20; II, 12.5; III, 7.5; IV, 10; V, 7.5; VI, 10. Eyes present on margin of body; mouthparts developed. Legs developed, coxae strong, fore- and hind coxae each with 1 long seta, middle coxa with 2 long setae; femur with 1 long seta; tibia apically with 2 long setae; tarsus with a pair of digitules; claw slender, with a pair of digitules but without denticles. Anal ring (Fig. 3A) triangular, with 2 anterolateral setae and no cells, situated on venter of abdominal apex; anal lobes slightly developed, each with 1 apical seta about 35 μm long.</p><p>Dorsum. 8-shaped pores (Fig. 3B), each about 6 μm long and 3 μm wide, arranged in 2 sub-medial longitudinal rows each of 9 pores, total of 18.</p><p>Margin. 8-shaped pores, same size and structure as those on dorsum, present in a single marginal row numbering 14 on each side.</p><p>Venter. thoracic spiracles developed, each with 1 trilocular pore (Fig. 3C) and 1 quinquelocular pore (Fig. 3D) near opening; each trilocular pore about 3 μm in diameter, each quinquelocular pore about 4 μm in diameter. Simple disc pores (Fig. 3E), each about 2 μm in diameter, present on sub-margin of abdominal segments I–VI, with 1 pair on each segment, forming a longitudinal row on each side.</p><p>Second-instar nymph (Figs 1E; 4)</p><p>Appearance in life. Plant tissues around insect swelling to cover margins of body. Body yellowish and oval, 0.6 mm long, 0.45 mm wide.</p><p>Details of slide-mounted specimen. Antennae (Fig. 4A) highly reduced, each 1 segmented with 2 fleshy setae. Eyes absent; mouthparts developed; legs absent; thoracic spiracles developed; anal ring (Fig. 4B) triangular, without pores, on ventral apex of abdomen; anal lobes inconspicuous, each with a pair of apical setae and 1 pair of inner marginal small setae.</p><p>Dorsum. Simple disc pores (Fig. 4C) sparsely scattered, each about 2 μm in diameter, numbering 10–14 on each side.</p><p>Margin. Quinquelocular pores (Fig. 4D) arranged in single row along body margin, numbering 51–63 on each side. 8-shaped pores (Fig. 4E) each 7.5 μm long and 3 μm wide, forming a single row from anterior spiracles to abdominal apex, each side with 20–25 pores.</p><p>Venter. Each spiracular furrow containing 6–8 quinquelocular pores, each about 3 μm in diameter.</p><p>Third-instar nymph (Figs 1F; 5)</p><p>Appearance in life. During this developmental stage the plant tissues proliferate and swell to completely enclose the third-instar nymph, leaving an opening at the top of the gall that is blocked by the exuviae of the secondinstar nymph. Gall of third-instar nymph subcircular, similar to that of adult female. Body of third-instar nymph similar to second-instar nymph, but subcircular, 0.9 mm long and 0.8 mm wide.</p><p>Details of slide-mounted specimen. Antennae (Fig. 5A) highly reduced, each 1 segmented with 1 long and 1 short setae. Eyes absent; mouthparts developed; legs absent; thoracic spiracles developed; anal ring (Fig. 5B) triangular, without pores but with 2 small anterolateral setae, situated on venter of abdominal apex; anal lobes slightly developed, each with a pair of apical setae and 1 pair of inner marginal small setae.</p><p>Dorsum. Simple disc pores (Fig. 5C) sparsely scattered, each about 2 μm in diameter, numbering 10–16 pores on each side.</p><p>Margin. Quinquelocular pores (Fig. 5D) arranged in single row along body margin, numbering 32–51 pores on each side. 8-shaped pores (Fig. 5E), each 7.5 μm long and 3 μm wide, forming an interrupted single submarginal row from anterior spiracles to abdominal apex and numbering no more than 8 on each side of body.</p><p>Venter. Each spiracular furrow with 11–12 quinquelocular pores, each about 3 μm in diameter. Short tubular ducts (Fig. 5F), each 3 μm long and 2 μm wide, present around mouthparts.</p><p>Key to all instars of female Endernia despoliata</p><p>1(0) Legs present; antennae each 6 segmented................................................... .. first-instar nymph</p><p>- Legs absent; antennae each with only 1 or 2 segments........................................................ 2</p><p>2(1) Dorsum with tubular ducts; 8-shaped pores absent.................................................. adult female</p><p>- Dorsum without tubular ducts; 8-shaped pores present....................................................... 3</p><p>3(2) 8-shaped pores numbering more than 20 on each side; venter without short ducts.................. second-instar nymph</p><p>- 8-shaped pores numbering no more than 8 on each side; venter with short ducts...................... third-instar nymph</p><p>Remarks</p><p>The morphology of the adult females of Endernia despoliata in the Chinese material largely agrees with Danzig’s (1971, 1980) descriptions, with a few differences ( Danzig’s records in parentheses): (1) the gall induced in the Chinese material is smoothly convex, not textured and convex as shown in Danzig (1980: figure 126); (2) adult female with a few quinquelocular pores on margin near posterior end (absent); and (3) the apical setae present on anal lobes (lacking). At our request, Dr Ilya Gavrilov-Zimin (Zoological Museum, Academy of Sciences, St Petersburg, Russia) kindly examined the holotype and 5 paratypes of E. despoliata for us. He reported that, in female adult, the quinquelocular pores on the margin near the posterior end are present in two of the paratypes (2–5 pores from each side and 2 or 3 pores between the apical setae) but were not detected in the holotype and the other 3 paratypes because of the poor quality of the slide mounts; and that all the type specimens do have the apical setae. Danzig (1980) also illustrated the exuviae of a “late-stage female nymph”, showing the dorsum with marginal and sub-median rows of 8-shaped pores, but our third-instar specimens lack these pores; it seems likely that the exuviae of the “late-stage female nymph” Danzig examined was the exuviae of a first-instar nymph. This inference was confirmed also (Dr Ilya Gavrilov-Zimin, pers. comm., 11 February, 2022).</p><p>Biology</p><p>Endernia despoliata has one generation per year in Liaoning province. The adult females live in swollen galls on two-year-old twigs of Quercus mongolica . The gall (Fig. 1A) has a sub-circular opening at the top and the vegetative tissue of the gall wall is woody; the lower part of the cavity is wide and the upper part is narrow; the adult female (Fig. 1B) inside has its head facing downwards towards the plant stem and its rear end outwards, towards the gall opening. The female lays eggs (Fig. 1C) beneath the venter of the abdomen in early May. After hatching, the firstinstar nymphs (Fig. 1D) stay in the cavity for several days before climbing out of the opening at the top of the gall to seek a feeding site on a one-year-old twig in mid-May. The second-instar nymphs (Fig. 1E) first occur in late May; the third-instar nymphs (Fig. 1F) are found in early July. As the nymph feeds, the surrounding plant tissue gradually proliferates and eventually forms the gall that encases the body of the pit scale. The galls are densely packed on the branches, often in clusters. The new adult females are found in early August and hibernate in late September.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C687EF4416FFF5FF54FB4FFA9AFB73	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Xu, Han;Ning, Mengwei;Wu, San-An	Xu, Han, Ning, Mengwei, Wu, San-An (2022): Descriptions of all the female developmental stages of Endernia despoliata Danzig a gall-inducing pit scale (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha: Asterolecaniidae). Zootaxa 5115 (3): 409-418, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5115.3.6
