identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03C487EEFFD2547751A9F8E42BF00F9F.text	03C487EEFFD2547751A9F8E42BF00F9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hainesiidae Tiele 1929	<div><p>Family  Hainesiidae Tiele, 1929</p><p>Hainesiinae, Tiele, 1929: 103 .</p><p>Tope genus:  Hainesia L. Pfeiffer, 1856 . Remarks: Tere is one available family-group name for Madagascan  Cyclophoroidea:  Hainesiinae Tiele, 1929, which was treated as a synonym of the subfamily  Megalomastomatinae (family  Megalomastomatidae) by Bouchet et al. (2017), based on the phylogeny of Webster et al. (2012). However, the later publication has not included any species from the Caribbean Islands, where  Megalomastoma Swainson, 1840, the type species of  Megalomastomatidae lives, but only two species of Acroptochia from Madagascar. In the absence of molecular information, the evolutionary relationship of the Caribbean  Megalomastomatidae and the Madagascan  Hainesia and Acroptochia is unknown. Nevertheless, it is not likely that they would belong to the same monophyletic group. Terefore, we suggest using  Hainesiidae for  Hainesiinae (including  Hainesia and Acroptochia) and  Boucardicinae . Egorov (2009) treated  Hainesiidae as a family in its own right and included the genera Acroptochia,  Hainesia, and, with doubt, Anosocolus and  Boucardicus . Based on the characters of the radula and operculum, he included  Hainesiidae provisionally in Litorinoidei (= Litorinoidea Children, 1834); however, molecular phylogenetic data (Webster et al. 2012) later confirmed that Acroptochia (and therefore,  Hainesiidae) belongs to the  Cyclophoroidea .</p><p>Tere are two additional high-spired operculate genera from Mauritius that might be of relevance to the Madagascan genera in question:  Madgeaconcha O. L. Griffiths &amp; Florens, 2004 and  Naggsiaconcha O. L. Griffiths &amp; Florens, 2004, but they are much smaller than Acroptochia and  Hainesia, and their systematic relationships are highly questionable (Griffiths and Florens 2004).  Madgeaconcha, with its minute shell being only slightly larger than 1 mm, is similar to  Acmella W. T Blandford, 1869 in size and shape (see Vermeulen et al. 2015, Das et al. 2021), and therefore, it probably belongs to the family  Assimineidae . Although  Naggsiaconcha is much higher spired than any other terrestrial assimineids, it might also belong to the same family.</p><p>Te genera  Ankoravaratra Emberton, 2002 (described by Emberton 2002c; type species:  Ankoravaratra ambrensis Emberton, 2002, by original designation) and  Owengriffithsius Emberton, 2002 (described by Emberton 2002b; type species:  Owengriffithsius capdambrae Emberton, 2002, by original designation), also endemic to Madagascar, are currently classified in the families  Maizaniidae and  Cyclophoridae, respectively. Nevertheless, their systematic position is highly questionable, and it is possible that they would also belong to the  Hainesiidae .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487EEFFD2547751A9F8E42BF00F9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Páll-Gergely, Barna;Ruthensteiner, Bernhard;Harl, Josef;Magonyi, Nóra M.;Asami, Takahiro;Krizsik, Virág;Schwaha, Tomas;Fehér, Zoltán	Páll-Gergely, Barna, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Harl, Josef, Magonyi, Nóra M., Asami, Takahiro, Krizsik, Virág, Schwaha, Tomas, Fehér, Zoltán (2024): Recurrent evolution of breathing microtunnel system in terrestrial operculate snails (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (4): 1-25, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158
03C487EEFFDF547352CBF9B92A920913.text	03C487EEFFDF547352CBF9B92A920913.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Boucardicinae Pall-Gergely 2024	<div><p>Subfamily  Boucardicinae Páll-Gergely subfam. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 10)</p><p>h t t p: / / z o o b a n k.o r g / 2 6 9 6 4 1 F2 -F C 2 5 -4 1 A E - B C 9 6 - 0632E6931CC3</p><p>Tope genus:  Boucardicus Fischer-Piete &amp; Bedoucha, 1965 .</p><p>Content: Anosocolus Fischer-Piete, Ch. P. Blanc, F. Blanc &amp; F. Salvat, 1993 (Fig. 10A),  Boucardicus Fischer-Piete &amp; Bedoucha, 1965 (Fig. 10B–D),  Malarinia Haas, 1961 (Fig. 10E, F). As a result of a recent intense survey, the number of known  Boucardicus species has reached almost 200 species (Emberton and Pearce 1999, Emberton 2002a, Emberton et al. 2010, Balashov and Griffiths 2015). Anosocolus and  Malarinia both have two species.</p><p>Diagnosis: Sutural tube absent; microtunnels long, formed by folds of the uppermost shell layer, and situated between the peristome and the position of the operculum (= constriction), i.e. anterior to the inner opening; each microtunnel reaches the common opening individually; the single opening is situated immediately behind the operculum. Operculum eccentric.</p><p>Distribution: Endemic to Madagascar (Fig. 11).</p><p>Remarks: Te shell sculpture of  Boucardicus species, especially the rib morphology of the area between the peristome and the position of the operculum, is crucial for species delimitation and recognition. Tus, it was described in detail for each species (Emberton 1994, 2001, 2002a, Emberton and Pearce 1999, Emberton et al. 1999, 2010). However, the function of these ribs (i.e. microtunnels) and the presence of a single opening behind the operculum have not been mentioned in the literature.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487EEFFDF547352CBF9B92A920913	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Páll-Gergely, Barna;Ruthensteiner, Bernhard;Harl, Josef;Magonyi, Nóra M.;Asami, Takahiro;Krizsik, Virág;Schwaha, Tomas;Fehér, Zoltán	Páll-Gergely, Barna, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Harl, Josef, Magonyi, Nóra M., Asami, Takahiro, Krizsik, Virág, Schwaha, Tomas, Fehér, Zoltán (2024): Recurrent evolution of breathing microtunnel system in terrestrial operculate snails (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (4): 1-25, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158
03C487EEFFD8547352E8FEC02ACD0C5D.text	03C487EEFFD8547352E8FEC02ACD0C5D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anosycolus Fischer-Piete, Ch. P. Blanc, F. Blanc & F. Salvat 1993	<div><p>Genus  Anosycolus Fischer-Piete, Ch. P. Blanc, F. Blanc &amp; F. Salvat, 1993</p><p>(Fig. 10A)</p><p>Anosocolus Fischer-Piete, Ch. P. Blanc, F. Blanc &amp; F. Salvat, 1993: 77.</p><p>Tope species: Anosocolus anosocolus Fischer-Piete, Ch. P. Blanc, F. Blanc &amp; F. Salvat, 1993 (by original designation).</p><p>Remarks: Anosocolus is included in the  Boucardicinae, owing to the presence of microtunnels on the last whorl of the type species.  Boucardicus, in the present sense, is an extremely variable genus in terms of shell size, shell and aperture shape, and sculpture, and Anosocolus differs from some large, triangular  Boucardicus species (e.g. Fig. 10B) only in minor characters, such as the keeled body whorl and closed umbilicus. Tis might suggest that Anosocolus and large-shelled  Boucardicus are more closely related to each other than are large, triangular-shelled and small, ovoid  Boucardicus species (e.g. Fig. 10D). Clearly, a genus-level revision of  Boucardicus is needed in order to provide a phylogenetically meaningful subdivision of this mega-genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487EEFFD8547352E8FEC02ACD0C5D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Páll-Gergely, Barna;Ruthensteiner, Bernhard;Harl, Josef;Magonyi, Nóra M.;Asami, Takahiro;Krizsik, Virág;Schwaha, Tomas;Fehér, Zoltán	Páll-Gergely, Barna, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Harl, Josef, Magonyi, Nóra M., Asami, Takahiro, Krizsik, Virág, Schwaha, Tomas, Fehér, Zoltán (2024): Recurrent evolution of breathing microtunnel system in terrestrial operculate snails (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (4): 1-25, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158
03C487EEFFD8547352CEFB8E28FF0D83.text	03C487EEFFD8547352CEFB8E28FF0D83.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Boucardicus Fischer-Piete & Bedoucha 1965	<div><p>Genus  Boucardicus Fischer-Piete &amp; Bedoucha, 1965</p><p>(Fig. 10B–D)</p><p>Boucardicus Fischer-Piete &amp; Bedoucha, 1965: 63 .  Madecataulus Fischer-Piete &amp; Bedoucha, 1965: 70 .</p><p>Tope species:  Acroptochia notabilis E.A. Smith, 1892 (Fig. 10B) by original designation.</p><p>Remarks:  Madecataulus Fischer-Piete &amp; Bedoucha, 1965 (type species:  Madecataulus goudoti Fischer-Piete &amp; Bedoucha, 1965, by monotypy; Fig. 10C) is a synonym of  Boucardicus according to Emberton and Pearce (1999). See also under Anosocolus and  Malarinia .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487EEFFD8547352CEFB8E28FF0D83	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Páll-Gergely, Barna;Ruthensteiner, Bernhard;Harl, Josef;Magonyi, Nóra M.;Asami, Takahiro;Krizsik, Virág;Schwaha, Tomas;Fehér, Zoltán	Páll-Gergely, Barna, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Harl, Josef, Magonyi, Nóra M., Asami, Takahiro, Krizsik, Virág, Schwaha, Tomas, Fehér, Zoltán (2024): Recurrent evolution of breathing microtunnel system in terrestrial operculate snails (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (4): 1-25, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158
03C487EEFFD8547351DFFCE72B9C0C99.text	03C487EEFFD8547351DFFCE72B9C0C99.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hainesiinae , Tiele 1929	<div><p>Subfamily  Hainesiinae Tiele, 1929</p><p>(Fig. 10G)</p><p>Content: Acroptochia Crosse &amp; P. Fischer, 1877 [replacement name for Euptochia Crosse &amp; P. Fischer, 1877, non Hübner, 1816 (Lepidoptera); type species: Euptochia metableta Crosse &amp; P. Fischer, 1873 (Fig. 10G), by typification of replaced name],  Hainesia L. Pfeiffer, 1856 (type species:  Coclostoma croceum G.B. Sowerby I, 1843, by subsequent designation; Wenz, 1938: 469).</p><p>Remarks: Differs from  Boucardicinae by the absence of microtunnels.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487EEFFD8547351DFFCE72B9C0C99	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Páll-Gergely, Barna;Ruthensteiner, Bernhard;Harl, Josef;Magonyi, Nóra M.;Asami, Takahiro;Krizsik, Virág;Schwaha, Tomas;Fehér, Zoltán	Páll-Gergely, Barna, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Harl, Josef, Magonyi, Nóra M., Asami, Takahiro, Krizsik, Virág, Schwaha, Tomas, Fehér, Zoltán (2024): Recurrent evolution of breathing microtunnel system in terrestrial operculate snails (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (4): 1-25, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158
03C487EEFFD85473534CFA512CC30B4D.text	03C487EEFFD85473534CFA512CC30B4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Malarinia Haas 1961	<div><p>Genus  Malarinia Haas, 1961</p><p>(Fig. 10E, F)</p><p>Malarinia Haas, 1961: 19 .</p><p>Tope species:  Malarinia hova Haas, 1961, by original designation.</p><p>Included species:  Malarinia hova Haas, 1961 (Fig. 10E) and  Malarinia calcoperculata Emberton, 1994 (Fig. 10F, see also Emberton &amp; Pearce, 1999: 364, fig. 22).</p><p>Remarks: We examined photographs of the type species of  Malarinia (Madagascar, ~ 30 miles south of Moramanga, Chutes de la Mort, leg. E.S. Ross, 10 November 1959, FMNH 106701). Te strong sculpture on the last half whorl suggests that each rib represents a microtunnel, as in the genera  Boucardicus and Anosocolus. So far, this genus has been placed in the family  Diplommatinidae, which has no other known members in Madagascar or in the entire African continent (Egorov 2013). Tus, its position in the  Boucardicinae is more likely, and it is here moved to  Boucardicinae .</p><p>Boucardicus menoi K. C. Emberton, Slapcinsky, C. A. Campbell, Rakotondrazafy, Andriamiarison &amp; J. D. Emberton, 2010 and  Boucardicus avo K. C. Emberton, Slapcinsky, C. A. Campbell, Rakotondrazafy, Andriamiarison &amp; J. D. Emberton, 2010 are very similar to two known  Malarinia species in shell shape and sculpture (Emberton et al. 2010). It is possible that they are wrongly assigned to  Boucardicus and should instead belong to  Malarinia . However, it might also mean that there is no clear morphological distinction between  Malarinia and  Boucardicus . Given that  Malarinia is the older name, it has priority over  Boucardicus, and the ~200 species of the later genus should be transferred to  Malarinia . However, we do not formally synonymize  Boucardicus with  Malarinia here. Instead, a systematic revision of the extremely variable  Boucardicus should propose a reasonable subdivision of that genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487EEFFD85473534CFA512CC30B4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Páll-Gergely, Barna;Ruthensteiner, Bernhard;Harl, Josef;Magonyi, Nóra M.;Asami, Takahiro;Krizsik, Virág;Schwaha, Tomas;Fehér, Zoltán	Páll-Gergely, Barna, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Harl, Josef, Magonyi, Nóra M., Asami, Takahiro, Krizsik, Virág, Schwaha, Tomas, Fehér, Zoltán (2024): Recurrent evolution of breathing microtunnel system in terrestrial operculate snails (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (4): 1-25, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158
03C487EEFFD8547151FFFA952CCD0E00.text	03C487EEFFD8547151FFFA952CCD0E00.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Alycaeinae W. T. Blanford 1864	<div><p>Subfamily  Alycaeinae W.T. Blanford, 1864</p><p>(Fig. 12)</p><p>Alycaeinae Blanford, 1864: 465 .</p><p>Tope genus:  Alocaeus Baird, 1850.</p><p>Content:  Alocaeus Baird, 1850 (type species:  Alocaeus eodouxi Venmans, 1956; Fig. 12A), Chamalocaeus Möllendorff, 1897 (type species:  Alocaeus (Chamalocaeus) fuhstorferi Möllendorff, 1897), Coclorox Godwin-Austen, 1914 (type species:  Coclostoma constrictum Benson, 1851),  Dicharax Kobelt &amp; Möllendorff, 1900 (type species:  Alocaeus hebes Benson, 1857; Fig. 12D), Diorox Benson, 1859 (type species:  Alocaeus amphora Benson, 1856; Fig. 12C), Metalocaeus Pilsbry, 1900 (type species:  Alocaeus (Metalocaeus) melanopoma Pilsbry, 1900, Fig. 12E),  Pincerna Preston, 1907 (type species:  Pincerna liratula Preston, 1907), and  Stomacosmethis Bollinger, 1918 (type species:  Alocaeus (Stomacosmethis) sarasinorum Bollinger, 1918). Currently contains 349 extant species (Páll-Gergely et al. 2020, 2021, Jirapatrasilp et al. 2021, MolluscaBase 2024).</p><p>Diagnosis: External tube present (visible along the suture externally), microtunnels few (four or five) to many (&gt;50), long, running from umbilicus to sutural tube; tube and microtunnels rise only in subadults (do not extend beyond the last half whorl), entirely absent in juveniles.</p><p>Distribution: Western India through the Himalaya to Japan in the east, Korea in the north, and Indonesia to the south (van Benthem Juting 1948, 1959, Azuma 1982, Minato 1988, Páll-Gergely et al. 2020, 2021, Jirapatrasilp et al. 2021) (Fig. 11).</p><p>Remarks: We do not list below the included genera, because the genus-level classification of the  Alycaeinae was published recently (Páll-Gergely et al. 2020). Te only change at the genus level compared with the paper by Páll-Gergely et al. (2020) is that Coclorox has been treated as a synonym of  Pincerna following Páll-Gergely (2017), while it is currently accepted as a valid genus (see Gitenberger et al. 2022, Páll-Gergely et al. 2023). In fact, Gitenberger et al. (2022) referred to the unpublished molecular phylogeny published in the present study. However, when we gave information to Edmund Gitenberger, we considered  Stomacosmethis balingensis (Tomlin, 1948) (Tomlin, 1948) (Tomlin, 1948)(Tomlin, 1948)(Tomlin, 1948)(Tomlin, 1948) (Tomlin, 1948)(Tomlin, 1948)(Tomlin, 1948) a  Pincerna species based on shell shape. However, in the present molecular phylogeny no true  Pincerna are represented; therefore, we cannot confirm that Coclorox and  Pincerna and phylogenetically distinct. Nevertheless, it seems likely that while Coclorox is closely related to  Alocaeus and Diorox,  Pincerna is a relative of  Stomacosmethis . Tus, we maintain Coclorox as a valid genus, but this question has to be addressed by future molecular studies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487EEFFD8547151FFFA952CCD0E00	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Páll-Gergely, Barna;Ruthensteiner, Bernhard;Harl, Josef;Magonyi, Nóra M.;Asami, Takahiro;Krizsik, Virág;Schwaha, Tomas;Fehér, Zoltán	Páll-Gergely, Barna, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Harl, Josef, Magonyi, Nóra M., Asami, Takahiro, Krizsik, Virág, Schwaha, Tomas, Fehér, Zoltán (2024): Recurrent evolution of breathing microtunnel system in terrestrial operculate snails (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (4): 1-25, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158
03C487EEFFDA546C512CF9D1291F0A43.text	03C487EEFFDA546C512CF9D1291F0A43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platyrhaphidinae Pall-Gergely 2024	<div><p>Subfamily  Platyrhaphidinae Páll-Gergely subfam. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 13A, B)</p><p>h t t p: / / z o o b a n k.o r g/ E B B 6 5 4 2 E -6 A 0 0 -4 1 6 0 - 9 9 E D - 5B4373E918D8</p><p>Tope genus:  Platorhaphe Möllendorff, 1890 .</p><p>Content:  Platorhaphe Möllendorff, 1890 (Fig. 13A, B), currently contains 76 species (MolluscaBase 2024).</p><p>Diagnosis: Inner tube present (not visible along the suture externally), situated above the suture and with a single opening, microtunnels short (start near the suture).</p><p>Distribution: South-eastern China, Taiwan, Okinawa (Japan), the Philippines, Malaysian part of Borneo, Sulawesi, Maluku and North Maluku, Indochina Peninsula (Peninsular Malaysia, Tailand, Laos, Vietnam) (Fig. 11).</p><p>Remarks: Te genitive of rhaphe is rhaphidis, hence the stem of the genus  Platorhaphe is ‘Platyrhaphid-’. Te family-group name will thus be  Platyrhaphidinae (Philippe Bouchet, pers. comm., September 2019).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487EEFFDA546C512CF9D1291F0A43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Páll-Gergely, Barna;Ruthensteiner, Bernhard;Harl, Josef;Magonyi, Nóra M.;Asami, Takahiro;Krizsik, Virág;Schwaha, Tomas;Fehér, Zoltán	Páll-Gergely, Barna, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Harl, Josef, Magonyi, Nóra M., Asami, Takahiro, Krizsik, Virág, Schwaha, Tomas, Fehér, Zoltán (2024): Recurrent evolution of breathing microtunnel system in terrestrial operculate snails (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (4): 1-25, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158
03C487EEFFC7546C519DFEFB2D2A0EB2.text	03C487EEFFC7546C519DFEFB2D2A0EB2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laotia Saurin 1953	<div><p>Genus  Laotia Saurin, 1953</p><p>(Fig. 13C)</p><p>Laotia Saurin, 1953: 113–114 .</p><p>Tope species:  Laotia pahiensis Saurin, 1953 (by monotypy).</p><p>Content: Tree species:  Laotia christahemmenae Páll-Gergely, 2014 (Páll-Gergely 2014),  Laotia luongi Páll-Gergely &amp; Hunyadi, 2021, and  Laotia pahiensis Saurin, 1953 (Saurin 1953; also Fig. 13C).</p><p>Distribution: Northern Vietnam and northern Laos.</p><p>Remarks: Te molecular phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 9) revealed that  Laotia forms a strongly supported clade with many species and genera of  Diplommatinidae and represents a separate lineage within that clade with an unresolved basal node. Owing to the uncertainty regarding the phylogenetic relationships between  Laotia and (other)  Diplommatinidae, we erect a new subfamily for  Laotia and  Messageria within  Diplommatinidae, instead of erecting a new family in its own right. Even if the  Diplommatinidae comprise two strongly supported subclades (Webster et al. 2012, Köhler 2023; Fig. 9), we lack molecular information on the majority of diplommatinid genera (currently 35 genera, of which 8 are fossil-only; MolluscaBase 2024), and predicting the systematic position of each genus would be very difficult based on morphological characters alone. Terefore, we leave all other  Diplommatinidae without classifying them into subfamilies.</p><p>Te shell shape of  Laotia is strikingly similar to that of the extinct (Miocene–Cretaceous) European genus  Ferussina Grateloup, 1827 (type species:  Ferussina anostomaeformis Grateloup, 1827, by monotypy) (Supporting Information, Fig. S6E), which is currently classified in its own subfamily in the  Cyclophoridae (Páll-Gergely and Neubauer 2020, Páll-Gergely et al. 2023) [previously in its own family,  Ferussinidae Wenz, 1923 (1923 –1930); see Bouchet et al. 2017]. Te similarity could result either from relatedness or from parallel/convergent evolution. Te former hypothesis can be tested by searching for inner tubes in  Ferussina similar to the ones found in  Laotia shells. We examined a sample containing ~230 shells (O-Oligozän, Landschneckenkalk, Hochheim-Flörsheim, coll. Kinkelin) in the SMF. Two shells had a broken last whorl, which presented the opportunity to investigate the presence or absence of inner gas-exchange chambers. Given that no such chambers were found, we consider the similarity between  Laotia and  Ferussina to be a result of parallel/convergent evolution.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487EEFFC7546C519DFEFB2D2A0EB2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Páll-Gergely, Barna;Ruthensteiner, Bernhard;Harl, Josef;Magonyi, Nóra M.;Asami, Takahiro;Krizsik, Virág;Schwaha, Tomas;Fehér, Zoltán	Páll-Gergely, Barna, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Harl, Josef, Magonyi, Nóra M., Asami, Takahiro, Krizsik, Virág, Schwaha, Tomas, Fehér, Zoltán (2024): Recurrent evolution of breathing microtunnel system in terrestrial operculate snails (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (4): 1-25, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158
03C487EEFFC7546C52A9F9B12C6A0969.text	03C487EEFFC7546C52A9F9B12C6A0969.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Laotiinae Pall-Gergely 2024	<div><p>Subfamily  Laotiinae Páll-Gergely subfam. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 13C–F)</p><p>h t t p: / / z o o b a n k.o r g/ 3D 2 6 7 C 2 2 -E B D 9- 4 5B 5- A7 5 1- B5BA463EC511</p><p>Tope genus:  Laotia Saurin, 1953 .</p><p>Content:  Laotia Saurin, 1953 (Fig. 13C) and  Messageria Bavay &amp; Dautzenberg, 1904 (Fig. 13D–F), containing three and two species, respectively.</p><p>Diagnosis: Inner tube missing, but a series of distinct inner sutural chambers situated below the suture; as the shell grows, old chambers are closed and new ones open, four or five open simultaneously; microtunnels long (start in umbilical area), two or three connected to a single sutural chamber.</p><p>Distribution: Northern Laos, Northern Vietnam, Southern China (Guangxi) (Fig. 11).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487EEFFC7546C52A9F9B12C6A0969	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Páll-Gergely, Barna;Ruthensteiner, Bernhard;Harl, Josef;Magonyi, Nóra M.;Asami, Takahiro;Krizsik, Virág;Schwaha, Tomas;Fehér, Zoltán	Páll-Gergely, Barna, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Harl, Josef, Magonyi, Nóra M., Asami, Takahiro, Krizsik, Virág, Schwaha, Tomas, Fehér, Zoltán (2024): Recurrent evolution of breathing microtunnel system in terrestrial operculate snails (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (4): 1-25, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158
03C487EEFFC7546C5292FD9129E10DE0.text	03C487EEFFC7546C5292FD9129E10DE0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Platyrhaphe Mollendorff 1890	<div><p>Genus  Platyrhaphe Möllendorff, 1890</p><p>Coclotus ( Platorhaphe) Möllendorff, 1890: 267.</p><p>Tope species:  Coclotus pusillus G.B. Sowerby I, 1843 (Fig. 6B), by original designation.</p><p>Remarks: No recent revision has been published.Tirty-three of the 76 species were described from the Philippines by Bartsch (1919), who is famous for being an extreme spliter (see Waters 2006, and Páll-Gergely et al. 2019 and references therein). Terefore, the real number of species might be lower, although several undescribed species await description from continental Asia.</p><p>Bartsch (1919) described three subgenera (Platoraphella, Platoraphida, and Platoraphina) based on subtle differences of the operculum, all from the Philippines. Although we have not examined this question in detail, it seems unlikely that four subgenera are known from the edge of the distribution of this genus, whereas the nominotypical subgenus is widely distributed in Southeast Asia. Te subgenera of  Platorhaphe are likely to be results of Bartsch’s extreme spliting activity. Tus, in agreement with Egorov (2009), we do not consider them valid, and we handle  Platorhaphe as a genus without subgenera.</p><p>Although Bartsch (1919) clearly indicated the presence of the inner tube of this genus as a characteristic feature, it has not received any atention by later authors. Tus, owing to the simple cyclophoroid shell shape, some species currently classified as  Platorhaphe might belong to Coclotus or other similar-looking genera, and vice versa. Tis question will be investigated further in upcoming systematic studies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487EEFFC7546C5292FD9129E10DE0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Páll-Gergely, Barna;Ruthensteiner, Bernhard;Harl, Josef;Magonyi, Nóra M.;Asami, Takahiro;Krizsik, Virág;Schwaha, Tomas;Fehér, Zoltán	Páll-Gergely, Barna, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Harl, Josef, Magonyi, Nóra M., Asami, Takahiro, Krizsik, Virág, Schwaha, Tomas, Fehér, Zoltán (2024): Recurrent evolution of breathing microtunnel system in terrestrial operculate snails (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (4): 1-25, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158
03C487EEFFC7546D51E6F8A329030D8F.text	03C487EEFFC7546D51E6F8A329030D8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Messageria Bavay & Dautzenberg 1904	<div><p>Genus  Messageria Bavay &amp; Dautzenberg, 1904</p><p>(Fig. 13D–F)</p><p>Helicomorpha (Messageria) Bavay and Dautzenberg, 1904: 229 .  Helicomorpha (Messageria) —Wenz, 1938 (1938–1944): 479.  Messageria — Chen and Lin, 2021: 129.</p><p>Tope species:  Helicomorpha (Messageria) scalarioides Bavay &amp; Dautzenberg, 1904, by original designation.</p><p>Content:  Messageria scalarioides (Bavay &amp; Dautzenberg, 1904) (Fig. 13D–F) and  Messageria sinica Z.-Y. Chen &amp; L.-W. Lin, 2021.</p><p>Distribution: Northern Vietnam and Guangxi (China).</p><p>Remarks: Two syntypes (an adult and a subadult one) of  Helicomorpha scalarioides were examined. One of them is an adult shell, which is hereby selected to be the lectotype (MNHN-IM-2000-32414; fig. 1 in Chen and Lin 2021). In oblique apertural view, several openings on the inner tube are visible, resembling those described in  Laotia . In the subadult paralectotype (MNHN-IM-2000-32415; see Fig. 13E, F), the openings start immediately before the peristome. In the adult lectotype, the openings start more distantly from the peristome.</p><p>Messageria was described as a subgenus of the diplommatinid  Helicomorpha Möllendorff, 1890 (type species:  Helicomorpha turricula Möllendorff, 1890 by original designation). Currently, nine species of  Helicomorpha inhabit the Philippines (Kobelt 1902). Chen and Lin (2021) elevated  Messageria to the genus level and transferred it to the  Alycaeidae owing to features of the shell and operculum shared with  Laotia .</p><p>We received photographs of the lectotype of  Helicomorpha turricula (Supporting Information, Fig. S6A) and borrowed four species from the MNCN ( Helicomorpha pilula Quadras &amp; Möllendorff, 1896: Sierra Bullones, isla de Bohol, Filipinas, coll. Azpeitia 2760, MNCN 28808/2, see Supporting Information, Fig. S6B–D;  Helicomorpha quadrasi Möllendorff, 1893: Malitbog, isla de Leyte, Filipinas, coll. Azpeitia, 2761, MNCN 28809/2;  Helicomorpha turricula, Filipinas, Azpeitia, 2762, MNCN 28812/2; and  Helicomorpha depressa Möllendorff, 1893: Cantanduanes, isla Cantanduanes, Filipinas, coll. Azpeitia, 2798, MNCN 28801/2). Te borrowed shells (Supporting Information, Fig. S6B–D) showed no signs of an inner tube or separate sutural chambers, which are visible in  Messageria scalarioides and  Laotia cf. christahemmenae . Terefore,  Helicomorpha is confirmed to belong to the family  Diplommatinidae, whereas it does not belong to the subfamily  Laotiinae proposed for  Laotia and  Messageria, both possessing sutural chambers.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03C487EEFFC7546D51E6F8A329030D8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Páll-Gergely, Barna;Ruthensteiner, Bernhard;Harl, Josef;Magonyi, Nóra M.;Asami, Takahiro;Krizsik, Virág;Schwaha, Tomas;Fehér, Zoltán	Páll-Gergely, Barna, Ruthensteiner, Bernhard, Harl, Josef, Magonyi, Nóra M., Asami, Takahiro, Krizsik, Virág, Schwaha, Tomas, Fehér, Zoltán (2024): Recurrent evolution of breathing microtunnel system in terrestrial operculate snails (Gastropoda: Caenogastropoda: Cyclophoroidea). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (4): 1-25, DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlae158
