taxonID	type	description	language	source
03C587EF564DFFCAFC9183B6FC482AD4.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis: Similar to Salacia stuhlmanniana Loes. but differing in several aspects including: having reddish branchlets rather than grey; flowers drying yellow rather than brown-black; stamens twice length of pistil rather than the same length; fruits with a thin (c. 1 mm) leathery vs a thick (3 – 4 mm) woody exocarp. — Type: Mpandzou, A. L. 1262 (holo IEC; iso K, P, WAG), Republic of Congo, Kouilo Department, Pointe Noire [S 4 ° 41 ' 58.9 " E 11 ° 48 ' 22.6 "], 10 July 2011. Etymology. The species epithet (‘ sand dwelling’) refers to its white sand habitat. Scandent shrub or liana to 5 m tall, glabrous with copious resin. Shoots terete, lenticellate, twigs dark red. Leaves opposite to subopposite, elliptic to lanceolate, 4 – 10 by 1 – 5 cm, apex rounded to shortly acuminate (acumen to 4 by 3 mm), base attenuate, lamina coriaceous, margin entire or with minute teeth sometimes present towards apex, leaf margin revolute when dried, concolorous, drying light green, upper surface smooth, midrib prominent above and below, 6 – 8 pairs of secondary veins barely visible above, more prominent below, bending sharply upwards c. 5 mm from the margin, tertiary venation reticulate apparent below, fainter above. Petiole 8 – 20 mm long, 20 – 25 % of the length of the lamina, drying darker than lamina, canaliculate, margins straight, showing a clear dehiscence ring at junction with shoot. Inflorescence an axillary fascicle or glomerule holding 4 – 14 flowers on a peduncle 0 – 1 mm long, bracts fimbriate less than 0.1 mm long. Flowers yellow 5 – 7 mm diam, very fragrant smelling of hyacinth at 2 PM (pers. obs. Gosline 10 July 2011); pedicels thin 8 – 10 mm long; sepals 5, subequal, ovate, 1 mm long, fimbrillate; petals 5, ovate-oblong, 3 by 2 mm, membranaceous, disk green cylindrical (Hallés tronconique (1987: 33 )) 0.1 mm tall by 0.3 mm diam with an abrupt upper edge and no impressions above; stamens 3, filaments 3 mm long, not apiculate, thecae 0.1 mm long, confluent at an angle of 90 °; style 1 mm long, tapering to a single point; locules 3 each with 2 superposed ovules. Fruits glossy orange spherical 2 – 3.5 cm diam, fruiting pedicel 0.2 – 0.6 cm long by 0.4 cm diam; pericarp smooth less than 1 mm thick, flesh sweet, edible; seeds 1 (3), spherical 1.2 cm diam when solitary, flattened when multiple. Distribution & Ecology — Known only from a restricted white sand thicket habitat along the coast of the Republic of Congo, possibly extending into neighbouring Gabon and to be searched for on the coasts of Cabinda, DRC, and Angola. Representative specimens. GABON, Ogooué-Maritime Province, near beach south of Gamba, Breteler 14951 (WAG, photo only seen), 6 Nov. 1998; Gamba, shore of Vevy-lagoon, Wieringa 1169 (WAG, photo only seen), 15 June 1992. – REPUBLIC OF CONGO, Kouilo Department, Conkouati, Mpandzou 1862 (IEC, K), 11 Dec. 2012; Djeno, Mpandzou 1784 (IEC, K), 7 Dec. 2012; Fouta, Kami T 1295, 29 Nov. 2011 (IEC, K, MO, P, WAG); Bas-Kouilou near Madingo-Kayes, Kami T 1342 (BR, G, IEC, K, MO, P, WAG), 3 Dec. 2011; Mvandji, Nkondi 506 (IEC, K), 13 Apr. 2013; Plage Longo-Boudji, Mpandzou 1888 (IEC, K), 12 Dec. 2012; Pointe Noire, Kami T 1270 (BR, G, IEC, K, MO, P, PRE, US, WAG), 26 Nov. 2011; Tchiele, Nkondi 768 (IEC, K), 17 Apr. 2013; Tchimpounga, Mpandzou 1647 (IEC), 5 Nov. 2012. Conservation assessment — An assessment of Vulnerable (VU B 2 ab (iii )) is given here using the categories of IUCN (2012). This is on the basis of restricted range (the ten locations listed above, Extent of Occurrence (EOO) 3 400 km 2, Area of Occupancy (AOO) 76 km 2) and continuing development pressure on the habitat at most of the ten locations. The habitat is essentially a narrow linear corridor just inland of the shore. Thanks to the support of the Zanaga project the habitat of S. arenicola in Republic of Congo has been well surveyed; the species has been targeted in five surveys along the entire coast of the Republic of Congo between 2010 and 2013. During this period building of houses north of Pointe Noire destroyed some of the habitat (Van der Burgt pers. comm.). A new port is proposed for the Pointe Indienne area to the north of Pointe Noire and a large oil refinery occupies the southern end of the species range at Djeno. Eight km of this habitat close to the coast is protected by the Tchimpounga Nature Reserve and a small patch has been found in the Conkouati Reserve. The largest known population of the species occurs at Bas-Kouilo where about 50 plants were seen in 2013 (Cheek pers. obs.). The remainder of the range is subject to active exploitation and development especially in the Djeno area where the habitat is being rapidly cleared and may soon be eradicated due to urbanization and activities apparently linked to the Total oil refinery. At Plage Longo-Boudji, Mvandji and Tchiele tourism has resulted in clearance of part of the habitat. However, at Mvandji, Fouta (Van der Burgt pers. comm.) and near Madingo-Kayes (Bas-Kouilo) threats remain low. The Gamba region in Gabon is an area of large scale oil pro- jects including refineries. The WWF has a project in the area in conjunction with Shell oil which is focussed on control of bush meat trade. The full extent of the white sand habitat and threats in Gabon are unknown. If present trends continue the species could soon be reassessed as Endangered. Both EOO and AOO are within the range for the IUCN (2012) EN rating which will apply if the number of locations drops to five. Notes — In the Flore du Gabon S. arenicola specimens key to S. stuhlmanniana, but with clear differences in flowers, fruits and vegetative characters noted in the diagnosis above. Salacia stuhlmanniana has an Eastern African distribution. Hallé (1987) synonymizes S. lomensis Loes. from West Africa, but the latter has smaller leaves and Robson (1966) questions the inclusion. The two populations have identical flowers and fruits and differ only in leaf size and twig surface and we agree with Hallé that they should be considered subspecies. Also growing in these coastal thickets is S. cornifolia Hook. f. which is found from Liberia to the Congo Republic, primarily in coastal sandy soils. Salacia arenicola is easily distinguished from S. cornifolia by the presence of resinous threads in the leaves, more distinct venation and smooth rounded rather than irregularly shaped fruits. Other related species found in coastal and subcoastal habitats around Africa (but not sympatric with S. aremicola) are S. madagascariensis (Lam.) DC., S. senegalensis (Lam.) DC. and S. kraussii Harv., all containing resin. Few Salacias are recorded as scented; this species was discovered because of its strong odour of hyacinth (Hyacinthus). The large glossy bright orange fruits of S. arenicola are edible and probably dispersed by chimpanzees which still occur in its white sand habitat in the Tchimpounga Reserve (Cheek pers. obs. 2012). The leathery pericarp must be pierced to access the refreshing, slightly sweet orange pulp that surrounds and is strongly attached to the usually single seed (Cheek pers. obs. 2012).	en	Gosline, G., Cheek, M. (2014): Two new African species of Salacia Salacioideae, Celastraceae. Blumea 59 (1): 26-32, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X682026, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x682026
03C587EF564EFFCFFC9181C0FDC32BA9.taxon	description	Salacia sp. nov. “ SALS ” Thomas et al. (2003) 34.	en	Gosline, G., Cheek, M. (2014): Two new African species of Salacia Salacioideae, Celastraceae. Blumea 59 (1): 26-32, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X682026, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x682026
03C587EF564EFFCFFC9181C0FDC32BA9.taxon	description	Similar to Salacia mayumbensis Exell & Mendonça but being a larger tree (to 15 m), having larger leaves (to 40 cm rather than 25 cm) with no or indistinct marginal teeth, dark purple rather than yellow flowers, no radial striations on the disk and larger fruits. — Type: Groves, M. 265 (holo YA; iso BR, K, SCA, WAG), Cameroon, South West Province, Mabeta-Moliwe, Dikulu Village [N 4 ° 05 ' E 9 ° 16 '], alt. 30 m, trail along seashore to west of Dikulu Village, 9 March 1995. Etymology. nigra (black) the petals are almost black in colour: ‘ black flower’. Shrub or tree 2 – 5 (– 15) m tall, glabrous, without resin. Bark dark brown or grey, smooth, outer slash pink to orange, inner cream; branching decussate with flattened sprays of leaves. Young shoots terete to slightly flattened at nodes, ferruginous, smooth with fine striation, older twigs with grey sometimes gnarled bark. Leaves simple, opposite; petiole 0.7 – 1.7 cm long, often deeply striate and drying darker than both stem and midrib; blade coriaceous to subcoriaceous, 23 – 43 by 6 – 16 cm, narrowly elliptic to oblong, acumen 0.8 – 1.5 cm long, base rounded to obtuse; 16 – 22 pairs of secondary nerves looping 3 – 5 mm from the margin, whitish above, yellow or brown and very prominent beneath; margin slightly crenulate or sparingly serrate and revolute when dry. Inflorescence ramiflorous, fascicles of up to 8 flowers, glabrous; bracts triangular, 10.5 mm wide by 0.5 – 0.75 mm long; pedicels 1.1 – 1.4 cm long at anthesis. Buds globular to oblate, (1.5 –) 2.0 – 2.5 mm long. Flowers purple to purple-brown drying almost black, 4 – 6 mm diam; calyx 3.0 – 4.5 mm diam, sepals green to light orangebrown, highly unequal, the largest often twice the width of the smallest, elliptic, 1.0 – 3.0 by 0.75 – 1.5 mm, entire, free; petals semicircular to broadly obovate, imbricate, 3.0 – 4.5 by 2.0 – 3.0 mm, margin entire. Disk shallowly cupular, 1.7 – 2.5 mm diam, 0.2 mm thick, often white contrasting strongly with the black petals. Stamens with flattened filaments inserted on the inner wall of the cupular disc, 1.5 mm long, anther cells confluent, forming an obtuse angle. Ovary 3 - lobed, 1.0 – 1.25 mm diam tapering to style 1.0 – 1.5 mm long, stigma punctiform, ovules 2 per locule, superposed. Fruits pyriform to narrowly ellipsoid often gibbous, 50 – 75 mm long when dried (100 by 35 mm in vivo, Cheek 3453) with blunt rostrum 10 – 15 mm long, orange to orange-red, waxy, warty and irregularly ridged exterior, fruiting pedicel 1.1 – 2.1 by 0.2 cm; (1 –) 2 – 3 white seeds surrounded by a translucent, gelatinous pulp. Distribution & Ecology — High rainfall coastal areas of Cameroon and Nigeria. Disturbed, semi-disturbed or intact ever- green forest, 30 – 330 m altitude. In the Ebo forest a species of mosquito was observed visiting several flowers of S. nigra in turn over five minutes, spending 5 – 10 seconds at each possibly to imbibe nectar and potentially effecting cross-pollination (Cheek pers. obs. 2006). The fruits are eaten by gorillas in the Campo Reserve (Webb & Bullock 654). Representative specimens. CAMEROON, Centre Region, Ndanan 2, Ndanan 1 to Ndanan 2 forest to left of trail, Darbyshire 301 (K, WAG, YA), 30 Mar. 2004; Littoral Region, Ebo Proposed National Park Njuma Research Station (nearest village Ndokbagengue), Xanthos 230 (K), 26 May 2010; Xanthos 140 (K), 1 Apr. 2010; Ebo Proposed National Park Bekob, Tchiengue 2450 (K, YA), 14 Feb. 2006; Tchiengue 2532 (K, YA), 17 Feb. 2006; Southwest Region, Moliwe Makota River watershed, TD Watts 249 (K, SCA, YA), 29 Apr. 1992; Mabeta-Moliwe Reserve, Southern base line, Sunderland 1145 (K, SCA, YA), 24 Mar. 1992; Mabeta-Moliwe Reserve, Southern base line, c. 700 m, Cheek 3453 (K, SCA, YA), 2 July 1992; Bimbia 4 km SE Limbe (TB), Baker 277 (K, SCA, YA), 5 Aug. 1993; Dikulu, Mangrove stream between road and mangroves at top of beach, Cable 1370 (K, SCA, YA), 26 Feb. 1995; Liwenyi Forest around the Likenge village, Tchouto 516 (K, SCA, YA), 18 Mar. 1993; Limbe Patch of high forest close to coast near Victoria, Brenan 9590 (K), 6 Apr. 1948; Boa Mokoko Forest Reserve, Ekombe-Mofako, Pouakouyou 82 (K, SCA), 4 June 1994; Mokoko, Thomas 10014 (K, SCA, YA), 20 May 1994; Bera Northern Korup F. R., Olorunfemi FHI 30665 (K), 3 July 1951. – NIGERIA, Edo state, Iyekoriowon District, Usonigbe Forest Reserve, Daramola FHI 72333 (FHI, K, MO), 5 Oct. 1973. f cm 5; marbled often, cm smooth 3; length 6 cm;, marbled maximum smooth, turbinate to smooth,; Fruit obovoid obovoid orange globular Flowers pink to yellow purple Acumen triangular ligulate margin revolute, acuminate triangular Leaf entire entire secondary serrulate 8 – 5 10 – Pairs nerves 4 9 – 6, 10 cm oblanceolate – 4 to cm by cm 5 – – 22 elliptic 5 7 – 3 by. species Leaf size elliptic 8, narrowly 10 by – 20 Salacia height non-lianescent Maximum m 5 4 m of lehmbachii Characters. var loloensis. var 1 Table Taxon lehmbachii loloensis S .. S cm 7; smooth, fusiform? yellow ligulate toothed strongly not but undulate 16 – 14, oblanceolate to cm elliptic 10 – 6 by narrowly – 30 15 12 – 8? m m 2 3 sibangana. var loloensis pallescens.. S cm 3; smooth, ovoid yellow entire 7 – 5 cm 7 – 5 by 20 – 8, elliptic m 3 mannii. S verrucose, variable orange to yellow ligulate toothed weakly to serrulate 13 – 11 cm 7 – 4 by 25 – 10, elliptic narrowly m 3 mayumbensis. S unknown purple to red caudate serrulate to toothed weakly 15 – 13 cm 7 – 4 by 22 – 14, lanceolate m 3 ndakala. S cm 10 – 8; warty, gibbous, ellipsoid to pyriform purple dark ligulate toothed weakly to entire 20 – 12 cm 15 – 6 by 40 – 18, oblanceolate m) 15 – (5 nigra. S Conservation assessment — Vulnerable (VU B 2 a, b (iii )) (IUCN 2012). The previous assessment of Critically Endangered given in Cable & Cheek (1998: xlvii) and referred to in Onana & Cheek (2011: 113) is lowered based on additional locations for the species. Eight distinct locations are indicated on Map 1 with an AOO of 80 km 2 using the 4 km 2 cell sizes advised by IUCN (2012). While S. nigra has secure populations in the Korup National Park and the proposed Ebo National Park, threats exist at all other locations. Usonigbe Forest Reserve viewed on Google Earth (imagery from 2008) is now 90 % agricultural fields and S. nigra is very probably extinct at this single known location in Nigeria. Slash-and-burn agriculture inside the Mefou National Park, very close to Yaounde, was recorded in 2004 (Cheek et al. 2011). At both the type location and the Campo Ma’an National Park and Technical Operations Unit illegal logging, iron ore mining and oil-palm plantation development are threats. The specimen location from Campo Ma’an lies outside the gazetted national park where logging concessions exist. Most of the specimen records of the species are from the eastern (Bimbia-Bonadikombo Community Forest, formerly Mabeta-Moliwe) and western (Mokoko-Onge) foothills of Mt Cameroon. The forest present at Bimbia-Bonadikombo has been extensively impacted by slash-and-burn agriculture since collections were made in the early 1990 s (Cheek 1992). In the forest of the western foothills at Mokoko agriculture including oil-palm and petroleum exploration are current threats. Notes — Salacia nigra is one of a group of closely related shrubs to small trees in Hallé’s group 3 of Flore du Gabon (1987). This taxon was named as Salacia sp. A in The Flora of West Tropical Africa based on Brenan & Jones 9590; but Hallé subsequently identified this and other specimens as S. loloensis Loes. var. sibangana Hallé. Examination of specimens of S. loloensis var. sibangana shows a similarity in the large leaves, but the fruits to be smooth rather than warty, the flowers yellow rather than purple and the leaves smaller. (The similarity of the fruits in S. loloensis var. loloensis and var. sibangana support Hallé’s association of the two taxa.) Salacia nigra fruits appear close to S. mayumbensis in this group of species, and we use this as the ‘ similar to’ species in the diagnosis. Salacia ndakala R. Wilczek from Kivu is closely related to S. mayumbensis; no fruits are known from this species but it is likely to have the same warty fruit type. A number of specimens in southern Cameroon do not fit neatly with the character matrix and may represent additional new taxa or regional variations. De Wilde 2076 from south of Ebolowa is determined by Hallé as S. mayumbensis but is more weakly toothed than Gabonese specimens. Webb & Bullock 654 from the Campo Reserve is similar. Darbyshire 301 from near Yaoundé is also weakly toothed with larger leaves (30 cm long) and 14 secondary nerve pairs. The listing in Tchoutou (2004: 152) of S. loloensis var. sibangana in the Campo Ma’an refers to a small woody climber and is probably a misidentification. We have not seen the collections on which the record is based. The Smithsonian 50 - ha plot in the Korup National Park inven- tories 564 individuals of what is undoubtedly this species (but with only 11 individuals with stems over 2 cm diam). Ranking 99 th in frequency of occurrence in the list of species by number of individuals (Thomas et al. 2003) Table 1 summarizes the taxa of true trees and small shrubs related to S. loloensis. Salacia lehmbachii Loes. (represented by S. lehmbachii var. lehmbachii), S. pallescens Oliv. and S. mannii Oliv. are quite different in aspect from the other species but are included here for completeness. We also give a key to all the non-lianescent species of central and west African Salacias. It is hoped this will be of use, but care is necessary in that many (most?) of the lianescent species begin life as small sarmentous shrubs.	en	Gosline, G., Cheek, M. (2014): Two new African species of Salacia Salacioideae, Celastraceae. Blumea 59 (1): 26-32, DOI: 10.3767/000651914X682026, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651914x682026
