identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03CA0C497106FF8A51E8F9BAFD8BB2E2.text	03CA0C497106FF8A51E8F9BAFD8BB2E2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pterourus menatius subsp. pichincha Bollino & Racheli 2025	<div><p>Pterourus menatius pichincha ssp. nov.</p><p>(Fig. 1 A-1D, 2)</p><p>ZooBank:https://zoobank.org/ A6E2677A-F8E3-4F67-9D84-63CAECC484F5</p><p>Holotype, ♂ (Fig. 1 A-1B), Ecuador – Pichincha / Nanegalito / mt. 800 October 1998 / currently housed in the private collection of Maurizio Bollino (Lecce, Italy), and will be deposited in Museo di Storia naturale del Salento (Calimera, Italy).</p><p>Paratype s (2 ♂)</p><p>-  1 ♂, Ecuador – Esmeraldas /  cantón San Lorenzo / sector San Francisco / m 200, Lgt. E. Aldas, in coll. Euclides Aldaz (Ambato, Ecuador);</p><p>-   1 ♂, Ecuador – Pichincha /  La Esperanza - 800 m / VIII-03 /  P. menatius ssp?, in coll. Mark Simon (Gainesville, USA)  .</p><p>Diagnosis. – The new subspecies differs from other nearby subspecies for its smaller size, the discal band of the hindwings (HWs) entering into the cell both dorsally and ventrally, and for the conspicuous HWs red submarginal spots.  Pterourus menatius elvirae Séraphin, 2015, the taxon most similar to the new subspecies, has the discal band of the HWs occasionally entering into the cell but only ventrally, and the submarginal spots on the HWs are yellow, except for the anal spot and that in space 1b.</p><p>Description</p><p>FW length: 47,5 mm.</p><p>Upperside FWs. – Dark brown ground colour; cell with yellowish transverse band with its inner edge in line with CuA 1 and outer edge in line with M 2, slightly suffused with black scales along inner edge; one elongated yellow spot occupies inner half of space 3, and another occupies inner quarter of space 4; submarginal yellowish spots from space 1b to space 8, that in space 1b slightly suffused with red scales, spots gradually changing from rounded to elongated shape, and becoming progressively more suffused with dark scales.</p><p>Underside FWs. – Ground colour chocolate-brown; spots as on upperside, except for small oblong postdiscal areas suffused with white scales in spaces 1b and 2, and submarginal spots in spaces 1b, 2 and 3 yellow and more conspicuous.</p><p>Upperside HWs. – Ground colour as on FWs; yellow discal band enteringintothe cell witha smallapicalspot, andformed byelongated spots with rounded outer edge; bluish postdiscal spots in spaces 2-4, those in spaces 2 and 3 oval whereas that in space 4 is falciform with internal concavity; band of submarginal spots from space 1b to space 8 slightly falciform with external concavity:those in spaces 1b-5 reddish, and those in spaces 6-8 increasingly suffused with yellowish scales.</p><p>Underside HWs. – Ground colour chocolate-brown. Discal band as on upperside, outer edge bordered with reddish crescents; conspicuous submarginal red spots from space 1b to space 8 plus a thin and minute reddish anal submarginal dot.</p><p>Female</p><p>The only available image of the female (fig. 2) of the new subspecies was taken on March 19, 2020, by a tourist in the Reserva Los Cedros, Imbabura, NW Ecuador, at an altitude of 1400 m, and sent to us by our friend and colleague Jean-Claude Petit. The specimen, very old and damaged, is visible only from the dorsal side and belongs to the blue-green form, a form also found in other subspecies of the  menatius complex.</p><p>Derivatio nominis. – A noun in apposition referring to the Ecuadorian province Pichincha, the type-locality of the new subspecies.</p><p>Distribution. – To the best of our knowledge, the new subspecies is distributed in the extreme north-west of Ecuador (map 1) at altitudes between 200 and 1400 meters.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA0C497106FF8A51E8F9BAFD8BB2E2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bollino, Maurizio;Racheli, Tommaso	Bollino, Maurizio, Racheli, Tommaso (2025): A new taxon of the Pterourus menatius complex from West Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Faunitaxys (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 13 (1): 1-6, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-13(01), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000002173
03CA0C497102FF8950AEFF36FC26B824.text	03CA0C497102FF8950AEFF36FC26B824.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pterourus Scopoli 1777	<div><p>Taxonomic working list of the  Pterourus menatius complex</p><p>menatius (Hübner, [1819]) ( Calaides)</p><p>a)  menatius menatius (Hübner, [1819]) ( Calaides)</p><p>- aristeus (Stoll, 1781) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  coristheus (Boisduval, 1836) ( Papilio)</p><p>- ctesias  var. bari (Oberthür, 1879) ( Papilio)</p><p>- felicis (Strand, 1930) ( Papilio)</p><p>b)  menatius coelebs (Rothschild &amp; Jordan, 1906) ( Papilio)</p><p>c)  menatius ctesiades (Rothschild &amp; Jordan, 1906) ( Papilio)</p><p>- aristeus dysmias (Rothschild &amp; Jordan, 1906)</p><p>d)  menatius coroebus (C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1861), ( Papilio)</p><p>- clearchus (C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1864) ( Papilio), nom. nud.</p><p>- philocleon (C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1864) ( Papilio), nom. nud.</p><p>- clearchus (C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, [1865]) ( Papilio)</p><p>- philocleon (C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, [1865]) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  cleotas coroebus f. dione (Rothschild &amp; Jordan, 1906) ( Papilio)</p><p>e)  menatius elvirae Séraphin, 2015 ( Pterourus)</p><p>f)  menatius eurotas (C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1862) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  bitias (Godart, 1819) ( Papilio)</p><p>- ctesias (C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1864) ( Papilio), nom. nud.</p><p>- ctesias (C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, [1865]) ( Papilio)</p><p>- lacordairei (Borre, 1884) ( Papilio), nom. nud.</p><p>- aristeus  bitias f. therapes (Rothschild &amp; Jordan, 1906) ( Papilio)</p><p>- aristeus vilcanotus (Rothschild &amp; Jordan, 1906)</p><p>-  bitias var. marcus (Niepelt, 1916) ( Papilio)</p><p>- aristeus huambiensis (Prüffer, 1922) ( Papilio)</p><p>- aristeus melini (Bryk, 1953) ( Papilio)</p><p>g)  menatius karljordani Neild, Costa, Jost &amp; Grishin, 2022 ( Pterourus)</p><p>h)  menatius laetitia (Butler, 1872) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  archytas (Hopffer, 1865) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  cleotas archytas f. panthias (Rothschild &amp; Jordan, 1906) ( Papilio)</p><p>i)  menatius lemoulti (Rousseau-Decelle, 1933) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  cleotas lemoulti f. horizonicus (Rousseau-Decelle, 1933) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  cleotas lemoulti f. luteovirens (Rousseau-Decelle, 1933) ( Papilio)</p><p>l)  menatius lenaeus (Doubleday, 1846) ( Papilio)</p><p>- lenaeus f. aymara (Fassl, 1915) ( Papilio)</p><p>- aristeus lenaeus f.  interrupta (Riley, 1921) ( Papilio)</p><p>- lenaeus f. heteromorpha (Niepelt, 1927) ( Papilio)</p><p>- lenaeus f. recidivus (Niepelt, 1927) ( Papilio)</p><p>- lenaeus f. atavus (Niepelt, 1927) ( Papilio)</p><p>- lenaeus ab. rupestris (R. Krüger, 1928) ( Papilio)</p><p>- aristeus  var. lenaeus f. monochroma (Bryk, 1930)</p><p>- lenaeus ab. cellamaculosa (R. Krüger, 1933)</p><p>- lenaeus ab. austerus (R. Krüger, 1934) ( Papilio)</p><p>m)  menatius pichincha Bollino &amp; Racheli,  n. ssp. ( Pterourus)</p><p>n)  menatius syndemis Tyler, K.S. Brown &amp; Wilson, 1994 ( Pterourus)</p><p>- phaeton [sic] (Doubleday, [1845]) ( Papilio)</p><p>- phaeton (Lucas, [1859]) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  cleotas phaeton f. syndemis (Jordan, 1907) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  coroebus laevis Winhard, 2021 ( Pterourus) syn. nov.</p><p>-  coroebus timana Winhard, 2021 ( Pterourus) syn. nov.</p><p>cleotas (Gray, 1832) ( Papilio)</p><p>cleotas (Gray, 1832) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  lycortas (C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1861) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  cleotas cleotas f. adaea (Rothschild &amp; Jordan, 1906) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  coroebus f. coroebusellus (Strand, 1918) ( Papilio)</p><p>victorinus (Doubleday, 1844) ( Papilio)</p><p>a)  victorinus victorinus (Doubleday, 1844) ( Papilio)</p><p>- helleri (C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, 1864) ( Papilio), nom. nud.</p><p>- helleri (C. Felder &amp; R. Felder, [1865]) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  amphissus (Hopffer, 1865) ( Papilio)</p><p>-  victorinus f. eritromaculata (Beutelspacher, 1976) ( Papilio)</p><p>b)  victorinus morelius (Rothschild &amp; Jordan, 1906) ( Papilio) -  victorinus morelius f. amphisinus (Vázquez, 1957) ( Papilio)</p><p>c)  victorinus vulneratus (Butler, 1872) ( Papilio)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03CA0C497102FF8950AEFF36FC26B824	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Bollino, Maurizio;Racheli, Tommaso	Bollino, Maurizio, Racheli, Tommaso (2025): A new taxon of the Pterourus menatius complex from West Ecuador (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae). Faunitaxys (Dordrecht, Netherlands) 13 (1): 1-6, DOI: 10.57800/faunitaxys-13(01), URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/PHH.0000000000002173
