taxonID	type	description	language	source
03DA87F74766C53DAE7CD671FE4EFDA3.taxon	description	The leaves are shortly petiolate, sometimes appearing sessile. The petioles are not thickened or pulvinate, and pubescent or glabrous depending on the species. The leaves have a pinnate venation, whereby the secondary veins loop and anastomose near the margins. The midvein and secondary veins can be somewhat elevated on either side of the leaf. The blade can be papery to coriaceous with an entire, sometimes revolute margin. The leaf blades are orbicular, lan- ceolate, ovate to elliptic-oblong. The base of the blades varies from cordate to attenuate, while the apex similarly varies from retuse / emarginate to acuminate.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74763C53AAE7DDD56FD60FB07.taxon	description	(Prostrate) shrubs, 10 ‒ 100 cm high, monoecious; branches (minutely) ridged, brown, older branches subcylindrical, glabrous, younger branches subcylindrical or distally flattened, often winged and shortly puberulous; internodes 0.2 ‒ 4 mm long. Stipules triangular, 1 ‒ 2 by 0.5 ‒ 1 mm, base bilaterally auriculate, margin entire or (extremely) erose, apex attenuate. Leaves: petiole 0.2 ‒ 1 mm long, glabrous; blade elliptic or orbicular, 1.5 ‒ 30 by 1 ‒ 9 mm, 1 ‒ 2.5 (‒ 5) times longer than wide, base rounded or obtuse, margin thickened, flat, apex rounded or obtuse, not mucronate; midrib slightly prominent above, prominent underneath, lateral veins 3 ‒ 5 on each side, often not or barely visible, flat on both sides. Staminate flowers 1 ‒ 3 together, 1.3 ‒ 2 mm diam; pedicel 1 ‒ 1.5 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, elliptic, 0.5 ‒ 1.2 by 0.2 ‒ 0.8 mm, whitish, (pale) green or (pale) yellow, apex acute or obtuse; disc glands 6, circular, 0.2 ‒ 0.3 mm diam, flat; stamens 3, 0.5 ‒ 0.8 mm long, filaments free, thecae subglobular, c. 0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers solitary, 2 ‒ 3 mm diam; pedicel 1.5 ‒ 2.5 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, elliptic, 1 ‒ 1.5 by 0.5 ‒ 0.8 mm, whitish, (pale) green or (pale) yellow, apex obtuse or rounded; disc annular, (slightly) lobed, 0.8 ‒ 1 mm diam, c. 0.1 mm high; ovary sessile, oblate (- ovoid), 0.6 ‒ 1 mm diam, 0.4 ‒ 0.8 mm high, glabrous; style absent, stigmas 3, c. 1 mm long, bifid for between 3 / 4 and 4 / 5 of the length, reflexed. Fruits subglobular, 2.2 ‒ 3 mm diam, with 3 deep and 3 shallow grooves, often bivalved, glabrous, green or red; pedicel 2 ‒ 3.5 mm long, glabrous; columella 0.8 ‒ 1 mm long. Seeds 1.2 ‒ 2 mm high, c. 1 mm wide, minutely verrucate, chestnut-brown, verrucae circular, randomly placed or in (indistinct) longitudinal lines. Distribution — New Caledonia. Habitat & Ecology — Occurring in maquis shrubland, forests and near rivers, on rocky, alluvium, laterite and / or serpentine soils. Altitude: 0 ‒ 1150 m. Flowering and fruiting all year round. Note — According to Guillaumin (1948), P. chrysanthus can be distinguished by its randomly positioned verrucae on the seeds and the smooth ovary, while P. virgatus from New Caledonia has seeds with the verrucae in a linear pattern and the ovary can be either smooth or verrucate. However, seeds with randomly positioned verrucae have been found in specimens of P. virgatus from all over Asia and Australia, not just from New Caledonia. A better distinctive character is the thickened leaf margins, in comparison to the flat or revolute leaf margins of P. virgatus, and the more prominent midvein in P. chrysanthus.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74762C53AAE7DDED2FB2FFCBA.taxon	distribution	Distribution — New Caledonia (Kaala-Gomen, Cap Deverd). Habitat & Ecology — Maquis shrubland and forests. Altitude: 20 – 30 m. Note — No complete pistillate flowers or intact fruits were found in the six specimens studied.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74762C53AAE7DDDDFFB32F83D.taxon	distribution	Distribution — New Caledonia. Habitat & Ecology — Occurring in (open) maquis shrubland and low forests, often near rivers, on alluvium, laterite and / or serpentine soils. Altitude: 10 ‒ 1000 m.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74761C539AD32DED2FC1AFD48.taxon	distribution	Distribution — India, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Myanmar, China, Thailand and Vietnam. Habitat & Ecology — Open, rocky ground, found in pastures, sometimes on limestone ridges. Altitude: 900 – 2300 m. Flowering and fruiting all year round. Vernacular name — Thailand: Mayom doi (มะยมดอย) (Chantaranothai 2007). Notes — 1. This species is closely related to other species of subg. Macraea according to the phylogeny of Luo et al. (2011). Morphological characters such as its non-phyllanthoid branching and staminate flowers with free stamens confirm that this species should be placed in subg. Macraea. 2. A similar species was described by Chakrabarty & Gangopadhyay (1993) as P. sanjappae. This species has not yet been included in any pollen or phylogenetic study and the staminate flowers are not known, so it is difficult to place this species in subg. Macraea with full certainty. Phylanthus sanjappae is distinct by its glabrous branchlets, sessile leaves with a mucron and the presence of a short style under the stigmas. However, the leaves of P. clarkei can also be mucronate and the indumentum is variable. 3. This species was confused by Hooker (1887) with P. parvifolius Buch. - Ham. ex D. Don and is also similar to P. pseudoparvifolius. A detailed study into the identity of these species was done by Mitra & Sanjappa (2003). Phyllanthus clarkei can be distinguished from P. parvifoliu s and P. pseudoparvifolius by its branching floriferous shoots, completely free stamens and longer fruiting pedicels (Mitra & Sanjappa 2003). 4. Map data was supplemented with data from Gbif. org. Coordinate data can be accessed via https: // doi. org / 10.15468 / dl. uv 7 ddr.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74761C538AE7DDCC9FE91FAFA.taxon	description	Phyllanthus sandwicensis Müll. Arg. var. parvifolius Müll. Arg. (1863) 32; (1866) 389. — Phyllanthus sandwicensis Müll. Arg. forma parvifolius (Müll. Arg.) Wawra (1875) 149. — Type: C. Gaudichaud­Beaupré 289 (holo G-DC), USA, Hawai’i. Phyllanthus sandwicensis Müll. Arg. var. radicans Müll. Arg. (1863) 32; (1866) 389. — Type: C. Gaudichaud­Beaupré s. n. (holo G-DC), USA, Hawai’i. Phyllanthus sandwicensis Müll. Arg. f. grandifolia Wawra (1875) 149. — Type: W. Hillebrand 2340 a (holo W), Hawai’i.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74761C538AE7DDCC9FE91FAFA.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Hawai’i (west Maui, O’ahu, Kauai, Molokai and Lanai). Habitat & Ecology — In dry or rainy forests, thickets and bushland, on rocky ridges, in gulches and on slopes. Altitude: 300 ‒ 1000 m. Flowering and fruiting all year round. Notes — 1. This species is very variable in leaf shape and size. It can be distinguished by its size and robustness of the branches when compared to other species of subg. Macraea. 2. Sherff (1939) distinguished var. degeneri by its distally more alate branchlets and cylindric and more elongate pulvina. None of the distinguishing characters for var. degeneri were found in the material. There is a gradient in leaf size and apex shape that connects var. distichus to var. ellipticus. Both small- and large-leaved specimens were found on the same islands, which further confirms our decision not to distinguish varieties, but to unite them.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74760C538AD32DB1CFB76FAFA.taxon	description	Phyllanthus dumosus C. B. Rob. (1909) 79; Merr. (1923) 392. — Lectotype (designated here): FB (M. L. Merritt & F. W. Darling) 13974 (K; iso US), Philippines, Luzon, province of Ilocos Norte. Shrubs, c. 1 m high, monoecious; much-branched with small branches from main stem; branches light brown, terete, not winged, pubescent when young, otherwise glabrous, side branches often shorter than 5 cm; internodes 0.8 ‒ 1 mm long. Stipules ovate-triangular, c. 0.4 by 0.2 mm, caducous, flat, membranous, margin thinner than centre, dark brown when dry, base obtuse, margin entire, apex caudate (tip may break off, then rounded). Leaves: petiole 0.2 ‒ 0.4 mm long, glabrous; blade ovate-orbicular when young, to elliptic, 2 ‒ 7 by 1.5 ‒ 3.5 mm, 1.3 ‒ 2 times longer than wide, membranous, glabrous, base often oblique, slightly cordate, margin not thickened, revolute, apex slightly retuse to rounded, mucronate, upper side often darker than lower side; midrib slightly raised on lower side, lateral veins 4 ‒ 6 per side, barely visible. Staminate flowers 1 – 2 together, 0.7 ‒ 0.8 mm diam; pedicel 1.2 ‒ 5 mm long, glabrous, slender; sepals 6, red when dry, in two indistinct whorls, obovate, 0.8 ‒ 1 by 0.8 ‒ 0.9 mm, apex obtuse or rounded; disc glands 6, flat, slightly ovoid with broad end towards stamen, c. 0.2 by 0.1 mm, c. 0.1 mm high, smooth; stamens 3, c. 0.4 mm long, filaments free, reflexed, thecae rounded to oval, 0.2 ‒ 0.3 mm long. Pistillate flowers usually solitary, c. 1.5 mm diam when closed, c. 3 mm diam when opened; pedicel c. 2 mm long, glabrous, slender; sepals 6, in two indistinct whorls, obovate, 0.8 ‒ 1.2 by c. 0.7 mm, midrib not conspicuous, apex obtuse to acute; disc glands 6, elliptic, partly covered by ovary, only orbicular glands visible, c. 0.3 by 0.1 mm, smooth; ovary sessile, globose, 6 - grooved, c. 1 mm diam, 0.6 ‒ 0.7 mm high, glabrous; style absent, stigmas 3, 0.3 ‒ 0.4 mm long, bifid for two third of length. Fruits subglobose, 2.5 ‒ 3.5 mm diam, 6 - grooved, brown when dry, glabrous; pedicel 8 ‒ 12 mm long; columella c. 1.5 mm long. Seeds 1.7 mm long, verrucose-tuberculate along longitudinal lines (Robinson 1909). Distribution — Philippines (Luzon, Ilocos Norte Prov., Mount Piao). Habitat & Ecology — Exposed ridges (Robinson 1909). Altitude: c. 1100 m. Flowering and fruiting in November, only known from the type. Notes — 1. Very similar to P. chrysanthus, but differing in the size of the shrub stems and pedicel lengths of the flowers of both sexes. 2. Only the type material is available and this species has not been collected since. The type only contains a few fruits and no seeds. Since the description by Robinson (1909) seems adequate, the species is incorporated here.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74760C537AE7DDB1CFD0DFD58.taxon	description	Phyllanthus everettii C. B. Rob. (1909) 80; Merr. (1923) 392. — Lectotype (designated here): FB (Everett) 4301 (K; iso NY, US), Philippines, Negros, Gimagaan river. Shrubs, up to 3 m high, monoecious; branches terete, flattened in young branches and distal parts of older branches, pubescent; internodes 3 ‒ 4 mm long. Stipules elliptic, 2 ‒ 3 by 0.8 ‒ 1 mm, persistent or caducous, membranous, base bilaterally auriculate, margin entire, apex caudate. Leaves: petiole 0.5 ‒ 1 mm, slightly pubescent; blade elliptic to oblong, 11 ‒ 38 by 4 ‒ 11 mm, 2.1 ‒ 3.9 times longer than wide, membranous, glabrous, base obtuse to cuneate, slightly asymmetric, margin not thickened, revolute, apex acute to obtuse, mucronate; midrib slightly raised on both sides, lateral veins 7 ‒ 11 per side. Staminate flowers in fascicles of 2 ‒ 4, rarely together with a pistillate flower, c. 1.4 mm diam in bud, c. 2.5 mm diam when opened; pedicel 2 ‒ 12 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, elliptic, slightly ovate, 1.1 ‒ 1.4 by 0.5 ‒ 0.8 mm, midrib distinct, but not thickened, apex obtuse, white; disc glands 6, circular to ovate, flat with a nonraised distinct central part, 0.3 ‒ 0.4 mm diam, height c. 0.1 mm, smooth; stamens 3, c. 0.8 mm long, filaments free, 0.6 ‒ 0.8 mm long, anthers c. 0.2 mm high, thecae rounded. Pistillate flowers solitary, rarely in pairs, c. 3 mm diam when open; pedicel 4 ‒ 24 mm long, glabrous, slender; sepals 6, elliptic to slightly ovate, 1.1 ‒ 1.5 by 0.8 ‒ 0.9 mm, midrib conspicuous, apex obtuse; disc entire, 6 - lobed, lobes alternating with sepals, c. 1.5 mm diam, smooth; ovary sessile, subglobose, 6 - grooved, 0.7 ‒ 1 by c. 0.8 mm, tuberculate; style absent, stigmas 3, c. 1 mm long, bifid for 2 / 3 of the length. Fruits subglobose, 2.5 ‒ 3 mm diam, 6 - grooved, glabrous; pedicel 11 ‒ 25 mm long; columella 1 ‒ 1.5 mm long. Seeds c. 1.4 mm high, c. 1 mm wide, verrucose along longitudinal lines, brown. Distribution — Philippines (Luzon). Habitat & Ecology — On forested stream banks at low and medium altitude (Merrill 1923). Vernacular name — Miagos (Panay Bisáya) (Merrill 1923). Note — Similar to some of the other species in the Philippines like P. samarensis and P. lancifolius. This species is distinct by its leaf blades, which are elliptic, as opposed to ovate in P. lancifolius, and larger than those found in P. samarensis. The resemblance with P. samarensis is quite considerable and these species might possibly have to be combined.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F7476FC537AD32DCB9FAE9FE9F.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Australia (Northern Territory, Queensland and New South Wales). Habitat & Ecology — In (low) open wood- of shrubland on (shallow) brown or red rocky, loamy, sandy, clayey or skeletal soil. Altitude: 15 ‒ 385 m. Flowering and fruiting: April to June. Note — Very similar to P. virgatus, but with long, extremely narrow leaves. While the ovary of P. virgatus can be smooth or verrucate, the ovary of P. exilis is always verrucate.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F7476FC536AE7DDFFAFDB3FE0A.taxon	description	Phyllanthus gardnerianus (Wight) Baill. (1858) 628; Thwaites (1861) 282 (as P. gardneri); G. L. Webster (1997) 212; Chakrab. & N. P. Balakr. (2018) 300. — Macraea gardneriana Wight (1852) 27, pl. 1902 - 3. — Phyllanthus simplex Retz. var. gardnerianus (Wight) Müll. Arg. (1863) 33; (1866) 392; Hook. f. (1887) 295; N. P. Balakr. & Chakrab. (2007) 381. — Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forst. var. gardnerianus (Wight) Govaerts & Radcl. - Sm. (1996) 177. — Lectotype (designated by Webster 1997): G. Gardner s. n. in GHK Thwaites C. P. 296 (K), Sri Lanka, Horton Plain.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F7476FC536AE7DDFFAFDB3FE0A.taxon	description	Herbs or subshrubs, sometimes 5 ‒ 10 cm high, often much higher, monoecious; branches brown, glabrous, distally slightly flattened, often winged; internodes 1 ‒ 9 mm long. Stipules triangular, 1.5 ‒ 2 by 0.8 ‒ 1 mm, base cordate, margin entire or erose, apex attenuate. Leaves: petiole 0.5 ‒ 1 mm long, glabrous; blade elliptic, rarely suborbicular, 3 ‒ 37 by 2.5 ‒ 18 mm, 1.2 ‒ 3.5 times longer than wide, glabrous, green above, slightly paler green underneath, base rounded or (sub) cordate, margin not thickened, revolute, apex obtuse or rounded, often minutely mucronate; midrib flat or slightly suppressed above, prominent underneath, lateral veins 3 ‒ 6 per side, not visible above, slightly prominent underneath. Staminate flowers solitary to 12 together, 1.5 ‒ 2.8 mm diam; pedicel 2 ‒ 5 mm long, glabrous, slender; sepals 6, obovate, 1 ‒ 1.2 by 1 ‒ 1.2 mm, pink, apex rounded; disc glands 6, circular, flat, c. 0.3 mm diam; stamens 3, c. 1 mm long, filaments free, reflexed, thecae subo- void, c. 0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers solitary, 4 ‒ 5.5 mm diam; pedicel 4 ‒ 19 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, elliptic, 1.8 ‒ 2.4 by 1.4 ‒ 1.5 mm, red with white margins, apex obtuse; disc annular, flat, slightly crispate, 1.2 ‒ 1.6 mm diam; ovary sessile, globular, 1 ‒ 1.2 mm diam, 0.8 ‒ 1 mm high, slightly verrucate; style absent, stigmas 3, 0.8 ‒ 1.2 mm long, bifid for 4 / 5 of the length, reflexed. Fruits oblate, 2.5 ‒ 3.8 mm diam, c. 2 mm high, 6 - grooved, with 3 grooves slightly deeper, glabrous or slightly verrucate; pedicel 4 ‒ 19 mm long, glabrous; columella c. 1.8 mm long. Seeds c. 1.8 by 1.3 mm, smooth, light brown Distribution — South India and Sri Lanka. Habitat & Ecology — On rocky montane grasslands and disturbed soils. Altitude: 800 ‒ 1250 m. Flowering and fruiting all year round. Uses — Leaf juice used as eyewash or antiseptic. Fresh leaves, bruised and mixed with buttermilk, used as a cure for children’s itch. Root preparations are externally applied to abscesses (Quattrocchi 2016). Vernacular name — India: Kaattunelli (Quattrocchi 2016). Note — Very similar to P. virgatus, but with significantly larger pistillate flowers and often with wider leaves.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F7476EC536AD32DF8CFA3AFBCF.taxon	description	Phyllanthus glaucophyllus Sond. var. suborbicularis Hutch. (in Brown et al. 1920) 395. — Lectotype (designated here): M. E. Barber 39 (K), South Africa, Kaffranian Mountains. (Sub) shrubs, 5 ‒ 100 cm high, monoecious; stems arising from a thick woody rhizome, barely branching; branches winged or minutely ridged, minutely pubescent or glabrous, greyish green or brown, distally flattened; internodes 3 ‒ 6 mm long. Stipules triangular, 1 ‒ 2 by 0.3 ‒ 1 mm, base bilaterally auriculate, margin entire, sometimes denticulate, apex attenuate. Leaves: petiole 1 ‒ 1.5 mm long, glabrous; blade ovate or elliptic, 7 ‒ 20 by 4 ‒ 18 mm, 1.1 ‒ 2.5 times longer than wide, glabrous, base often slightly asymmetrical, (sub) cordate, margin thickened or thin, flat or revolute, apex acute, obtuse or rounded, often minutely mucronate; midrib flat above, prominent underneath, lateral veins 5 ‒ 7 per side, flat or prominent on both sides. Staminate flowers solitary to 5 together, 1.5 ‒ 2.5 mm diam; pedicel 2 ‒ 4 mm long, glabrous, often slender; sepals 6, obovate or elliptic, 1 ‒ 1.2 by 0.5 ‒ 1 mm, white, green or yellow, sometimes with white margin, apex rounded; disc glands 6, either circular, flat, c. 0.2 mm diam or bell-shaped, c. 0.2 mm diam, 0.2 ‒ 0.3 mm high; stamens 3, 0.5 ‒ 1 mm long, filaments free, thecae subglobular, 0.2 ‒ 0.3 mm long. Pistillate flowers solitary, c. 2.5 mm diam; pedicel 6 ‒ 10 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, ovate or elliptic, 1 ‒ 1.5 by 0.5 ‒ 1 mm, white, green or yellow, apex acute or obtuse; disc annular, slightly lobed, flat, 1.5 ‒ 2 mm diam; ovary globular-oblate, 1 ‒ 1.5 mm diam, 0.5 ‒ 1 mm high, glabrous; style absent, stigmas 3, c. 1 mm long, bifid for 2 / 3 ‒ 3 / 4 of the length, reflexed. Fruits subglobular, 3 ‒ 8 mm diam, 6 - grooved, glabrous; pedicel 6 ‒ 12 mm long, glabrous; columella 1 ‒ 1.5 mm long. Seeds c. 2.5 by 2 mm, verrucate, light brown, verrucae circular, randomly placed or in indistinct longitudinal lines. Distribution — Southern half of Africa. Habitat & Ecology — In grasslands, savannahs, woodland, on mountains and slopes, often in rocky areas. Altitude: 100 ‒ 2000 m. Flowering and fruiting all year round. Notes — 1. This is the only Macraea species that grows from a woody rhizome, and is therefore easily recognizable. 2. Brunel (1987) united P. glaucophyllus with P. alpestris, but because of the difference in distribution and morphology of the staminate disc glands, we would like to recognize P. alpestris as a variety of P. glaucophyllus. 3. Another possible synonym of P. glaucophyllus might be P. graminicola Hutch. because one of the type specimens (C. F. M. Swynnerton 261, stored in BM with barcode BM 000911067) was re-identified by Radcliffe-Smith as P. glaucophyllus. However, to our knowledge this combination was never published and the description by Hutchinson in Rendle et al. (1911) differs markedly from any species within subg. Macraea. As we have not seen the specimens during this study, we did not include it here.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F7476EC535AE7DD928FE67FC77.taxon	description	Phyllanthus monticola Hutch. & Dalziel (1928) 291. — Syntypes: GF Scott­Elliot 5819 (K), Sierra Leone, near Regent; GF Scott­Elliot 3962 (K); CE Lane­Poole 424 (K). Shrubs, 15 ‒ 100 cm high; branches minutely ridged, minutely pubescent or glabrous, brown; internodes 6 ‒ 12 mm long. Stipules 1 ‒ 2 by 0.3 ‒ 1 mm, base cordate. Leaves: petiole 1 ‒ 1.5 mm long; blade 12 ‒ 19 by 7.5 ‒ 13.5 mm, rarely much smaller on the distal branches, 1.4 ‒ 1.6 times longer than wide, discolorous, upper surface medium to dark green, underneath much paler, base subcordate, margin not thickened, revolute, apex rounded, obtuse or acute; midrib flat above, prominent underneath, lateral veins c. 5 per side, flat above, flat or prominent underneath. Staminate flowers 2 ‒ 5 together, 1.5 ‒ 2.5 mm diam; pedicel 2 ‒ 4 mm long; sepals 6, elliptic, c. 1.2 by 1 mm, green or yellow, sometimes with a white margin; disc glands bell-shaped, c. 0.2 mm diam, 0.2 ‒ 0.3 mm high; stamens c. 1 mm long, thecae 0.2 ‒ 0.3 mm long. Pistillate pedicel c. 6 mm long; sepals green or yellow, sometimes with white margin, apex obtuse, in two whorls, outer ones elliptic, c. 1.5 by 0.5 mm, inner ones ovate, c. 1.5 by 1 mm; disc 1.5 ‒ 2 mm diam; ovary c. 1.5 mm diam, c. 1 mm high; stigmas bifid for 3 / 4 of the length. Fruits 6 ‒ 8 mm diam, green; pedicel 6 ‒ 9 mm long; columella c. 1.5 mm long. Seeds c. 2.5 by 2 mm, verrucate, light brown, verrucae circular, randomly placed or in indistinct longitudinal lines. Distribution — Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone and Ivory Coast. One specimen was found in Bénin, and one in Ethiopia, the latter is most likely introduced. Habitat & Ecology — In grasslands, savannahs, on mountains and slopes, often in rocky areas. Altitude: 100 ‒ 2000 m. Flowering and fruiting all year round.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F7476DC535AD32DD92FAABFABF.taxon	description	Phyllanthus lancifolius Merr. (1914) 489; (1923) 393. — Lectotype (designated here): BS (M. Ramos) 17465 (US), Philippines, Samar. Phyllanthus panayensis Merr. (1920) 539; (1923) 394. — Lectotype (designated here): BS (A. Martelino & G. Edaño) 35655 (US; iso A, K, L (L 0016442), P), Philippines, Panay island, Mt Bulilao. (Sub) shrubs to trees, 1 ‒ 8 m high, monoecious or dioecious; branches terete, bark reddish brown, pinkish purplish to light beige, pubescent, young branches with pale spreading short brown hairs; internodes 2 ‒ 5 mm long. Stipules ovate-elliptic, 1.5 ‒ 2 by 0.6 ‒ 0.8 mm, caducous, membranous, brown, base bilaterally auriculate, margin entire, apex caudate, acuminate. Leaves: petiole 0.3 ‒ 1 mm, pubescent, brown; blade ovate-elliptic, 9 ‒ 79 by 3 ‒ 16 mm, 2 ‒ 4.6 times longer than wide, membranous, base oblique, rounded, subcordate, margin not thickened, flat, apex acuminate, slightly mucronate, upper side shiny light to dark green or yellowish, lower side pale green, puberulous or glabrous; midrib slightly raised on upper side, sometimes puberulous, lateral veins 8 ‒ 11 per side, well visible on both sides. Staminate flowers several to> 10 flowers in axillary fascicles, not all in the same stage, 1 ‒ 1.6 mm diam in bud, open 2 ‒ 3 mm diam; pedicel 2 ‒ 12 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, ovate-elliptic, 1.2 ‒ 1.6 by 0.6 ‒ 0.8 mm, greenish to yellowish white, midrib slightly curved inwards and thickened, apex rounded to acute, mucronate; disc glands 6, reniform, 0.1 ‒ 0.4 mm diam, c. 0.1 mm high, thin, with a central connective, smooth; stamens 3, 0.5 ‒ 1 mm long, filaments free, deflexed, thecae rounded, 0.2 ‒ 0.3 mm long. Pistillate flowers solitary or in pairs in usually upper axils, 1.5 ‒ 2 mm diam; pedicel 8 ‒ 50 mm long, glabrous, reddish purple; sepals 6, whorls indistinct, (ob) ovate to elliptic, 0.8 ‒ 1.8 by 0.5 ‒ 0.8 mm, green to yellow or white, midrib not prominent, apex rounded, obtuse or acute; disc annular, slightly cup-shaped and lobed, lobes alternating with sepals, 1.2 ‒ 1.4 mm diam, covering ± basal 0.4 mm of ovary, smooth; ovary 3 - locular, sessile, depressed subglobose, wider at base, 0.7 ‒ 1.5 by 0.5 ‒ 0.6 mm high, each locule with a groove, glabrous or pubescent; style absent, stigmas 3, 0.3 ‒ 1.2 mm long, bifid for 1 / 2 of the length, horizontal or pressed to top of ovary. Fruits subglobose, 2.2 ‒ 3.7 by c. 2 mm, 6 - grooved, (pale) green to yellow or white, glabrous or pubescent; pedicel 10 ‒ 50 mm long; columella 1.2 ‒ 1.5 mm long. Seeds 1.6 ‒ 1.8 by c. 1.4 mm, brown, minutely verrucate, verrucae circular, along longitudinal lines. Distribution — Philippines (Bohol, Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, Samar), Lesser Sunda Islands (Flores), Moluccas (Ambon, Buru, Dodaga, Morotai). Habitat & Ecology — On dry slopes or along creeks on limestone or clay soils in secondary forests with dipterocarps. Altitude: 50 ‒ 100 m. Notes — 1. Similar to P. everettii, but differs in its larger ovate leaves (blades elliptic to oblong, 11 ‒ 38 by 4 ‒ 11 mm in P. everetii). 2. Listed in Govaerts et al. (2000) as P. lanceifolius Merr., but written on the type and in the original publication as P. lancifolius. 3. Merrill (1920) described P. panayensis as differing from P. lancifolius in its smaller leaves and longer pistillate pedicels. However, the leaf size is variable within individuals and specimens were found with leaves of the P. panayensis type but with longer pistillate pedicels (e. g., BS (Ramos) 48249). As only small differences in proportions were encountered, with overlap between the species, it is logical to merge them. 4. The distribution of this species is greatly expanded with material from the Moluccas and Flores that have typical Macraea flowers and seem allied with this species.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F7476DC534AE7DDBDAFF62FC6E.taxon	distribution	Distribution — South India (Palni hills, Pulney mountains and Kodaikanal). Habitat & Ecology — Forests and edges of forests near grassland. Altitude: 365 ‒ 2100 m. Flowering and fruiting: May, June, September, October, December. Vernacular name — India: Macrae’s Leaf-Flower (www. flowersofindia. net). Notes — 1. Distinguishable by its often puberulous branches and leaf margins. 2. Wight (1852) described this plant as Rheede’s Niruri, Horti Malab. 10, t. 27 (1690); this drawing is not very detailed, small in scale and lacking staminate flowers and stipules. Wight, Icon. pl. Ind. Orient. 5 Pl. 1901 (1852) is larger scaled, more comprehensive and more precise and therefore more suitable as lectotype.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F7476CC534AD32DDA8FC2FFE71.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Australia (Queensland, Northern Territory, Western Australia). Habitat & Ecology — In (wet) woodlands and swamps. Altitude: 60 ‒ 825 m. Flowering and fruiting: February to August. Note — Differing from P. virgatus by its slender branches, smaller pistillate flowers on shorter pedicels and smaller fruits and seeds.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F7476CC533AE7DDF92FDF3FECA.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Endemic to Central and South Sri Lanka and cultivated in China, India, Thailand, Singapore, Taiwan, and French Polynesia. Habitat & Ecology — Common near or even in rivers and on river banks. On granite bedrock and soils with a high water table. Altitude: usually low, up to 900 m. Flowering and fruiting all year round. Uses — As an ornamental shrub of hedge, as a medicine for genitourinary infections (Quattrocchi 2016). Vernacular names — Sri Lanka: Mousetail Plant, Myrtleleaved leaf-flower (Flowers of India, www. flowersofindia. net), China: Liu xian ye xia zhu (Quattrocchi 2016). Notes — 1. Similar to P. samarensis, but distinguishable by its glabrous branches, slightly narrower leaves and very narrow cordate-sagittate leaf base. 2. Baillon (1858) treats Macraea myrtifolia as part of Phyllanthus, but does not make the combination, therefore, according to Art. 35.2 ICN (Turland et al. 2018) the combination Phyllanthus myrtifolius cannot be attributed to him.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F7476BC533AD32DF4CFB45FCD7.taxon	description	Shrubs, 0.5 ‒ 2 m high, dioecious, rarely monoecious; branches winged, wings 0.1 – 0.5 mm wide, dull-brown to red-brown, glabrous, persistent; internodes 5 ‒ 8 mm long. Stipules ovate-triangular, 0.8 ‒ 2 by 0.5 ‒ 1.5 mm, caducous, brown, base unilaterally auriculate (or at least more pronounced on side away from leaf), margin scarious, entire, centre slightly thicker, apex rounded. Leaves: petiole 0.5 ‒ 3 mm long, glabrous; blade oblong, ovate, elliptic to suborbicular, 9 ‒ 61 by 6 ‒ 19 mm, 1.1 ‒ 3.7 times longer than wide, subcoriaceous, base rounded to subcordate, cuneate to obtuse, margin not thickened, slightly revolute, apex obtuse to acute, apiculate, upper side dark green, lower side light-green, blade sometimes weathering red; midrib sunken above, prominent underneath, lateral veins 4 ‒ 9 per side, indistinct. Inflorescences sometimes on short brachyblasts. Staminate flowers up to 8 together, axillary, c. 1.2 mm diam; pedicel 1.5 ‒ 2 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, elliptic, 1.2 ‒ 1.5 by 1 ‒ 1.2 mm, greenish yellowish or white, midrib not prominent, apex rounded; disc glands 6, globose, 0.3 ‒ 0.5 mm diam, surface crenulate; stamens 3, 1 ‒ 1.2 mm long, filaments free, 0.7 ‒ 0.8 mm long, thecae globose, 0.2 ‒ 0.4 mm long. Pistillate flowers up to 4 together, axillary, 2 ‒ 3 mm diam when open; pedicel 3 ‒ 8 mm long, glabrous, pale to white; sepals elliptic-ovate, 1.2 ‒ 1.4 by c. 1.1 mm, green-white, midrib not prominent, apex obtuse; disc annular, slightly lobed, lobes alternating with sepals, c. 1.3 ‒ 1.5 mm diam, surface crenulate to grooved; ovary sessile, 3 - locular, subglobose, c. 0.5 by 0.6 ‒ 1 mm, each locule with a longitudinal groove, glabrous to minutely tuberculate; style absent, stigmas 3, 0.5 ‒ 1.0 mm long, 2 / 3 to completely bifid, horizontal or appressed to ovary. Fruits capsular, subglobose, 2.8 ‒ 3 mm wide by c. 2 mm high, 6 - grooved, glabrous, slightly tuberculate, pale to light-green; pedicel 3 ‒ 25 mm long, glabrous, yellowish green; columella 1.2 ‒ 1.4 mm long. Seeds trigonous, 1.5 ‒ 2 by 1.2 mm, verrucate, brown, verrucae circular, random or along longitudinal lines. Distribution — French Polynesia (Marquesas islands: Nuku Hiva, Ua Pou, Fatu Hiva, Hiva Oa, Tahuata). Habitat & Ecology — Found in forested areas, along stream- sides or along windswept ridges of cliffs. Altitude: 25 ‒ 1200 m. Flowering and fruiting all year round. Vernacular names — Marquesas: nouhuu, tia tia; hue iki on Hiva Oa; hueiki, maoo on Nuku Hiva (Florence 1997). Notes — 1. The placement in subg. Macraea was confirmed by palynological results of Punt (1980). 2. Closely resembles P. aoraiensis and P. urceolatus, but is mostly different in the size of the leaf blades and the size of the wings. 3. Florence (1997) combined the varieties created by Brown (1935) on the basis of intermediate forms and no real segre- gation between varieties, even on islands. We agree with this treatment as multiple leaf forms, small to large, can be found on the same island, often with intermediates. There is a slight trend of leaves becoming smaller towards the southern islands, but large forms can still be found there.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F7476BC531AE7DDD32FD69FDBA.taxon	description	Phyllanthus prominulatus J. T. Hunter & J. J. Bruhl (1997) 153. — Type: GM Wightman 20 (holo DNA), Australia, Northern Territory, Kalpaga, [precise locality withheld]. Copied from Hunter & Bruhl (1997): Monoecious herb. Branchlets persistent, angular to ellipsoid, slightly winged, 0.6 – 1.7 cm long, 0.3 – 0.6 mm wide, glabrous. Stipules persistent, free, 0.5 – 0.7 mm long, red-brown, ovate to triangular, chartaceous, entire, glabrous; base cordate to amplexicaul; apex acute to acuminate. Branch leaves normal. Branchlet leaves alternate, distichous, jointed, brown when dry or remaining green, symmetrical, plane to concave. Petiole 0.3 – 0.8 mm long, 0.1 – 0.4 mm wide, glabrous. Lamina 5 – 8.8 mm long, 2.4 – 4.8 mm wide, elliptic, circular to obovate, light-green, paler below, pinnately veined, adaxially prominently veined, abaxially prominulous, glabrous; base symmetrical, rounded to obtuse; apex erect, ecaudate, obtuse to rounded, mucronate; margins plane, thickened; midrib abaxially raised with 4 – 8 raised parallel lateral veins per side, with marginal loops. Bracts and bracte- oles deciduous, glabrous. Inflorescences at least sometimes bisexual with the sexes mixed, indeterminate, axillary, sessile. Male flowers solitary or sometimes clustered, 2 – 5 per cluster; pedicels 0.4 – 1.2 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, free, ascending to divergent, 0.3 – 0.7 mm long, 0.2 – 0.5 mm wide, the margins are sometimes lobed once on each side (hastate), white to yellow, elliptic, circular, to ovate, obtuse and acute, glabrous; disk comprising discrete lobes, 0.2 – 0.4 mm wide, lobes lenticular; stamens 2 – 3, 1 - whorled, erect; filaments free to connate for about half their length, erect, terete, 0.1 – 0.3 mm long; anthers extrorse, divaricate, elliptic to circular, 0.1 – 0.2 mm long. Female flowers solitary or sometimes clustered, 1 – 2 per cluster; pedicels jointed, at anthesis 0.3 – 1.1 mm long, 0.1 – 0.2 mm wide, in fruit 1 – 2.7 mm long, 0.1 – 0.2 mm wide, glabrous; sepals free, 6, 0.3 – 0.5 mm long, 0.2 – 0.3 mm wide, elliptic to ovate, at anthesis ascending to divergent, in fruit divergent to reflexed, white, green to yellow, with a distinct white margin, obtuse to acute, glabrous; disk crenate, 0.4 – 0.6 mm wide, glabrous; styles 3, free, divided for half or more of their length, divergent to recurved, yellow to green, 0.2 – 0.3 mm long, 0.1 – 0.2 mm wide, narrow-terete, glabrous, branches linear; ovary 0.2 – 0.5 mm long, 0.3 – 0.7 mm wide, transversely ellipsoid and apically depressed, smooth, glabrous. Fruit a capsule, septicidal, transversely ellipsoid and apically depressed, 0.8 – 0.9 mm long, 1.5 – 1.8 mm wide, yellow-brown, red-brown to green, cartilaginous, smooth, glabrous, grooved septicidally; column persistent, angular-ovoid to ‘ lanceolate’, 0.3 – 0.5 mm long. Seeds pallid-brown to red-brown, prismatic, laterally compressed, 0.6 – 0.7 mm long, 0.5 – 0.7 mm wide, granulate; hilum slightly depressed, circular to ovate, cavity more or less basal. Distribution — Australia (Northern Territory and Kakadu National Park) (Hunter & Bruhl 1997). Habitat & Ecology — Occurs in damp parts of savannah woodlands and sedgelands. Notes — 1. There was insufficient material available to make a description. See Hunter & Bruhl (1997) for a comprehensive description of this species. Distribution and ecological data were taken from Hunter & Bruhl (1997). 2. Distinguished from P. virgatus by its lateral veins, which are prominent above, while those of P. virgatus are flat above. The veins of both species are slightly prominent underneath.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74769C531AD32DCDCFB76FE28.taxon	description	Resembling P. tenuipes by the presence of a gynophore, but differing in its larger leaves, larger staminate and pistillate sepals, pistillate annular disc (vs free disc glands in the pistillate flowers of P. tenuipes) and a longer gynophore and style. The stigmas in P. ridsdalei are also only bifid at the tip, while those in P. tenuipes are bifid for their entire length. — Type: CE Ridsdale 1479 (holo L (L. 3958300); iso A, IBC, K), Philippines, Luzon, Zambales, Santa Cruz, Acoje mine concession area, c. N 15 ° 46.0 ' E 120 ° 00.0 '. Shrubs, c. 1 m high, monoecious; branches terete, glabrous, slightly winged, wing c. 0.1 mm wide; internodes 6 ‒ 7 mm long. Stipules ovate to elliptic to triangular, c. 1 by 0.3 mm, caducous, flat, membranous, base bilaterally auricled, margin brittle, thin, apex caudate. Leaves: petiole 0.8 ‒ 1.2 mm long, glabrous; blade elliptic, 11 ‒ 22 by 6 ‒ 10 mm, 1.5 ‒ 3.1 times longer than wide, membranous, glabrous, base oblique, subcordate, attenuate to obtuse, margin slightly revolute, apex slightly retuse to acute, upper side darker than lower side; midrib slightly elevated on lower side, lateral veins 5 ‒ 9 per side, barely visible on upper side. Staminate flowers 1 ‒ 3 together, axillary, 1 ‒ 1.3 mm diam; pedicel 10 ‒ 15 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, elliptic to oblong, 1.5 ‒ 2 by 0.8 ‒ 1 mm, midrib slightly raised on inside of flower, apex curved inward, rounded to obtuse, green turning red; disc glands 6, ovate, 0.5 ‒ 0.6 by 0.1 ‒ 0.2 mm, c. 0.3 mm high, massive; stamens 3, c. 1.1 mm long, filaments variably connate from base to more than half of filament length, deflexed, 0.6 ‒ 0.7 mm long, thecae 0.3 ‒ 0.4 mm long. Pistillate flowers 1 or 2 together, 2.5 ‒ 3 mm diam; pedicel 9 ‒ 13 mm long, glabrous, slender; sepals 6, ovate, c. 3 by 1.5 mm, midrib slightly elevated on inside, apex acute; disc annular, fused with base of gynophore and forming a rim around the base just in front of sepals, rim lobed with lobes alternating with sepals, folded; gynophore 0.6 ‒ 0.8 mm high, ovary subglobose, 0.4 ‒ 5 by c. 0.6 mm, each locule with a groove, glabrous, smooth, blueish when dry; style 1.5 ‒ 1.6 mm long, stigmas 3, 1 ‒ 2 mm long, with tips bifid, 0.1 ‒ 0.2 mm long. Fruits and seeds not seen. Distribution — Philippines (Luzon). Habitat & Ecology — Secondary forests on ultrabasic soils. Flowering in May. Note — Pollen studied by Wu et al. (2016) showed that this species is part of subg. Macraea, and it was previously filed under ‘ aff. samarensis ’. However, it differs markedly from P. samarensis by its larger pistillate flowers, the long gynophore and a long style below three elongated stigmas.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74769C531AE7DDC6AFA38F8DC.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Philippines (Samar, Cebu, Leyte). Habitat & Ecology — Secondary and primary forests, kaigin fields. Brown clay (loam) soil, often over limestone. Altitude: 366 ‒ 650 m. Flowering and fruiting all year round. Vernacular name — Malaantagum (Samar-Leyte Bisáya; Merrill 1923). Note — Similar to P. myrtifolius, but with densely tomentellous distal branches, slightly wider leaves and obtuse leaf base.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74769C530AE7DD937FE17F95A.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Papua New Guinea (Western Province). Habitat & Ecology — In grassland and savannah forests. Flowering and fruiting likely all year round. Notes — 1. Can be distinguished from P. virgatus and P. chrysanthus var. chrysanthus by its densely hirtellous branches and leaves and from P. chrysanthus var. deverdensis and var. micrantheoides by its hirtellous leaves with acute apex. The leaves of P. tararae are larger than those of P. chrysanthus var. deverdensis and narrower than those of P. chrysanthus var. micrantheoides. 2. Only two specimens were seen, both from Papua New Guinea. No other comparable specimens with similar leaves and pubescence were found.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74768C530AD32D8BFFAA5FB95.taxon	description	Phyllanthus tenuipes C. B. Rob. (1909) 78; Merr. (1923) 396. — Lectotype (designated here): E. D. Merrill 4419 (K; iso NY, US), Philippines, Luzon, Benguet. Shrubs to trees, up to 15 m high, monoecious, dbh at least 15 cm; branches terete, slightly winged, wings c. 0.1 mm wide, branches covered with short stiff brown hairs; internodes 2 ‒ 4 mm long. Outer bark brown, inner bark reddish, sometimes with yellow sap. Stipules ovate to triangular, c. 1.2 by 0.5 ‒ 0.6 mm, caducous or persistent, membranous, base bilaterally auriculate, margin brittle, thin, entire, apex acute. Leaves: petiole 0.4 ‒ 0.8 mm long, puberulous; blade elliptic to ovate, orbicular in earliest leaves on side branches, 5 ‒ 14 by 2.5 ‒ 10 mm, 1.1 ‒ 2.4 times longer than wide, membranous, glabrous, base truncate to rounded to obtuse, sometimes subcordate, margin slightly revolute, apex rounded to obtuse to acute, mucronate, upper side lighter than lower side; midrib barely elevated on lower side, lateral veins 5 ‒ 7 per side. Staminate flowers solitary, 0.6 ‒ 0.8 mm diam; pedicel 2 ‒ 24 mm long, glabrous, slender; sepals 6, oblong, 1 ‒ 1.1 by c. 0.5 mm, reddish with white margin, midrib not elevated, apex rounded; disc glands 6, ovate, 0.3 ‒ 0.4 mm long, c. 0.2 mm high and wide, smooth; stamens 3, c. 0.5 mm long, filaments free, deflexed to horizontal position, thecae globose, c. 0.2 mm long, rounded. Pistillate flowers solitary or in pairs, axillary, 1.2 ‒ 1.5 mm diam; pedicel c. 18 mm long, glabrous, slender; sepals 6, oblong to ovate, 1.3 ‒ 1.8 by 1 ‒ 1.1 mm, apex rounded or slightly obtuse; disc glands 6, circular, c. 0.3 mm diam by c. 0.1 mm high, crumpled; ovary on short gynophore of c. 0.1 mm, subglobose, 6 - grooved, glabrous, smooth; style 0.3 ‒ 0.6 mm long, stigmas 3, 0.2 ‒ 0.5 mm long, completely bifid. Fruits depressed globose, 1.5 ‒ 2.5 mm diam, c. 1.5 mm high, 6 - grooved, brown, glabrous, smooth; pedicel 15 ‒ 21 mm long; columella without gynophore c. 0.9 mm long, width c. 1.5 mm. Seeds trigonous, 1.1 ‒ 1.2 by c. 1 mm, brown, minutely verrucate along longitudinal lines. Distribution — Philippines (Luzon (Benguet), Daklan to Kabayan, Itogon to Dilopirop). Habitat & Ecology — In primary or secondary forests along cliffs or roadsides, sometimes on ultrabasic soils. Altitude: 50 ‒ 1500 m. Flowering and fruiting all year round. Note — Described by Robinson (1909) as an undershrub of 30 cm high, but other specimens are shrubs of 1.5 m to trees of 15 m. Two main forms can be distinguished. The original, as described by Robinson, and a tree form with yellow sap and diamond-shaped leaves (CE Ridsdale ISU 276).	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74768C52FAE7DDA0DFD7EFEF8.taxon	distribution	Distribution — French Polynesia (Tahiti, Moorea, Ra’iātea). Habitat & Ecology — In (mesophilic) forest, on crests and slopes. Altitude: 224 ‒ 830 m. Flowering and fruiting all year round. Vernacular name — Tahiti: E vou (M. J. Lepiné s. n.). Note — Recognizable by its large leaves with long pedicels.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74777C52FAD32DF19FB65FE28.taxon	description	Phyllanthus ussuriensis Rupr. & Maxim. (1857) 222; P. T. Li & M. G. Gilbert (2008) 182. — Phyllanthus anceps Benth. (1861) 311, nom. illeg., non Phyllanthus anceps Vahl; F. B. Forbes & Hemsl. (1894) 420. — Phyllanthus simplex Retz. var. ussuriensis (Rupr. & Maxim.) Müll. Arg. (1863) 33; (1866) 392. — Phyllanthus wilfordii Croizat & F. P. Metcalf (1942) 194, nom. superfl. — Type: C. J. Maximowicz s. n. (holo probably LE; iso K, M, NY), Russia, Ussuri. Phyllanthus simplex Retz. var. chinensis Müll. Arg. (1863) 33; (1866) 391. — Phyllanthus virgatus G. Forst. var. chinensis (Müll. Arg.) G. L. Webster (1971) 68. — Syntypes: Park 57 (G-DC), China, Canton; Hance 1223 (B, presum- ably lost), China, Hongkong; C. Wilford 66 (A), China, Hongkong. Phyllanthus matsumurae Hayata ex Y. Yabe (1904) 12. — Type: Not designated. Erect herbs, 10 ‒ 45 cm high, monoecious; branches brown, glabrous, minutely ridged, distally flattened and winged; internodes 3 ‒ 13 mm long. Stipules triangular, 1 ‒ 1.2 by 0.5 ‒ 0.8 mm, base cordate, margin entire or serrate, apex attenuate. Leaves: petiole c. 0.5 mm long, glabrous; blade elliptic, 4 ‒ 25 by 1.5 ‒ 8 mm, 2.4 ‒ 5 times longer than wide, glabrous, green, base obtuse, rounded or minutely cordate, sometimes slightly asymmetrical, margin not thickened, slightly revolute, apex obtuse or acute, rarely rounded; midrib prominent on both sides, lateral veins 4 ‒ 9 per side, prominent on both sides. Staminate flowers solitary to 3 together, 0.8 ‒ 1 mm diam; pedicel c. 1 mm long, glabrous, slender; sepals 4 or 6, ovate or oblong, c. 0.4 by 0.2 mm, apex rounded; disc glands 4 or 6, cupuliform, c. 0.1 mm diam, c. 0.1 mm high; stamens 2 or 3 (often on the same plant), c. 0.4 mm long, filaments free, reflexed, thecae ovoid, c. 0.2 mm long. Pistillate flowers with 1 or 2 staminate flowers, rarely solitary, c. 1 mm diam; pedicel c. 1 mm long, glabrous; sepals 6, ovate, 0.3 ‒ 0.8 by c. 0.2 mm, apex rounded; disc glands 6, alternate, protruding from between the sepals, ovate or oblong, 0.15 ‒ 0.2 by c. 0.1 mm, flat; ovary sessile, globular, c. 0.8 mm diam, c. 0.5 mm high, glabrous or verrucate; style very short, stigmas 3, c. 0.3 mm long, bifid for 1 / 2 of the length, reflexed. Fruits subglobular, 2 ‒ 2.5 mm diam, 6 - grooved, sometimes bivalved, glabrous or verrucate; pedicel 2 ‒ 3.5 mm long, glabrous; stigmas, sepals and disc glands persistent; columella c. 1 mm long. Seeds c. 1 by 1 mm, smooth or minutely verrucate, dark or chestnut-brown, verrucae small, very prominent and randomly placed. Distribution — Southeast Russia, China, Japan. Habitat & Ecology — Near rivers and ponds, in moist places under woods. Altitude: 45 ‒ 630 m. Flowering: June to October. Uses — All parts are used as an astringent or antidiarrheal (Li & Gilbert 2008, Quattrochi 2016). Vernacular names — China: Mi gan cao (), Sweet orange grass (Chinese, mandarin, Li & Gilbert 2008). Note — This is the only species in subgen. Macraea with staminate flowers with 4 sepals, 2 stamens and 4 disc glands, though staminate flowers with 6 sepals, 3 stamens and 6 disc glands also occur, often on the same plant. The 6 disc glands of the pistillate flowers, while not a unique character, distinguish this species from the vegetatively very similar P. virgatus, which has an annular disc in its pistillate flowers.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74777C52EAE7DDC69FA38FB16.taxon	description	(Phyllanthus marginatus B. Heyne ex Benth. in Wall., Numer. List (1847) 237 (nr. 7899 A), nom. nud.) Macraea oblongifolia Wight (1852) 27, pl. 1902 - 1. — Lectotype (designated by G. L. Webster in Dassan. & Clayton 1997): Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5 (1852) pl. 1902 - 1. Macraea ovalifolia Wight (1852) 27, pl. 1902 - 4. — Lectotype (designated here): Wight, Icon. Pl. Ind. Orient. 5 (1852) pl. 1902 - 4. Melanthesa rupestris Miq. (1859) 371. — Type: Zollinger s. n. (holo U (U 0002059); iso P, PC), Indonesia, Flores. Phyllanthus pratensis Pancher ex Baill. (1862 a) 237. — Phyllanthus simplex Retz. var. pratensis (Pancher ex Baill.) Müll. Arg. (1863) 33; (1866) 392. — Type: E. Vieillard 1197, 1855 (holo P (P 00066448); iso G-DC (G 00318230), P (P 00066449, P 00066450, P 00066451 )), New Caledonia, Saint-Vincent.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74777C52EAE7DDC69FA38FB16.taxon	description	Phyllanthus weinlandii K. Schum. in K. Schum. & Lauterb. (1905) 287. — Syn- types: K. Weinland 241 (BRI, K, M), Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Finschhafen; K. Weinland 389 a (n. v.), Papua New Guinea, Matatakum.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74777C52EAE7DDC69FA38FB16.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Widespread, possibly introduced in multiple locations, occurring in most of southern Asia, ranging from Pakistan to Australia and the Pacific islands up to Hawai’i. Habitat & Ecology — Occurring in grassland, forests, swamps or cultivated fields, both in wet and dry soils. Often in disturbed, grazed or fire-damaged areas. Altitude: 0 ‒ 1850 m. Flowering and fruiting all year round. Uses — Used as an antiseptic, against intestinal parasites, eye diseases, cold, fever, diarrhoea, dysentery, itch, gonorrhoea and (mammary) abscesses (Smith 1981, Quattrocchi 2016). Vernacular name (s) — China: Huang zhu xi cao (Quattrocchi 2016). India: seed under leaf, virgate leaf-flower, banaunri, bhui- avali, bhiuavate, bhui-amla, biradi pello, bon baberi, jar amla, kaadu nelli, kadunelli, motibhuiavali, niruri, tanda meral, uchchi usirika, uchhiyusirka (www. flowersofindia. net; Quattrocchi 2016). Myanmar: shit-sha (Kress et al. 2003). Thailand: khaang amphai, luuk tai bai, phaeng kham hoi (Quattrocchi 2016). Laos: ket ‘ hoy, ‘ khi doy (Quattrocchi 2016). Vietnam: v [aar] y [oos] e (Quattrocchi 2016). Indonesia: sahakèpo, sakahepo (Heyne 1950, Quattrocchi 2016). Philippines: kaya-an, kayut-búlan, kayut-bulang (Merrill 1923, Quattrocchi 2016). Tahiti: tei ni niu (Smith 1981). Notes — 1. According to Hunter & Bruhl (1997) the distinguishing character between P. exilis and P. virgatus is that the ovary of P. exilis is verrucate, and smooth in P. virgatus. However, smooth and verrucate ovaries occur in P. virgatus in areas outside Australia. See note under P. exilis for differences with P. virgatus. Additional distinguishing characters are the shape and size of the leaf blade, which is usually narrower and smaller in P. exilis and the diameter of the staminate flowers, which is also usually smaller in P. exilis than in P. virgatus. 2. Phyllanthus narayanswamii Gamble is here combined with P. virgatus. The differences described by previous authors to distinguish it from P. virgatus were a thickened revolute margin and subsessile staminate flowers. However, the margin differences are minimal and subsessile flowers can also be found in P. virgatus. The nervature of the leaves on the type of P. narayanswamii differs a little bit from other specimens of P. virgatus in the prominent nervature on the lower side of the leaf blade.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74776C52DAE7DDB73FD50FD5A.taxon	description	Phyllanthus wheeleri G. L. Webster (1995) 266; (1997) 215; Chakrab. & N. P. Balakr. (2018) 309. — Type: LC Wheeler 12437 (holo DAV; iso PDA, US), Sri Lanka, Central Province, Dambulla Rock.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74776C52DAE7DDB73FD50FD5A.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Sri Lanka. Habitat & Ecology — On shady and semi-shady red clay and sandy soils, often on road banks. Altitude: c. 230 m. Flowering and fruiting: October till May, possibly all year round. Note — This species can be distinguished from other species of subg. Macraea by the segmented pistillate flower disc. There are a few other species with a segmented pistillate disc: Phyllanthus dumosus has smaller orbicular leaves and the ovary is glabrous; P. tenuipes has the ovary on a gynophore and a style; P. ussuriensis has minute disc glands and glabrous, elliptic leaves; and P. womersleyi can be distinguished by its (sub) orbicular leaves, prostrate habit and connate stamens.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
03DA87F74775C52DAD32DCA2FB7AFDCF.taxon	distribution	Distribution — Papua New Guinea (Southern and Western Highlands). Habitat & Ecology — In forests, grassland, on exposed or open patches, amongst pit-pit (Saccharum edule Hassk., Poaceae), or in ground cover beneath Rhododendron and fern species. Common on drier ground, but also found on a saturated swampy lake-margin. Altitude: 2250 ‒ 3270 m. Flowering and fruiting: April to December. Uses — Eaten by pregnant women, who hope to have a son, especially if they only had daughters so far (Bowers 59). Vernacular names — Nom, Noma (Tomba), Nohm (Enga, Poio dialect), Num (Enga, Kepilaum dialect), Nomə k’omə (Medlpa, Kaugel dialect; partly after Webster & Airy Shaw (1971 )). Notes — 1. Phyllanthus womersleyi is the only species in Macraea with fully connate filaments, which, together with its small orbicular leaves and general prostrate habit, makes it easily distinguishable from related species. The filaments in P. ridsdalei are often variably connate and may appear similar, but the pistillate flowers (with excerted style) in that species are quite distinctive. They also do not overlap in distribution. 2. Placement in subg. Macraea was also confirmed by palynological studies by Punt (1980) and Wu et al. (2016), which found clypeate pollen typicial for the group.	en	Verwijs, J. I. M., Bouman, R. W., Welzen, P. C. van (2019): A taxonomic revision of Phyllanthus subgenus Macraea (Phyllanthaceae). Blumea 64 (3): 231-252, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2019.64.03.05
