identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03EA87CEFFDFFFFE614CFBA33FBB8B52.text	03EA87CEFFDFFFFE614CFBA33FBB8B52.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song & Ritchie 2025	<div><p>Family IXALIDIIDAE Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 6362F1F5-8FB9-4FBF-8C40-1B4C710469FB</p><p>TYPE GENUS. — Ixalidium Gerstäcker, 1869 .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. takes its name from the root of the oldest genus name in the family, Ixalidium Gerstäcker, 1869, which appears to have been derived from the Greek adjective ἴξαΛΟς meaning “bounding, springing”, combined with the final syllables of the old (and now suppressed) genus name Acridium Schaeffer, 1766 .</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Small to medium sized grasshoppers (males 16.5-27.6 mm; females 23.6-39 mm), females more robust. Integument rugose and punctate to tuberculate and granulose, variably setose. Antennae with 17-23 segments, from slightly shorter than to slightly longer than head and pronotum together, basal half excluding scape and pedicel dorso-ventrally compressed, widening somewhat from segment three, widest between 3 and 6, with 8-9 distinctly less compressed and terminal segments filiform.</p><p>Head width across eyes distinctly less than pronotum length and less than pronotum width at its hind margin; head in lateral view obliquely slanted, with vertex produced and frons in profile sometimes shallowly incurved between antennae; eyes of moderate size, ovoid, narrower above, oblique; fastigium of vertex from above rounded angular, with raised lateral margins, forming an angle less than or equal to 90° (in males), projecting over lateral ocelli and antennal bases; foveolar area obsolete; median carinula of occiput variably expressed, sometimes continuing on vertex; frontal ridge in anterior view narrowest immediately below vertex, widening between antennae, sometimes narrowing above median ocellus, obsolescent towards clypeus; lateral carinae widening below ocellus, sometimes becoming obsolete towards clypeus.</p><p>Pronotum low tectiform ( Ixalidium) to inflated with projections ( Barombia), median carina intersected by 2-3 sulci; prozona 3-5 times longer than metazona; dorsum from above widening from fore margin to hind margin. Prosternal tubercle conical ( Barombia, Mazaea) (Fig. 6B) to transverse, spathulate ( Ixalidium, Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen., Tangana). Meso- and metathorax shallowly tectiform to inflated ( Barombia), with median carina; mesonotum usually lacking tegminal rudiments, but occasionally (in Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. species) with strap-like tegminal scars, just above lateral sutures separating dorsum from mesopleura. Metathorax raised posteriorly and with distinct lateral carinae above robust lateral projecting flanges which reinforce metapleura above hind coxae. Meso-sternal interspace medially slightly narrower than its length at outer margins, widening caudad (strongly in Barombia); minimum width of metasternal interspace approximately equal to its length.</p><p>Fore and mid legs of typical acridoid appearance, unspecialized. Hind femur in lateral view stocky (length/max. depth, males: 3.1-4.0, females; 3.34-3.9), with upper basal lobe larger than lower lobe, upper carina serrate; hind knee with upper and lower lobes bluntly to acutely rounded; hind tibia with 8-9 outer spines and 9 inner spines; external apical spine present but of reduced size (West African genera) or absent (East African genera); arolium large, rounded, length in ventral view less than or equal to claw; claws thickened at base, apically strongly curved.</p><p>Abdomen with median dorsal carina and with segments one and two distinctly raised, together with metathorax forming slight to large hump; tympanum large, sub-oval, sclerotised. External terminalia (Fig. 5 A-H) with tergites 9 and 10 fused laterally; tergite 10 dorso-medially excised, fusing with the roughly trapezoid basal section of supra-anal plate, the latter with its lateral margins defined by oblique ridges and grooves, their interspace narrowing forwards, bounded anteriorly by tergite 9 and posteriorly by hinged movable section of supra-anal plate (epiproct); this area unmodified in Ixalidium, symmetrically modified in Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. and West African genera, asymmetrically modified in Tangana; cerci straight, unspecialised, narrowly conical, sometimes attenuated at apex, clothed with long sensory hairs; paraprocts triangular, partly exposed at lateral margins of supra-anal plate; subgenital plate conical, with distal apex varying from bluntly rounded to acute and attenuated; dorsal medial area usually membranous anteriorly, often forming a distinct medial longitudinal furrow bounded by lateral carinae (Fig. 5G).</p><p>Male genitalia. Morphology highly diverse (see figures). Epiphallus usually bridge-shaped (but with bridge elongated anteriorly into an apodeme in Tangana); without distinct ancorae and with pointed lophi; lateral (oval) sclerites present. Cingulum highly variable, forming a sclerotised dorsal shell with or without paired apodemes ( Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen.), less sclerotised ( Tangana), or reduced to a narrow collar with elongated apodemes ( Ixalidium, Mazaea, Barombia); zygoma present. Ventral lobe present as paired sclerotised plates below rami of cingulum, least developed and sclerotised in Ixalidium, massively developed and strongly sclerotised in Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. and Tangana, separated into elongated digitate lobes in Tangana (Figs 16D; 17 G-L). Ventral infold present below endophallus, originating from anterior margin of ventral lobe, either forming a bi-layered sheet (Fig. 7F) ( Mazaea, Barombia) or reduced to a whisker-like apodeme ( Ixalidium, Tangana, Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen.), sometimes bifurcating at a node anteriorly (Fig. 11B). Endophallus tripartite (except in Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen.), with paired basal, medial and apical sclerites separate but conjoined; endophallic apodemes of variable development and shape, lacking evidence of gonopore processes (but see Discussion), apart from small flanges (Ef) on inner surface adjoining gonopore in West African genera and Ixalidium (Figs 7G; 9A; 10 A-D); sclerites of medial section (analogous to, though not necessarily homologous with lateral plates of Roberts (1941) elongated and dorso-ventrally flattened in all genera except Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. (q.v.), with conjoined paired sclerites visible in West African genera (Figs 7H; 9B) and Ixalidium (Fig. 10E, F), but forming a single fused sclerite in Tangana; medial section of endophallus obsolete in Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen.; apical endophallic sclerites enclosed within a membranous or sclerotised ectophallic sheath, sometimes laterally compressed ( Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen.), with a distinct arch arising basally and attaching to the cingulum, formed by a pair of sclerites in Ixalidium and W African genera, but with sclerites fused into a single pillar in Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. (Fig. 14J, L). Ejaculatory sac either present as a free antero-ventral elastic sac (Fig. 9B, C) ( Ixalidium, Barombia, Mazaea) or reduced to a slight expansion of the ejaculatory duct ( Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen., Tangana). Spermatophore sac dorsal to the endophallus, of variable development.</p><p>Female genitalia. Spermatheca of diverse form, with two interconnected sac-like basal appendices or bursae, one short and one very long together with separate short narrow duct leading to well-developed apical diverticulum and ampullate or vermiform sub-apical diverticulum ( Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. and Tangana) (Fig. 12); or with a simple robust duct, without bursa, with up to five loops and a short apical section, with flask-like pre-apical and short digitate apical diverticula ( Ixalidium); or with a very long repeatedly coiled vermiform duct ending in a vermiform subapical diverticulum and a much longer vermiform apical diverticulum in Mazaea (Fig. 8A) and Barombia . Subgenital plate internally of typical acridoid form with floor pockets, postvaginal sclerites, egg guide and with or without medial pouch and columellae (Fig. 6C). Ovipositor valves of normal acridoid type, unspecialised (Figs 5C; 9), slenderer in Ixalidium and more robust in Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. and Tangana . Subgenital plate almost as wide as long in Mazaea (Fig. 6C) and Ixalidium; about 1.3 times as long as wide in Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. and 1.7 times as long as wide in Tangana .</p><p>General coloration typically drab brown (apart from Barombia which has lighter greenish yellow ground colour with reddish brown markings (Fig. 3A); internal surfaces of hind femora with some dark patches, with or without reddish shading ventrally; tibiae straw-coloured, grey, violet or pink at least in part.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The genera assigned to the Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. share few distinctive and consistent external morphological characters. Apart from their overall habitus, with matt and rugose cuticle, common to many ground-living acridoids across several families, the most distinctive external characters of Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. are the absence of tegmina and wings, with the possession of a tympanum and the possession of a transversely divided supra-anal plate. These characters also occur in some genera across several other families, but only the Lentulidae are always apterous and they always lack a tympanum, while in Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. the tympanum is always present and well-developed. A detailed comparison of the characters of both male and female internal genitalia reveals remarkable diversity across the family, with some unusual character states expressed in individual genera within the family, including the apparent loss of the medial sec - tion of the endophallus in Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. (Figs 14 J-L; 15H-I), the fusion of the medial sclerites of the endophallus into a sclerotised casing enclosing the spermatic duct in Tangana (Figs 16; 17) and the development of a massive blind-ending sac at the mouth of the spermatheca in both Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. and Tangana (Fig. 12).</p><p>However, despite these unusual features expressed in individual genera of Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam., across the family as a whole there are no monomorphic character states that are not also found in one or more other families of Acridoidea (Table 13). Instead, Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. are ultimately distinguishable from other families by the external characters mentioned above, together with a unique combination of characters of the male genitalia. These are the possession of a bridge-shaped epiphallus with pointed lophi (Fig. 7C, D), an arch sclerite or paired arch sclerites, a divided endophallus with basal and apical sclerites articulated (Fig. 11D) and the spermatophore sac situated dorsal to the (ventral) endophallic sclerites (Fig. 10E, F).</p><p>INCLUDED GENERA</p><p>The family Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. comprises five genera, two from West and Central Africa: Mazaea Stål (including the former Eubocoana Sjöstedt n. syn.) and Barombia Karsch and three from the submontane and coastal forests of Tanzania and Kenya: Ixalidium Gerstäcker, Tangana Ramme and Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. These were all originally considered as Acrididae . Dirsh (1965) initially placed them all in the Catantopinae, but reassigned Barombia, Mazaea and Ixalidium to the Hemiacridinae (Dirsh 1966: 97) .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFDFFFFE614CFBA33FBB8B52	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFDCFFFE6390FB173F7688F5.text	03EA87CEFFDCFFFE6390FB173F7688F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song & Ritchie 2025	<div><p>KEY TO GENERA OF IXALIDIIDAE HEMP, SONG &amp; RITCHIE N. FAM. (MALES)</p><p>1. Prosternal tubercle conical (Fig. 6B), hind tibia with external apical spine (Fig. 3C); fastigium of vertex almost as long as, or longer than its basal width (Fig. 3D, F) .................................................................................. 2</p><p>— Prosternal tubercle transverse, lamelliform; hind tibia lacking external apical spine; fastigium of vertex much shorter than its maximum basal width (Fig. 4 A-C) ...................................................................................... 3</p><p>2. Pronotum with two subconical dorso-medial projections and two pairs of subconical dorso-lateral projections, variably expressed, in prozona and metazona (Fig. 3A) .............................................. Barombia Karsch, 1891</p><p>— Pronotum lacking subconical dorso-medial projections and subconical dorso-lateral projections in prozona and metazona, but with variably expressed dorso-medial tubercles (Fig. 3B) ............................ Mazaea Stål, 1876</p><p>3. Small species (16-21 mm); abdominal apex slender, nymph-like, with tergites 9 and 10 slim, tapering; supra-anal plate bilaterally symmetrical; basal part rhomboid, deeply inset into tergite 10, with sharp lateral margins; transverse suture almost straight; apical portion acutely triangular, longer than its basal width (Fig. 5 A-C); hind tibiae usually reddish at least in apical third ......................................................... Ixalidium Gerstäcker, 1869</p><p>— Larger species (18-27 mm); abdominal apex plump, with tergites 9 and 10 robust; supra-anal plate either not visible or with transverse suture medially incurved (Fig. 5 D-H); hind tibiae of variable coloration (brown, grey, straw, violet), but never reddish ................................................................................................................... 4</p><p>4. Abdominal apex bilaterally asymmetrical, tergites 9 and 10 dorsally fused and twisted, usually with short or elongated pointed process arising from basal section, normally on right side only; basal part of supra-anal plate not clearly distinct, apical portion either internalised or, if visible, then vestigial; subgenital plate acutely pointed in dorsal view (Fig. 5H) ............................................................................................ Tangana Ramme, 1929</p><p>— Abdominal apex bilaterally symmetrical; tergite 10 and anterior margin of supra-anal plate either forming raised median furcula (Fig. 5D, E) or flat (Fig. 5F, G); basal and apical portions of supra-anal plate clearly visible; transverse suture medially incurved, flanked by excurved and raised lateral flanges; subgenital plate broadly rounded with pointed tip (Fig. 5 E-G) .................................................... Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFDCFFFE6390FB173F7688F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFDAFFE4632CFF2038268911.text	03EA87CEFFDAFFE4632CFF2038268911.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mazaea Stal 1876	<div><p>Genus Mazaea Stål, 1876</p><p>(Figs 1; 3B, C, E, F; 6; 7 B-H; 8A, B; 9; 18A, B;</p><p>Tables 1; 2)</p><p>Mazaea Stål, 1876: 54 .</p><p>Eubocoana Sjöstedt, 1931: 21-22, Plate 2, figs 7, 7a, 7b; n. syn.</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Mazaea granulosa Stål, 1876, by monotypy.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>Morphology as for family, but typically slightly larger than Ixalidium and Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen., differing principally by characters given in key. Medium size (male c. 20-28 mm; female c. 27.5-39 mm).</p><p>Head</p><p>Antennae 22-segmented, slightly longer than, as long as, or slightly shorter than head and pronotum together. Integument strongly granulose, rugose and punctate. Head with fastigium and frons above median ocellus strongly projecting in front of eyes. Fastigium of vertex forming an ogival arch, longer than, as long as, or slightly shorter than its maximal basal width, with bluntly pointed apex, lateral carinae and variably expressed median carinula (Fig. 3E, F). Head width across eyes from slightly less to slightly more than three times vertex length. Eyes protuberant and globular when seen from above (Fig. 3E), ovoid in lateral view. Frons produced, blade-like above and between antennal bases, meeting lateral carinae of fastigium dorsally at about 120°; frontal ridge below antennae sulcate, becoming broader with irregular lateral carinae, constricted below median ocellus, widening and obsolescent ventrally; facial carinae irregular, diverging ventrally with acute lower angles.</p><p>Thorax</p><p>Pronotum tectiform ( M. granulosa) to subcylindrical ( M. tristis n. comb.), not or only partly covering mesonotum, strongly granulose, with distinct lateral carinae ( M. granulosa) or coarsely rugose and granulose, with small tubercles and without distinct lateral carinae ( M. tristis n. comb.), with one deep transverse sulcus dividing prozona, and another separating it from metazona; prozona more than three times length of metazona, with raised irregular dorso-medial triangular tuberculate area, widest at anterior margin, narrowing towards first transverse sulcus; second triangular dorso-medial tubercular area extending from anterior sulcus to hind margin of pronotum and traversed by posterior sulcus; posterior margin of pronotum scalloped, medially indented, ornamented with small tubercles. Mesonotum dorsally short, carinate, rugose and puncate in anterior half (when visible), granulate in posterior half; hind margin with small papillate tubercles and with medial raised tuberculate mass. Metanotum and abdominal tergite 1 somewhat humped, with hour-glass-shaped medial raised tuberculate areas, widest at anterior and posterior margins.</p><p>Prosternal tubercle acutely subconical, with dentate apex, subvertical anteriorly, but obliquely sloping and concave posteriorly. Mesosternal interspace open, trapezoidal, longer than its minimum width; mesosternal lobes smoothly curving. Metasternal interspace open, longer than its minimum width, metasternal lobes bluntly rectangular. Elytra and wings absent.</p><p>Abdomen</p><p>Abdominal tergites carinate; tergite 1 with distinctly angled shoulders marked by irregular line of granulate tubercles and with hour-glass-shaped raised medial tuberculate area, as for metanotum; tympanum large, suboval, sclerotised; tergite 2 and subsequent tergites progressively less raised and tuberculate in medial area. Supra-anal plate (Fig. 9F) divided into basal and apical portions by a transverse furrow, with basal part narrowly embedded into last abdominal tergite, with broad medial longitudinal groove; its hind margin slightly carinate, shallowly concave medially and with small, rounded flanges at its outer ends (Figs 7B; 9G). Hinged apical part shield-shaped with subacute apex. Subgenital plate conical, postero-ventrally slightly concave in lateral view, with papillate apex, with shallow dorso-medial furrow widening forwards and with its anterior medial margin forming a domed membranous cowl over apex of aedeagus. Cerci elongate conical, with digitate tips, clothed with long setae.</p><p>Legs</p><p>Hind femur moderately robust, male c. 3.4-4 times as long as maximum depth, female; 3.5-5.1 times (Tables 1; 2), with serrated upper carina, granulose upper and lower marginal areas, rounded knee lobes. Hind tibia with 8-9 inner and 7 outer spines, small external apical spine usually present (Fig. 3C), but sometimes obsolete. Arolium large, diameter less than claw length.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 7; 9)</p><p>Somewhat similar to those of Ixalidium, but much more robust, enclosed within a narrow membranous pouch. Epiphallus with bridge from above semi-circular (Figs 7D; 9E), with nascent ancorae (Figs 7C; 9F) and with pointed lophi, directed medially and dorsally. Ectophallus with ventral lobe small and distinct from rami, closely applied to base of aedeagus (Figs 7E, F; 9B, D). Ventral lobe apodeme (ventral infold of Dirsh, 1956) present as a narrow thin bi-layered sheet below endophallus, broadening and bifurcating capitad (Fig. 7F), not illustrated by Dirsh (1966, fig. 41). Dorsal (basal) fold of cingulum forming a trilobate membranous cushion appressed to anterior wall of aedeagus, with its medial lobe produced caudad into a stalked vesicle, normally overlapping lowered antero-dorsal rim of aedeagus, so as to lie within and partially plug lumen of aedeagus (shown dislodged in Fig. 18A); lateral wings of dorsal fold produced posteriorly, curving around each side of aedeagus. Zygoma and rami of cingulum reduced, collar-like. Separate caudally-directed rounded sclerotised dorso-lateral lobes (supra-rami of Eades 1962) with denticulate outer surfaces on postero-dorsal margins of rami. Apodemes of cingulum strongly elongated, slightly diverging towards apices; supra-rami with spur-like supplementary apodemes directed anteriorly, as in Ixalidium . Arch of cingulum formed by paired bilateral sclerites arising from sides of endophallus, with additional pair of slender apodemes of cingulum projecting anteriorly (Figs 7F; 9C) and with a bifurcated stout dentate process (incipient valves of cingulum?) projecting caudad (Fig. 18B, C), appressed to dorso-lateral surface of aedeagus, normally concealed by dorsal fold of ectophallic membrane. Endophallus similar to that of Ixalidium, in three sections (Fig. 7 F-H); apodemes and medial sclerites separated from posterior section (apical sclerites) by articulated break; endophallic apodemes strongly-developed, proximally well-separated, upwardly curving, slightly excurved (smaller in Ixalidium), rising to their posterior point of fusion, then sharply recurved downwards and caudad. Flanges of endophallus visible as short, pointed, medially-directed projections on internal surfaces of endophallic apodemes (Figs 7G; 9A) anterior to their junction, adjoining confluence of ejaculatory duct and ventrally placed ejaculatory sac (Fig. 7 F-G). Spermatophore sac forming flattened strip on dorsal surface of conjoined medial sclerites; ventral surface of medial sclerites of endophallus with alternating transverse striations of sclerotised (dark) and unsclerotised (light) cuticle (Fig. 7F, H). Posterior (apical) section of endophallus (aedeagal sclerites) fused, elongated and upcurved, separated from medial sclerites by hinged break and forming well-developed aedeagus with genital pore at its apex, dorso-ventrally compressed (Fig. 7G, H); anterior margin of aedeagal apex excavated to receive vesicle of medial lobe of dorsal fold of cingulum. Subgenital plate about as wide as long (when flattened); dorsal surface with medial pouch present, overlying common oviduct; egg guide narrow, continuous with inner margins of floor pouches; post-vaginal sclerites transverse, elongate reniform, with small, pigmented areas of columellae at their inner ends (Fig. 6C).</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 8)</p><p>Spermathecal duct extremely long (several times length of body) (Fig. 8A), repeatedly coiling and looping, forming two distinct clusters to left and right sides, occupying much of abdominal cavity between gut and ovaries as far forward as tergite 2, ending with short vermiform subapical diverticulum and vermiform apical diverticulum nearly ten times as long (Fig. 8B).</p><p>Measurements</p><p>Tables 1; 2.</p><p>Coloration (Figs 3B, E; 19C, D)</p><p>Male: General ground colour variable, especially in M. granulosa, light to dark brown with lighter banding and spotting and some darker brown to black areas. Antennae in basal half pale buff dorso-externally with darker speckling, pale buff or pale yellow ventro-internally (sometimes light red in M. granulosa), darkening to black towards tips on dorsal and ventral surfaces. Head light to dark brown, sometimes with darker speckling. Eyes light to dark brown with or without pale horizontal line across upper third, continuing caudad across occiput; second oblique curved pale line sometimes crossing lower third of eye, rising sharply caudad.</p><p>Dorsum of pronotum showing a range of pattern morphs in M. granulosa, some with dark brown medial longitudinal hour-glass marking framing median carina, alternately constricted and widened in prozona and metazona, bounded laterally by paler longitudinal areas of varying width, externally following inner edges of lateral carinae; others unicolorous lighter or darker brown dorsally, with or without pale buff to light brown longitudinal bands along inner margins of pronotal lateral carinae, continued obliquely downwards on meso- and metathoracic pleurae to episternum above hind coxae; dorsum in M. tristis n. comb. dull speckled mid brown, without pale lateral lines, with tubercles blackish except for pale buff tubercles on hind margin. Lateral lobes from light to dark brown, sometimes lacking clear markings, sometimes with pale oblique blotches in prozona, rising from antero-ventral angle caudad, interrupted by first transverse sulcus. Prosternum pale buff, sometimes with dark grey-brown spotting; meso- and metasternum anterior and lateral margins pale, becoming darker brown or grey-brown medially. Dorsum of meso-and metathoracic tergites mid brown medially (with greenish tinge towards lateral plates in M. tristis n. comb.); triangular epimeron on metathoracic pleura anterior to tympanum with large dark brown or black spot in caudal half.</p><p>Dorsum of abdominal tergite 1 often with pale tubercles at posterior margin; tergites 1-4 mid brown with paired dorso-lateral dark transverse dashes on hind margins; tergites 5 and 6 dorso-laterally paler; lateral lobes of tergite 2 with pale upper lateral area and dark shiny patch below; tergites 3-5 laterally with dark brown to blackish shiny areas, normally concealed by widest part of hind femur; tergites 7-10 darker (with olive greenish tinge dorso-laterally in M. tristis n. comb.). Abdominal sternites with lateral margins light brown with darker speckling, with dark brown or grey-brown patches medially, becoming chevrons pointing capitad on sternites 7-8. Cerci dorsally light to mid brown with subapical transverse black band, ventrally black with pale tips. Supra-anal plate mid brown, speckled with darker brown. Paraprocts blackish. Sternite 9 to tip of subgenital plate with continuous or interrupted irregular medial longitudinal dark grey-brown to black band, sometimes obsolescent.</p><p>Fore and mid legs mid dark grey-brown with lighter and darker speckling. All coxal joints blackish below. Hind femur externally and in upper internal area light to mid brown, with three indistinct oblique darker bands, interrupted in medial area, situated at base, 2/5 from base, and between 3/5 from base and knee; knee lunules dark brown. Hind femur internally with medial area dark brown to black throughout, apart from pale buff area in upper half at base, narrow irregular or incomplete pale transverse band half way from base sometimes reduced to small pale blotch on ventral internal carina and small pale mark just above knee; ventral internal area buff or greyish. Hind tibia dorsal and ventral surfaces buff to grey buff, with smoky blotches dorsally in basal half, becoming more evenly smoky grey brown towards tarsi; external spines and claws smoky buff with black tips, sometimes black at base or all black; internal spines usually darker with black tips or all black.</p><p>Female</p><p>Coloration similar to male but less contrasted. Triangular epimeron on metathoracic pleura anterior to tympanum without dark blotch; abdominal tergites 2-4 only with lateral dark brown to black shiny areas.</p><p>HISTORY</p><p>The genus Mazaea was described by Stål (1876) for his single female specimen of an apterous species that he named M. granulosa on account of the small granular tubercles covering the integument of the thorax and hind legs. Stål evidently did not know the provenance of his type specimen which must have been acquired in West Africa by a visiting European before 1876. Given the known geographical range of the genus and the fact that there were few European settlements on the coast of the Bight of Biafra at that time, it is likely that the type specimen came from a forested location close to what is now Douala in the littoral region of SW Cameroon. However a provenance from coastal areas of Congo, DR Congo, Gabon or Equatorial Guinea is also possible.</p><p>Bolívar (1908:105) described M. granulosa var. cingulata from “Loagna” [sic] (probably Loanga, Congo Republic), but this was synonymised by Kirby (1910) apparently as a cataloguing convenience, since he did not recognise varieties. Dirsh (1966:102) repeated the synonymy. All other published records of Mazaea have been attributed to M. granulosa . Sjöstedt (1931) assigned Mazaea, Barombia and his own Eubocoana to “ Acanthini”, an informal grouping possessing an external apical tibial spine, but he considered Ixalidium to belong to the “ Anacanthini”, which lacked this spine. Dirsh (1965) also used the presence or absence of this spine to organise his key to the genera of the Catantopinae .Today this character would be perceived as potentially subject to rapid evolution. Hollis (1975: 197) studied the presence or absence of the external apical tibial spine within and between different genera of Oxyinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893 . In Thanmoia Ramme, 1931 he noted that it could be present or absent and even show both conditions on the two hind legs of a single individual.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Genomic evidence presented elsewhere in this paper (Fig. 1) now suggests that the West African Mazaea is the most basallypositioned subclade of the Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam., which agrees well with the ancestral character states that it exhibits (e.g. the large ejaculatory and spermatophore sacs, elongated apodemes of cingulum and recurved endophallus), that are shared with the East African Ixalidium . These characters have been lost or greatly modified in the other East African subclades of the family, Tangana and Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. Mazaea is also shown to be a member of the Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. on the basis of its general habitus (Fig. 3) and especially its genitalia (Fig. 6). The external morphological features which distinguish Mazaea from the genus Ixalidium are its strongly granulose integument, more pointed vertex, pointed prosternal tubercle (spathulate in Ixalidium) and the presence (usually) of a small external apical spine on the hind tibia (absent in Ixalidium and other East African members of the family).</p><p>INCLUDED SPECIES</p><p>Mazaea granulosa Stål, 1876</p><p>Mazaea tristis (Sjöstedt, 1931) n. comb.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFDAFFE4632CFF2038268911	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFC6FFE7633FF9A43FA68CD3.text	03EA87CEFFC6FFE7633FF9A43FA68CD3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mazaea granulosa Stal 1876	<div><p>Mazaea granulosa Stål, 1876</p><p>(Figs 1; 3B, C, E; 6; 7 B-H; 8A, B; 18A, B; 19C, D; 22C;</p><p>Table 1)</p><p>Mazaea granulosa Stål, 1876: 54 .</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype • ♀; “ Africa occidentalis ”; [no further data] (NR, Stockholm).</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Nigeria • 1 ♂; Eastern Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.478611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=5.0230556" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.478611/lat 5.0230556)">20 mls NE of Calabar, [Ekinta] Forest Reserve</a>; [5°01’23”N, 8°28’43”E; 8.I.1961]; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK014035468 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding, NHMUK .</p><p>Cameroon • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.266666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.266666/lat 4.45)">Southern Bakundu Forest Reserve</a>; 4°22’- 4°27’N, 9°16’- 9°16’E; 9.IX.1968; J. S. Gartlan leg.; #68015 (♂), #68014 (♀); Coll. CHR • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.885833&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.5633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.885833/lat 3.5633333)">Lake Tissongo, Douala-Edéa National Park</a>; 3°33’48”N, 9°53’9”E; 28.I.1975; T. E. Rowell leg.; #75025; Coll. CHR • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.583333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.583333/lat 3.3833332)">Dja [Faunal Reserve]</a>, 2°49’- 3°23’N, 12°25’- 13°35’E; 16.VII.1975; T. E. Rowell leg.; leaf litter in forest; #75024; Coll. CHR • 1 ♀ nymph; same collection data as for preceding; #75023; Coll. CHR • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.488767&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.9133306" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.488767/lat 3.9133306)">Mt Fébé, nr Yaoundé</a>; 3°54’47.99”N, 11°29’19.56”E; 1-11.VII.1975; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK 014035469 • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.501346&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.8441188" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.501346/lat 3.8441188)">Yaoundé</a>; 3°50’38.8284”N, 11°30’4.8456”E; 20.XII.1973; G. Popov leg.; NHMUK 014035470 • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; NHMUK 014453740 • 2♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.416667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.416667/lat 3.85)">Ongot Forest</a>; c. 03°51’N, 11°25’E; VIII.2022; C. Oumarou Ngoute leg.; Coll. CH • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.0333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.55/lat 4.0333333)">N Yaoundé, Nkométou II</a>; 4°2’0”N, 11°33’0”E; 3.XI.1975; M. Descamps leg.; Coll. CH • 1 ♀; Edea [Forest Plantation], Mangombe Forest Reserve, 23-24.IX.1975; M. Descamps leg.; Coll. CH • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.366533&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.865911" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.366533/lat 3.865911)">Ongot Forest</a>; 03°51’57.28”N, 11°21’59.52”E; 887m a.s.l.; 5.XII.2021 - 20. III.2022; J. Yetchom-Fondjo leg.; SMNK • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.743611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.356111" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.743611/lat 3.356111)">Yingui, Deng-Deng National Park</a>; 3°21’22”N, 12°44’37”E; 513 m a.s.l.; 12.VI.2022; J. Yetchom-Fondjo leg.; SMNK • 1 ♂, 3♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.458889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.463333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.458889/lat 4.463333)">Yingui</a>, Iboti; 04°27’48”N, 10°27’32”E; 746 m a.s.l.; 7.I.2022; J. Yetchom-Fondjo leg.; SMNK • 2 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.454983&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.4632664" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.454983/lat 4.4632664)">Yingui</a>, Iboti; but 04°27’47.76”N, 10°27’17.94”E; 7.I.2022; J. Yetchom-Fondjo leg.; SMNK • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.776944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.639722" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.776944/lat 3.639722)">Sanaga Maritime</a>, Mouanko; 03°38’23”N, 09°46’37”E; 16.VII.2017; J. Yetchom-Fondjo leg.; SMNK • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.8/lat 4.6)">Nkam</a>, Solé; 04°36’00”N, 09°48’00”E; 28.II.2017; J. Yetchom-Fondjo leg.; SMNK • 2 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.83778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=4.20435" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.83778/lat 4.20435)">Nkam</a>, Djawara; 4°12’15.66”N, 9°50’16.01”E; 6 m a.s.l.; 13.III.2017; J. Yetchom-Fondjo leg.; SMNK • 2 ♂, 1 ♀; locality unknown; X.1938 - VIII.1939; H. Jacques-Félix leg.; MNHN .</p><p>Congo Republic • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.4167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.1667027" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.4167/lat -4.1667027)">Dimonika [Biosphere Reserve]</a>; [4°10’0.13”S, 12°25’0.12”E]; 28.V.1972; C. Morin leg.; MNHN • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.751687&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4807541" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.751687/lat -2.4807541)">N’go</a>, [2°28’50.7144”S, 15°45’6.0732”E]; 12.III.1973; J. F. Cornic leg.; MNHN • 1♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.9/lat 0.8)">Odzala</a>; [c. 0.8°N, 14.9°E]; 9.XI.1977; S. Kelner-Pillault leg.; MNHN • 2 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.745556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.568889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.745556/lat -2.568889)">Mossendjo</a>, Vouka [Vouga]; [2°34’08”S, 12°44’44”E]; 500 m a.s.l.; 14.XII.1973; J. C. Thibaud leg.; MNHN • 1 ♂; same locality as preceding; 2.XII.1973; J. C. Thibaud leg.; MNHN • 1 ♂; same locality as preceding; 2. II.1974; J. C. Thibaud leg.; MNHN .</p><p>Central African Republic • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.845835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8316667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.845835/lat -3.8316667)">La Maboke</a>; [3°49’54”S, 17°50’45”E]; 16.I.1968; P. Teocchi leg.; MNHN • 1♀; same locality as preceding; 24.IV.1968; P. Teocchi leg.; MNHN • 1 ♂, same locality as preceding; 17.XII.1967; P. Teocchi leg.; MNHN .</p><p>Gabon • 2♂, 2 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.716666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.46666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.716666/lat 0.46666667)">Ipassa</a>; [c. 00°28’00”N, 12°43’00”E]; 30.IX.1974; A. Mougazi leg.; MNHN • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.5666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.2/lat -1.5666666)">Between Lastourville and Moanda</a>; [between 0°49’2.71”N, 12°42’29.45”E and 1°34’0”S, 13°12’0”E]; 16.VI.1974; M. Donskoff and J. Le Breton leg.; MNHN .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Integument finely rugose and granulose, lacking larger papillate tubercles. Antennae in both sexes from 0.9 to 1.2 times as long as head and pronotum together. Pronotal shoulders in cross-section angular, with clear lateral carinae composed of granular tubercles forming a distinct angle between dorsum and lateral lobes. Pronotal shoulders widening evenly to hind margin, with acute hind angles. Dorso-medial tubercular areas of thoracic tergites and abdomen weakly raised.</p><p>Measurements: Table 1.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Most records of Mazaea granulosa are from forested areas of Cameroon. Mestre &amp; Chiffaud (2009) also reported it from the Republic of Congo (Congo Brazzaville), Equatorial Guinea and DR Congo (Congo Kinshasa, formerly Zaire), but without citing specific localities. However, they did not find any record of Mazaea or Barombia from the Central African Republic or from Gabon. Material of M. granulosa from all these countries has been examined for this study. Dirsh (1966: 103) reported a specimen from Dundo, Angola, close to the border with DR Congo.</p><p>The occurrence of Mazaea granulosa in Nigeria, reported by Dirsh (1965, 1966, 1970) and Johnston (1968), but queried by Mestre &amp; Chiffaud (2009), is based on specimens (collected in the Ekinta Forest Reserve in 1961 by N.D. Jago) in the NHMUK collection. This record is not surprising, given that the forested area of Cross River State, now included within the Eastern half of the Oban Group of Cross River National Park, was originally continuous with the Takamanda Forest Reserve in SW Cameroon which borders Nigeria and the Cross River NP. Mestre &amp; Chiffaud (2009) indicated the importance for present-day distribution of forest species of the extreme dry period at the last glacial maximum (25000 to 15000 years BP), which left just two montane forest refugia in SW Cameroon, the western one extending into SE Nigeria.</p><p>Despite having been gazetted as a National Park, much of the Cross River forests are now within commercial estate concessions, and large parts of them have been cleared for oil palm production (Offiong 2017). In Cameroon, Mazaea granulosa was found to be the most common grasshopper species in three forested areas (Ongot forest, near Yaoundé; Zamakoe forest, near Mbalmayo; and Ngutadjap forest, near Ebolowa) and was most abundant where deforestation was highest (Oumarou Ngoute et al. 2020). It was found in agroforestry plots, crop fields, forest, and fallows in the SW Region and West Regions, but not in the Centre region (the forest-savannah transition zone) (Christel et al. 2019).</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Unfortunately, the female holotype of M. granulosa in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm, lacks provenance and is not available for study. However, current investigations of the genitalia ( Ritchie, unpublished) and mitochondrial genome (Yetchom-Fondjo, pers. comm.) of material presently assigned to Mazaea granulosa indicate a degree of geographical variation. Hence the specimens studied here and the measurements provided in Table 1 may ultimately be found to represent more than one closely-related species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFC6FFE7633FF9A43FA68CD3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFC5FFE66183FBE23FB28C6C.text	03EA87CEFFC5FFE66183FBE23FB28C6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mazaea tristis (Sjostedt 1931) J. & Maria & Cigliano & Elżbieta & Beata & Jackson & Onur & Charly & Ngoute & Song 2025	<div><p>Mazaea tristis (Sjöstedt, 1931) n. comb.</p><p>(Figs 3F; 9; Table 2)</p><p>Eubocoana tristis Sjöstedt, 1931: 21-22, Plate 2, Figs 7, 7a, 7b.</p><p>Eubocoana tristis Sjöstedt, 1931 (Dirsh 1965: 308-309, fig. 235).</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Syntypes. Congo Republic • 2 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.764439&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.3613887" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.764439/lat -4.3613887)">Boko - Kinkala</a>, [c. 4°37’36”S, 14°37’11”E to 4°21’41.00”S, 14°45’51.98”E]; [M.] Lundgren leg.; NRM-ORTH0002426 [Type] and NRM-ORTH0002427 [Cotype] (NR, Stockholm) .</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Congo Republic • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.745556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.568889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.745556/lat -2.568889)">Mossendjo, Vouka [Vouga]</a>; [2°34’08”S, 12°44’44”E]; 500 m a.s.l.; 1-6.IX.1973; J. C. Thibaud leg.; MNHN • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 27.XI.1973; J. C. Thibaud leg.; MNHN • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 15.II.1975; J. C. Thibaud leg.; dense secondary forest; Coll. CH • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; secondary forest; 13.III.1975; J. C. Thibaud leg.; Coll. CH . • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.751687&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.4807541" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.751687/lat -2.4807541)">N’go</a>; [2°28’50.7144”S, 15°45’6.0732”E]; 12.III.1973; J. F. Cornic leg.; MNHN .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Integument coarsely rugose, granulose and pitted, with scattering of larger papillate tubercles. Antennae in female about same length as head and pronotum together; male antennae more than 1.2 times as long as head and pronotum together (based on small available sample). Pronotal shoulders in cross-section rounded, irregular, rugose and pitted, lacking clear lateral carinae. Pronotal shoulders widest in prozona, between transverse sulci, maintaining same width, or narrowing slightly, towards hind margin, with rounded hind angles. Dorso-medial tubercular areas of thoracic tergites and abdomen strongly raised.</p><p>Measurements: Table 2.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>M. tristis n. comb, was until recently only known from two female syntypes, collected by a Swedish missionary, Manne Lundgren, based at Musana Mission Station in Boko-Kinkala Subdivision, about 120 kms W of Brazzaville, Republic of Congo. Recently further males and females have been examined from Republic of Congo, (Vouka [Vouga] and N’go), together with sympatric specimens of M. granulosa .</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Sjöstedt (1931) did not designate a holotype for Eubocoana tristis, so despite being labelled as Type and Cotype, the original specimens in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Stockholm are syntypes. Sjöstedt (1931: 21) also listed females of Mazaea granulosa collected from the type locality of E. tristis by the same collector. Since the original description of Eubocoana, Mazaea tristis n. comb. has not been mentioned in primary taxonomic literature, featuring only in catalogues and in Dirsh’s African genera of Acridoidea (Dirsh 1965: 308-309). Unfortunately, repeated requests for detailed imagery of the type specimens have received no response. However, descriptions and illustrations based on the female syntypes exist (Sjöstedt 1931: 21; Dirsh 1965: 308-309; Cigliano et al. 2023). The only characters adduced by Dirsh (1965) to separate females of Eubocoana tristis from M. granulosa were the fastigium of vertex shorter than wide in E. tristis rather than longer than wide in M. granulosa, the more rugose and tuberculate integument of E. tristis compared to M. granulosa and the absence of pronotal lateral carinae in E. tristis . The male of Mazaea tristis (Sjöstedt, 1931) n. comb. has not previously been described. However, comparison of the vertex measurements of a sample of M. granulosa (Table 1) with the newly studied specimens of M. tristis n. comb. (Table 2) indicates that there is no consistent difference in proportions between the two taxa, with length / width varying from around 0.9 to 1.3 in M. granulosa and from around 0.9 to 1.2 in M. tristis n.comb. Other standard metrics for M. tristis n. comb. are mostly well within the range for M. granulosa, apart from antenna length in males. Male antennae (in a sample of two) are more than 1.2 times the length of head and pronotum together in M. tristis n. comb., whereas they are either slightly shorter than, or barely longer than head and pronotum together in M. granulosa . However, the lack of distinct pronotal lateral carinae in Mazaea tristis n. comb. and the more tuberculate and rugose integument are confirmed for both sexes. The male genitalia of M. tristis n. comb. (Fig. 9 A-F) are indistinguishable from those of M. granulosa, while the female spermatheca shows exactly the same complex structure in both taxa. Based on the original description (Sjöstedt 1931: 21), published illustrations of one of the two female syntypes (Dirsh 1965: 309; Cigliano et al. 2023) and examination and dissection of newly available males and females, the genus Eubocoana Sjöstedt, 1931 is therefore here synonymised with Mazaea .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFC5FFE66183FBE23FB28C6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFC4FFE661DFFC423FA48B2A.text	03EA87CEFFC4FFE661DFFC423FA48B2A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barombia Karsch 1891	<div><p>Genus Barombia Karsch, 1891</p><p>Barombia Karsch 1891: 180 .</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Barombia tuberculosa Karsch, 1891, by monotypy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFC4FFE661DFFC423FA48B2A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFC4FFE261BEFB843E3D8EEC.text	03EA87CEFFC4FFE261BEFB843E3D8EEC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Barombia tuberculosa Karsch. Images 1891	<div><p>Barombia tuberculosa Karsch, 1891</p><p>(Figs 3A, D; 7A; Table 3)</p><p>Barombia tuberculosa Karsch 1891: 180 .</p><p>Barombia tuberculosa var. sublaevis Bolívar, 1905: 226 . Synonymised by Kirby (1910: 386).</p><p>Barombia nassaui Rehn, 1958: 3-5 . Synonymised by Dirsh (1966: 101).</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL. — Holotype of Barombia nassaui . Cameroon • ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.366667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.0166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.366667/lat 3.0166667)">Ja River, Bitje [= Bitye]</a>; [3°01’00”N, 12°22’00”E]; G. L. Bates leg.; Holotype 5808; ANSP, Philadelphia .</p><p>Lectotype of Barombia tuberculosa . Cameroon • ♂; Barombi Station; Preuss leg.; DORSA BA 000504S01; MfN, Berlin; here designated . Types (status not confirmed) of Barombia tuberculosa var. sublaevis . Equatorial Guinea • “ Biafra ”; [<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.341944&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.1747222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.341944/lat 1.1747222)">Cape San Juan</a>; 1°10’29”N, 9°20’31”E];[VI-XI.1901]; [M.] Martinez de la Escalera leg.; [Sex and status of Type (s) not confirmed, Repository not confirmed].</p><p>MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Nigeria • 1 ♂, Cross River State, Calabar, 30 kms E on Akansako road; 13.XII.1979; J. C. Reid leg.; NHMUK014453739 .</p><p>Central African Republic • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.845835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8316667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.845835/lat -3.8316667)">La Maboke</a>; [3°49’54”S, 17°50’45”E]; 12.IV.1968; P.Teocchi leg.; MNHN • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.845835&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.8316667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.845835/lat -3.8316667)">La Maboke</a>; [3°49’54”S, 17°50’45”E]; 10.I.1966; R. Pujol leg.; #42; MNHN .</p><p>Cameroon • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.133333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.133333/lat 3.8)">Koupongo (Edea)</a>; [c. 3°48’N, 10°08’E]; 25.XI.1975; M. Descamps leg.; MNHN .</p><p>[ Equatorial Guinea] • 1 ♂; “ Congo, Riv. San Benito ”; 27.II.1905; L. Guiral leg.; [determined as Barombia tuberculosa by W.Ramme]; MNHN . Congo Republic • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.051388&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.6105555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.051388/lat 1.6105555)">Bassin N’gogo-Sanga, Region d’Ouésso</a>; [c. 1°36’38”N, 16°03’05”E]; 20.III.1905; J. Gravot leg.; [determined as Barombia tuberculosa by W. Ramme]; MNHN • 1♂; [Niari Department], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.745556&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.568889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.745556/lat -2.568889)">Mossendjo [District], Vouka [Vouga]</a>; [2°34’08”S, 12°44’44”E]; 500 m a.s.l.; 1-2.XII.1973; J. C. Thibaud leg.; MNHN • 1 ♀; same locality as preceding; 4.II.1974; J. C. Thibaud leg.; MNHN .</p><p>Gabon • 1♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.466666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-0.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.466666/lat -0.45)">Fernan Vaz</a>; [0°27’0”S, 10°28’0”E]; 1.I.1990; E. Cherlonneix leg.; MNHN-EO-CAELIF 11142; MNHN • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.333333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.6166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.333333/lat 0.6166667)">Cap Estérias</a>; [c. 0°37’0”N, 9°19’60”E]; 15-16.V.1974; M. Donskoff and J. Le Breton; MNHN-EO-CAELIF 11141; MNHN • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.716666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.46666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.716666/lat 0.46666667)">Ipassa</a>; [0°28’0”N, 12°43’0”E]; 3-30.V.1974; M. Donskoff and J. Le Breton leg.; quadrat; Coll. CH • 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.716666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=0.46666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.716666/lat 0.46666667)">Ipassa</a>; [0°28’0”N, 12°43’0”E]; 450-550 m a.s.l.; 28-30.IV.1974; M. Donskoff and J. Le Breton leg.; leopard trail; Coll. CH .</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Appearance distinctive (Figs 3A; 19G, H). Medium size (male, c. 23.5-27 mm; female c. 32-36 mm). Integument coarsely rugose, granulose and punctate.</p><p>Head</p><p>Antenna filiform, with 23 articles (Dirsh, 1965), about 1.45- 1.6 times (male), 1.3-1.4 times (female) as long as head and pronotum together. Head conical; frons in profile oblique and indented at median ocellus; fastigium of vertex strongly projecting beyond eyes, horizontal, acutangular, as long as or slightly longer than its basal width, with marginal carinae in apical half but with medial carinula obsolete (Fig. 3D). Face and lower genae coarsely rugose and punctate. Frontal ridge medially produced, narrow, bladelike above antennae, becoming shallow with carinulae present between antennae and median ocellus, obsolete ventrally. Head width across eyes c. 2.9-3.5 times length of vertex (males), c. 2.6-2.9 times (females) (measured to narrowest point between eyes). Lateral ocelli barely visible from above. Eyes from above protuberant and globular (Fig. 3D).</p><p>Thorax</p><p>Pronotum short, not covering mesonotum, with deep transverse sulci dividing prozona into anterior and posterior sections and separating prozona from much reduced metazona; prozona about 4.8 times as long as metazona, with both sections having strongly raised and bluntly pointed dorso-medial lobes, of variable development, the posterior lobe somewhat larger; anterior and posterior sections of prozona and metazona with pointed dorso-lateral tubercular lobes, small or obsolescent in anterior section of prozona, but larger in posterior section of prozona and in metazona; metazona not raised but with very small medial pointed lobe; hind margin of metazona medially indented; prosternal process acutely conical. Mesonotum low, with fore margin medially indented, as broad as or broader than pronotum, hind margin ridged and tuberculate. Mesosternal interspace open, longer than its minimum width; mesosternal lobes with smoothly curving posterior margins. Elytra and wings absent. Metanotum and first abdominal tergite inflated (Fig. 3A), coarsely granulose, with median carina forming irregular raised arcuate or pointed medial lobes, subtriangular in dorsal view.</p><p>Abdomen</p><p>Dorsally carinate. Tympanum large, oval, sclerotised. Supra-anal plate divided into basal and apical portions by a transverse furrow, its basal portion narrowly embedded into last abdominal tergite, with broad medial longitudinal groove and with shallowly concave carinate hind margin with papillate flanges at its outer ends (Fig. 7A); hinged apical portion shield-shaped, longer than its basal width. Subgenital plate subconical, postero-ventrally slightly concave in lateral view, with acutely conical apex. Cerci elongate conical, with digitate tips, clothed with long setae.</p><p>Legs</p><p>Hind femur of moderate depth (c. 3.7-3.9 times as long as maximum depth, male; c. 3.7 times, females), with serrated upper carina, tuberculate upper and lower marginal areas, rounded knee lobes. Hind tibia with 8 inner and 7 outer spines, small external apical spine usually present (as in Mazaea, Fig. 3C). Arolium large, diameter less than claw length.</p><p>Male genitalia</p><p>Very similar to those of Mazaea in all respects (Fig. 7).</p><p>Female</p><p>Internal genitalia with spermatheca of similar configuration to that found in Mazaea, with long duct repeatedly looped and coiled in two distinct clusters to left and right sides of abdomen, becoming narrower in its apical section and ending with short vermiform subapical diverticulum and longer looping vermiform apical diverticulum; overall length of spermathecal duct shorter than in Mazaea spp. and with proportionately shorter apical diverticulum. Subgenital plate similar in shape to that in Mazaea species, as described above.</p><p>Measurements</p><p>Table 3.</p><p>Coloration (Figs 3A; 19G, H)</p><p>In contrast to other genera of Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam., ground colour olivaceous green to buff, variegated with light rufous brown markings, with some tubercles yellowish; antennae black with apical segments usually white; abdominal tergites 2-5 laterally with black shiny patches; abdominal sternites 2-7 variably infused with black; hind femora externally yellowish buff in basal half, with dark grey to blackish oblique transverse banding in apical half; black patches in basal half on upper and lower outer areas and internal medial area; ventral internal area brownish to blackish; knee lunules black; tibiae mottled brown and dark grey with spines black-tipped.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>The genus Barombia was described by Karsch (1891: 180) for his species B. tuberculosa collected from Barombi Station, Cameroon, by the botanist Paul Preuss, who also collected material of Mazaea granulosa at the same location (Karsch 1891: 179). Mestre &amp; Chiffaud (2009) suggest that Barombi Station was close to present-day Kumba. The type locality for var. sublaevis Bolívar, 1905, was initially given as“Biafra”. Bolívar omitted to mention any specific locality, or the sex of his type material. However, it was actually from Cape San Juan, as indicated in the catalogue of species from Spanish Guinea (Anonymous 1910: 580). It seems possible that he did not intend to formally designate a type for his record of this variety. The location of Bolívar’s material has not been confirmed, but may be the MNCN, Madrid (Mestre &amp; Chiffaud 2009: 25). Further specimens from Cameroon were reported from Bibundi (Massa 2020) and from “Bonge” (Bong?) by Sjöstedt (1910). In Cross River State, Nigeria a male was collected from Ekinta Forest Reserve (NHMUK 014453739). Dirsh (1965, 1966, 1970) reported Barombia as present in Congo Republic and Congo Democratic Republic, in addition to Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. Recently material from Congo Republic and Gabon (Ipassa) has been examined (MNHN). The large protuberant eyes, long antennae and overall greenish coloration of Barombia suggest that it inhabits the field layer rather than the leaf litter where the more sombre Mazaea is normally found.</p><p>HISTORY</p><p>Karsch (1891: 180) made clear in his description that he considered Barombia and Mazaea closely allied. Dirsh (1965: 302) also demonstrated their close relationship in his key to the Catantopinae and in his drawings of their genitalia (Dirsh 1966, 1970) which clearly showed the supplementary apodemes of cingulum that link these two genera to Ixalidium, though he did not mention them in his text. Bolívar (1905: 226) characterized Barombia tuberculosa var. sublaevis in a single line of Latin text as “colour grass green, pronotal tubercles sub-obsolete”. Var. sublaevis was automatically synonymised with B. tuberculosa by Kirby (1910: 386). Ramme (1929: 311) repeated the synonymy without citing Kirby (1910) and listed material from Ouésso, Congo Republic. Otte (1995: 277) ignored the synonymy of var. sublaevis, making it a subspecies, but Mestre &amp; Chiffaud (2009: 25) reinstated the synonymy (referencing the earlier synonymies of Kirby and Ramme). Bolívar (1908: 106) listed material of B. tuberculosa from Mukonje Farm, Cameroon, collected by R. Rhode (Zoological Museum, Hamburg University), that Massa (2020: 49-50) stated to be three females, one of which Massa considered to be typical “var. sublaevis ”. Massa concluded that the degree of tuberculation was variable within a population, reconfirming the synonymy of var. sublaevis with B. tuberculosa . Rehn (1958: 3-5) described B. nassaui from a single specimen from Bitje (Bitye) on the basis of its more pronounced tubercular development of the thoracic dorsum relative to material of B. tuberculosa he had studied, which was in fact somewhat atypical. Barombia nassaui was synonymised by Dirsh (1966: 101). The increased production of the dorsal thoracic crest reported by Rehn may have resulted from allometric growth, since the hind femur length of his holotype male (16.3 mm) is 12% larger than that of the material of B. tuberculosa (14.1-14.3 mm) to which he compared it.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Karsch’s type series of one male and two females are all syntypes, since Karsch did not designate holotypes when more than one specimen was present (Holier 2010). This reality is not altered by the subsequent labelling of the male as holotype (DORSA BA 000504 S01) and the two females as allotype and paratype (respectively DORSA BA 000504 S02 and DORSA BA 000504 S03). Accordingly, the single male syntype (DORSA BA 000504 S01) is here designated as lectotype of Barombia tuberculosa Karsch. Images of the syntypes and their labels are shown in OSF (Cigliano et al. 2023). No revision of the genus Barombia has been undertaken. The genus is probably known from fewer than 30 specimens in museum collections globally. In line with the foregoing record of synonymies, critical examination of material, including male genitalia, from across the geographical range of Barombia has not so far yielded clear evidence that more than one species exists.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFC4FFE261BEFB843E3D8EEC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFC0FFEE61A3FDC13E688A72.text	03EA87CEFFC0FFEE61A3FDC13E688A72.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixalidium Gerstacker 1869	<div><p>Genus Ixalidium Gerstäcker, 1869</p><p>Ixalidium Gerstäcker, 1869: 220 . Table III, figs 6 and 6a.</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Ixalidium haematoscelis Gerstäcker, 1869 by monotypy.</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Small to medium size (Tables 4-6). Males 16.5-20.2 mm; females 23.6-29, with body length up to 50% greater than males and with more robust habitus (Fig. 11A). Integument rugose and punctate, variably setose.</p><p>Head</p><p>Antennae: 17-segmented, about as long as or slightly longer than head and pronotum together, basal segments (apart from scape and pedicel) dorso-ventrally compressed, widening markedly at segment three, widest between 3 and 6, with 8-9 distinctly less compressed and 10-17 filiform. Head width across eyes distinctly less than pronotum length and less than pronotum width at its hind margin; head obliquely slanted in lateral view, with vertex produced and frons sometimes shallowly incurved between antennae; eyes ovoid, narrower above, oblique. Fastigium of vertex from above (Fig. 4A) projecting over lateral ocelli and antennal bases, shorter than its maximal basal width, with obtusely rounded apex and median carinula continuing on occiput; foveolar area obsolete; frontal ridge in anterior view narrowest immediately below vertex, widening between antennae, then narrowing above median ocellus; lateral carinae widening below ocellus and becoming obsolete towards clypeus.</p><p>Thorax</p><p>Pronotum low tectiform, median carina crossed by 2-3 sulci; prozona 3-4 times longer than metazona; dorsum from above widening steadily from fore margin to hind margin. Prosternal tubercle transverse, spathulate, almost straight-sided, sparsely to densely setose, anterior face flat to slightly concave, posterior face flat to slight convex; apical margin straight or slightly uneven, with rounded angles. Meso- and metathorax tectiform, with median carina; mesonotum without visible tegminal rudiments; metathorax raised posteriorly and with distinct lateral carinae above robust lateral projections which stiffen its lateral lobes above hind coxae; Mesosternal interspace broader than its length, widening posteriorly; mesosternal furcal suture with deep medial and lateral pits. Metasternal interspace slightly broader than its length, narrowing posteriorly, tending to form two separate pits with medial portion of interspace continuous anteriorly with anterior portion of metasternum.</p><p>Legs</p><p>Fore and mid legs of typical acridoid appearance, unspecialized. Hind femur moderately robust, 3.1-3.9 times as long as maximum depth, male; 3.3-4.1 times, female (Tables 4-6); hind knee with upper and lower lobes bluntly or acutely rounded; hind tibia with 8 outer and 9 inner spines; external apical spine absent; arolium large, rounded, in ventral view about as long as claw; claws thickened at base, apically strongly curved.</p><p>Abdomen</p><p>With median dorsal carina and with segments one and two distinctly raised, together with metathorax forming slight hump; tympanum large and sub-oval; tergites 9 and 10 fused laterally.</p><p>External terminalia (Fig. 5 A-C) presenting nymph-like appearance, without specialised structures; supra-anal plate (epiproct) in two sections, articulating at transverse hinge; basal section forming roughly trapezoid area, narrowing anteriorly, on dorsum of tergite 10, and bounded anteriorly by tergite 9; its lateral margins formed by oblique cuticular ridges and its posterior margin carinate, undulating or straight, overlying a transverse groove adjoining movable triangular apical portion, with its sides slightly incurved, tip acutely rounded; supra-anal plate rugose and sculptured, with shallow median longitudinal groove; cerci straight, acutely conical, sometimes attenuated at apex, clothed with long sensory hairs; paraprocts triangular, partly exposed at lateral margins of supra-anal plate; subgenital plate conical, with apex varying from bluntly rounded to acute and attenuated; dorsal medial area usually membranous anteriorly, sometimes bounded by lateral carinae forming a distinct longitudinal groove.</p><p>Male genitalia</p><p>Epiphallus (Figs 10G, H, I; 11E, F) much wider than endophallus (Fig. 11C); bridge-shaped, without ancorae, but with distinct shoulders bearing sclerotised denticles along their anterior margin; bridge with large circular sensory pores, possibly campaniform or coeloconic sensilla, clustered in medial area (Figs 10 G-I; 11F); lateral sclerites irregular in outline, laterally compressed and curved; lophi strongly developed, pointed, projecting caudad, hook-like in lateral view, weakly bilobate, with short externo-lateral spur near base (Figs 10 GI; 11B); bridge with filamentous medial retractor apodeme situated antero-ventrally (Fig. 11B, E).</p><p>Cingulum (Figs 10A, B, E; 11B, C) with narrow, elongated and divergent apodemes, similar to those in Ommexechidae and Lentulidae, joined by narrow v-shaped zygoma carrying delicate anteriorly-directed lateral spurs (secondary apodemes) at ventrolateral margins (Figs 10A, B, E; 11C); rami of cingulum forming pair of laterally compressed spoon-like plates, flanking apical valves of aedeagus, externo-laterally convex and internally concave, heavily sclerotised and denticulate along their dorsal surface (presumed to be homologous with dorso-lateral lobes in Mazaea) but lightly sclerotised or membranous in their externo-medial part (Figs 10E; 11B), with numerous sensory pores; their antero-ventral margins narrowly sclerotised.</p><p>Ventral lobe much reduced, present medially as narrow lightly sclerotised paired plates underlying apical valves of endophallus; homology of these structures with ventral lobe in other genera of Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. confirmed by presence in each case of delicate whisker-like medial apodeme (residual ventral infold) (Figs 10B; 11B) running forward from postero-ventral margin of ventral lobe below endophallus, dividing at node below spermatophore sac into two hair-like branches (Fig. 11B).</p><p>Arch of cingulum formed by two separate struts, joining lateral margins of proximal end of apical endophallic sclerites to underside of zygoma at bases of cingular apodemes, rather than at centre of zygoma; supplementary pair of delicate narrow apodemes (Fig. 10A; 11B, C) running capitad from point of origin of suprarami of cingulum, above spermatophore sac and between apodemes of cingulum, reaching as far forward as junction of spermatophore sac with fused section of endophallic apodemes; post-zygomal area overlain by lightly-sclerotised extension of dorsal fold (basal fold) of epiphallic membrane, covering anterior (basal) half of aedeagus, suprarami and rami of cingulum (Figs 10A, D; 11C), and concealing additional shorter transverse fold of membrane, also covering bases of rami and aedeagus; main dorsal fold continuous laterally with pallium beneath rami and ventral lobe; pallium shown covering the whole aedeagus in Figure 11B, C, but folded back during copulation during eversion of the aedeagus and then forming ventral cushion below genitalia.</p><p>Endophallus (Fig. 11D) elongated, in three sections; anterior section (endophallic apodemes) laterally flared anteriorly, convergent posteriorly; in lateral view (Figs 10E, F; 11B, D) distal (posterior) ends of apodemes project caudad above spermatophore sac, well beyond junction of apodemes with medial sclerites of endophallus ventrally; paired medial sclerites fused, dorso-ventrally compressed, emerging from ventral surface of conjoined apodemes downwards and turning sharply caudad; ejaculatory sac situated antero-ventrally to point of fusion of endophallic apodemes; paired medially-directed flanges of endophallic apodemes flanking ejaculatory duct adjacent to gonopore, appear analogous (though perhaps not homologous) to gonopore processes of other Acridoidea (see discussion of that character below), but situated medially rather than ventrally; mid section of endophallus after flexure with transversely striated cuticle basally, with spermatophore sac situated above it, followed by break or “hinge” between medial sclerites and apical sclerites; aedeagus formed by slender, laterally compressed, distinctly paired apical sclerites of endophallus, with sheath of ectophallic origin (Amédégnato, 1976), with dense denticulation on exposed apical portion (Fig. 11D), narrowing distally, slightly flared at apex.</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 8)</p><p>Spermatheca with simple robust duct, without bursa, with up to five loops and a short apical section, with flask-like preapical and short digitate apical diverticulum (Fig. 8C, D).</p><p>Measurements</p><p>Tables 4-6.</p><p>Coloration (Figs 2A; 11A)</p><p>Males, generally drab brown, more or less contrasted, varying from light to dark, with pale specks. Pronotum often marked by paired dorso-lateral pale striae (sometimes obsolete), starting behind eyes, converging towards median carina in anterior half of prozona before diverging and slanting obliquely downwards towards hind margin, continuing at a steeper downward slant onto lateral lobes of meso- and metanotum and coxae of hind femur; dorsum of meso- and metathorax and abdominal tergites with truncated dark triangles, narrowing capitad, on mid brown ground; hind margin of thoracic nota and abdominal tergites with paired black raised pustules bearing sensilla, less obvious in darker specimens; metathoracic pleura with triangular area of metaepimeron usually glossy black, bounded by lateral carina above, pleural suture and metaepisternum below and anteriorly and tympanum caudad; coxal joints ventrally blackish. Hind femur with internal medial area black at least in part, often extending onto upper and lower carinulae; lower internal carinula, lower internal carina and lower internal marginal area suffused with red, at least in basal area; upper internal marginal area in basal half with pale patch continuing on upper carina and outer upper marginal area; outer upper marginal and medial areas drab brown with faint dark patches before and after the pale patch; external medial area olivaceous, lower external margin blackish, greyish or olivaceous, with dense dark speckling; hind tibiae brownish to blackish basally becoming reddish in apical half. Abdominal tergites 2-4 laterally with glossy black longitudinal band above junction with sternites, extending dorsally as far as upper margin of tympanum, continuous with black triangle on metaepimeron, weakening progressively on tergites 5 to 8, often restricted to ventral and posterior margin of tergites, sometimes reaching only to tergite 5; this characteristic marking usually concealed by hind femur when at rest; thoric sterna and abdominal tergites largely pale brown, darkening at lateral margins to match colour of tergites. Females with more uniform, less contrasting coloration overall; dark banding on abdomen obsolete. Occasional green morph occurs (Fig. 2B) with entire dorsum of head, thorax and abdomen, and dorsal and inner and outer lateral surfaces of hind femora yellowish green, apart from basal sixth and apical third; remainder of body shades of brown.</p><p>HISTORY</p><p>Although Gerstäcker had already briefly described Ixalidium and I. haematoscelis as new (Gerstäcker 1869: 220), he repeated and extended his descriptions four years later (Gerstäcker 1873: 46-47). We have designated the male syntype, labelled ambiguously as from “Bura, Endara” (DORSA BA000505 S01), as the lectotype of I. haematoscelis Gerstäcker, 1869 .</p><p>A second species, Acridium gabonense Brisout, 1851 from Gabon was later attributed to Ixalidium by Kirby (1910: 385), quite inexplicably, since Brisout himself had suggested that his new species was allied to Podisma . However, the original description of A. gabonense mentions the presence of elytra: “elytres trés courtes, oblongues-obovales” (Brisout 1851: lxviii), which eliminates this taxon from Ixalidium . Its true identity and the current whereabouts of any type specimen are unknown. In 1929 three further species of Ixalidium were described from Tanzania: I. obscuripes Miller, I. transiens Ramme and I. usambaricum Ramme. These are here referred to the new genus Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. Uvarov (1941) described a further species, Ixalidium bicoloripes, from Kenya and Kevan (1950) reviewed Sjöstedt’s material from Kilimanjaro, originally determined as I. haematoscelis (Sjöstedt 1909: 186, 190), referring it to a new species, I. sjostedti Kevan. Johnston (1956: 294) catalogued Ixalidium as a member of the Catantopinae, but Dirsh (1966) transferred the genus from the Catantopinae to the Hemiacridinae Dirsh, 1956 .</p><p>INCLUDED SPECIES</p><p>Ixalidium haematoscelis Gerstäcker, 1869</p><p>Ixalidium bicoloripes Uvarov, 1941</p><p>Ixalidium sjostedti Kevan, 1950</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFC0FFEE61A3FDC13E688A72	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFCCFFE9619AFA453B888D68.text	03EA87CEFFCCFFE9619AFA453B888D68.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixalidium haematoscelis Gerstacker 1869	<div><p>Ixalidium haematoscelis Gerstäcker, 1869</p><p>(Figs 1; 2A, B; 4A; 5A; 10; 22E; Table 4)</p><p>Ixalidium haematoscelis Gerstäcker, 1869: 220; Table III, Figs 6 and 6a.</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Lectotype. Kenya • ♂; “ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.593803&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.506439" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.593803/lat -3.506439)">Bura, Endara” [Bura Mts (North Taita Hills) and/or Endara (Ndara Mountain, NW Taita Hills)]</a>; [3°27’S, 38°19’E and/or 3°30’23.18”S, 38°35’37.7”E]; XII.1862; K. K. von der Decken leg.; DORSA BA000505S01; MfN, Berlin. Here designated.</p><p>Paralectotype. Kenya • ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.593803&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.506439" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.593803/lat -3.506439)">Endara [=Ndara Mountain, NW Taita Hills]</a>; [3°30’23.18”S, 38°35’37.7”E]; XII.1862; K. K. von der Decken leg.; DORSA BA000505S02; MfN, Berlin .</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Kenya • 2 ♀; Taita Hills, south; VIII.1947; V. G. L. Van Someren leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Taita Hills, Taita <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.466667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.4333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.466667/lat -3.4333334)">Farmers’ Training Centre</a>; 8 km S of Wundanyi; 3°26’S, 38°28’E; 5400 ft a.s.l.; 6.V.1975; I. A. D. &amp; A. Robertson leg.; lush grass and herbs; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Taita Hills; 15 kms along route C104; 3 500 ft a.s.l.; 17.IX.1982; N. D. Jago leg.; road edge forest remnant; NHMUK • 1 ♀; Taita Hills, Ngangao Forest reserve; 1700-1800 m a.s.l.; II.2018; C. Hemp leg.; montane forest; Coll. CH • 1 ♂; Taita Hills, Mt Vuria; 1950 m a.s.l.; XI.2010; C. Hemp leg.; forest floor; Coll. CH • 2 ♀; S of Voi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.416668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.45" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.416668/lat -3.45)">Sagala Hills</a>; 3°27’S, 38°25’E; 2 600 ft a.s.l.; 17.IX.1982; N. D. Jago leg.; dry grass and Euphorbia thicket on stoney slopes; NHMUK • 2 ♂; Chyulu Hills, East end, 66 km from <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.833332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.5833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.833332/lat -2.5833333)">Makutano</a>; 2°35’S, 37°50’E; 4 500 ft a.s.l.; 16.IX.1982; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 4 ♂, 1 ♀; Kwale District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.95/lat -3.95)">Kilibasi Hill</a>, SW side, upper slopes; 3°57’S, 38°57’E; 1 800-2 700 ft a.s.l.; 27.I.1990; J. M. Ritchie &amp; M. N. Mungai leg.; mist forest; NHMUK • 12 ♂, 11 ♀, 2 nymphs; Kenya, Near Kibwezi, Dwa, N of Brooke Bond Sisal Estate Rest House, 21.XI.1988; N. D. Jago, J. P. Grunshaw, J. Muli leg.; riverine forest near dam; NHMUK .</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. — Table 4.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFCCFFE9619AFA453B888D68	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFCBFFE9630EFD423E508C25.text	03EA87CEFFCBFFE9630EFD423E508C25.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixalidium sjostedti Kevan 1950	<div><p>Ixalidium sjostedti Kevan, 1950</p><p>(Figs 1; 5C; 8C, D; 11; 21 A-C; Table 5)</p><p>Ixalidium haematoscelis – Sjöstedt 1909: 186, 190.</p><p>Ixalidium sjostedti Kevan, 1950: 211 .</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Tanzania • ♂; Kilimanjaro; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.1/lat -3.1833334)">Kibonoto [= Kibongoto]</a>; “kultur z” [cultivation zone]; [3°11’S, 37°06’E]; 12.X.1905 -06; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NHMUK. ‘Allotype’ [= Paratype] ♀; Kilimanjaro; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.1/lat -3.1833334)">Kibonoto [= Kibongoto] nieder [= base]</a>; [3°11’S, 37°06’E]; 7.I.1906; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NHMUK.</p><p>Paratypes. Tanzania • 1 ♀; Kilimanjaro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.1/lat -3.1833334)">Kibonoto [= Kibongoto] nieder [= base]</a>; [3°11’S, 37°06’E]; 2.i.1906; Y.Sjöstedt leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Kilimanjaro; VIII.1905; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Kilimanjaro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.1/lat -3.1833334)">Kibonoto [= Kibongoto]</a>; [3°11’S, 37°06’E]; 1000- 1200 m a.s.l.; 1905-06; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NHMUK .</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Tanzania • 2 ♂; Kilimanjaro; 8.IX.1905; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NR, Stockholm • 1 ♂; Kilimanjaro; 30.ix.1905; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NR, Stockholm • 1 ♂; Kilimanjaro; IX.1905; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NR, Stockholm • 1 ♂, 1 nymph; Kilimanjaro; 7.IX.1905; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NR, Stockholm • 3 ♂; Kilimanjaro; VIII.1905; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NR, Stockholm • 1 ♂; Kilimanjaro; 5.X.1905; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NR, Stockholm • 2 ♂, 1 nymph; Kilimanjaro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.1/lat -3.1833334)">Kibonoto</a> [= Kibongoto]; [3°11’S, 37°06’E]; 1000-1200 m a.s.l.; VIII.1905; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NR, Stockholm • 2 ♂; Kilimanjaro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.1/lat -3.1833334)">Kibonoto</a> [= Kibongoto]; [3°11’S, 37°06’E]; 1000-1200 m a.s.l.; IX.1905; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NR, Stockholm • 2♂, 1 nymph; Kilimanjaro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.1/lat -3.1833334)">Kibonoto</a> [= Kibongoto], kultur z (cultivation zone); [3°11’S, 37°06’E]; VIII.1905; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NR, Stockholm . • 1 ♂; Kilimanjaro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.1/lat -3.1833334)">Kibonoto</a> [= Kibongoto]; stäpp [= steppe]; [3°11’S, 37°06’E]; 1000-1200 m a.s.l.; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NR, Stockholm • 1 ♂; Kilimanjaro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.1833334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.1/lat -3.1833334)">Kibonoto</a> [= Kibongoto] nieder [= base]; [3°11’S, 37°06’E]; 2.I.1906; Y. Sjöstedt leg.; NR, Stockholm • 1 ♂; Mt Kilimanjaro, Nkweseko, montane grassland; 1660 m a.s.l.; XII.2013; C. Hemp leg.; Coll. CH . • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Nr Mt Kilimanjaro, TPC <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.366108&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.5583334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.366108/lat -3.5583334)">Sugar Plantation</a>; 3°33’30”S, 37°21’58”E; 700 m a.s.l.; III.2022; C. Hemp leg.; Coll. CH • 1 ♂; Mt Kilimanjaro, Masoka; 1150 m a.s.l.; I.2014; C. Hemp leg.; Home garden, Hom 2; Coll. CH • 1 ♂; Mt Kilimanjaro, Lyamungu; 1600 m a.s.l.; XII.2000; C. Hemp leg.; plantation; Coll. CH • 1 ♀; Mt Kilimanjaro, Mweka; 1030 m a.s.l.; XII.2000; C. Hemp leg.; plantation; Coll. CH • 1 ♀; Mt Kilimanjaro, Masoka; 1150 m a.s.l.; X.2013; C. Hemp leg.; Home garden, Hom 2; Coll. CH • 2 ♂, 5 ♀, 1 nymph; Moshi District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.45/lat -3.3333333)">Kirua Vunja</a> [= Kirua Vunjo Magharibi]; 3°20’S, 37°27’E; 6000 ft a.s.l.; 28.IX.1952; K. Guichard leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Moshi District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.516666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.2833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.516666/lat -3.2833333)">Marangu</a>; 3°17’S, 37°31’E; 4000 ft a.s.l.; XI.1949; J. Phipps leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Moshi District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.333332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.333332/lat -3.3333333)">Moshi</a>; 3°20’S, 37°20’E; 20.XI.1943; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 7 ♂, 4 ♀, 1 nymph; Ngurdoto Crater, Arusha National Park, E of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.926666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.288889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.926666/lat -3.288889)">Mt Meru</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.926666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.288889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.926666/lat -3.288889)">Crater Lake</a> rim; 3°17’20”S, 36°55’36”E; 11. VI.1967; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 2 ♂, 2 ♀; Ngurdoto Crater, Arusha National Park, E of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.926666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.288889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.926666/lat -3.288889)">Mt Meru</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.926666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.288889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.926666/lat -3.288889)">Crater Lake</a> rim; 3°17’20”S, 36°55’36”E; 14. VI.1967; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 16 ♂, 10 ♀, 5 nymphs; Ngurdoto Crater, Arusha National Park, E of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.926666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.288889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.926666/lat -3.288889)">Mt Meru</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.926666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.288889" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.926666/lat -3.288889)">Crater Lake</a> rim; 3°17’20”S, 36°55’36”E; 22.XI.1964; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 4 ♂, 1♀, 1 nymph; Ngurdoto Crater, Arusha National Park, E of Mt Meru, Kusari Lake; 22.XI.1965; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; Ngurdoto Crater, Arusha National Park, Forest SE of Ngurdoto Crater; 4000 ft a.s.l.; 12. VI.1967; N. D. Jago leg.; sunny forest margins; NHMUK • 3 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.933334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.933334/lat -3.3)">Ngurdoto</a>; 3°18’S, 36°56’E; 3. VI.1972; I. A. D. &amp; A. Robertson leg.; NHMUK • 2♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.748333&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.2466667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.748333/lat -3.2466667)">Meru</a>; 3°14’48”S, 36°44’54”E; 14.I.1990; A. W. Harvey leg.; NHMUK • 2 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 nymph; Arusha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3666668" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.683334/lat -3.3666668)">Grevillea</a> plantation; 3°22’S, 36°41’E; 19.II.1948; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; Arusha; 3°22’S, 36°41’E; 1.III.1969; P. Ward leg.; scrub on wasteland; NHMUK • 2 ♂, 1 ♀; Tengeru area, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.78528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3741667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.78528/lat -3.3741667)">East</a> of Arusha; 3°22’27”S, 36°47’7”E; 26.IX.1982; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; Arusha <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.833332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.833332/lat -3.25)">National Park</a>; 3°15’S, 36°50’E; 2. V.1970; C. F. Dewhurst leg.; NHMUK .</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. — Table 5.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFCBFFE9630EFD423E508C25	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFCBFFEB61B8FC833E0988F7.text	03EA87CEFFCBFFEB61B8FC833E0988F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixalidium bicoloripes Uvarov 1941	<div><p>Ixalidium bicoloripes Uvarov, 1941</p><p>(Fig. 5B; Table 6)</p><p>Ixalidium bicoloripes Uvarov, 1941: 28-30 .</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Kenya • ♂; Emali Range, Sultan Hamud; 4 900-5 900 ft a.s.l.; 13.III.1940; V. G. L. Van Someren leg.; NHMUK.</p><p>Paratypes. Kenya • 2 ♂, 2 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; NHMUK .</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Kenya • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.9166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.55/lat -1.9166667)">Machakos District, NNE of Emali, Nzaui Hill</a>; 1°55’S, 37°33’E; 5900 ft a.s.l.; 26.I.1990; J. M. Ritchie &amp; M. N. Mungai leg.; mature pine plantation forest; NHMUK .</p><p>MEASUREMENTS. — Table 6.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Ixalidium haematoscelis is known from the Taita Hills and Sagala, Kenya. The same or closely related species occur in riverine forest near Kibwezi, in the Chyulu Hills and on Kilibasi Hill. Ixalidium sjostedti is found on the slopes of Mt Kilimanjaro and Mt Meru, Tanzania, in forest and montane grassland up to 1660 m a.s.l. Closely related species, as yet undescribed, occur in the North and South Pare Mountains. Ixalidium bicoloripes is known only from the Emali Hills, but it has not been collected since 1941 and the exact type locality is unidentified. Similar specimens are known from Nzaui Hill and from the northern foot slope of Mt Kenya.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The male genitalia of Ixalidium sjostedti Kevan (Fig. 11) are closely similar to those of I. haematoscelis (Fig. 10) and other undescribed putative species of Ixalidium . The genitalia of I. bicoloripes are not available for study, but examination of material from other mountains in Kenya suggests they will also be closely similar. The genitalia of Ixalidium have numerous similarities with those of Mazaea and Barombia but are radically different from those of Tangana and Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen., as well as being conspicuously smaller and more slender than those of any other genus in the family. In fact, each of the three East African genera, while individually consistent, is quite distinct from the others.</p><p>Gerstäcker’s male syntype of Ixalidium haematoscelis is not available for dissection, but the identity of the species is not in doubt as there is only one species of this family present in the Taita Hills. The genitalia erroneously figured for I. haematoscelis by Dirsh (1966) were in reality those of an undescribed species of Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. from the East Usambara Mountains, while the specimen from Jadini Beach, Kenya, figured by Johnsen &amp; Forchhammer (1975: 41, figs 15-18) as representing I. haematoscelis, probably belongs (as they suspected) to Rowellacris obscuripes (Miller, 1929) n. comb.</p><p>To our knowledge the supplementary apodemes of cingulum found in Ixalidium (Fig. 11B, C), Mazaea and Barombia have not previously been described in Acridoidea, though they were faithfully illustrated by Dirsh (1966) in Mazaea and Barombia . These additional muscle attachment points presumably enhance manoeuvrability of the exserted genitalia during mating in species with relatively weak apodemes of cingulum. The medial section of the endophallus is apparently very flexible in life, as dissected specimens have been found to exhibit widely differing angles between the basal valves and the aedeagus, especially in Mazaea . The alternating bands of more and less sclerotised cuticle visible ventrally at the base of the middle section of the endophallus (Fig. 7F; 9D; 11B, D) may facilitate this flexibility.</p><p>At present we are not able reliably to separate the described species of Ixalidium morphologically, hence no key or differential diagnosis is offered here. Kevan (1950: 211) and Uvarov (1941: 28-29) attempted to distinguish I. sjostedti and I. bicoloripes, respectively, from I. haematoscelis on the basis of minor features of the sculpturing, coloration, abdominal profile, supra-anal plate morphology and size (Table 7). Comparison of measurements of available material (Tables 4; 6) indicates that the size range and bodily proportions of different populations overlap. Hind tibial colour also varies within populations. Nonetheless, the shape of the subgenital plate, though variable, does appear to differ between species (Fig. 5 A-C). In general I. haematoscelis has a somewhat wider and shorter apical section of the supra-anal plate than the other described species, but this has not been assessed with large samples. From molecular evidence (unpublished data) it appears probable that the three described species are all valid and that widely separated populations of Ixalidium found in different mountainous areas of east Africa, including the North and South Pare Mountains, Mt Kasigau (a mountain adjacent to the Taita Hills) and Mt Kenya may represent closely related species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFCBFFEB61B8FC833E0988F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFC8FFD462C9FF2038CB8A31.text	03EA87CEFFC8FFD462C9FF2038CB8A31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rowellacris Ritchie & Hemp 2025	<div><p>Genus Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 216ED37B-FAC1-49B8-A046-BB3988AB4EE5</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Ixalidium usambaricum Ramme, 1929 .</p><p>ETYMOLOGY. — This new genus is named in honour of Charles Hugh Fraser Rowell in grateful recognition of his outstanding contributions to the biology and systematics of tropical locusts and grasshoppers over more than sixty years.</p><p>DESCRIPTION</p><p>See family description. Small to medium size (see Measurements, Tables 8; 10; 11). Males 18.5-24.75; Females 27.5- 33.95. Integument rugose and punctate.</p><p>Head</p><p>Antennae ensiform, with c. 16-17 segments, from 80% to 115% of combined length of head and pronotum. Fastigium of vertex 1.3 to 1.6 times as long as its basal width, with irregular transverse sulcus at base.</p><p>Thorax</p><p>Pronotum low tectiform, median carina intersected by 3 sulci, the first often indistinct. Prosternal tubercle transverse, chisel like, with anterior face oblique, apex widening, lateral edges rounded to slightly bilobate, sometimes slightly crescentic in cross-section with anterior margin shallowly concave. Mesonotum, short, occasionally ( R. transiens (Ramme, 1929) n. comb.) with narrow strap-like tegminal scars, completely fused to integument, sometimes visible projecting from beneath hind margin of pronotum, on one or both sides just above lateral sutures separating dorsum from mesopleura. Metanotum slightly inflated.</p><p>Legs</p><p>Hind femora moderately stocky (length / max. depth, males: 3.1-3.75, females; 3.35-3.85); hind tibiae with seven outer and nine inner spines; external apical spine absent.</p><p>Abdomen</p><p>Tergites medially carinate with each segment in lateral view dorsally convex, tergites 1 and 2 slightly inflated; tympanum large, suboval, with ventral margin flattened or slightly concave.</p><p>External terminalia (Fig. 5 D-G) with supra-anal plate divided into basal polygonal portion and movable triangular apical portion. Hind margin of basal portion distinctly sinuous with paired rounded flanges. In R. usambarica (Ramme, 1929) n. comb. last abdominal tergite (tergite 10) interrupted dorso-medially by basal portion of supra-anal plate; in R. transiens n. comb. tergite 10 continuous and thickened dorsally, with dorsally-projecting digitate median furcula; supra-anal plate strongly rugose; cerci simple, conical, densely covered in sensilla. Subgenital plate bulbous (by comparison to Ixalidium), of variable length (short in R. obscuripes n. comb.), with attenuate apex.</p><p>Male genitalia</p><p>Epiphallus (Figs 13E, F; 14 M-O; 15K-M) bridge-shaped, without ancorae; lateral plates concave in dorsal view; lateral sclerites elongated, irregular in outline, somewhat deflexed postero-dorsally; lophi bilobate, lobes pointed with inner pair directed medially and postero-dorsally, outer pair smaller and laterally directed; ventral margin of bridge forming a membranous cushion; bridge, lateral plates and adjoining membrane with numerous sensory pores.</p><p>Cingulum (Figs 13B, D; 14E, G, H; 15B, C, G). Having sclerotised shell-like zygoma with anteriorly placed paired apodemes distinct (in R. usambarica n. comb. and R. transiens n. comb.), obsolescent (in R. obscu ripes (Miller) n. comb., or absent (in undescribed species from East Usambara Mts); zygoma hind margin medially incurved in R. usambarica n. comb., and R. transiens n. comb., and forming sclerotised lateral horns in R. usambarica n. comb., or roundly excurved ( R. obscuripes n. comb. and R. transiens n. comb.); rami of cingulum, covered by epiphallic membrane, forming inflated mitten-like lateral lobes with sclerotised ectophallic structures visible within, medially concave and externally convex; rami continuous with zygoma dorsally and fusing ventro-laterally with dorso-lateral margins of inflated bulbous ventral lobe. Arch of cingulum present, well-developed, joining zygoma to apical valves of endophallus; dorso-lateral margins of cingular arch bilaterally inflated to form bulbous sub-dorsal lobe, strongly developed and visibly projecting caudad from beneath cingulum in dorsal view in R. usambaricum n. comb. and R. transiens n. comb., less developed and somewhat variable in different populations of R. obscuripes n. comb.</p><p>Endophallus (Figs 13D; 14E, J-L; 15F, H-J). In two sections with visible articulated break, paired endophallic apodemes separated apically, laterally flared dorsally, fused and medially ridged throughout most of their length; ejaculatory sac obsolete, reduced to a slight widening of the ejaculatory duct, before entering fused endophallic apodemes; apical endophallic sclerites fused, laterally compressed, slightly to moderately upcurved, forming tubular aedeagus enfolding phallotreme, within membranous sheath continuous with rami of cingulum; apex of aedeagus excurved, projecting dorsally beyond rami and ventral lobe; spermatophore sac reduced, situated dorsally at proximal end of apical sclerites, anterior to arch of cingulum.</p><p>Female genitalia (Fig. 12).</p><p>Spermatheca with three diverticula (Fig. 12 A-C) arising from vestibule one above another: most ventral one short, sac-like, widening distally; middle one elongate sac-like, almost as long as dorsal ovipositor valves and apodemes together; dorsal one thin tubular, shorter than dorsal ovipositor valves, with apical and subapical diverticula, each ending in an apical ampulla (Fig. 12 A-C); vestibule with elongate open slit ventrally between ventral valves of ovipositor (Fig. 12B).</p><p>Coloration (Figs 2 C-E; 19E, F).</p><p>Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. males have similar range of overall patterning to Ixalidium, with paler morphs dorsally buff-coloured, contrasting with darker brown lateral parts of thorax and darker morphs having all paler markings indistinct. Typical patterning includes dorsal longitudinal lateral pale bands beginning behind eyes, converging towards median carina in prozona of pronotum, then either continuous or interrupted by darker pigment, before diverging and continuing obliquely downwards across thoracic pleura to hind coxae; metaepimeron black.Hind femora externally mottled brown or olive grey, darker on upper and lower marginal areas; internal upper marginal area mottled olive grey proximally, becoming darker towards knee, sometimes with pale buff oval marking in proximal half; internal medial area mainly black with pale mark towards knee, sometimes with paler area medially; lower internal carinula and carina and lower marginal area red in proximal three fifths, fading or darkening towards knee. Hind tibia varying from pale greyish buff to grey brown, pale mauve, violet or blackish, but never red; tibial spines black-tipped. Abdomen with lateral shiny black bands reaching from tergite 2 to tergites 5 or 6, fading caudad. Ventral surface of thorax and abdomen pale buff to light brown.</p><p>INCLUDED SPECIES</p><p>Rowellacris usambarica (Ramme, 1929) nom. rev., n. comb. Rowellacris transiens (Ramme, 1929) n. comb.</p><p>Rowellacris obscuripes (Miller, 1929) nom. rev., n. comb.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFC8FFD462C9FF2038CB8A31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFF6FFD762FBFA843EAD88F7.text	03EA87CEFFF6FFD762FBFA843EAD88F7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rowellacris usambarica (Ramme 1929) J. & Maria & Cigliano & Elżbieta & Beata & Jackson & Onur & Charly & Ngoute & Song 2025	<div><p>Rowellacris usambarica (Ramme, 1929) nom. rev., n. comb.</p><p>(Figs 1; 2C, D; 4B; 5G; 13; 21D; Tables 8; 9)</p><p>Ixalidium usambaricum Ramme, 1929: 307 .</p><p>Ixalidium haematoscelis – Dirsh 1966: 103 (incorrectly synonymised; here recalled from synonymy).</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Tanzania • ♂; [Lushoto District], [West] Usambara Mountains, Muafa; [c 1200-1300 m a.s.l.]; J. Buchwald leg.; DORSA BA000802S01; Collection Object 1501239; 1d78f5f7-d185-4827-87e9-ed12890fc309; MfN, Berlin . Paratype. Tanzania • ♂; same collection data as for preceding; DORSA BA000802S03; MfN, Berlin; MfN URI:http://coll.mfn-berlin.de/u/d87ebc.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Tanzania • 2 ♂; West Usambara Mts, Wilhelmstal [= Lushoto]; F. E. Zeuner leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; West Usambara Mts, West foot of mountains, Mombo, Riverine forest; 9.VI.1967; N. D. Jago; DNA voucher B5, extracted 19.X.2022, Box: SA00924142, Tube: FD18757457; NHMUK 015134149 • 1♂; West Usambara Mts, Ndelemai Forest; III.2022; C. Hemp leg.; Coll. CH • 1 ♂; West Usambara Mts, Muafa [Lushoto District]; III.2022; C. Hemp leg.; Coll. CH .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Basal portion of supra-anal plate with flanges on posterior margin not continuous with outer edges (Figs 5, G; 13A). Cingulum with well-developed apodemes (Fig. 13 B-D). Posterior margin of cingulum medially excavated with pointed and sclerotised lateral processes (Fig. 13B). Sub-dorsal lobe prominently inflated and exposed dorsally, slightly bilobate (Fig. 13B).</p><p>Measurements: Table 8.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Known only from submontane forest sites at Muafa, Ndelemai Forest, Lushoto and riverine forest at Mombo, West Usambara Mountains. Dissection of the genitalia of the male paratype from Muafa and comparison with recently collected specimens of this species from Muafa and the nearby Ndelemai Forest indicate that R. usambarica n. comb. (Fig. 13 A-H) has a restricted distribution within the West Usambara Mountains. It is replaced by several other closely-related Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. species, both on neighbouring Eastern Arc mountains and within the West Usambara Mts. The single male paratype collected, along with three females, by Vosseler from Amani (East Usambara Mts) has not been dissected, but numerous other specimens from Amani and its environs, both in the NHMUK collection and collected recently have been dissected. These all show character states in the morphology of the cingulum that are consistently distinct from West Usambara material and all evidently belong to a single species. Accordingly, this Amani material has been assigned to a third, as yet undescribed species of Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. (unpublished data). The single male paratype of I. usambaricum collected by Karasek from Tanga has been dissected and found to belong to the related coastal forest species Rowellacris obscuripes (Miller, 1929) n. comb. The records of R. usambarica n. comb. from East Usambaras and Mlinga Mountain (Magroto) by Hochkirch (1996: 204) are misidentifications of two different undescribed species of Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. (material studied). The record of I. usambaricum from Lutindi Forest (Hemp et al. 2016: 216) represents yet another undescribed species of Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. Yet another undescribed species of this genus occurs in the Irente area west of Lushoto.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>Ramme (1929: 307-308) described I. usambaricum from a mixed species series here recognised as comprising three distinct species (Table 9). The holotype male and two paratypes, one male and one female, were collected by J. Buchwald at Muafa (West Usambara Mountains).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFF6FFD762FBFA843EAD88F7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFF4FFD162ECF9263E108810.text	03EA87CEFFF4FFD162ECF9263E108810.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rowellacris transiens (Ramme 1929) J. & Maria & Cigliano & Elżbieta & Beata & Jackson & Onur & Charly & Ngoute & Song 2025	<div><p>Rowellacris transiens (Ramme, 1929) n. comb.</p><p>(Figs 5D, E; 14; Table 10)</p><p>Ixalidium transiens Ramme, 1929: 308-309 .</p><p>Ixalidium haematoscelis – Dirsh 1966: 103 (incorrectly synonymised. Recalled from synonymy by Johnsen &amp; Forchhammer [1975: 38-41]).</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Tanzania • ♂; [Lushoto District], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.7333336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.483334/lat -4.7333336)">[East] Usambara, Nguelo [Ngwelo]</a>; [4°44’S, 38°29’E]; [Ernst?] Heinsen leg.; MfN .</p><p>‘Allotype’ [Paratype]. Tanzania • ♀ [Lushoto District], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.7333336" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.483334/lat -4.7333336)">[East] Usambara, Nguelo [Ngwelo]</a>; [4°44’S, 38°29’E]; [Ernst?] Heinsen leg.; MfN .</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Tanzania • All material: Lushoto District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.366665/lat -4.85)">East Usambara Mountains</a> • 6 ♂, 3 ♀, 3 nymphs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.366665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.366665/lat -4.85)">Soni</a>; 4°51’S, 38°22’E; 17.IX.1950; J. Phipps leg.; NHMUK • 2 ♂, 1 ♀; Kihuhwi Bridge, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.683334/lat -5.2166667)">7 miles East of Amani</a>; 5°13’S, 38°41’E; 27.VIII.1937; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Kihuhwi Bridge, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.2166667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.683334/lat -5.2166667)">7 miles East of Amani</a>; 5°13’S, 38°41’E; 28.VIII.1938; E. Burtt leg., NHMUK . • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.9166665" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.733334/lat -4.9166665)">Kwamtili Plantation</a>; 4°55’S, 38°44’E; III.1952; J. Phipps leg.; NHMUK • 5 ♂, 4 ♀, 2 nymphs; Sigi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.65/lat -5.1)">nr Amani</a>; 5°6’S, 38°39’E; 18-31.XII.1965; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 2 ♂, 1 ♀; Sigi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.65/lat -5.1)">nr Amani</a>; 5°6’S, 38°39’E; 2-11.IV.1966; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Bomole Summit, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.616665&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.616665/lat -5.1)">near Amani</a>; 5°6’S, 38°37’E; 3.IV.1966; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.683334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.0666666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.683334/lat -5.0666666)">Longuza Forest Reserve</a>; 5°4’S, 38°41’E; 15.IV.1966; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.633333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.5/lat -5.633333)">Derema Forest</a>; 5°38’S, 37°30’E; 24.XII.1965; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Amani, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.666668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.0833335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.666668/lat -5.0833335)">Amani Nature Reserve, nr HQ</a>; 5°5’S, 38°40’E; VII.2016; C. Hemp leg.; submontane forest; Coll. CH • 1 ♂; Amani, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.666668&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.0833335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.666668/lat -5.0833335)">Waldrand (forest edge)</a>; 5°5’S, 38°40’E; X.2002; C. Hemp leg.; Coll. CH • 1 ♂; Sigi, trail at night; 5°6’S, 38°39’E; III.2012; C. Hemp leg.; Coll. CH .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Male terminalia of unique form, with projecting medial furcula (Fig. 5D, E). Cingulum with well-developed apodemes with expanded tips (Fig. 14 G-I). Posterior margin of cingulum medially excavated but lacking lateral processes (Fig. 14G, H). Sub-dorsal lobe prominently inflated and exposed dorsally, but unilobate (Fig. 14G, H).</p><p>Measurements: Table 10.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>R. transiens n. comb. is known only from relict forest patches around Amani, East Usambara Mountains, where Hochkirch (1996) reported the species from 11 different survey sites and considered R. transiens n. comb. to be an indicator species for intact forest canopy (Hochkirch 1996: 209). Hochkirch (2014) gave the name drumming grasshoppers to members of the genus Ixalidium, based on drumming observed in R. transiens n. comb. However drumming behaviour has not been observed in Ixalidium sjostedti and Ixalidium sp. from the North Pare Mts. in recent experiments by one of us (CH), whereas it is has been observed in both Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. and Tangana (see Bioacoustics). The conservation status of R. transiens n. comb. was assessed as vulnerable by Hochkirch (2014, 2020) and Gereau et al. (2016) due to forest destruction.</p><p>HISTORY</p><p>Ramme (1929: 311) reported that his Ixalidium (now Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen.) transiens represented a transitional stage between Ixalidium usambaricum and Tangana asymmetrica, because of the presence of a furcula on tergite 10 (Fig. 5D, E), which he considered a precursor to the asymmetric prong in Tangana (Fig. 5H). However the furcula is an autapomorphy of R. transiens and the genital morphology of this species and all other Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. species is otherwise very consistent and quite distinct from that of Tangana . Johnsen &amp; Forchhammer (1975: 38- 41) correctly recalled this species from Dirsh’s (1966: 103) synonymy under I. haematoscelis and figured the distinctive male external and internal genitalia. Ramme’s unique holotype male of I. transiens has the apical section of the supra-anal plate deflexed into the abdomen (Ramme 1929: fig. 31) and completely covered by the subgenital plate (see Fig. 14C, D), which led Johnsen &amp; Forchhammer (1975) to believe that the tip was missing.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFF4FFD162ECF9263E108810	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFF3FFD361B0F8A639CB8B93.text	03EA87CEFFF3FFD361B0F8A639CB8B93.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Rowellacris obscuripes (J. & Maria & Cigliano & Elżbieta & Beata & Jackson & Onur & Charly & Ngoute & Song 1929) J. & Maria & Cigliano & Elżbieta & Beata & Jackson & Onur & Charly & Ngoute & Song 2025	<div><p>Rowellacris obscuripes (Miller, 1929) nom. rev., n. comb.</p><p>(Figs 1; 2E; 5F; 15; Tables 9; 11)</p><p>Ixalidium obscuripes Miller, 1929: 80 .</p><p>Ixalidium haematoscelis – Dirsh 1966: 103 (incorrectly synonymised; here recalled from synonymy).</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Tanzania • ♂; Tanga District, Msimbazi River; 5.XII.1926; N. C. E. Miller leg.; NHMUK.</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Tanzania • 1 ♂; Tanga; A. Karasek leg.; paratype of Ixalidium usambaricum; MfN URI: http://coll. mfn-berlin.de/u/44d6c4; DORSA BA000802S05; MfN • 1 ♂; [Tanga Region, Muheza District], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.75/lat -5.116667)">[Mlinga Mountain], Magrotto [=Magoroto Forest Estate]]</a>; 05°07’0”S, 38°45’0”E; [700-1069 m a.s.l.]; 27.VII.1994; A. Hochkirch leg.; on forest path; DNA voucher E2, extracted 19.X.2022, Box SA00924142, Tube: FD18757436; NHMUK 015134130; Coll. AH • 1 ♂; Tanga Region, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.066667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.05/lat -5.066667)">nr Tanga, Amboni Caves</a>; 05°03’60”S, 39°2’60”E; 27.I.1998.; ground litter under tree; Coll. AH • 2♂, 1♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.17139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.958333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.17139/lat -4.958333)">Manza Bay, Kwale Island</a>; 4°57’30”S, 39°10’17”E; 1-2 m a.s.l.; IV. 2021; C. Hemp leg.; coastal forest leaf litter; Coll. CH • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.141113&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.961944" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.141113/lat -4.961944)">Manza Bay, Kwale Island, Sacred Forest</a>; 4°57’43”S, 39°8’28”E; 12 m a.s.l.; X.2021; C. Hemp leg.; Coll. CH . Kenya • 10 ♂, 21 ♀; Shimba Hills; III.1941; V. G. L. Van Someren leg.; NHMUK • 4 ♀; Shimba Hills; VII.1939; V. G. L. Van Someren leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1 ♀, 1 nymph; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.38778&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.257222" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.38778/lat -4.257222)">Shimba Hills</a>, W side, scarp road, 4°15’26”S, 39°23’16”E; 19.IX.1982; N. D. Jago leg.; forest; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Tiwi; III.1941; V. G. L. Van Someren leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Diani Beach, 22 miles S of Mombasa; 27.III.1953; E. S. Brown leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Diani Beach, 22 miles S of Mombasa; 30.III.1953; E. S. Brown leg.; Julbernardia / Manilkara forest; NHMUK • 3 ♂, 7 ♀, 2 nymphs; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.716667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.2666667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.716667/lat -3.2666667)">Mangea Hill, nr summit</a>; 03°16’S, 39°43’E; 1500 feet a.s.l.; 1.III.1988; N. D. Jago, J. P. Grunshaw, I. A. D. Robertson leg.; NHMUK • 4 ♂, 2 ♀; Kwale District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.269444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.485833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.269444/lat -4.485833)">Mrima Hill, S of Kikoneni</a>, forest; 4°29’9”S, 39°16’10”E; 800 feet a.s.l.; 21.IX.1982; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 11 ♂, 12 ♀, 4 nymphs; Kwale District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.269444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.485833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.269444/lat -4.485833)">Mrima Hill, SW side, upper slope</a>, forest; 4°29’9”S, 39°16’10”E; 500-800 feet a.s.l.; 29.1.1990; J. M. Ritchie, M. N. Mungai, J. Muli leg.; NHMUK • 2 ♂, 2 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.583332&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.583332/lat -4.3)">North Diani Beach, 20 miles S of Mombasa, 1 km N of Tradewinds Hotel</a>; 16.IV.1975; 100 metres wide foreshore and exploited coastal thicket, 100-500 metres from beach; 4°18’S, 39°35’E; c. 20 ft a.s.l.; I. A. D. &amp; A. Robertson leg.; NHMUK • 5 ♂, 6 ♀; W of Gazi, Mombasa to Ramisi road, Gogoni Forest; 21.IX.1982; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 3♀, 3 nymphs; Kwale District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.95/lat -3.95)">Kilibasi Hill, SW side, upper and lower slopes</a>; 3°57’S, 38°57’E; 1400-2700 ft a.s.l.; 27.I.1990; J. M. Ritchie &amp; M. N. Mungai leg.; forest and mist forest; NHMUK • 8♂, 13 ♀, 1 nymph; Dzombo <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.216667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.4333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.216667/lat -4.4333334)">[Jombo] Hill</a>, upper slope, N side; 4°26’S, 39°13’E; 1000-1300 feet a.s.l.; 30.I.1990; J. M. Ritchie &amp; M. N. Mungai leg.; forest; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Kwale District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.133335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.133335/lat -4.55)">20 kms N of Lunga Lunga</a>; 4°33’S, 39°08’E; 31.I. 1990, J. M. Ritchie &amp; M. N. Mungai leg.; lowland dry forest; NHMUK • 1 ♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.7333333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.7/lat -3.7333333)">Cha Simba Limestone outcrop</a>; 03°44’S, 39°42’E; 650 feet a.s.l.; 29.II.1988; N. D. Jago, J. P. Grunshaw, I. A. D. Robertson leg.; Gymnocarpus / Pandanus (Ficus) / Euphorbia forest; NHMUK • 4 ♀; plain between Linango and Kwale, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.433334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.433334/lat -4.15)">Route C106, Godoni Forest</a>; 4°09’S, 39°26’E; 18.IX.1982; N. D. Jago leg.; NHMUK • 2♀; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.733334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.6333332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.733334/lat -3.6333332)">3.5 kms NW of Jaribuni</a>; 3°38’S, 39°44’E; N. D. Jago leg.; savanna woodland with cycads and aloes; NHMUK .</p><p>DIAGNOSIS. — Subgenital plate shorter than other species of Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. (Fig. 5F). Posterior margin of basal section of supra-anal plate strongly concave, with flanges at outer edges (Figs 5F; 15A). Cingulum hind margin strongly convex, largely or completely covering sub-dorsal lobe (Fig. 15B). Sub-dorsal lobe strongly bilobate posteriorly (Fig. 15E).</p><p>Measurements: Table 11.</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>Originally described by Miller (1929) from the riverine forest bordering the lower Msimbazi River which flows through the centre of Dar Es Salaam, the type locality of R. obscuripes n. comb. has not yielded any further specimens since then. The type locality is now severely affected by urban encroachment entailing habitat destruction, waste dumping and pollution as well as bi-annual flooding worsened by upstream deforestation in the Pugu Hills and land-use change (World Bank 2022). Morphologically similar specimens are known from patches of woodland, dry forest and thicket at Magoroto, Amboni, Tanga (paratype of R. usambaricum n. comb.), from coastal scrub forest on coral on Kwale Island (Manza Bay) and Fish Eagle Point and coastal forest on Kilulu Hill in Tanzania, as well as from Mrima Hill, Jombo Hill, Kilibasi Hill (co-occurring with I. haematoscelis), Shimba Hills, Diani, Cha Simba, Godoni Forest, Gogoni Forest, Tiwi, among other sites in Kenya. The measurements given (Table 11) are derived from the long series from Mrima Hill, while drawings of morphology are from the Diani population.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The terminalia of R. obscuripes n. comb. are distinctive (see diagnosis). Minor variations in male genital morphology occur between the different populations assigned to this species, but they all share the widely-spaced and protuberant flanges on the male supra-anal plate (Fig. 5F). The male specimen from Jadini, Kenya, figured by Johnsen &amp; Forchhammer (1975: 41, fig. 18) as I. haematoscelis, has been assigned to R. obscuripes n. comb. by this character. The genitalia of the unique holotype of R. obscuripes n. comb. are not available for dissection. However, recently collected specimens from Kwale Island in Manza Bay are close to the holotype in terms both of their external morphology and their Mt DNA profile (Price et al, in preparation). Specimens from sub-coastal localities in Kenya (Shimba Hills, Mangea Hill) are also genetically and morphologically more closely similar to this taxon than to any other. Continuing research to characterize the various populations currently assigned to R. obscuripes n. comb. based on DNA and genital morphology, may lead to the recognition of new species.</p><p>In synonymizing three species now assigned to Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. under Ixalidium haematoscelis Dirsh (1966: 103-104, fig. 42) substituted a drawing of the highly characteristic genitalia of an undescribed Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. species from Amani, East Usambara Mts, for the very different genitalia of Ixalidium haematoscelis, which he had apparently never dissected, since no genitalia preparations of his exist in the collections of the NHMUK. This error misled later workers, including Johnsen &amp; Forchhammer (1975).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFF3FFD361B0F8A639CB8B93	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFF1FFD361DDFB233FA4891F.text	03EA87CEFFF1FFD361DDFB233FA4891F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tangana Ramme 1929	<div><p>Genus Tangana Ramme, 1929</p><p>Tangana Ramme, 1929: 309 .</p><p>Ixalidium – Uvarov 1941: 30 (incorrect synonymy). — Johnston 1956: 294.</p><p>Tangana – Dirsh 1965: 320 (ignoring Uvarov’s synonymy). — Johnsen &amp; Forchhammer 1975: 38 (recalled from synonymy). — Hemp 2017: 188.</p><p>TYPE SPECIES. — Tangana asymmetrica Ramme, 1929, by monotypy.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFF1FFD361DDFB233FA4891F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFF1FFD961B2F9A43E4588F0.text	03EA87CEFFF1FFD961B2F9A43E4588F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Tangana asymmetrica Ramme 1929	<div><p>Tangana asymmetrica Ramme, 1929</p><p>(Figs 1; 4C; 5H; 12 D-G; 16; 17; 20B; 21H-J; 22F; Table 12)</p><p>Tangana asymmetrica Ramme, 1929: 310 .</p><p>Ixalidium asymmetricum – Ramme 1929; incorrectly synonymised by Uvarov (1941: 30); recalled from synonymy by Johnsen &amp; Forchhammer (1975: 38).</p><p>TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Holotype. Tanzania • ♂; Tanga; A. Karasek; MfN.</p><p>Paratype. Tanzania • ♀; Tanga; [5°4’S, 39°6’E]; A. Karasek leg.; NHMUK • 2♂; Tanga; [5°4’S, 39°6’E]; A. Karasek leg.; MfN, Berlin .</p><p>OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED. — Tanzania • 4♂; Korogwe, Handeni, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.019444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4241667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.019444/lat -5.4241667)">Kwa Mbisi</a>; 5°25’27”S, 38°1’10”E; 18.IX.1952; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 6♂, 3 ♀; Korogwe, Handeni, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.019444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4241667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.019444/lat -5.4241667)">Kwa Mbisi</a>; 5°25’27”S, 38°1’10”E; 20.IX.1952; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; Tanzania, Korogwe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.019444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4241667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.019444/lat -5.4241667)">Handeni</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.019444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4241667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.019444/lat -5.4241667)">Kwa Mbisi</a>; 5°25’27”S, 38°1’10”E; 19.IX.1952; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Morogoro District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.766666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.7833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.766666/lat -6.7833333)">Kingolwera [Kingolwira]</a>; 6°47’S, 37°46’E; 7.XII.1953; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; Morogoro District, same collection data as for preceding; 10.IX.1952; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 18.XII.1953; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 2 ♀, 1 nymph; Muheza District, Mlingano, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.9/lat -5.15)">Ngomeni</a>; 5°09’00”S, 38°53’60.0”E; IV.1952; J. Phipps leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; III.1952; J. Phipps leg.; rubber bush; NHMUK • 2♀; same collection data as for preceding; 9.IV.1952; J. Phipps leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 30.III.1952; J. Phipps leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; V.1953; J. Phipps leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1♀; Dar es Salaam; 6°48’S, 39°17’E; 24.I.1964; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1♀; same collection data as for preceding; 26.I.1964; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 3♂, 7 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 27.I.1964; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 2 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 28.I.1964; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 3 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 29.I.1964; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 30.I.1964; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 2 ♂, 5 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 31.I.1964; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 4 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 1.II.1964; E. Burtt leg.; NHMUK • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; 27.II.1964; E. Burtt leg., NHMUK • 1 ♂; Dar es Salaam, University Campus; 17.II.1998; A. Hochkirch leg.; under trees; Coll. AH • 1 ♂; Pangani District, Kigombe [Sisal] Estate; 5°19’S, 39°1’59”E; III.1952; J. Phipps leg.; NHMUK • 14 ♂, 9 ♀, 3 nymphs; Nguru Mountains, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.6/lat -6.15)">above Turiani</a>; 6°09’S, 37°36’E; 5-7.XI.1964; N. D. Jago leg.; montane forest; NHMUK • 12 ♂, 7 ♀, 3 nymphs; Nguru Mountains, east foot, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.65/lat -6.116667)">Mtibwa Forest Reserve, near Turiani</a>; 6°07’S, 37°39’E; 5.XI.1964; N. D. Jago leg.; dry woodland; NHMUK • 1 ♂, 1 ♀; Kisarawe, Kazimzumbwi Forest Reserve; I.2016; C. Hemp leg.; lowland wet forest; Coll. CH • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; V.2016; C. Hemp leg.; Coll. CH • 1 ♀; same collection data as for preceding; VIII.2017; C. Hemp leg.; Coll. CH • 1 ♀; Pangani Coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.983334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.983334/lat -5.4)">Turtle Beach</a>; &lt;100 m a.s.l.; 5°24’S, 38°59’E; I.2000; C. Hemp leg.; Küstenwaldboden [coastal forest floor]; Coll. CH • 2 ♂; Pangani Coast, Turtle Beach; &lt;100 m a.s.l.; XII.2000; C. Hemp leg.; Waldrest [forest remnant]; Coll. CH • 1 ♀; Pangani Coast, zw. Kabuko-Mwera; 300 m a.s.l.; II.2000; C. Hemp leg.; Küstenwald [coastal forest]; Coll. CH • 1♂; Pangani Coast, Caspary Grundstück [Caspary property]; IX.2011; C. Hemp leg.; Waldboden [forest floor]; Coll. CH • 3 ♂, 1 nymph; <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=36.889973&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-7.7650833" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 36.889973/lat -7.7650833)">Udzungwa Mts, Sanje trail</a>; 7°45’54.3”S, 36°53’23.9”E; [886 m a.s.l.]; 5.XII.1997; A. Hochkirch leg; grasses; Coll. AH • 1♂; Nguru Mts, Site T1; 30.I.1998; A. Hochkirch leg.; litter under mango tree; Coll. AH • 1 ♂; same collection data as for preceding; 3.II.1998; A. Hochkirch; Coll. AH .</p><p>Kenya • 7 ♂, 6 ♀; Tana River District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.133335&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-1.8833333" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.133335/lat -1.8833333)">Tana River Primate National Reserve, Mchelelo Forest</a>; 1°53’S, 40°08’E; 4-6.II.1990; J. M. Ritchie, M. N. Mungai, J. Muli leg.; NHMUK • 1♂; Kwale District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=39.216667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-4.4333334" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 39.216667/lat -4.4333334)">Dzombo [Jombo] Hill, upper slope, north side</a>; 4°26’S, 39°13’E; 1000-1300 ft a.s.l.; 30.I.1990; J. M. Ritchie, M. N. Mungai, J. Muli leg.; forest; NHMUK • 2 ♂, 5 ♀; Lamu District, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=40.483334&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-2.3833332" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 40.483334/lat -2.3833332)">Witu Forest Reserve, 5 km E of Witu</a>; 2°23’S, 40°29’E; 150 ft a.s.l.; 10.VI.1975; I. A. D. &amp; A. Robertson leg.; NHMUK .</p><p>REDESCRIPTION</p><p>Small to medium size (Table 12), but typically larger than Ixalidium . Males 22-26 mm; females 27.5-31.5. Integument rugose and punctate.</p><p>Head</p><p>Antennae differentiated (Dirsh 1965), 17-segmented, about as long as head and pronotum together, basal segments (apart from scape and pedicel) dorso-ventrally compressed, ensiform, widening markedly at segment three, widest between 3 and 6, with 8-9 distinctly less compressed and 10-17 filiform.</p><p>Head width across eyes distinctly less than pronotum length and less than pronotum width at its hind margin; head obliquely slanted in lateral view, with vertex produced and frons forming shallow obtuse angle between antennae; eyes ovoid, narrower above, oblique. Fastigium of vertex from above (Fig. 4C) projecting over lateral ocelli and antennal bases, its maximal basal width about 1.5 times its length, with narrowly rounded rectangular apex, more angular than Ixalidium and Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen.; median carinula cut by indistinct irregular transverse sulcus at base of fastigium, continuing onto occiput; foveolar area obsolete; frontal ridge in anterior view narrowest immediately below vertex, becoming sulcate with lateral carinae, widening between antennae, then narrowing above median ocellus; carinae subparallel below ocellus, becoming divergent and obsolete towards clypeus.</p><p>Thorax</p><p>Pronotum low tectiform, median carina crossed by 2 sulci; prozona 3-4 times longer than metazona; dorsum from above widening steadily from fore margin to hind margin. Prosternal tubercle transverse, tapered, wedge-shaped, widening laterally towards apex, sparsely setose, anterior face oblique, flat to slightly concave, posterior face vertical, flat to slight convex; apical margin slightly trilobate, with rounded angles. Meso- and metanotum tectiform, slightly raised, with median carina; mesonotum short, partly covered by metazona of pronotum, with lateral tegminal rudiments often concealed by metazona; metanotum with distinct longitudinal lateral carinae forming sharp angle at upper margin of epimeron 3; episternum 3 forming robust lateral projections above hind coxae. Mesosternal interspace broader than its length, widening posteriorly; mesosternal furcal suture with medial and lateral pits narrow. Metasternal interspace slightly broader than its length, narrowing posteriorly, tending to form two separate pits with medial portion of interspace continuous anteriorly with anterior portion of metasternum.</p><p>Legs Fore and mid legs of typical acridoid appearance, unspecialized. Hind femur moderately robust, 3.2-3.7 times as long as maximum depth, male; 3.4-3.8 times, female (Table 12); hind knee with upper and lower lobes bluntly rounded; hind tibia with 7-8 outer and 9-10 inner spines; external apical spine absent; arolium large, rounded, in ventral view about as long as claw; claws thickened at base, apically strongly curved.</p><p>Abdomen</p><p>Tergites tergites medially carinate, each segment in lateral view dorsally convex, tergites 1 and 2 slightly inflated, together with metathorax forming slight hump; tympanum large, sub-oval, with ventral margin flattened or slightly concave; tergites 9 and 10 fused laterally.</p><p>External terminalia (Fig. 5H). Abdominal tergites 9 and 10 and corresponding sternites heavily sclerotised, somewhat inflated, fused with basal portion of supra-anal plate (Fig. 5H), which is distinctly asymmetrical, displaced to right side, overlaying and largely obscuring right cercus, its dorsal surface produced into long curved tapering process or prong; junction between basal and apical portions of supra-anal plate reflexed antero-ventrally beneath basal portion; reduced apical portion of supra-anal plate projecting caudad between tips of paraprocts, or concealed to a variable degree by antero-dorsal margin of subgenital plate; subgenital plate subconical, upwardly directed, with ventral margin concave, in lateral view tapering to acute point at apex, with short dorso-medial longitudinal sulcus broadening into marginal cleft on anterior edge.</p><p>Male genitalia</p><p>Epiphallus (Figs 16A; 17 M-S) recessed within invagination of epiphallic membrane (epiphallic infold (Eades 2000)), folding around and partially obscuring it when genital complex initially exposed; bridge of epiphallus extending internally capitad into two dorso-ventrally flattened spathulate apodemes, one above the other, arising from antero-dorsal and antero-ventral edges of bridge; apodemes approximately triangular viewed from above, with bridge and lateral plates of epiphallus forming short base of triangle distally; epiphallic apodemes in dorsal view (Fig. 17P, Q, R) often markedly asymmetric, more developed on left side; In lateral view dorsal and ventral epiphallic apodemes either parallel with narrow interspace between them (Fig. 17M) or dorsal apodeme diverging from ventral apodeme by about 20° (Fig. 17N), or both apodemes curving away from each other by up to 45° (Fig. 17O); epiphallic infold of ectophallic membrane divided by bridge of epiphallus and its apodemes into two subtriangular horizontal pouches, one above dorsal epiphallic apodeme and one below ventral apodeme; both pouches fol - low triangular form of dorsal and ventral epiphallic apodemes (Fig. 17 P-S), but ventral pouch larger; postero-medial surface of bridge (Fig. 17 P-S) forms cushion-like membranous bulge with many circular pits, presumably of sensory function; lateral sclerites of epiphallus fused to outer edges of lateral plates (Fig. 17 P-S).</p><p>Cingulum (Figs 16 B-D; 17C) forming low, sclerotized, but partly translucent sheath covering endophallic apodemes dorsally, tapering proximally with its anterior margin medially indented with lateral margins incorporating converging cingular apodemes (Fig. 17A, C, E); rami of cingulum with raised and sclerotised shoulders (?suprarami of Eades 2000), flanking lightly sclerotised zygoma and enfolding endophallus laterally, fusing ventro-laterally with bilaterally separated sclerites of ventral lobe, which form two upcurved elongate compressed tapering digitate sclerotized processes directed caudad and dorsad, with their raised tips slightly overlapping, right arm slightly longer than left (Fig. 17 G-L); both rami and ventral lobe arms heavily sclerotised and sculptured on their external surfaces with rows of fine denticles, neither continuous nor bilaterally symmetrical (Figs 16 B-D; 17G-L); left side of rami and ventral lobe sclerites with longitudinal patches lacking denticles, but right side denticulation continuous between surfaces of rami above and ventral lobe sclerites below (Fig. 17, J, K); vestigial remains of ventral infold visible as short ventral lobe apodeme (Fig. 16D); arch of cingulum short, wide, joining zygoma closely to fused apical sclerites of endophallus (Fig. 17T, U).</p><p>Endophallus (Fig. 16 B-D; 17 T) tripartite, with apodemes formed of two distinct but continuously fused sclerites, lacking visible gonopore processes or endophallic flanges, with a longitudinal medial keel marking their junction dorsally (Fig. 17U); ejaculatory duct with sharp bend and ancillary tissue mass (vestigial ejaculatory sac) sometimes visible anterior to its junction with endophallus (Fig. 17A, B), duct partly enclosed below proximal portion of apodemes (Fig. 17D, F, V) and fully enclosed and widening within their distal half (Fig. 17V). Spermatophore sac (Sps) reduced, visible medially on dorsal surface of junction between diverging posterior ends of endophallic apodemes, anterior to arch of cingulum (Fig. 17H, T). Endophallic apodemes (Ae) with articulated break or hinge at junction with medial sclerites (Ms) (Fig. 17G, T), permitting considerable range of relative movement; medial and apical sclerites of endophallus continuous, proximally fused into single broad dorsal and ventral plates, of complex shape, dorso-ventrally compressed, with paired lightly sclerotised rounded dorso-lateral lobes (Dll), of unknown function, just posterior to arch of cingulum (Fig. 17T, U) and flanking inconspicuous dorsal opening of phallotreme, hidden within short medial longitudinal groove anterior to transverse cleft between dorso-lateral lobes and inflated fused apex of endophallus; distal section of fused apical sclerites of endophallus expanding into a single hollow bulbous domed bilayered sclerite, curving upwards, with arched cavity on its postero-ventral side, partly filled by folded membranes (Fig. 17L, V).</p><p>Female genitalia</p><p>Spermatheca (Fig. 12) with three basal diverticula (Fig. 12C, F) arising from vestibule one above another; most ventral one sac-like, short and wide; middle one elongate sac-like, almost as long as dorsal ovipositor valves and apodemes together; dorsal one thin tubular, uncoiled, shorter than dorsal ovipositor valves, with apical and subapical diverticula, one ending in an apical ampulla, the other swollen vermiform (Fig. 12 E-G); vestibule with a wide lenticular cleft ventrally between ventral valves of ovipositor (Fig. 12 E-G).</p><p>Measurements</p><p>Table 12</p><p>Coloration (Fig. 2 F-H)</p><p>Males with similar patterning to Ixalidium, as illustrated by Hemp (2017, fig. 42 A). Lateral dark bands on flanks of thorax and abdomen strongly marked up to and including tergite 8; abdominal segments 9 and 10 distinctly paler than rest of body, with contrasting dark longitudinal striae on expanded tergite 9 and darkly pigmented spots around setae on tergite 9 and subgenital plate. Venter pale, mottled, or with darker patches in medial area of sternites 1-5, reaching hind margin of sternites, but leaving fore margins pale. Hind femur with lower internal area, lower carinula and lower carina light red in basal three fifths. Tibiae violet to dirty grey brown, sometimes with pinkish tinge on internal surface. Females with more uniform, less contrasting coloration. Occasionally with contrasting blocks of rufous brown on upper body (from head to abdominal segment 1) and pale buff (abdominal segments and wide band across hind femora) (Fig. 2H and Hemp 2017, fig. 42B) resembling dead leaves.</p><p>HISTORY</p><p>The genus Tangana was created by Ramme (1929: 309) for his species T. asymmetrica described from material collected by A. Karasek from “ Tanga ”. Though it was presumably collected from the lowland coastal forest zone, the exact location(s) and date(s) of collection are unknown. Tangana was synonymised under Ixalidium by Uvarov (1941) on the grounds that there were no generic characters which separated females. This synonymy was tacitly ignored but not formally recalled by Dirsh (1965). This position was followed by later catalogues and checklists (Johnston 1968; Otte 1995) but the synonymy was explicitly contradicted by Johnsen &amp; Forchhammer (1975) whose paper was not catalogued by Otte (1995).</p><p>DISTRIBUTION</p><p>T. asymmetrica and undescribed species of the genus are now found in isolated populations in remnants of lowland and sub-montane forest in northeast Tanzania and eastern Kenya from close to sea level up to around 880 m (at Sanje Falls, Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania). There is significant variation in morphology between populations (Fig. 17) which most probably represents as yet unrecognised vicariant speciation. However, there is also a high degree of morphological variability within populations, as shown by dorsal and lateral views of the epiphalli of two individuals from Mchelelo Forest (Fig. 17M, O, P, Q) and various views of the genitalia of two individuals from the Nguru Mountains, Tanzania (Fig. 17 A-D and H-K). There are further species of Tangana from Tanzania, Kenya and Somalia awaiting description ( Ritchie et al. pers. comm.) which have similar internal genitalia to T. asymmetrica, but with an intermediate level of asymmetric development of the external terminalia and inflation of the endophallic sclerites.</p><p>REMARKS</p><p>The female spermathecae (Fig. 12) of Tangana and Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen., not previously studied, are here shown to be radically different from those of Ixalidium species, as here defined, or of any other acridoid, and the status of Tangana as a valid genus is confirmed, based both on molecular evidence and on striking divergence in characters of the genitalia in both sexes from those in Ixalidium .</p><p>This account of the morphology of Tangana is based on the only described species, Tangana asymmetrica Ramme (paratype male, Fig. 16). The crumpled appearance of the tip of the aedeagus of this paratype, shown in dorsal view in Figure 16B may be a result of trauma sustained by the living insect. Other specimens seen, from a wide range of localities (Fig. 17), do not show this wrinkled effect. The male terminalia in Tangana are the most heavily modified and specialised in the family Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. In addition to the unique asymmetry of the external terminalia, the most striking features of the male genital complex in T. asymmetrica are its overall size in relation to body length (up to 5.6 mm out of around 23 mm), the inflated and fused distal endophallic sclerites (apical valves of endophallus), the epiphallic apodemes and the finger-like paired arms of the ventral lobe. The homology of the modified ventral lobe in Tangana with the same paired sclerite in Ixalidium and all other members of the family is largely proven by the consistent presence of the ventral lobe apodeme, representing the reduced ventral infold which arises from the anterior ventro-internal margin of the lobe. The anterior dorsal positioning of the genital pore at the base of the inflated aedeagus, rather than at its tip, is an autapomorphy of the genus Tangana .</p><p>The epiphallus with its long asymmetrically placed apodemes, differs from that of all other Acridoidea, including its nearest relatives in Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. Males typically adopt a dorsal mating position and copulate from the left side of the female. Since the male abdominal apex is turned upwards and forwards to connect with the underside of the female abdominal tip at a slight angle, the asymmetric form and alignment of the epiphallus allows the male to achieve the correct alignment to grip the female subgenital plate and egg-guide from the left side. During mating, when the epiphallus grasps the female subgenital plate, the egg guide probably slides over the sensory cushion on the posterior surface of the epiphallic bridge and docks within the dorsal epiphallic pouch. Fusion of the normally separate lateral sclerites of the epiphallus with the lateral plate (Fig. 17 P-S) presumably gives the epiphallus greater rigidity to resist bending when the lophi are under tension, grasping the female subgenital plate. Given the considerable force with which the lophi would be inserted into the female genital cavity, their flattened button-like tips (Fig. 16A) may be an adaptation to prevent damage to the internal surface of the female subgenital plate.</p><p>Although the hinged endophallus seems quite rigid in alcohol-preserved specimens, it appears that in life considerable mobility is possible. In lateral view the long axis of the aedeagus (apical endophallic sclerites) may form an obtuse angle of about 135° to the basal valves, such that the aedeagus is depressed to lie close to the ventral lobe (Fig. 17I). However in some cases the aedeagus is found to have become flexed upwards and forwards (capitad) to an acute angle of between 80° and 60° with the endophallic apodemes (Fig. 17G). When the fused apical sclerites are flexed upwards, a large space is created between the aedeagus and the two upcurved arms of the ventral lobe. Membranes folded below the inflated tip of the aedeagus in its lowered position (Fig. 17I) are unfurled and drawn taut when it is fully raised (Fig. 17G). In dead specimens this variation in relative angle between cingulum and aedeagus and in the angle of flexion of the endophallus at its hinged break can present a strikingly different appearance. This may give a false impression of taxonomically significant character differences, where in reality none exist.</p><p>During mating it is likely that the tips of the ventral lobe arms are thrust upwards and forwards between the ventral ovipositor valves of the female as the epiphallic lophi pull downwards and backwards against the tip of the subgenital plate and egg guide, opening up the female genital chamber between the lower surface of the ventral ovipositor valves and the dorsal surface of the subgenital plate; the domed aedeagus could then be driven forward into the genital chamber; vertical rotation of the genitalia would mean that the spermatophore would be extruded ventrally onto the floor of the female genital chamber. It would then need to move upwards and forwards to reach the vestibule of the spermatheca.</p><p>The presence of the asymmetric prong arising from the right side of the massively reinforced supra-anal plate (Fig. 5H) narrows the space available for the aedeagus and ventral lobe arms to be everted for copulation. It is unclear whether during mating the prong ends up pointing vertically upwards or forwards over the male abdomen. If it was near vertical, it could perhaps be inserted upwards between the ovipositor ventral valves, or even between both ventral and dorsal valves, to keep the male and female locked together during mating. If it can be deployed horizontally it could perhaps enter the genital chamber. Whichever is the case, the genitalia must be everted past it and rotated upwards and forwards over the male abdomen to perform spermatophore transfer to the female genital chamber.</p><p>GENITAL ASYMMETRY IN TANGANA</p><p>Bilateral asymmetry is common in the male genitalia of insects (Huber et al. 2007) and a few striking examples of internal genital asymmetry occur in Acridoidea, most notably in the aedeagus of the Central American acridid genus Rhachicreagra Rehn, 1905 ( Ommatolampidinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893) (Jago &amp; Rowell 1981) and the epiphallus of the genus Stolzia Willemse, 1930 ( Oxyinae Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893) (Hollis 1975: 212). However, pronounced external asymmetry within the Acridoidea appears to be restricted to the genus Tangana . Huber et al. (2007) proposed that one major evolutionary driver of asymmetry is sexual selection in males for the capacity to adopt a dorsal mating position which requires asymmetric contact between male and female genitalia. In Tangana, the development of novel structures is predominantly to the right side of the male (dextral), corresponding to a leftsided approach to the female genitalia. Only one example is known of a Tangana asymmetrica male with sinistrally asymmetric terminalia. This is a paratype specimen in the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, mentioned by Ramme (1929) in his original description of T. asymmetrica . This sinistral paratype male has a prong on the left side, but it is not a mirror-image of the dextral morphotype since it also has traces of a short process at the corresponding point on the right side of the abdomen (Fig. 16E). The extreme rarity of sinistral variants in Tangana suggests that either the morphological change itself or a concomitant change in mating position are highly disadvantageous for mating success. The condition of the internal genitalia in this sinistral specimen is unknown. The functional morphology of the male and female genitalia in Tangana asymmetrica in relation to mating and spermatophore formation and transfer requires further research using the methodology employed by Woller &amp; Song (2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFF1FFD961B2F9A43E4588F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
03EA87CEFFFAFFC06293F9453E2D8E8D.text	03EA87CEFFFAFFC06293F9453E2D8E8D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song & Ritchie 2025	<div><p>CONTEXTUALIZING IXALIDIIDAE HEMP, SONG &amp; RITCHIE N. FAM. WITHIN THE ACRIDOIDEA</p><p>Having established the value, or “phylogenetic signal” of male genital morphology in reconstructing phylogeny in Acridoidea, this section examines the individual characters and compares the character states that are found across the Acridoidea, including the new family Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam., in a summary table (Table 13) before looking in more detail at a few of these families to clarify the distinct identity of the Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. The following comparison of Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. with its nearest neighbours in the phylogenetic tree on the basis of genital morphology builds on Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez (2013) with some minor areas of divergence. Table 13 presents twenty-four significant genitalic and other morphological characters with potential to shed light on the relationships of Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. within the core clade of the Acridoidea, which (excepting Pamphagodidae and Pamphagidae) all share the possession of a bridge-shaped epiphallus with lophi (Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez 2013; Song et al. 2015).</p><p>CHARACTERS OF THE MALE GENITALIA IN ACRIDOIDEA, INCLUDING IXALIDIIDAE HEMP, SONG &amp; RITCHIE N. FAM.</p><p>Supra-anal plate</p><p>The form of the supra-anal plate or epiproct, though not an internal genitalic structure, is included here and in Table 13 because it is evidently under sexual selection (e.g. see Tangana). It is divided into basal and apical portions by a transverse sulcus in the Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. (see Figs 5; 7) as well as in Tristiridae (Cigliano 1989), all three subfamilies of Ommexechidae (Ronderos 1973, 1978; Carbonell &amp; Mesa 1972), and many genera of Lentulidae . Among Romaleidae most Romaleinae have the supra-anal plate divided, except for Diponthus Stål, 1861, Gurneyacris Liebermann, 1958 and Zoniopoda Stål, 1873, while the Acrididae in general appear to lack the transverse division.</p><p>Epiphallus</p><p>Possession of a bridge-shaped epiphallus is shared by Pyrgacrididae, Tristiridae, Lentulidae, Ommexechidae, Romaleidae and Acrididae, and also by the Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. The possession of epiphallic lophi (Roberts 1941: 244) characterizes all Acridoidea apart from the Pamphagodidae and Pamphagidae . However, the shape of the lophi (pointed in Tristiridae and Ommexechidae, polymorphic in Lentulidae, or lobiform in Romaleidae and Acrididae) is evidently homoplasious above family level (Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez 2013). The lophi are pointed in Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. (though with a flattened tip in Tangana).</p><p>The presence of epiphallic ancorae (Roberts 1941: 241) is found in all families of Acridoidea apart from the basal groups, Pamphagodidae and Pyrgacrididae (Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez 2013, figure 5). However, when morphological characters are mapped onto the mitochondrial genome tree the character appears homoplasious, having developed independently in Pamphagidae as well as in the common ancestor of the Lentulidae, Tristiridae, Ommexechidae, Romaleidae and Acrididae . Ancorae must subsequently have been lost in the Ommexechidae (Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez 2013, figure 5) and they are also largely absent from the Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam., though possibly incipient in Mazaea (Fig. 7C).</p><p>The lateral sclerites (Roberts 1941: 245) (= oval sclerites (Snodgrass 1935)) flanking the epiphallus are present in the eight core acridoid families included in Table 13, but absent in Pamphagidae and of uncertain homology in Pamphagodidae (Dirsh 1956) . They are also present in the family Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam., though sometimes closely articulated or partly fused with the lateral plates of the epiphallus.</p><p>Lateral evaginations of the epiphallic membrane (poches dorso-latérales and poches latérales) have been noted in Pyrgacrididae (Descamps 1968: 34 35; Fig. 11). Similar and possibly homologous lateral lobes have been illustrated in the epiphallic membrane of Tropidostethus Philippi, 1863 and Elysiacris Rehn, 1942 ( Tristiridae) (Cigliano 1989: figures 172, 187). Amédégnato (1976: 7) indicated the occasional presence of latero-ventral sclerites of the epiphallic layer. These have also been shown in Paulinia acuminata (De Geer, 1773) ( Acrididae, Pauliniinae) by Carbonell (2000: 174; Figs 18; 19). These latero-ventral sclerites of the epiphallic membrane are quite distinct from the paired sclerites of the ventral lobe (ectophallic) (Snodgrass 1935; Roberts 1941; Dirsh 1956) found in most Acrididae and also in Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. Too little is known about the occurrence of these epiphallic structures across the Acridoidea for them to be included in Table 13. They have not been found in Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam.</p><p>Ectophallus</p><p>This layer is largely constituted by the cingulum (Roberts 1941) a dorsal covering over the endophallus with differentiation of apodemes, rami, and in some families an arch, with or without a dorsal pair of aedeagal sclerites, all of which are discussed below. The degree of sclerotization of the ectophallus was said by Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez (2013) to distinguish the Acridoidea (fully sclerotised) from all other superfamilies (partly sclerotised). However, in the Ommexechidae the ectophallus is visibly not fully sclerotized (Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez 2013; Fig. 3G) as earlier indicated by Dirsh (1956: 247). In Tristiridae (Cigliano 1989b: 56) described the ectophallus in Tristirinae Rehn, 1906 as having “a lower degree of sclerification”. In Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. the ectophallus is mostly sclerotized, heavily so in Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. but less so in Tangana . The cingulum is reduced to a sclerotized skeletal framework in Ixalidium, Mazaea, Eubocoana and Barombia .</p><p>The apodemes of cingulum may be present or absent and, when present, may be long or short. Both Tristiridae and Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. have species or genera in which although the cingulum is present as a sclerotised plate, it lacks differentiation into distinct paired apodemes, while in other genera there are taxa with either short or elongated apodemes (e.g. Atacamacris Carbonell &amp; Mesa, 1972 in Tristiridae (Cigliano 1989: 53, Fig 5) and Mazaea, Eubocoana, Barombia and Ixalidium in Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. have elongate apodemes). Both families therefore are considered as polymorphic for these characters (Table 13).</p><p>The presence of blade-like secondary cingular apodemes underlying and parallel to the main apodemes of cingulum has been illustrated for a few taxa, both in line drawings and in photographic images, but their presence has not previously been remarked upon. Dirsh (1966: 100, 102) figured these apodemes clearly in the male genitalia of Mazaea and Barombia ( Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam.) (C. H. Rowell, personal communication, June 2020). In this study they have also been found in Ixalidium s. str. (Fig. 11B), and their presence confirmed in Mazaea (Fig. 7F), Eubocoana tristis (Fig. 9C) and Barombia . Similar structures have also been illustrated in Eneremius desertorum Saussure, 1888 ( Lentulidae) (Brown 1962: fig. 4; Otte 2014, fig. 15) and in E. pusillum (Uvarov, 1925) (Dirsh 1961: 396, fig. 21 (5); Otte 2014: fig. 17). They do not appear to be present in other families of Acridoidea, but it is possible they may have been overlooked.</p><p>The zygoma of cingulum was defined by Dirsh (1956: 228) as “a transverse dorsal part of the cingulum, connecting the apodemes and, in most cases, the cingulum itself with the apical valves of the penis”. It is shared by most Acridoidea and their sister group, the Pyrgomorphoidea. However, this character is an expression of a strongly sclerotized ectophallus, hence Cigliano (1989) stated that there is no zygoma in Tristiridae . However, the zygoma is present in all Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam., whether as a narrow transverse sclerite joining the cingular apodemes in Ixalidium, Mazaea and Barombia, or incorporated into a larger dorsal plate covering much of the endophallus in Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. In each case it connects ventrally to the arch of cingulum.</p><p>The rami of cingulum, which generally cover the sides of a part of the endophallus, are present in all the families in Table 13, except for the Pamphagodidae and Pyrgacrididae if the interpretation of Descamps (1968) is correct.</p><p>The arch sclerite in Acridoidea, originally named “bridge of anterior phallotreme sclerites” (Snodgrass 1935), was subsequently named “arch of dorsal valves” and “arch of aedeagus” by Roberts (1941: 241), who considered it “a development from the aedeagal valves or endophallic membrane rather than from the zygoma of the cingulum”. Both Dirsh (1956: 225) and Amédégnato (1976: 7-8, Plate II, Figs 12-15) subsequently described and illustrated the “arch of cingulum” as a sclerite of ectophallic origin connecting the cingulum and the endophallic sclerites. Amédégnato (op. cit.) stated that in groups with a well-developed aedeagus the arch could either fuse with the dorsal valves of endophallic origin or alternatively it could give rise to genuine “valves of cingulum”.</p><p>Eades (1962: 6-7) noted that “homologies of the arch, bridge and dorsal aedeagal sclerites have never been suggested except by speculation”, before speculating that in Dericorythinae Jacobson &amp; Bianchi, 1905 (now Dericorythidae), which he considered to be intermediate between Ommexechidae and Romaleidae and the Acrididae, the arch had initially developed as a pair of sclerites arising from the phallotreme membrane adjoining the “primitive” single pair of (ventral) aedeagal sclerites and extending dorsad to fuse with the ectophallic membrane at the rear of the cingulum, giving rise to a dorsal pair of aedeagal valves in some cases and subsequently becoming fused into a single structure bridging the ventral sclerites. Eades (1962: 6-7) indicated his belief that the arch in Dericorythidae was homologous with that in Acrididae, but he later (Eades 2000:184) expressed the view that it is a pseudoarch “not homologous with the true arch found in Charilaidae [= Pamphagodidae] and Acrididae ”. However, Song et al. (2018: 4) considered that the arch sclerite is homoplasious within the Acridoidea, having apparently evolved separately in Pamphagodidae and Acrididae .</p><p>Presence or absence of the arch sclerite is difficult to establish and requires dissection of the phallic complex (Song et al. 2018: 13). Uvarov &amp; Dirsh (1961: 153) argued that the arch was absent in several genera of Acrididae, “appearing sometimes only as a slightly sclerotised part of the ectophallic membrane”. The uncertainty derives from the variability in the degree of sclerotization of the structure in different genera and the subjectivity of a presence / absence decision. Song (2004) demonstrated that in Schistocerca Stål, 1873 the arch sclerite develops during the adult stage, being largely undeveloped at fledging, and only reaching its full size before sexual maturity. He suggested that this may have led to S. braziliensis Dirsh, 1974 being defined on the basis of immature material (Dirsh 1974: 166).</p><p>Nonetheless, the presence of the arch of cingulum connecting the zygoma to the apical valves of the endophallus in most Acrididae and its absence in most Romaleidae has been considered of importance in establishing relationships (Amédégnato 1976, 1977; Eades 2000). In the absence of any other synapomorphy of the Acrididae, Song et al. (2018: 13) concluded that “the fact that we have recovered the monophyletic Acrididae strongly suggests that this obscure genital character [the arch of cingulum] may indeed be a synapomorphy for the family”. In Melanoplus rotundipennis (Scudder, 1878) ( Acrididae) Woller &amp; Song (2017: 345, 351, 354) showed that the ‘arch of aedeagus’, arising from the dorsal valves and inserted into the lower region of the zygoma, provides through the zygoma a point of articulation and structural support for the aedeagus during mating.</p><p>Either a single arch sclerite or a pair of sclerites is present in all genera included within the family Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. In the genus Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. the enlarged and expanded arch sclerite also appears to function as a stiffener and spacer that maintains the gap between the cingulum and the endophallus, otherwise usually connected only by membranes.</p><p>The presence in the aedeagus of sclerites of ectophallic origin or dorsal valves of the cingulum (Amédégnato 1976), together with an arch sclerite, was regarded by Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez (2013) as an autapomorphy of the Acrididae, although cingular valves and an arch of ectophallic origin are also present in Diponthus ( Romaleini, Pictet &amp; Saussure, 1887) (Uvarov &amp; Dirsh 1961; Amédégnato 1976: 8; Pocco et al. 2023). Eades (1962: 6-7) stated that in Romaleidae and Ommexechidae the arch was only present when a dorsal pair of aedeagal sclerites were also present.</p><p>In the present study of the members of the Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. a bifurcated horn-like posterior medial outgrowth of the cingular arch, possibly representing incipient valves of cingulum (C. H. Rowell, personal communication, June 2020), has been found appressed to the dorsal surface of the posterior section of the endophallus in Mazaea (Fig. 18A, B). This structure was previously illustrated, but not commented on, in Barombia by Dirsh (1966, fig. 40) whose own dissected specimen has been photographed (Fig. 18C). Posterior medial dorsal projections of the zygoma in Namatettix Brown, 1970, Atopotettix Brown, 1970 (Brown 1970: 495, 505) and Shelfordites Karny, 1910 (Brown 1967: figs 1b,1c) ( Lentulidae), that were considered by Brown as dorsal or cingular valves, may or may not be homologous with the structures found in Mazaea and Barombia .</p><p>The term “pseudoarch” was originally coined by Akbar (1966: 77) to describe the arch structure found in Pyrgomorphidae (specifically in Poekilocerus pictus Audinet-Serville, 1831). Akbar defined the pseudoarch as “a small transverse sclerite … developed in the distal part of the central membrane close to the base of the suprarami. It forms an inflection laterally, and carries dorsally a pair of valves of the cingulum”. Akbar’s drawings show that his pseudoarch was attached dorsally to the central membrane posterior to the zygoma rather than to the zygoma itself. In studies of the Tristiridae (Amédégnato 1977: 49; Cigliano 1989a, b) the term pseudoarch has been used to describe a sclerite, said to be of uncertain origin, attaching dorsally to the rear edge of the cingulum and ventrally to the endophallus in the same position as occurs with the arch of cingulum in Acrididae, but in the absence of a zygoma and dorsal valves of cingulum in the aedeagus. This arch structure may be absent, reduced or prominent (Cigliano 1989a) and is of significance in defining the subclades of a “ Tristira generic group” (= tribe Tristirini) within the family. It is absent in those genera which lack an aedeagus (= without development of distal portion of endophallic sclerites, Cigliano 1989b), but well-developed in several genera, including Moluchacris Rehn, 1942, Peplacris Rehn, 1942 (Fig. 23A), Punacris Rehn, 1942, Crites Rehn, 1942, Paracrites Rehn, 1942, Incacris Rehn, 1942, and with incipient development in Bufonacris Walker, 1871 (Fig. 23E), Tristira Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1900 and Circacris Ronderos &amp; Cigliano, 1989 .</p><p>It is thus apparent that similar arch structures joining the cingulum to the aedeagus occur in different families of Acridomorpha, but there is no agreement as to their homologies or the appropriate terminology with which to describe them. A comparative morphological study of these arch structures would be a useful contribution to understanding the evolution of the genitalia in Acridomorpha.</p><p>Endophallus</p><p>Amédégnato (1976, 1977) considered the sclerotised endophallus to be constituted in three sections, anterior, middle and posterior. The anterior part consists of the paired endophallic apodemes; the middle part is a pair of sclerites, in Acrididae called the lateral plates of Roberts (1941), which strengthen and support the walls of the ejaculatory and spermatophore sacs, while the posterior part (which may be present or absent) participates in the formation of an aedeagus, where this is present. Between the middle part and the posterior part of the endophallus there may be a fracture, creating a division. Possession of a divided endophallus groups the Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. with the Pamphagodidae and Pamphagidae together with the Pyrgacrididae, Lithidiidae, some Tristiridae (Fig. 6) and some Lentulidae (see below). Other genera of Lentulidae ( Lentula Stål, 1878, Eremidium Karsch, 1896) have an undivided endophallus (Dirsh 1956: 244), while in many Acrididae the endophallus is flexured, but without a break. Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez (2013: table 3) considered the flexure as equivalent to a division, but that interpretation is not followed here, as explained below.</p><p>The presence of a divided endophallus with basal and apical pairs of sclerites articulated rather than completely disconnected, was considered by Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez (2013: 253) to group the Tristiridae, Lentulidae, Pamphagidae, Ommexechidae, Romaleidae and Acrididae . However their character state “endophallus articulated” actually combined two distinct types of linkage between basal and apical sclerites of the endophallus. Firstly there may be a visible disjunction or fracture (Amédégnato 1976), forming a “hinge”, as noted by Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez (op. cit.) or, alternatively, there may be a spring-like thinning of the endophallus, the sigmoid flexure (Roberts 1941; Dirsh 1956, 1961), which may achieve the same function without creating a disjunction. This is the condition in many Romaleidae and Acrididae, including Ommatolampidinae, e.g. Eujivarus Bruner, 1911 and Eugenacris Descamps &amp; Amedegnato, 1972 (Amédégnato 1976: figs 26, 28), Oedipodinae Walker, 1871, e.g. Oedaleus Fieber, 1853 and Gastrimargus Saussure, 1884 ( Ritchie 1981, 1982), Acridinae (Popov et al. 2019) and Catantopinae (e.g. Rowell et al. 2018). Conflating these two forms of endophallic linkage in the character matrix may potentially obscure significant differences. In most members of the acridid subfamily Hemiacridinae, the endophallus is completely separated into basal and apical parts (Dirsh 1956: 155).</p><p>In Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. the divided endophallus is hinged, with separate basal and apical parts, distinct but closely appressed anterior to the arch sclerite(s). The medial sclerites of the endophallus are dorso-ventrally flattened anteriorly and attenuated in Mazaea (Fig. 7H), Barombia, Eubocoana and Ixalidium continuous with the basal sclerites (Fig. 11D). In Ixalidium the conjoined medial sclerites are evidently flexible enough to allow the apical section of the endophallus to be folded upwards by as much as 30°, compressing the spermatophore sac. However, in Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. (Fig. 15H) and Tangana (Fig. 17T) the medial sclerites have been reduced almost completely, so that the hinge occurs between the anterior basal section (the endophallic apodemes) and the apical sclerites which, together with an ectophallic sheath, form the aedeagus.</p><p>The ejaculatory sac is normally ventral to the basal valves of the endophallus in the families of Acridoidea listed in Table 13, but the sac is apparently vestigial in Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen., in which the ejaculatory duct is only minimally widened before becoming internalized within the fused basal valves of the endophallus. In Tangana, the ejaculatory duct also passes caudad within the fused basal valves of the endophallus to the dorsally-positioned spermatophore sac. However, there appears to be a small sac, appended to the ejaculatory duct well forward of its point of entry into the basal valves of the endophallus, which is not always preserved during dissection of the genitalia. This may represent the reduced ejaculatory sac.</p><p>The presence of a gonopore, defined as a constriction between the ejaculatory sac and the spermatophore sac (Snodgrass 1935), was regarded by Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez (2013) as distinguishing the Acridoidea from all other superfamilies. However, in Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam., while the ejaculatory sac is constricted at its junction with the ejaculatory duct in Ixalidium, Mazaea and Barombia, in both Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. and Tangana, the presence of a gonopore is currently inferred rather than observed, due to the vestigial condition of the ejaculatory sac described above.</p><p>The gonopore processes are pointed postero-ventral protrusions of the endophallic apodemes (basal valves of the endophallus), constricting the gonopore in Acridoidea. Though initially regarded as absent in Pyrgomorphidae (Kevan et al. 1969: 185, 231), they were subsequently identified with the endophallic sclerites (Eades &amp; Kevan 1974: 250). They were scored by Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez (2013, table 3) in their character matrix as present only in the Acrididae and Romaleidae and absent from the Tristiridae and Ommexechidae, so that when morphological characters were superimposed onto their mitochondrial genome tree (op. cit., fig. 5B) the presence of gonopore processes was shown as a synapomorphy of the Acrididae, Ommexechidae and Romaleidae, that had subsequently been secondarily lost in the Ommexechidae . However, Eades (1961: 162) had previously illustrated the presence of gonopore processes in the Ommexechinae, in contradiction to Dirsh (1956: 247), confirming the synapomorphy across all three families. According to the current paradigm in which the ventral endophallic sclerites of Pyrgomorphidae, Lentulidae and Tristiridae are considered to be homologous with the gonopore processes of Acrididae, gonopore processes must, by definition, be present in all those families, making this a synapomorphy that also includes Lentulidae and Tristiridae .</p><p>Prior to their synonymy with Lentulidae, the medial sclerites of the endophallus in Lithidiidae were also identified as enlarged gonopore processes (Eades 2000: 194). Table 13 therefore reflects this probable state. Given the apparent sister status of Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. to Tristiridae in the phylogenetic tree derived from the mitochondrial genome (Fig. 1), it is likely that the medial sclerites of the endophallus in Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. are also derived from enlarged gonopore processes and thus homologous with the ventral branch of the endophallus in Tristiridae .</p><p>Eades (2000: 185) describes additional small sclerites appended to the gonopore processes in Ommexechidae and some other acridoids which he termed antero-ventral flanges of the endophallic sclerite. In Tristiridae Cigliano (1989b: 56) noted that “a projection (gonopore process?) arises ventrally from the anterior region, the development of which is variable. This projection is barely hinted at in Elasmoderini and Atacamacridinae . In Tropidostethini it presents a greater development, joining the dorsal endophallic sclerite through a zone of lesser sclerification. In Tristirinae it is prominent”. If the original gonopore processes have become the ventral endophallic sclerites in Tristiridae, as proposed by Eades (1962), then perhaps these ventral projections of the gonopore processes (Fig. 23B) represent the antero-ventral flanges of Eades (2000). In Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. these antero-ventral flanges of the endophallus are either absent or incipient (in a medial position in Mazaea and Ixalidium (Figs 7G; 10C).</p><p>The spermatophore sac is positioned distal to the ejaculatory sac in Acridoidea. It is placed dorsally in relation to the endophallus in Pamphagodidae, Pamphagidae, Pyrgacrididae, Lentulidae and in Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. However, it is situated ventrally, below the endophallus, in Ommexechidae and Romaleidae . In Tristiridae the spermatophore sac is situated between the dorsal and ventral branches of the endophallic sclerites and therefore in a dorsal position relative to the ventral endophallic sclerites. Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez (2013: 250) scored the spermatophore sac in Acrididae, uniquely, as “transverse” rather than ventral since part of the sac is situated above the flexure of the endophallus in Acrididae . If it were regarded as ventral, this character state would be an uncontroverted synapomorphy of this terminal clade of the Acridoidea.</p><p>A revised character table for the Acridoidea</p><p>The basal families of the Acridoidea clade are the Pamphagidae and Pamphagodidae which are consistently recovered as sister clades (Leavitt et al. 2013; Song et al. 2015, 2020 and Fig. 1), Both families lack the bridge-shaped epiphallus bearing lophi that is shared by the Pyrgacrididae and the remaining eight families (including Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam.) of the core clade of Acridoidea. Accordingly, although they have been included in Table 13, they are not considered in depth in this study.</p><p>Table 13 uses a traffic light approach to indicate the congruence of character states between Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. and the other acridoid families, with green for full congruence, amber for partial congruence and red for incongruence. Most of the characters defined by Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez (2013) have been used, with some modification and augmentation, including the addition of characters of the male supra-anal plate (epiproct) and the female genitalia and the omission of a few characters which have identical character states for all families, or which appear to be inapplicable, unclear, or overly subjective. An extensive survey of relevant literature indicates that some of the male genitalic characters found to be monomorphic in the exemplar taxa studied by Song &amp; Mariño-Pérez (2013) are in reality polymorphic at family level. In Table 13, out of a total of 24 genital characters analyzed, just 14 characters are found to be unambiguously monomorphic for the Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam. Among those, the largest number of monomorphic character states shared with another family is 10 with the Lentulidae and Pyrgacrididae, followed by nine with Pamphagodidae, Pamphagidae, Tristiridae and Acrididae, eight with Ommexechidae, and six with Romaleidae .</p><p>The interpretation of individual characters and their significance and application in some of the core families of Acridoidea are further examined in the Discussion section.</p><p>BIOACOUSTICS</p><p>Up to now, in species of Ixalidiidae Hemp, Song &amp; Ritchie n. fam., no sound producing organs or specialized modified structures have been found. Nevertheless, when kept in captivity, males of three species of Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. ( R. obscuripes n. comb., R. usambarica n. comb., R. sp. (Lutindi W Usambara)) and two putative Tangana species ( T. asymmetrica, Tangana sp. (coastal Tanzania and Kenya, Zanzibar)), as well as females (documented as Tangana sp. only), displayed the ability to generate relatively loud rhythmic sounds through drumming/tapping with their hind knees on the substrate. The observed echemes, consisting of 9-27 impacts with varying rates (12-16 Hz for Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. spp., Tangana asymmetrica, and 35-38 Hz for Tangana sp. (T=23-27°C; Fig. 20), were produced at irregular intervals. Both legs were moved largely in phase. Females were observed to either respond to male signals or spontaneously produce similar signals.</p><p>CYTOTAXONOMY</p><p>All three examined genera, namely Ixalidium, Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen., and Tangana (Fig. 23 A-J), exhibited a diploid chromosome number of 2n = 25 in males and 2n= 26 in females, with a sex chromosome system of X0 in males and XX in females. The autosomes displayed a gradual reduction in size, while the sex chromosome (X) was acrocentric. During male spermatogonial mitosis and meiosis, C-positive blocks were consistently observed in the paracentromeric region of all chromosomes, with interstitial C heterochromatin bands present in the sex chromosome of Tangana asymmetrica (Fig. 21A, D, H).</p><p>Silver staining revealed the presence of two active nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) per haploid genome in I. sjostedti and one in R. usambarica n. comb. and T. asymmetrica . These NORs were situated in the paracentromeric region of two or one medium-sized bivalent, respectively (Fig. 21B, E, I). In addition, a substantial cluster of 18S rDNA was detected during mitotic metaphase or within bivalents from diakinesis to metaphase I, coinciding with the active NORs identified by Ag-NOR staining (Fig. 21C, F, G, J).</p><p>To further probe the chromosomal structure, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) using the (TTAGG)n probe (tDNA-FISH) was performed on spermatogonial mitoses and/or spermatocyte nuclei during meiosis, specifically at diakinesis and metaphase I. In all analyzed taxa, signals were consistently detected at the distal ends of each chromosome. Notably, the tDNA-FISH signals on chromosomes of T. asymmetrica appeared notably stronger compared to those observed in the other species of Ixalidium and Rowellacris Ritchie &amp; Hemp n. gen. (Fig. 21J).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03EA87CEFFFAFFC06293F9453E2D8E8D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Hemp, Claudia;Ritchie, J. Mark;Cigliano, Maria Marta;Heller, Klaus-Gerhard;Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta;Grzywacz, Beata;Linde, Jackson;Uluar, Onur;Ngoute, Charly Oumarou;Song, Hojun	Hemp, Claudia, Ritchie, J. Mark, Cigliano, Maria Marta, Heller, Klaus-Gerhard, Warchalowska-Śliwa, Elżbieta, Grzywacz, Beata, Linde, Jackson, Uluar, Onur, Ngoute, Charly Oumarou, Song, Hojun (2025): Out of sight, out of mind? Ixalidiidae, a new family of African forest grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Acridoidea) revealed by molecular phylogenetics and genital morphology. Zoosystema 47 (24): 489-553, DOI: 10.5252/zoosystema2025v47a24, URL: https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/zoosystema2025v47a24.pdf
