identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03FA87C9A221EE01B3A0FB5EFE72EEA4.text	03FA87C9A221EE01B3A0FB5EFE72EEA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum	<div><p>CINNAMOMUM</p><p>Cinnamomum Schaeff. (1760) 268, 269 (nom. cons, fide Dandy 1967: 40); Blume (1826) 568; Merr. (1921) 272; Cammerl. (1925) 446; Merr. (1929) 77; Masam. (1942) 308; F.G. Browne (1955) 211; Kosterm. (1957) 233; (1964) 1267;P.F. Burgess (1966) 332;J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 222;Kosterm. (1986) 1; Kessler &amp; Sidiy. (1994) 152; Rohwer (1993) 381; Coode et al. (1996) 151; Argent et al. (1997) 308; Beaman et al. (2001) 398; van der Werff (2001) 135.</p><p>(see Kostermans (1986) for all generic synonyms and references)</p><p>Shrubs or trees to 50 m tall, with or without buttresses. Bark, root and crushed leaves often with a characteristic smell of cinnamon (cinnamic aldehyde), cloves (eugenol), sassafras (safrole), camphor (camphor) or a combination of these odours. Twig terete or angular, usually apically angular or subangular, 1–5 mm diam, hairy or glabrous. Terminal buds not perulate or rarely perulate, glabrous or hairy. Leaves opposite to subopposite or rarely alternate, rarely at twig-end the leaves are arranged closely in spiral; triplinerved, trinerved or rarely penninerved, if trinerved or triplinerved, the lateral veins ascend toward the leaf tip or between 1/2– 2/ 3 of the lamina length; mature blades glabrous above, glabrous or hairy below, frequently glaucous below, margin entire; major intercostal veins scalariform, subscalariform or rarely reticulate; minor intercostal veins reticulate or scalariform. Inflorescences axillary or subterminal; paniculate-cymose with 1–3 order branching, flowers of the ultimate</p><p>© 2011 Nationaal Herbarium Nederland branch arranged in cyme, rarely racemiform; rachis angular; bracts caducous or persistent. Flowers bisexual, trimerous, appressed hairy; receptacle tube shallow, 0.5 – 3 mm deep; perianth lobes 6 in 2 whorls, equal; fertile stamens 9, in 3 whorls, filaments 1/4–3/4 the length of stamen; anthers 2- or 4-locular, if 4-locular the locules of the upper pair smaller than that of the lower pair, anther of the first and second whorls of stamens introrse, those of the third whorl extrorse-latrorse; third whorl stamens with 2 stipitate reniform glands attached on each side of the filaments; the gland stalks free or fused with the filaments; staminodes 3, in the fourth whorl, stipitate, hairy, apex sagittate or hastate; ovary superior, stigma subpeltate, peltate, discoid or trilobed. Fruits ellipsoid, obovoid, ovoid to globose seated on cupule, drupaceous, epicarp waxy, glabrous, pericarp thin or thick, often fragrant; cupule small to well-developed, subtending the lower part of the fruit; perianth lobes persistent, partly persistent or caducous. Seeds 1 per fruit, smooth, glabrous; endosperm absent; germination hypogeal.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A221EE01B3A0FB5EFE72EEA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A224EE06B3A0FD6CFD4BE95D.text	03FA87C9A224EE06B3A0FD6CFD4BE95D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees & T. Nees) Blume	<div><p>2. Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees &amp; T.Nees) Blume — Map 1</p><p>Cinnamomum burmannii (Nees &amp; T.Nees) Blume (1826) 569; P.F. Burgess (1966) 332; Kosterm. (1986) 37; Coode et al. (1996) 151; Beaman et al. (2001) 398. — Laurus burmannii Nees &amp; T. Nees (1823) 57. — Cinnamomum kiamis Nees (1831) 75, nom. illeg. — Type: Blume s.n. (lecto L, barcode L0035722, here designated; iso L, barcode L0035724), West Java.</p><p>Cinnamomum chinense Blume (1826) 569. — Type: Blume s.n. (holo L, barcode L0035745), Java, introduced from China.</p><p>Laurus dulcis Roxb. [(1814) 30, nom. nud.] (1832) 303. — Persea dulcis (Roxb.) Spreng. (1825) 268. — Type: Roxburgh s.n. = Wallich Numer. List 2581A (1831) (lecto K-W, here designated; iso BM, BR n.v., P).</p><p>Cinnnamomum mutabile Blume ex Miq. (1864) 264,syn. nov. — Type: Anon. s.n. (holo L, barcode L0035729), Java.</p><p>Cinnamomum mindanaense Elmer (1910) 705. — Type: Elmer 11105 (lecto K, here designated; iso A n.v., L, NY, US), the Philippines, Mindanao .</p><p>Cinnamomum macrostemon Hayata (1913) 160, syn. nov. — Type: S. Nagasawa 155 (holo TI n.v.; iso K, L), Taiwan, Tainan, April 1910.</p><p>Cinnamomum hainanense Nakai (1939) 24. — Type: Lei 151 (holo TI n.v.; iso NY, US), Hainan, Ching Mai District, Kwei Shu, Pak Shik Ling and vicinity, 21 Oct 1932.</p><p>Tree to 20 m tall, 12– 40 cm diam. Bark smooth, greyish brown; inner bark fragrant; sapwood yellowish. Twigs slender, terete, 2 – 3 mm diam, apically subangular, glabrous, dark brown to blackish. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 2 mm long, densely covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, pale greenish brown, triplinerved, chartaceous, glabrous below; blade not bullate, without domatia, lanceolate, (6–)8 –12(–15) by 2 –4.5 cm, base cuneate, apex acute with blunt tip, tapering gradually, acumen indistinct; midrib raised on both sides, less than 1 mm broad; lateral veins raised on both sides, extending to about 2/3 –3/4 the length of blade; major intercostal veins slender, subscalariform, c. 2 mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins faint, reticulate; petiole slender, distinctly grooved above, glabrous, 1–1.5 cm long, less than 1 mm diam. Inflorescences axillary or subterminal, slender, paniculate-cymose with first order branching, 2–12 cm long; rachis to 1 mm broad, minutely appressed hairy. Flowers minutely appressed hairy; pedicels slender, 3 –5 mm long; hypanthium 1–1.5 mm high; perianth lobes oblanceolate, c. 5 mm long, appressed hairy on both sides; fertile stamens 3– 3.5 mm long, anthers 4-locular, oblong with truncate apex, filaments c. 3/4 the length of the stamen; glands shortly stalked or subsessile attached on each side at the middle or lower half of filaments; staminodes c. 1.5 mm long, sagittate; ovary ellipsoid, c. 1 mm across, stigma trilobed. Infructescences 4 –8 cm long. Fruits ellipsoid or oblanceoloid with pointed tip, c. 10 by 5 mm; cupule funnel-shaped, shallow, c. 2 mm high, c. 3 mm diam, glabrous; perianth lobes partially persistent, abscised at c. 1/3 the length of the perianth lobes, leaving behind truncate apex, 1–1.5 mm long; pedicel, 5– 8 mm long, c. 1 mm diam, glabrous.</p><p>Distribution — Sabah (Keningau, Lahad Datu, Ranau, Sandakan and Sipitang district) and Kalimantan. This species is widely distributed, occurring in Mauritius, Southern China, Indo-China, Sumatra, Java, Sulawesi and Nusa Tenggara, Hong Kong and Japan.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Borneo known mainly from secondary forest, villages and abandoned plantations at altitudes to 1500 m. In Borneo this species is introduced and naturalised.</p><p>Uses — In Sabah, the bark is used for cooking, as a condiment and eaten fresh as snack. The leaves are used as tea (Christensen 376) and as a charm by the local people by hanging them on the wall in the house of the sick patient. (For more detail on general usage see Nguyên et al. 1999.)</p><p>Note — This species is easily discriminated by its glabrous leaf blades, lateral veins extending to about 2/3– 3/4 of the blade length and partially persistent perianth lobes on cupule.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A224EE06B3A0FD6CFD4BE95D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A227EE06B16AFA4CFCFCE9C7.text	03FA87C9A227EE06B16AFA4CFCFCE9C7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum calciphilum Kosterm.	<div><p>3. Cinnamomum calciphilum Kosterm. — Map 1</p><p>Cinnamomum calciphilum Kosterm.(1969) 456; (1970b) 34;J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 222. — Type: Anderson S 15285 (holo BO; iso K, L, SAR, SING), Sarawak, Bau district, Gunung Staat .</p><p>Cinnamomum arbusculum Kosterm. (1970b) 31; J. A. R. Anderson (1980) 222, syn. nov. — Type: Anderson S 4726 (holo SAR; iso BO), Sarawak, Miri district, Gunung Mulu National Park, Gunung Api .</p><p>Small tree to 12 m tall, to 10 cm diam. Bark greyish brown. Twigs slender or stout, terete, 1– 2 mm diam, apically subangular, minute straight appressed hairy when young, glabrescent, brownish to dark brown. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, 2– 3 mm long, densely covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, pale yellowish brown, triplinerved or trinerved, coriaceous or thickly coriaceous, glabrous below; blade not bullate, without domatia, ovate, broadly ovate, oblong-elliptic or lanceolate, (1.5–)4–13 by (1.5–)2– 5(– 6) cm, base rounded, cuneate, or cordate, apex acute with blunt tip; midrib flat above, smoothly raised below, to 1 mm broad; lateral veins flat above, smoothly raised below, extending to 2/3 of blade length; major intercostal veins slender, subscalariform or reticulate, if subscalariform 2– 4 mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins indistinct, reticulate; petiole slender, flat above, sparsely minute-appressed hairy, 0.5 – 2.5 cm long, 1–2 mm diam. Inflorescences axillary and/or subterminal, slender, lax, paniculate-cymose with first order branching, 4 –10 cm long; rachis to 1 mm broad, minutely hairy. Flowers drying greyish to reddish brown, appressed hairy; pedicels slender, 2 –4 mm long; hypanthium c. 2 mm high; perianth lobes broadly ovate, c. 2 mm long, covered with curly hairs outside, straight appressed hairy inside; fertile stamens c. 2 mm long, anthers 4-locular, broadly ovoid, filaments c. 1/2 the length of the stamen; glands shortly stalked attached on each side at the middle of filaments; staminodes 1–1.5 mm long, sagittate; ovary subglobose, c. 2 mm across, stigma trilobed. Fruits ovoid, c. 1 by 0.5 cm; cupule crateriform, shallow, 2 –3 mm high, 5– 6 mm diam, rim entire, undulating, minute-appressed hairy or glabrous; perianth lobes caducous; pedicel stout, 2 –4 mm long, minute-appressed hairy or glabrous.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo: known only from Sarawak (Bau, Kuching and Miri districts).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Restricted to limestone hills where it is frequently found on peat soil at altitudes to 1300 m.</p><p>Note — The type specimens of C. arbusculum and C. calciphilum can be differentiated on the basis of tree size (1 m tall vs 3 –12 m tall), petiole length (stout, 5 –8 mm long vs slender, 1–2 cm long), leaf texture (very rigidly coriaceous vs rigidly coriaceous), leaf size (2– 5 by 3 –7 cm vs 2 – 4 by 4 –12 cm), leaf shape (ovate to ovate-suborbicular vs ovate-elliptical to lanceolate), leaf base (sub-cordate or rarely rounded vs shortly acute). However, after having re-examined the types and additional specimens, I find that both taxa cannot be maintained as different species. The differences seen in C. arbusculum and C. calciphilum measurement in height, petiole length and leaf blade strongly correlate with altitude, and. C. arbusculum may well be a dwarf form of C. calciphilum . Both species are restricted to limestone habitat but differ in that C. arbusculum is found in montane forest at altitudes to 1300 m and C. calciphilum in lowlands. Specimen S 37382 from lowland limestone is an intermediate form between the two species in having both types of leaf shape (ovate, elliptical and lanceolate) and base (rounded, acute and sub-cordate base). More importantly, the cupules of both species are of the same type in being small, with caducous perianth lobes and undulating rim. The venations of both species are similar in that the lateral veins extend 2/3 of the blade length and the minor intercostal veins are densely and minutely reticulate. This agrees with Kostermans’ observation on the lower leaf surfaces of C. calciphilum (“obscurely densely pitted”) and C. arbusculum (“obscurely, minutely subareolatereticulate”).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A227EE06B16AFA4CFCFCE9C7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A227EE07B3A0F9F3FE20EFAC.text	03FA87C9A227EE07B3A0F9F3FE20EFAC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum corneri Kosterm.	<div><p>4. Cinnamomum corneri Kosterm. — Map 2</p><p>Cinnamomum corneri Kosterm. (1970b) 36; J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 223; Beaman et al. (2001) 398. — Type: Carson SAN 28012 (holo SING; iso BO, K, KEP, PNH, SAN, SAR), Sabah, Ranau district.</p><p>Small tree to 6 m tall, to 12 cm diam. Bark smooth, whitish brown to dark greyish brown; inner bark reddish to light brown; sapwood whitish or yellowish. Twigs terete, 2 – 3 mm diam, apically subangular, glabrous, drying blackish, discolorous to leaf blade. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 2 mm long, densely covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, drying pale yellowish brown, trinerved or triplinerved, thinly coriaceous, glabrous below; blade not bullate, without domatia, ovate to lanceolate, 8 –16 by 3.5– 6 cm, base cuneate, apex acute with blunt tip; midrib raised on both sides, to 1 mm broad; lateral veins raised on both sides, extending to the tip of blade; major intercostal veins raised, slender, subscalariform, 2 –4 mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins distinctly raised, reticulate; petiole slender, flat above, glabrous, 0.7–1.5 cm long, c. 1 mm diam, drying blackish, discolorous to leaves blade. Inflorescences axillary, and/or subterminal, stout, paniculate-cymose with second or third order branching, 5.5–19 cm long; rachis c. 1 mm broad, appressed hairy. Flowers drying greyish appressed hairy; pedicels slen- der, 3– 4 mm long; hypanthium 1–1.5 mm high; perianth lobes elliptic, 2 –2.5 mm long, appressed hairy on both sides; fertile stamens 1.5 –2 mm long, anthers ovoid with truncate or obtuse tip, anthers 2- or 4-locular, filaments 1/3–1/2 the length of the stamen; glands sessile on each side at the middle of filaments; staminodes 1–1.5 mm long, sagittate; ovary oblong, 1–1.5 mm long, stigma trilobed. Fruits ellipsoid, c. 1 by 0.5 cm; cupule funnel-shaped, c. 5 mm high, 5– 6 mm diam, rim entire, not undulating, appressed hairy; perianth lobes caducous; pedicel stout, obconical, c. 4 mm long, apex c. 3 mm diam, tapering gradually to the base c. 1 mm diam.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo: known only in Sabah (Ranau district).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary mixed dipterocarp and lower montane forest at altitudes of 1200 –1700 m.</p><p>Vernacular name — Kayu manis (Malay).</p><p>Note — Cinnamomum corneri resembles C. pendulum but differs in having a cupule that is deeply funnel-shaped with a smooth rim (vs shallow cup-shaped and rim undulating). Specimen S 22108 which was cited by Kostermans (1970b) as C. corneri belongs to C. pendulum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A227EE07B3A0F9F3FE20EFAC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A226EE08B16AFC5EFDE4EDA4.text	03FA87C9A226EE08B16AFC5EFDE4EDA4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum crassinervium Miq.	<div><p>5. Cinnamomum crassinervium Miq. — Map 2</p><p>Cinnamomum crassinervium Miq. (1864) 264; Merr. (1921) 272; Cammerl. (1925) 488;Masam.(1942) 308;Kosterm.(1970b) 37;J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 222. — Type: Mueller s.n. (holo L, barcode L0035758), Kalimantan.</p><p>Cinnamomum endlicheriicarpum Kosterm. (1969) 460; (1970b) 57, syn. nov. — Type: Sekalang BRUN 5285 (holo BO; iso K, KEP, L, SAR, SING), Brunei.</p><p>Tree to 25 m tall, to 16 cm diam. Bark whitish, greyish brown or dark brown; sapwood yellowish white. Twigs terete, 2 – 3 mm diam, apically angular, glabrous, yellowish brown. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 4 mm long, glabrous. Leaves opposite or subopposite, trinerved or triplinerved, coriaceous to thinly coriaceous, glabrous below; blade not bullate, without domatia, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, obovate, ovate, oblanceolate or lanceolate, (7–)13– 22(– 26) by (2.5 –)3 –7(– 9) cm, base cuneate to rounded, apex acute or acuminate, acumen 1– 2 cm long; midrib to 1 mm broad, raised on both surfaces; lateral veins distinctly raised on both sides, extending to the base of acumen; major intercostal veins 1–2 mm apart, obscure, slender, scalariform, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins indistinct, reticulate; petiole, (0.8 –) 1–1.5 cm long, 1.5– 2 mm diam, glabrous, grooved above. Inflorescences axillary, and/or subterminal, paniculate-cymose with second or third order of branching, c. 16 cm long; rachis c. 1 mm broad, appressed hairy. Flowers appressed hairy, yellowish when fresh; pedicels 3 – 6 mm long, c. 0.5 mm diam; hypanthium inconspicuous; perianth lobes elliptic, c. 2 mm long; fertile stamens c. 2 mm long, anthers of the first and second whorl of stamens 4-locular, those of the third whorl 2- or 4-locular, ovoid with truncate apex, filaments c. 1/2 the length of the stamen; glands sessile and attached at the base of filaments; staminodes c. 0.5 mm long, sagittate; ovary subglobose, to 1 mm across, stigma trilobed. Fruits oblong, c. 2 by 1 cm, depressed at apex with pointed tip; cupule funnel-shaped, thick, 1 cm high, 1 cm diam, glabrous; perianth lobes persistent, oblong ovate, large, 1–1.5 by 1–1.5 cm, plicate, thickly coriaceous, glabrous; pedicel obconical, triangular in cross-section, 0.5–1 cm long, apex to 0.5 cm diam, base c. 2 mm diam.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo: Sabah (Kinabatangan, Labuk Sagut, Pensiangan and Ranau districts), Sarawak (Belaga, Bintulu, Kuching, Lawas, Lubok Antu, Marudi, Miri and Samarahan districts), Brunei and East Kalimantan.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp, kerangas, lower submontane forest and limestone forest at altitudes to 600 m.</p><p>Vernacular names — Medang emparawas, Medang tiga, Medang tiga urat, Medang tija (all Malay), Wale (Murut).</p><p>Uses — In Borneo, a paste from crushed leaves and bark is applied to the forehead to treat headache. The root decoction is used for stomach ache.</p><p>Notes — 1. In 1969, Kostermans described C. endlicheriicarpum based on BRUN 5285. However, this specimen belongs to C. crassinervium because it shows the characteristics of C. crassinervium such as prominent midrib and lateral veins, glabrous blade and cupule that is deep and surrounded by enlarged and plicate perianth lobes.</p><p>2. Kostermans (1970b) included BNBFD 3159 and S 27141 under C. pendulum but these two specimens in my opinion belong to C. crassinervium .</p><p>3. This species together with C. lawang are distinguished from other Cinnamomum species of Borneo by their enlarged fleshy cupule and perianth lobes. The continuous growth of perianth lobes in the fruiting stage is unusual in Cinnamomum, particularly in C. crassinervium where they become plicate and enlarged (1–1.5 by 1–1.5 cm) to tightly fit on the cupule.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A226EE08B16AFC5EFDE4EDA4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A229EE08B16AFE5CFAD5ED41.text	03FA87C9A229EE08B16AFE5CFAD5ED41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum cuspidatum Miq.	<div><p>6. Cinnamomum cuspidatum Miq. — Map 2</p><p>Cinnamomum cuspidatum Miq.(1864) 262;Cammerl.(1925) 489; Kosterm. (1970b) 39; Kochummen (1989) 126; Kessler &amp; Sidiy. (1994) 155; Coode et al. (1996) 151. — Type: Korthals s.n. (lecto L, barcode L0035772, here designated;iso K, L, barcodes L0035768,L0035769,L0035770,L0035771, L0035773, L0035774; iso U, barcode U0002652), Sumatra.</p><p>Cinnamomum graciliflorum Gamble (1910) 218. — Type: Scortechini 1228 (lecto K, here designated;iso BM,E), Peninsular Malaysia, Perak, Gunung Ijuk. — Syntype: Wray 3664 (K), Upper Perak .</p><p>Cinnamomum caudifolium Kosterm.(1969) 457; J. A. R. Anderson (1980) 222, syn. nov. — Type: Brunig S 1123 (holo BO; iso SAR), Brunei, Temburong, Pandaruan river .</p><p>Cinnamomum malayanum Kosterm.(1988) 444. — Type: Mohd. Shah 1575 (holo L; iso K, KEP, SING), Peninsular Malaysia, Pahang, Bukit Tenom, Ulu Keniyam .</p><p>Small tree to 7.5 m tall. Bark smooth, purplish brown; inner bark purplish brown; sapwood light pinkish brown. Twigs slender, 1–2 mm diam, apically terete, glabrous, drying light brown. Terminal buds not perulate, covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, trinerved, chartaceous to thinly coriaceous, glabrous below; blade not bullate, without domatia, rounded or elliptic, (5–)7–12(–15) by (2–)3 –4(–5) cm, base cuneate to narrowly cuneate, apex caudate, abruptly constricted, forming a slender and appendage-like acumen, (0.5–) 1– 3 cm long; midrib to 1 mm broad, raised or flat on both sides; lateral veins raised or flattened on both sides, extending to the base of acumen; major intercostal veins slender, 1–2(– 5) mm apart, subscalariform, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins indistinct, reticulate; petiole c. 1 cm long, c. 1 mm diam, glabrous, deeply grooved above. Inflorescences axillary and/or subterminal, paniculate-cymose with first order branching, 4 – 6 cm long; rachis 1– 2 mm broad, appressed hairy. Flowers drying greyish, appressed hairy; pedicels 3 – 5 mm long; hypanthium c. 1 mm high; perianth lobes, ovate elliptic, c. 2 mm long, appressed hairy; fertile stamens 1–1.5 mm long; anthers 2- or 4-locular, ovoid to narrowly ovoid with rounded or obtuse tip, filaments c. 3/4 the length of the stamen, broad, transparent; glands sessile, attached at the middle of filaments; staminodes c. 1 mm long, sagittate; ovary subglobose, c. 1 mm across; stigma trilobed. Fruits broadly ellipsoid, 1–1.3 by 1 cm; cupule funnel-shaped, 3 –5 mm high, 5–10 mm diam; perianth lobes persistent, hardened, triangular, c. 2 mm long, appressed hairy; pedicel obconical, thick, 5 mm long.</p><p>Distribution — Sarawak (Lawas and Miri districts) and Brunei. This species is also distributed in Sumatra, Java, Peninsular Malaysia.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest and kerangas forest at altitudes to 1000 m.</p><p>Vernacular names — Medang lawang (Malay), Nyarung (Punan).</p><p>Note — Cinnamomum caudifolium from Borneo was distinguished on the basis of rounded or elliptic leaf shape ((5 –)7–12 (–15) by (2–)3 – 4(– 5) cm), long acumen ((0.5–) 1– 3 cm) and 2-locular anthers, but C. malayanum and C. graciliflorum from Peninsular Malaysia and C. cuspidatum from Sumatra and Java have an elongate-elliptic leaf shape (10 –17 by 3 – 4 cm), short acumen (0.5– 2 cm) and 2- or 4-locular anthers. Despite the variations in the leaves and anthers, I am of the opinion that C. caudifolium, C. graciliflorum and C. malayanum belong to C. cuspidatum because they share similar characters in having a funnel-shaped cupule with persistent hardened perianth lobes, slender and short (4–6 cm long) axillary or subterminal inflorescence with first order branching, glabrous leaf, distinctly grooved petiole and caudate leaf apex. The foregoing characters also distinguished C. cuspidatum from other Bornean species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A229EE08B16AFE5CFAD5ED41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A229EE08B3A0FE75FAA5EAAD.text	03FA87C9A229EE08B3A0FE75FAA5EAAD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum grandifolium Cammerl.	<div><p>7. Cinnamomum grandifolium Cammerl. — Map 3</p><p>Cinnamomum grandifolium Cammerl. (1925) 477; Kosterm. (1964) 298. — Type: Jaheri 533 (holo BO; iso L), West Kalimantan, Sungai Bulu .</p><p>Treelet to 5 m tall. Bark smooth, greyish brown. Twigs stout, thick, terete, c. 5 mm diam, apically quadrangular, glabrous, dark brown. Terminal buds not perulate, glabrous, c. 5 mm long. Leaves opposite, triplinerved, coriaceous, glabrous below; blade without domatia, elliptic (young leaves) to oblong-elliptic (mature leaves), 35–48 by 14– 21 cm, base cuneate, apex tapered, often gnawed; midrib glossy and prominently raised on both sides, 1–1.5 mm broad, lateral veins glossy and prominently raised on both sides, extending to the leaf apex, slightly looping and joining near margin; major intercostal veins distinctly raised below, glossy, as prominent as midrib, subscalariform, c. 5–15 mm apart; minor intercostal veins indistinct, reticulate; petioles stout 1–3 cm long, cylindrical, flattish or slightly grooved above. Inflorescences subterminal, stout, paniculate-cymose with second order branching, many-flowered, glabrous, c. 40 cm long; rachis c. 2 mm broad, glabrous. Flowers glabrous; pedicels 1–3 mm long; hypanthium to 0.5 mm high; perianth lobes coriaceous, ovate, c. 2 mm long, outer surface glabrous with fimbriate margins, inner surface covered with appressed hairs; fertile stamens c. 1.5 mm long, anthers 2-locular, oblong with truncate tip; staminodes c. 1 mm long, broadly hastate; glands reniform, attached to the middle of the filaments; ovary globose, c. 1 mm diam, stigma peltate. Fruits ellipsoid, c. 2 by 1 cm; cupule funnel-shaped, deep, c. 7 mm high, c. 1 cm diam, glabrous; perianth lobes persistent, triangular, c. 2 mm high; pedicel c. 1 cm long, obconical, c. 5 mm diam at apex.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo: Sarawak (Lawas and Marudi districts) and West Kalimantan.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Lowland species.</p><p>Vernacular name — Temale (Murut).</p><p>Uses — A root decoction is used to treat stomach ache.</p><p>Note — This species which is collected from Lawas and Marudi districts (S 32789 and S 91386) is a new record for Sarawak. It is a remarkable species with enormous leaves and is often confused with another large leaf species, C. kerangas . However, C. grandifolium differs from C. kerangas in having 2-locular anthers (vs 4-locular), glabrous leaf (vs sparsely and minutely hairy), distinctly raised and glossy intercostal veins (vs faint) and funnel-shaped cupule (vs cup-shaped).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A229EE08B3A0FE75FAA5EAAD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A229EE09B3A0F959FB7DE943.text	03FA87C9A229EE09B3A0F959FB7DE943.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum iners Blume	<div><p>8. Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume — Map 3</p><p>Cinnamomum iners Reinw.ex Blume (1826) 570;Merr.(1921) 273;Cammerl. (1925) 471; Merr. (1929) 77; Masam. (1942) 309; F.G. Browne (1955) 215; J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 223; Coode et al. (1996) 151; Argent et al. (1997) 310. — Cinnamomum nitidum Hook. var. iners Miq. (1864) 258. — Type: Reinwardt s.n. (holo L, barcode L0035811), Java.</p><p>Cinnamomum eucalyptoides Nees (1831) 73. — Type: Wallich Numer. List 2582C (lecto K-W,here designated),Hortus Botanicus Calcuttensis. — Syntype: Wallich Numer. List 2583B (K-W), Hortus Botanicus Calcuttensis.</p><p>Cinnamomum neglectum Blume (1836) 38. — Cinnamomum javanicum Blume var. neglectum Meisn. (1864) 10. — Type: Kuhl &amp; v. Hasselt s.n. (holo L, barcode L0035821), Java, Mt Kaputiang .</p><p>Cinnamomum nitidum Hook.var. spurium Blume (1836) 39, t. 6, f. 1. — Type: Blume s.n. (holo L, barcode L0035822), West Java, Tjiawi .</p><p>Cinnamomum nitidum Hook. var. subcuneatum Blume (1836) 40, t. 13, f. 2. — Type: Blume s.n. (holo L, barcode L0035823), Java.</p><p>Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume var. latum Blume (1836) 42, t. 18. — Type: Spanoghe s.n. (holo L, barcode L0035813), Sumatra, Bantam.</p><p>Cinnamomum pseudosintok Miq. (1858) 902. — Type: Junghuhn s.n. (K, U n.v.), Java, Preanger .</p><p>Cinnamomum calyculatum Miq. (1860) 358. — Type: Teijsmann s.n. (holo L, barcode L0035815), Sumatra.</p><p>Cinnamomum laxiflorum Meisn. (1864) 21. — Type: de Vriese s.n. (holo K, barcode K000227502), Java.</p><p>Cinnamomum dasyanthum Miq. (1864) 259. — Type: Korthals s.n. (lecto L, barcode L0035818,here designated;iso L, barcodes L0035816, L0035817, L0035819), Sumatra.</p><p>Cinnamomum iners Reinw. ex Blume var. angustifolium Ridl. (1924) 93. — Type: Ridley 14516 (lecto SING, here designated), Temengoh, Perak, Peninsular Malaysia 1909. — Syntype: Ridley s.n. (SING), Peninsular Malaysia, Kelantan, Chaning river bank, Feb. 1917.</p><p>Possible synonyms (see note 1):</p><p>Cinnamomum nitidum Hook. (1827) 176. — Type: not designated (possibly described from living cultivated plant).</p><p>Laurus nitida Roxb. [(1814) 30] (1832) 300.— Cinnamomum nitidum (Roxb.) Nees (1831) 73, non Hook., nom. illeg. — Type: Roxburgh s.n. (n.v.), cultivated in Hortus Botanicus Calcuttensis, from Sumatra.</p><p>Cinnamomum nitidum Hook. var. oblongifolia Blume (1834) 64. — Type: Blume s.n. (L, not found), Java.</p><p>Cinnamomum nitidum Hook. forma angustifolia Miq. (1864) 258. — Type: Zollinger 3589 (L, not found).</p><p>Cinnamomum nitidum Hook. forma borneensis Miq. (1864) 258. — Type: Korthals s.n. (L, not found), Borneo.</p><p>Tree or small tree 4 –12 m tall, c. 14 cm diam. Bark smooth; inner bark yellowish. Twigs stout or slender, terete, 2– 3 mm diam, apically terete to subangular, drying dark brown to black. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, 2– 4 mm long, densely covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves opposite to subopposite, drying pale green, trinerved, coriaceous, shiny and hairy above, hairy below, the hairs sparsely distributed, minute, short (to c. 0.2 mm), appressed and straight; blade not bullate, without domatia, ovate, oblong-elliptic to lanceolate, 8–12 by 4–7 cm, base rounded to cuneate, apex acute, tip often gnawed; midrib smoothly raised on both sides, to 1 mm broad; lateral veins raised on both sides, extending to the leaf tip; major intercostal veins raised, slender, subscalariform, 2– 5 mm apart; minor intercostal veins faint, reticulate; petiole stout, subterete, shallowly grooved above, glabrescent, c. 0.5 cm long, 1– 2 mm diam. Inflorescences axillary or subterminal, slender, drying blackish, paniculate-cymose with up to third order branching, up to 16 cm long; rachis angular, 1–2 mm broad, densely to sparsely covered with short straight appressed hairs; bracts caducous. Flowers hairy, drying silky and greyish; pedicels slender, 3 – 5 mm long; hypanthium 1– 3 mm high; perianth lobes elliptic, c. 1.5 –2.5 mm long, appressed pilose on both side; fertile stamen 1.5–2.5 mm long, anthers oblong ovate with truncate or obtuse tip; that of first and second whorl 4-locular, of third whorl 2- or 4-locular; filament 2/3–3/4 the length of the stamen; glands stalked on each side at the lower half of filaments; staminodes 1–1.5 mm long, apex hastate; ovary subglobose, 1–1.5 mm long, stigma trilobed. Infructescences 8 –12 cm long. Fruits ellipsoid or obovoid with pointed tip, c. 10 by 8 mm; cupule inconspicuous, very shallow, 1 mm high, 2 mm diam, appressed hairy; perianth lobes persistent, elliptic or ovate, 2 by 1–2 mm; pedicel slender, 3 – 4 mm long, c. 1 mm diam, minute-appressed hairy.</p><p>Distribution — Sarawak (Kuching district) and Sabah (Kota Kinabalu district). This species is widely distributed in Southeast Asia in Indochina, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia, Java and the Philippines.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Borneo possibly naturalised, along roadsides and frequently found in open areas and secondary forest.</p><p>Vernacular names — Medang teja (Malay).</p><p>Uses — In Borneo, this species is planted as landscape trees. For more detail on general usage see Ibrahim et al. 1995.</p><p>Notes — 1. Cinnamomum nitidum and its infraspecific taxa that were described from the Malesian region have been associated with C. iners by Blume (1836) and Cammerloher (1925), and in my opinion possibly belong here. The types need to be located and identified in order to determine their correct status. I did not have the opportunity to look for any possible type of Laurus nitida . The plate of Laurus nitida in Roxburgh’s Flora Indica (1832) is not informative enough to confirm the species identity. I was not able to locate the infraspecific types of C. nitidum in L.</p><p>2. Cinnamomum iners in Borneo and Peninsular Malaysia is probably naturalised since plants are frequently found along roadside and in secondary forest. In Java, where it grows naturally in forest, the fruit cupule is considerably larger than the Bornean and Peninsular Malaysian specimens (4– 5 mm high, 4 –6 mm diam vs 1 mm high, 2 mm diam).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A229EE09B3A0F959FB7DE943	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A22BEE0AB16AFF9EFC7EEE57.text	03FA87C9A22BEE0AB16AFF9EFC7EEE57.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum javanicum Blume	<div><p>9. Cinnamomum javanicum Blume — Map 3</p><p>Cinnamomum javanicum Blume (1826) 570; Merr. (1921) 272; Masam. (1942) 309; Kosterm.(1970b) 47; J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 223; Coode et al. (1996) 151; Argent et al. (1997) 310. — Type: Blume s.n. (lecto L, barcode L0035826, here designated), West Java, Bantam, Harriang.</p><p>Laurus pseudocassia Reinw. ex Blume (1823) 67, nom. nud. — Representative specimen: Blume 1440 (L, barcode L0035825), Java.</p><p>Melastoma reinwardtianum Blume (1826) 1069. — Type: Reinwardt s.n. (holo L, barcode L0035833), Java.</p><p>Cinnamomum sulphuratum Nees var. β Miq. (1858) 891. — Type: Blume s.n. (holo L, barcode L0035827), Java.</p><p>Medium-sized to large tree to 35 m tall, to 35 cm diam. Bark smooth or lenticellate, whitish or greyish; inner bark fibrous, yellowish, brownish, reddish brown or orange; sapwood yellowish white. Twigs stout, terete to subangular, 2 – 5 mm diam, apically angular, densely hairy, glabrescent, yellowish brown to dark brown. Terminal buds not perulate, conical or ellipsoid, c. 3 –5 mm long, densely covered with curly hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, trinerved, thinly coriaceous to coriaceous, densely covered with curly hairy below, sometimes glabrescent, if so remnant of indumentum always present near midrib below; without domatia, elliptic to oblong elliptic, 12– 25(–35) by 5 –12 cm, base cuneate to slightly rounded, apex acuminate to mucronate with pointed or blunt tip, acumen 0.5 –2 cm long; midrib raised and prominent on both sides, angular below, c. 1 mm wide; lateral veins raised and prominent on both sides, extending to the base of acumen or leaf tip; major intercostal veins impressed above, making the blade bullate, prominently raised below, usually as distinct as midrib, scalariform, 2 –(5–10) mm apart; minor intercostal veins distinct and raised, scalariform; petiole stout, terete, hairy or glabrescent, 1–2 cm long, 1–4 mm diam. Inflorescences subterminal, paniculate-cymose with second or third order of branching, (5–) 13– 25 cm long, densely hairy, yellowish brown; rachis stout, 1– 4 mm broad; bracts occasionally persistent, if persistent, elliptic, c. 3 – 8 mm long. Flowers drying yellowish hairy; pedicels stout, 2 –3(–5) mm long, c. 1 mm diam; hypanthium c. 1 mm high; perianth lobes elliptic to broadly elliptic, densely hairy, (1.5–)2– 2.5(– 3.5) mm long; fertile stamens 2 –2.5 mm long, anthers 2- or 4-locular, ovoid with obtuse or truncate tip, filaments c. 1/3–1/2 the length of the stamen; glands large, sessile to shortly stalked, attached at the middle or base of filaments; staminodes 1–2 mm long, hastate; ovary ovoid or subglobose, c. 1 mm across, stigma subpeltate. Fruits ellipsoid with acute tip, c. 1 by 0.8 cm; cupule cup-shaped, 2 – 4 mm high, c. 8 mm diam, hairy; perianth lobes persistent, broadly ovate, 3 – 5 by 2 –4 mm, hairy; pedicels 4 –5 mm long, 1–2 mm diam.</p><p>Distribution — Sarawak (Belaga, Kuching, Lawas, Limbang, Marudi and Miri districts), Sabah (Beaufort, Keningau, Kinabatangan, Labuk Sugut, Lahad Datu, Ranau, Sandakan, Sipitang, Tambunan, Tawau, Tenom and Tuaran districts), Brunei, and East and West Kalimantan. This species is also distributed in Sumatra, Java and Peninsular Malaysia.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary kerangas, mixed dipterocarp and submontane forests at 300–1300 m altitudes.</p><p>Vernacular names — Daun buluh (Malay),Gerung,Kayu lekua (both Kelabit), Medang (Iban).</p><p>Uses — The wood is used for house building. The plant is used medicinally with Kadsura scandens Blume to treat stomach ache and to initiate abortion (S 57064 and Christensen 252). The fume from burnt roots is used to repel evil spirits from the body (S 57046). The root decoction is drunk to treat fatigue and chest pain (Christensen 350).</p><p>Notes — 1. Blume (1826) in his original description did not indicate any specimen, but later (Blume 1836) he enumerated specimens collected by him from Harriang in Bantam, Preanger in West Java and Mt Burangrang in Krawang, and one specimen from Sumatra collected by Praetorius. The designated lectotype from Harriang is the only specimen that can be found in L while the rest cannot be confidently identified due to scanty labels. 2. Cinnamomum javanicum is easily recognised by its dense curly hairs on the lower leaf surface, prominent scalariform major and minor intercostal veins and bullate leaf blade. Kostermans (1970b) misidentified specimen SAN 16268 and SAN 21007 as C. bintuluense (synonym of C. tahijanum) which in my opinion belong to C. javanicum .</p><p>3. The leaves of C. javanicum are very variable in texture, size and venation. The lowland C. javanicum populations have stout vegetative and reproductive structures, strongly bullate leaves and prominent major intercostal veins. Those found at higher elevation in extreme conditions such as ultramafic soil, kerangas forest and montane forest have slender vegetative and reproductive structure, less bullate leaves and less prominent major intercostal veins.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A22BEE0AB16AFF9EFC7EEE57	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A22BEE0AB3A0FD43FC4DEBCC.text	03FA87C9A22BEE0AB3A0FD43FC4DEBCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum kerangas Kosterm.	<div><p>10. Cinnamomum kerangas Kosterm. — Map 4</p><p>Cinnamomum kerangas Kosterm. (1970b) 47; F.G. Browne (1955) 215; J. A. R. Anderson (1980) 223. — Type: Caroll S 2288 (holo SING; iso BM, KEP, SAN, SAR), Sarawak, Kuching district, Setapok Forest Reserve .</p><p>Small tree or shrub 6 –11 m tall, 6 –15 cm diam. Bark smooth, greyish brown, scented; inner bark fairly hard, brown; sapwood yellowish. Twigs distinctly quadrangular, 3 –5 mm diam, minute-appressed hairy, yellowish brown to dark brown. Terminal buds not perulate, greyish, c. 6 mm long, densely covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, scented, trinerved, coriaceous, below sparsely and minutely covered with straight appressed hairy; blade without domatia, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, 25– 45 by 7.5–12 cm, base cuneate, apex often gnawed; midrib and lateral veins prominently raised on both sides; lateral veins extending to the leaf tip; major intercostal veins faint, slender, scalariform to subscalariform, 2 –4 mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins indistinct; petiole stout, distinctly quadrangular, minute-appressed hairy, brown to dark brown, 1–2.5 cm long, 3 – 4 mm diam. Inflorescences subterminal, lax, paniculate-cymose with second and third order branching, 22– 27 cm long, many-flowered; rachis c. 1 mm broad, appressed hairy. Flowers drying greyish appressed hairy; pedicels slender, 2 –7 mm long; hypanthium c. 1 mm high; perianth lobes elliptic to oblong or obovate, densely hairy, c. 4 mm long; fertile stamens 2.5–3 mm long, anthers 4-locular, filaments slender, c. 2/3 the length of the stamen; glands attached at the middle of filaments; staminodes c. 2 mm long, sagittate; ovary subglobose, c. 2 mm across, stigma subpeltate. Fruits ellipsoid, c. 1 by 0.5 cm; cupule indistinct, consisting of persistent perianth lobes; perianth lobes appressed hairy, elliptic, c. 2 by 1 mm, upon drying recurved.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo: Sarawak (Kuching district) and West Kalimantan.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Peat swamp and kerangas forest on podsol soils, at altitudes to 30 m.</p><p>Vernacular name — Medang tija, Tija kerangas (both Malay).</p><p>Note — In Sarawak, this species is known only from Setapok Forest Reserve, Kuching district. Browne (1955) recognised the species under the vernacular name ‘Tija kerangas ( Cinnamomum sp.)’ and noted in general that the species is fairly common in certain part of Sarawak. More field collection and observation are needed to confirm this. In Kalimantan, this species is represented by only one collection from Pangkalan Batu, Singkawang.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A22BEE0AB3A0FD43FC4DEBCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A22AEE0BB16AFF9EFCE3ECC9.text	03FA87C9A22AEE0BB16AFF9EFCE3ECC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum kinabaluense Heine	<div><p>11. Cinnamomum kinabaluense Heine — Map 4</p><p>Cinnamomum kinabaluense Heine (1953) 213;Kosterm.(1964) 310; Beaman et al. (2001) 399. — Type: Clemens 32690 (holo M n.v.; iso BM, BO, K, L, NY), Sabah, Ranau District, Gunung Kinabalu, Gunung Nunkok.</p><p>Small tree or shrub 2 – 3 m tall. Twigs terete, 2 – 4 mm diam, apically angular, densely hairy or glabrescent, brown. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 5 mm long, densely covered with curly hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, triplinerved, coriaceous, densely covered with curly hairs or if becoming glabrescent, the remnant of indumentums always present near the midrib, indumentum drying yellowish; blade bullate in between midrib and lateral veins, without domatia, ovate elliptic to orbicular, (3–)5–7.5(–9) by (2–)3 –5(–6) cm, base usually rounded, rarely cuneate, apex acute to acuminate or obtuse, acumen 0.2– 0.5 mm long; midrib prominent and raised on both sides; lateral veins prominent and raised on both sides, extending to c. 3/4 the length of the blade; major intercostal veins faint, subscalariform, 3– 8 mm apart; minor intercostal veins faint, reticulate; petiole (5–) 8–10 mm long, 1–3 mm thick, flat above, widening at base of lamina, initially hairy then glabrescent. Inflorescences axillary and/or subterminal, paniculate-cymose with first or second order branching, 3–10 cm long, brownish hairy, few-flowered, branches 0.5–1 cm long, with 3– 6 flowers clustered at the tips. Flowers greyish; perianth lobes oblong to oblong obovate, densely appressed hairy, 2– 3 mm long; fertile stamens 1–2 mm long, anthers 2-locular, filaments c. 1/2 the length of the stamen; glands adnate at the middle part of filaments; staminodes 1.5–2 mm long, sagittate; ovary subglobose c. 1 mm long, ovary and style appressed hairy, stigma trilobed. Fruits globose, c. 5 by 5 mm; cupule shape, thick, c. 3 mm high, 5 – 6 mm diam, rim entire, undulating; perianth lobes caducous; pedicels c. 5 mm, obconical, hairy.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo: Sabah (Ranau and Tambunan districts) and Sarawak (Julau district).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In submontane forest at altitudes above 1200 m.</p><p>Note — This species is a new record for Sarawak collected from Julau district (S 50966). Previously, it was only known from Ranau district, Sabah. Cinnamomum kinabaluense resembles C. angustitepalum but differs by having a cupule with caducous perianth lobes (vs persistent), indumentum yellowish upon drying (vs reddish upon drying) and 2-locular anthers (vs 4-locular).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A22AEE0BB16AFF9EFCE3ECC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A22AEE0CB3A0FEFCFD9DEE81.text	03FA87C9A22AEE0CB3A0FEFCFD9DEE81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum lawang Kosterm.	<div><p>12. Cinnamomum lawang Kosterm. — Map 4</p><p>Cinnamomum lawang Kosterm.(1970b) 50, excl.specim. bb 29036. — Type: Budding bb 28100 (lecto BO,here designated;iso L, SING), West Kalimantan,Melawi,Betoeng,Tengkoejoeng,alt. 450 m, 24 Nov.1939. — Syntypes: Budding bb 28100 (BO,L), West Kalimantan, Tjatit, 11 May 1939; bb 24534 (BO, L), West Kalimantan, Lamas .</p><p>Tree to 27 m tall, to 72 cm diam. Twigs apically distinctly quadrangular, stout, glabrous, 2– 3 mm diam. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, 5 –7 mm long, densely covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, trinerved, chartaceous to thickly coriaceous, glabrous below, or young leaves covered with straight appressed hairs but soon becoming glabrescent; blade not bullate, without domatia, elliptic to broadly elliptic, 10– 20 by 4.5 –8.5 cm, base cuneate, apex acute; midrib raised on both sides, to 1 mm broad; lateral veins raised on both sides, extending to the leaf tip; major intercostal veins slender, scalariform, 2 –3 mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins indistinct, reticulate; petioles stout, flat or shallowly grooved above, 1.5 –2 cm long, c. 2 mm diam. Inflorescences terminal, paniculate-cymose with second order branching, c. 12 cm long, densely brownish hairy; rachis 1–1.5 mm broad. Flowers (immature) brownish hairy; pedicel rather thick, obconical, c. 3 mm long, c. 1 mm diam; hypanthium c. 1 mm long; perianth lobes (immature) coriaceous, ovate, 2 – 3 mm long; fertile stamens c. 2 mm long, anthers 4-locular, ovoid, filaments c. 1/2 the length of the stamen; glands sessile, attached at the base of filaments; staminodes c. 1 mm long, sagittate; ovary subglobose, c. 1 mm across, stigma peltate. Fruits ellipsoid, to 1.5 by 1 cm; cupule funnel-shaped, thick, 0.8 cm high, 1 cm diam, hairy; perianth lobes persistent, ovate, large, 5–7 by 5 mm, not plicate, thickly coriaceous; pedicel obconical, short, terete in cross-section, c. 1.5 cm long, 1–2 mm diam.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo: Sarawak (Sri Aman district) and West Kalimantan.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In lowland forest. Vernacular names — Balong, Lawang (both Malay). Uses — The fruits are highly esteemed by Dayak women for perfumery. Information extracted from herbarium label (Hewitt s.n.) indicated that the fruits are used for bead in jewellery in Sri Aman district, Saribas, Sarawak.</p><p>Notes — 1. This species is a new record for Sarawak collected from Sri Aman district (Hewitt s.n., Aug 1908). It shares with C. crassinervium the same type of enlarged fleshy fruit cupule but differs in having distinctly stout and quadrangular apical twigs (vs less angular), 4-locular stamens (vs 2-locular), cupule perianth lobes not plicate (vs plicate) and fruit pedicel terete in cross-section (vs triangular) .</p><p>2. In the protologue, Kostermans (1970b) cited two different specimens collected from Tengkoejoeng on 24 Nov. 1939 and Tjatit on 11 May 1939 but both bearing the same collection number bb 28100. In this paper, the specimen bb 28100 from Tengkoejoeng is designated as the lectotype.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A22AEE0CB3A0FEFCFD9DEE81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A22DEE0CB16AFD35FD34EBB0.text	03FA87C9A22DEE0CB16AFD35FD34EBB0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum paiei Kosterm.	<div><p>13. Cinnamomum paiei Kosterm. — Map 4</p><p>Cinnamomum paiei Kosterm. (1988) 448. — Type: Ilias &amp; Mamit S 29332 (holo L; iso BO, SAN, SAR, SING), Sarawak, Bau district, Bungo Range.</p><p>Tree to 12 m tall, 20 cm diam. Twigs slender, terete, c. 3 mm diam, apically angular, glabrous, brown, concolorous with leaf blade. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 2 mm long, densely covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves opposite to subopposite, pale greenish brown, trinerved, coriaceous, glabrous, young leaves covered with straight appressed hairs and becoming glabrescent with the remnant of indumentum always present at midrib of mature leaves; blade not bullate, without domatia, oblong-ovate, 12– 20 by 3.5 –7 cm, base cuneate, apex acute, often gnawed; midrib raised on both sides, c. 1 mm broad; lateral veins raised on both sides, extending to the leaf tip; major intercostal veins slender, scalariform to subscalariform, 2 – 3 mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins faint, reticulate; petiole stout, flat above, 0.5–1 cm long, 2 mm diam, drying brownish, concolorous with leaf blade. Inflorescences unknown. Infructescences terminal, stout, paniculate-cymose with third order branching, c. 20 cm long; rachis c. 2 mm broad, appressed hairy. Fruits ellipsoid, c. 1 by 0.5 cm; cupule cup-shaped, deep, c. 5 mm high, c. 8 mm diam, rim entire, not undulating glabrous, outer wall smooth; perianth lobes caducous; pedicel stout, obconical, c. 4 mm long, c. 2 mm diam, minute-appressed hairy.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo, known only in Sarawak (Bau, Sri Aman and Tatau districts).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Mixed dipterocarp forest on sandy clay soil at altitudes to 850 m.</p><p>Vernacular names — Kayu buan, Tabar (both Iban), Medang lawang (Malay), Tiburus obau (Dayak).</p><p>Uses — Decoction of boiled root is used as tonic drink, for flatulence and for uterus contraction after delivery (S 68813).</p><p>Note — This species resembles C. sintoc in having a similar cupule that is deeply cup-shaped with an entire rim. However C. paiei can be differentiated from C. sintoc by its oblong-ovate leaves, 12– 20 by 3.5 –7 cm (vs elliptic to ovate-elliptic, (8–)9 –13(–20) by 3– 5(–8) cm), lateral veins extending to the leaf tip (vs extending to 1/2– 2/3 the length of the leaf blade) and scalariform major intercostal veins (vs scalariform-reticulate).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A22DEE0CB16AFD35FD34EBB0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A22DEE0CB16AF825FCDFEB09.text	03FA87C9A22DEE0CB16AF825FCDFEB09.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum pendulum Cammerl.	<div><p>14. Cinnamomum pendulum Cammerl. — Map 5</p><p>Cinnamomum pendulum Cammerl. (1925) 461; Kosterm. (1970b) 57. — Type: Labohm 2089 = bb 1099 (holo BO), Kalimantan, Kuala Kapuas, Sungai Ruhung .</p><p>Cinnamomum microcarpum Kosterm.(1970b) 54;J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 223; Beaman et al.(2001) 399,syn.nov. — Type: Chew, Corner &amp;Stainton RSNB 8 (holo BO; iso K, L, SAN, SAR, SING), Sabah, Gunung Kinabalu.</p><p>Cinnamomum soepadmoi Kosterm. (1970b) 68, syn. nov. — Type: Kostermans 7389 (holo BO; iso L, PNH, SING), East Kalimantan, Balikpapan, Gunung Beratus .</p><p>Tree 10– 26 m high, 14–45 cm diam. Bark smooth, greyish brown; inner bark reddish to pale brownish, strongly scented with cinnamon or nutmeg smell. Twigs slender, apically terete to slightly angular, c. 2 – 3 mm diam, glabrous; young twig apically appressed hairy. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 2 mm long, glabrous or sparsely covered with minute appressed hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, triplinerved or trinerved, chartaceous to coriaceous, glabrous below; blade not bullate, without domatia, ovate, oblong-ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, 8 –19 by (3–)4 – 5(– 5.5) cm, base cuneate, slightly attenuating, apex acute, tip often gnawed; midrib raised on both sides, slender, to 1 mm broad; lateral veins flat or raised above, raised below, slender, ending at the leaf tip; major intercostal veins indistinct, slender, scalariform, to 1–4 mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins indistinct, reticulate; petiole slender, terete or flat above, glabrous, c. 0.8–1 cm long, c. 1–1.5 mm diam. Inflorescences axillary and /or subterminal, stout or slender, paniculate-cymose, with first and second order branching, c. 8 cm long, minute-appressed hairy; rachis slender, to 1 mm broad. Flowers drying greyish, appressed hairy; pedicel 2 – 3 mm long, to 1 mm diam, slender; hypanthium c. 1 mm high; perianth lobes ovate, c. 2.5 mm long, appressed hairy; fertile stamen c. 2 mm long; anthers of the first and second whorl 4-locular, those of the third whorl 2- or 4-locular, filaments 2/3–3/4 the length of the stamen; glands sessile, attached on each side at the base or lower half of filaments; staminodes c. 1 mm long, sagittate; ovary ellipsoid, c. 1 mm long, stigma peltate. Infructescences to 17 cm long, erect. Fruits oblong-ellipsoid, 1–1.5 by 0.8 cm, dark blue when fresh; cupule cup-shaped, shallow, 1–4 mm high, 4 –7 mm diam, abruptly constricted to pedicel, rim entire, undulating, outer wall with faint longitudinal ridges, minutely hairy; perianth lobes caducous; pedicel c. 2 mm long, c. 1 mm broad, minutely hairy.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo: Sarawak (Bintulu, Marudi, Miri, Lundu, Sri Aman and Tatau districts), Sabah (Ranau district), Brunei and Kalimantan (East, Central and West).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In primary mixed dipterocarp and submontane forest on shallow sandy clay soil or sandstone-derived soils on ridges at 650–1100 m altitudes.</p><p>Vernacular names — Lawang, Medang tija (both Malay).</p><p>Note — Additional collections from Borneo have revealed more information on the vegetative variation within this species. Cinnamomum microcarpum, C. pendulum and C. soepadmoi share the same leaf characters in having glabrous blade, cuneate to slightly attenuating base, acute apex without acumen and lateral veins extending to the leaf tip. In addition to this, their fruit cupules are similar in that they are small, shallow, cup-shaped, abruptly constricted to the pedicel, with undulating rim and the cupule outer wall with faint longitudinal ridges. The foregoing characters also distinguish C. pendulum from other Bornean species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A22DEE0CB16AF825FCDFEB09	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A22DEE0DB3A0F8BCFEEBE86C.text	03FA87C9A22DEE0DB3A0F8BCFEEBE86C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum percoriaceum Kosterm.	<div><p>15. Cinnamomum percoriaceum Kosterm. — Map 5</p><p>Cinnamomum percoriaceum Kosterm. (1970b) 58; J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 223. — Type: Illias S 26395 (holo SAR; iso BO, K, L, SAN, SING), Borneo, Sarawak, Lawas district .</p><p>Small tree to 6 m tall, to 7 cm diam. Twigs stout, angular, c. 3 mm diam, glabrous, drying blackish, discolorous to leaf blade. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 2 mm long, densely covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, yellowish brown, trinerved, thickly coriaceous, glabrous below; blade not bullate, without domatia, elliptic to ovate, 7–12(–18) by 2.5 –7(–9) cm, base cuneate, slightly attenuating to the pedicel, apex acute; midrib raised on both sides, c. 1 mm broad; lateral veins raised on both sides, extending to the base of acumen; major intercostal veins slender, raised, scalariform to subscalariform, 1–10 mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins faint, reticulate; petiole stout to slender, flat above, glabrous, c. 1 cm long, c. 1–3 mm diam, blackish, drying discolorous to leaf blade. Inflorescences terminal, stout, paniculate-cymose with up to third order branching, 10– 20 cm long; rachis 2 – 3 mm broad, sparsely appressed hairy. Flowers (at anthesis) appressed hairy; pedicels stout, c. 4 mm long; hypanthium c. 3 mm high; perianth lobes elliptic, c. 3 mm long, appressed hairy on both sides; fertile stamens 2 –3 mm long, anthers ovoid; that of first and second whorl stamens 4-locular, that of third whorl 2-locular, filaments 1/2–2/3 the length of the stamen; glands sessile on each side at the middle of filaments; staminodes c. 1.5 mm long, hastate; ovary globose, 2 mm diam, stigma trilobed. Fruits ellipsoid 5 by 3 mm, cupule cup-shaped, 2 mm high, 3.5 mm diam, rim entire, not undulating, outer wall smooth; perianth lobes caducous; pedicel c. 2 mm long, c. 1 mm broad, glabrous.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo, known only from Sarawak (Limbang and Sri Aman districts).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In montane forest; altitudes to 2000 m.</p><p>Note — Previously this species was only known from the type locality in Lawas district but here it is also found to occur in Limbang district (S 26395) and Sri Aman district (S 45066). Cinnamomum percoriaceum resembles C. sintoc but differs in the lateral veins that extend to the leaf tip (vs extend to 1/2 –2/3 the length of the leaf blade).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A22DEE0DB3A0F8BCFEEBE86C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A22CEE0EB16AFB9EFDD4EDFA.text	03FA87C9A22CEE0EB16AFB9EFDD4EDFA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum politum Miq.	<div><p>16. Cinnamomum politum Miq. — Map 5</p><p>Cinnamomum politum Miq. (1864) 265; Merr. (1921) 273; Cammerl. (1925) 493; Masam. (1942) 309; Kosterm. (1964) 340; (1970b) 59; Coode et al. (1996) 151. — Type: Korthals s.n. (lecto U, barcode U0002664, here designated;iso L, barcodes L0035920, L0035921, L0035922), Kalimantan, Mt Sakoembang .</p><p>Cinnamomum xylophyllum Kosterm.(1969) 467; (1970b) 59;J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 223. — Type: Kostermans 13067 (holo BO; iso BM, L, SING), Kalimantan, West Kutei, G. Palimasan, Belajan river, near Tabang .</p><p>Tree to 30 m, to 75 cm diam. Bark smooth or mottled, brownish or greyish; inner bark orange or reddish, fragrant with clove scent; sapwood yellowish or whitish. Twigs terete, 2 –3 mm diam, glabrous, apically subangular, glabrous, dark brown. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 4 mm long, glabrous. Leaves opposite or subopposite, drying yellowish brown, triplinerved or trinerved, thickly coriaceous, glabrous below; blade not bullate, without domatia, ovate, elliptic to lanceolate, 5 –10(–12) by 2– 5 cm, base cuneate, slightly attenuating to the petiole, apex acuminate or acute with blunt tip, acumen to 1 cm long; midrib c. 1 mm broad, slender, raised above, and flat below; lateral veins raised above, flat below, extending to the base of acumen; major intercostal subscalariform, veins 1–2 mm apart, slender, obscure; minor intercostal veins obscure, reticulate; petiole 1(–1.5) cm long, 1–1.5 mm diam, grooved above, glabrous. Inflorescences axillary or subterminal, paniculate-cymose with first and second order branching; to 10 cm long, rachis angular, c. 1 mm broad, sparsely minute-appressed hairy; bracts caducous. Flowers appressed hairy; pedicel to 4 mm long; hypanthium c. 1 mm high; perianth lobes elliptic, 2 – 3 mm long, appressed hairy; fertile stamens c. 2 mm long, anthers of first and second whorl stamens 4-locular, that of third whorl 2- or 4-locular, ovoid with truncate tip, filaments c. 2/3 the length of the stamen; glands sessile and attached at middle of filament; staminodes c. 1 mm long, sagittate; ovary ellipsoid to globose, c. 1– 2 mm long, stigma peltate. Fruits ellipsoid, c. 1 by 0.7 cm; cupule cup-shaped, 6 –7 mm high, c. 4 mm diam, glabrescent; perianth lobes persistent, triangular, c. 3 by 2 mm, appressed hairy; pedicel stout, terete, c. 2 mm long, c. 1 mm diam.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo: Sarawak (Bintulu, Lundu, Marudi and Miri districts), Sabah (Papar district), Brunei and East Kalimantan.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest on leached sandy soil, podsolised white sand or sandstone-derived soil, and also in kerangas and submontane forest at altitudes to 1000 m.</p><p>Vernacular names — But (Penan), Medang keplah, Medang lawang (both Malay).</p><p>Uses — The wood is traded under the name medang. The bark is mixed in hot drink such as coffee and is believed to give strength and relieve muscle pain.</p><p>Notes — 1. Kostermans initially described C. xylophyllum as a new species in 1969 but later reduced it to C. politum in 1970b. Cinnamomum xylophyllum only differs from C. politum by having 2-locular anthers at the third whorl of stamens (vs 4-locular) but vegetatively they are similar in having thickly coriaceous leaf and flat lateral veins at leaf undersurface. In comparison to the other Bornean species, C. politum is easily discriminated by its glabrous leaf blade, flat midrib and lateral veins on the leaf abaxial and persistent triangular perianth lobes on cupule.</p><p>2. The specimens from submontane forest up to 1470 m have smaller leaf size and shorter inflorescence length (S 47323, S 47357 and S 60555) than the lowland specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A22CEE0EB16AFB9EFDD4EDFA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A22FEE0FB16AFDEFFF17EEF9.text	03FA87C9A22FEE0FB16AFDEFFF17EEF9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm.	<div><p>17. Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm. — Map 6</p><p>Cinnamomum porrectum (Roxb.) Kosterm. (1952) 27; (1970b) 60; Argent et al. (1997) 310; Beaman et al. (2001) 400. — Laurus porrectum Roxb. [(1814) 30] (1832) 308. — Camphora porrecta (Roxb.) Voigt (1845) 308. — Parthenoxylon porrectum (Roxb.) Blume (1851) 323. — Type: Roxburgh s.n. (holo P,barcode P00476750),Hortus Botanicus Calcuttensis, annotated on ex Herbario Musei Britannici ‘Roxburgh, India’, on a ticket with the annotation ‘ Laurus, Caya-ghadice’.</p><p>Laurus parthenoxylon Jack (1820) 28. — Camphora parthenoxylon (Jack) Nees (1831) 72. — Sassafras parthenoxylon (Jack) Nees (1836) 491, 657. — Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (Jack) Meisn. (1864) 26, 504; Masam. (1942) 308; F.G. Browne (1955) 215; Smythies (1965) 75; P.F. Burgess (1966) 332; J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 222. — Type: Jack s.n. (BR n.v.), Sumatra (fide Kostermans 1970b: 60).</p><p>Camphora inodora Blume ex Miq. (1958) 904. — Cinnamomum inodorum (Blume ex Miq.) Meisn. (1864) 26. — Type: Korthals s.n. (L), Borneo.</p><p>Cinnamomum penninervium Kosterm. (1969) 461, syn. nov. — Type: Anon. bb 5700 (holo BO; iso K, L), Indonesia, West Sumatra, Tapanuli, Kg. Pandumaan.</p><p>(for further synonyms and types see Kostermans 1970b;for further synonyms in East Asia see Li et al. (2008) under Cinnamomum parthenoxylon)</p><p>Tree to 50 m high, to 60 cm diam. Bark fissured, reddish or brownish; inner bark laminated, reddish brown, fragrant; sapwood yellowish white. Twigs terete, 2– 5 mm diam, glabrous and striated, brownish. Terminal buds perulate, domed shaped, c. 5 by 4 mm, with many tiered scales which after falling leaving a collar of scars in the twig, scales covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves alternate, penninerved, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, hairy pocketed domatia present at proximal ends of lateral veins, glabrous below; blade elliptic, ovate or obovate, 4 –17 by 2– 8 cm, base cuneate, narrowly cuneate or rounded, apex acuminate, acumen to 2 cm long; midrib slender, to 1 mm broad, flat above, raised below; lateral veins slender, flat above and smoothly raised below, inarching and diminishing towards the leaf margin; intercostal veins reticulate; petiole 1–2.5 cm long, slender, grooved above. Inflorescences axillary, and/or subterminal, lax, slender, paniculate-cymose with first order of branching, (3–)4–7(–8) cm long, glabrous. Flowers glabrous, yellowish when fresh, appearing with the new flush, drying reddish; pedicel slender, 2 – 3 mm long; hypanthium campanulate, c. 1 mm high, conspicuous; perianth lobes elliptic, c. 1.5 mm long, glabrous outside, straight hairy on the inside; fertile stamens 1–1.5 mm long, anthers 4-locular, square, filaments c. 1/2 the length of the stamen; glands attached to short stalk at the base of filaments; staminodes sagittate, c. 1 mm long; ovary ellipsoid, c. 1.5 – 2 mm long, stigma subpeltate. Fruits globose, 5 – 6 mm diam; cupule funnel-shaped, c. 1 mm high, c. 0.5 mm diam, rim entire, glabrous; perianth lobes caducous; pedicel obconical, 9 –10 mm long, 2 – 4 mm diam at distal part, tapering to 1 mm diam at base.</p><p>Distribution — Sarawak (Kuching and Lundu districts), Sabah (Keningau, Kota Belud, Lahad Datu, Pensiangan, Ranau, Sandakan, Tambunan, Tawau and Tenom districts) and East Kalimantan. This species is widespread and is also distributed in India, China, Indochina and Thailand, Sumatra, Java and Peninsular Malaysia.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — Lowland to montane forest at altitudes to 2000 m, often found in secondary vegetation.</p><p>Vernacular names — Bunsud (Kadazan), Keplah wangi, Ludong, Medang, Medang keplah, Medang sasi, Medang wangi (all Malay).</p><p>Uses — The wood is used for general construction and furniture making. It is resistant to insect attack because of its pronounced and persistent smell. The bark is used in flavouring food, as tonic for menstruation and as scent for soap. The roots are used medicinally against fever, and applied after childbirth. (For more details see Burkill 1966).</p><p>Notes — 1. The oldest name for this species is Laurus porrecta Roxb. which is considered as validly published in Hortus Bengalensis (Roxburgh 1814) with reference to the work of Marsden (1811) under ‘Cayoo-gaddess’ (see Robinson 1912).</p><p>2. This is a very polymorphic species in leaf size, shape and texture. On the basis of leaf type two forms can be distinguished, the first with a small less pointed leaf apex and thinly coriaceous lamina, the second with a larger leaf size and a more pointed leaf apex and chartaceous lamina. These might represent varieties and deserve further study. Despite the variatibility, C. porrectum is readily distinguished by its perulate bud, penninerved leaf, domatia on lower leaf surface, slender inflorescences with up to first order branching that often come out together with newly flushed shoot, flowers with campanulate hypanthium and perianth lobes that are glabrous outside and hairy inside, and funnel-shaped cupules with globose fruit. This revision follows Kostermans (1970b) in recognising a broad species concept of C. porrectum (for further synonyms see Kostermans 1970b).</p><p>3. Cinnamomum penninervium has slightly thicker leaf texture but all other characters are conform with C. porrectum . One specimen from Sabah ( SAN 89440) also has an unusually thick leaf.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A22FEE0FB16AFDEFFF17EEF9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A22EEE0FB16AFCF5FBC8EFA7.text	03FA87C9A22EEE0FB16AFCF5FBC8EFA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum racemosum Kosterm.	<div><p>18. Cinnamomum racemosum Kosterm. — Map 6</p><p>Cinnamomum racemosum Kosterm.(1969) 463; (1970b) 62;J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 223. — Type: Ashton S 18310 (holo BO; iso K, KEP, L, SAN, SAR, SING), Sarawak, Bintulu district, Ulu Sinrok, Semilajau Forest Reserve.</p><p>Cinnamomum dictyoneuron Kosterm.(1969) 459; Beaman et al. (2001) 399. — Type: Endert 3687 (holo BO; iso L), Kalimantan, West Kutei, near Mt Kemul, river Telen .</p><p>Medium-sized tree to 12 m high, to 20 cm diam. Bark smooth, greyish white; inner bark reddish brown; sapwood yellowish. Twigs terete, 3 – 4 mm, apically angular, glabrous, yellowish brown, end of twig often with three leaves that are arranged closely in spiral. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, 3– 4 mm long, densely covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves subopposite or alternate, at twig-end leaves are arranged closely in spiral, trinerved, coriaceous, glabrous below; blade not bullate, without domatia, elliptic to ovate, 7–32 by 3 –13 cm, base cuneate or rounded, distinctly and abruptly attenuating tapering toward petiole, apex acute with blunt tip and often gnawed, acumen often not distinct, if distinct up to 2 cm long; midrib 0.5–1 mm broad, distinctly raised on both sides; lateral veins raised on both sides, extending to the leaf tip or at the base of acumen; major intercostal veins 2 –15 mm apart, smoothly raised and faint, scalariform; minor intercostal veins obscure, reticulate; petiole (0.8–)1– 2(–2.5) cm long, 1–2(–3) mm diam, glabrous, subterete, shallowly grooved above or sometimes flat above. Inflorescences axillary and/or terminal, 1.5 –13(–17.5) cm long, first to second order branching, racemiform, glabrous. Flowers glabrous outside; pedicel 3 – 6 mm long; hypanthium c. 1 mm high; perianth lobes elliptic, 2– 2.5 mm long, appressed hairy inside, glabrous outside; fertile stamens 1.5 – 2 mm long, anthers 4-locular, ovoid with truncate apex, filaments c. 2/3 the length of the stamen, appressed hairy; glands on a short stalk attached at the base of third whorl filaments; staminodes sagittate, 1–1.5 mm long, with laterally bulging and thick glands; ovary subglobose, 1–1.5 mm long, stigma peltate. Fruits ellipsoid or obovoid, 0.9–1.1 by 0.7–0.8 mm, glabrous; cupule cup-shaped, thick, 6–7 mm high, c. 4 mm diam, glabrous; perianth lobes partially persistent with upper half of perianth lobes abscised, c. 2 by 1 mm, apex truncate, glabrous; pedicel 2– 5 mm long, 1.5– 2 mm diam.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo: Sarawak (Bintulu and Miri districts), Sabah (Kinabatangan, Kota Belud, Kota Kinabalu, Kota Marudu, Penampang, Pensiangan, Ranau, Sandakan, Tenom and Tuaran districts) and East Kalimantan.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In various types of forest at altitudes to 1500 m.</p><p>Vernacular names — Baulong (Kenyah),Buhau baya (Penan), Kayu manis, Kebu-kebu, Lawang, Medang teja, Medang tiga, Medang tiga urat (all Malay), Sakang seribu (Iban).</p><p>Uses — In Sabah and Sarawak, the local people consume a root decoction of C. racemosum to repel evil spirit (S 60606). The fumes from bark, wood and leaves are used as fumigant .</p><p>Notes — 1. After having examined the types and new material identified as C. dictyoneuron (e.g., Jusimin 514, Jamili Nais SNP 3057, SAN 26737, FRI 36251, SAN 48142, SAN 73517, SAN 76182, SAN 94393, SAN 122026 and SAN 127717) and C. racemosum (e.g., S 3711, S 3810, S A 3861, FMS 10182, FMS 48956 and SAN 120498), I am of the opinion that they are conspecific because they show a similar type of inflorescence (racemiform), fruit cupule (perianth lobes partially persistent) and leaf arrangement at twig-end (spirally arranged). The length of petiole and inflorescence, and shape of fruit are morphologically variable within this species. However, the foregoing characters of inflorescence, fruit cupule and leaf arrangement are useful to distinguish C. racemosum from the other Bornean species.</p><p>2. Some specimens collected from Sabah have smaller leaf size, 8 –12 by 3 – 4 cm (Jusimin 389, Pereira JTP 508, SAN 26737, SAN 76227 and SAN 86071). However, other characters are conform to C. racemosum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A22EEE0FB16AFCF5FBC8EFA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A22EEE10B3A0FC53FE3DEEC9.text	03FA87C9A22EEE10B3A0FC53FE3DEEC9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum rhynchophyllum Miq.	<div><p>19. Cinnamomum rhynchophyllum Miq. — Map 7</p><p>Cinnamomum rhynchophyllum Miq. (1858) 895; Cammerl. (1925) 481; Masam. (1942) 308; Kosterm. (1970b) 62. — Type: Teijsmann H.B. 1031 (holo U; iso BO), Sumatra, Loeboe Along .</p><p>Cinnamomum lampongum Miq. (1860) 142,358. — Cinnamomum rhynchophyllum var. lampongum (Miq.) Ridl. (1924) 93. — Type: Teijsmann H.B. 4550 (holo BO; iso U n.v.), Sumatra, Lampong, Mt Batin .</p><p>Small tree to 10 m tall, to 15 cm diam. Bark smooth or lenticellate, greyish brown; inner bark light brown to reddish, fragrant; sapwood yellowish or whitish. Twigs terete, 2 – 3 mm diam, apically angular, appressed hairy or glabrous, brown to light brown. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 4 mm long, densely covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, trinerved, thinly coriaceous, sparsely straight appressed hairy below; blade not bullate, without domatia, elliptic or oblong, 13.5– 20 by 3.5 –6.5(–8) cm, base narrowly cuneate, shortly attenuate, apex caudate, abruptly constricted, forming a slender and appendage-like acumen, 0.5 –1.5(–2.5) cm long; midrib c. 1 mm broad, distinctly raised on both sides, distinctly angular below; lateral veins distinctly raised on both sides, extending to the base of acumen; major intercostal veins scalariform to subscalariform, 1–2(–3) mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins indistinct, reticulate; petiole 1–2 cm long, 1–2 mm diam, appressed hairy, flattish or inconspicuously grooved above. Inflorescences axillary and/or subterminal, paniculate-cymose with second or third order branching, appressed hairy, 14– 20 cm long. Flowers hairy, pedicel 3 –5 mm long; hypanthium c. 1 mm high; perianth lobes elliptic, broadly elliptic or ovate, c. 2 mm long, appressed hairy on both sides; fertile stamens 1.5 – 2 mm long, anthers 2-locular, ovoid with truncate or obtuse tip, filaments c. 3/4 the length of the stamen, appressed hairy; glands shortly stalked and attached at the middle of filaments; staminodes c. 1 mm long, hastate; ovary subglobose, c. 1 mm across, stigma peltate. Fruits ellipsoid, c. 1 by 0.8 cm; cupule shallow, c. 1 mm high, c. 3 mm diam; perianth lobes persistent, elliptic, c. 3 by 2 mm; pedicel c. 3 mm long.</p><p>Distribution — Sarawak (Kuching, Lundu and Marudi district), Sabah (Lahad Datu and Tawau districts), and West, Central and East Kalimantan. This species is also distributed in Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest at altitudes to 600 m.</p><p>Vernacular names — Berawit (Kelabit), But (Penan), Medang kepla, Medang tija (both Malay).</p><p>Uses — The bark is used as a spice and a decoction of the leaves is used to treat stomach ache and food poisoning.</p><p>Notes — 1. This species is widely distributed in the Western Malesian region. Kostermans (1970b) stated that C. rhynchophyllum is absent in Peninsular Malaysia. However, recent studies (Kochummen 1989 and this study) show that C. rhynchophyllum is widely distributed in Peninsular Malaysia (e.g., FMS 34235, FMS 35167, FRI 19831, FRI 28886, KEP 105186, KEP 110414 and Ogata 10443).</p><p>2. This species resembles C. cuspidatum in having caudate leaf apex and 2-locular anthers, but can be differentiated by its hairy leaf (vs glabrous), shallow and indistinct cupule (vs distinct and funnel-shaped), midrib angular below (vs smoothly raised) and inflorescence 14– 20 cm long (vs 4 –7 cm long) with second or third order branching (vs first order).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A22EEE10B3A0FC53FE3DEEC9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A231EE11B16AFCF3FED4ED07.text	03FA87C9A231EE11B16AFCF3FED4ED07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum sintoc Blume	<div><p>20. Cinnamomum sintoc Blume — Map 7</p><p>Cinnamomum sintoc Blume (1826) 571; Merr. (1921) 273; Cammerl. (1925) 455; Masam. (1942) 309; P.F. Burgess (1966) 332; Kosterm. (1970b) 64; Argent et al. (1997) 310. — Type: Blume s.n. (holo L, sheet no. 905229197; iso BO, sheet no. BO1267347), Java.</p><p>Laurus callophyllum Reinw. ex Nees &amp; T. Nees (1823) 63, nom. nud. — Cinnamomum calophyllum Reinw. ex Nees (1836) 40. — Type: Reinwardt s.n. (L n.v.) (fide Kostermans 1970b: 64).</p><p>Laurus pseudocassia Reinw. ex Blume (1823) 67, nom. nud. — Representative specimen: Reinwardt s.n. (L, barcode L0035825), Asia.</p><p>Cinnamomum camphoratum Blume (1826) 571. — Type: Blume 870 (holo L, barcode L0035971), Mt Seribu .</p><p>Cinnamomum pseudosintok Miq. (1858) 902. — Type: Junghuhn s.n. (lecto L, barcode L0035975, here designated; iso L, barcode L0035976, K), Java, Preanger .</p><p>Cinnamomum laxiflorum Meisn. (1864) 21. — Type: de Vriese s.n. (lecto L, barcode L0035970, here designated; iso K), Java.</p><p>Cinnamomum cinereum Gamble (1910) 220; (1912) 84; Ridl. (1924) 96. — Type: Wray 2629 (lecto K, designated by Kosterm. (1970b: 64); iso BM, E, SING),Peninsular Malaysia, Perak,Waterfall Hill. — Syntype: King 8515 (BO, K), Peninsular Malaysia, Perak, Taiping .</p><p>Cinnamomum coriaceum Cammerl. (1925) 475. — Type: Endert 149 E ip 841 (holo BO, sheet no. BO1267345; iso BO, sheet no. BO1267346, L, sheet no. 925206251), Sumatra, Banjuasin and Kubu area. — Syntypes: bb 2567 (BO), Sumatra,Aceh, Langsa; bb 2769 (BO), Sumatra, Bengkulu, Mt Aning; Grashoff 564 (BO), Sumatra, hulu Komering .</p><p>Tree to 27 m tall, to 30 cm diam. Bark smooth, light brown; inner bark reddish brown, strongly smelling of nutmeg. Twigs stout, terete, 1.5 – 2.5 mm diam, glabrous, drying blackish. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 2 mm long, glabrous. Leaves opposite or subopposite, drying brownish, triplinerved, thickly coriaceous, glabrous below; blade not bullate, without domatia, elliptic to ovate-elliptic, (8–)9 –13(–20) by 3 –5(–8) cm, base cuneate, apex acute; midrib raised on both surfaces, to 1 mm broad; lateral veins raised on both surfaces, extending to 1/2 – 2/3 the length of leaf blade; major intercostal veins subscalariform-reticulate, faint, 3 –5 mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins faint, reticulate; petiole slender, drying blackish, discolorous to blade, 1–1.5 cm long, 1–1.5 mm diam, channelled above. Inflorescences axillary and/ or subterminal, stout, paniculate-cymose with first to second order branching, 5 –8 cm long; rachis c. 1 mm broad, hairy. Flower densely hairy; pedicel c. 2 mm long; hypanthium c. 1.5 mm high, distinct; perianth lobes elliptic, c. 2 mm long, hairy on both sides; fertile stamens c. 2 mm long, anthers 4-locular, ovoid with truncate tip, filaments c. 2/3 the length of the stamen; glands sessile on each side at the middle or lower half of filaments; staminodes c. 1 mm long, sagittate; ovary ellipsoid, c. 1 mm long, stigma peltate. Infructescence 10– 20 cm long; rachis 1–1.5 mm broad, sparsely hairy. Fruits ellipsoid or obovoid, c. 10 by 8 mm; cupule cup-shaped, deep, c. 6 mm high, c. 8 mm diam, rim entire, not undulating, glabrous; perianth lobes caducous; pedicel terete, c. 2 mm long, c. 1.5 mm diam, ridged horizontally.</p><p>Distribution — Sarawak (Lundu district), and West and East Kalimantan. This species is also distributed in Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and Java.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp forest on sandy soil, at altitudes to 60 m.</p><p>Uses — The bark is sold commercially in the local market and used as medicine to treat diarrhoea and intestinal complaints. The powdered bark is used to treat wounds.</p><p>Note — This species is distinguished from the other Cinnamomum species of Borneo by its glabrous leaf blade, lateral veins extending to 1/2 – 2/3 the length of the blade and cup-shaped fruit cupule with entire rim. Specimen bb 28118 and bb 29036 cited as C. pendulum and C. lawang in Kostermans (1970b) belong to C. sintoc .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A231EE11B16AFCF3FED4ED07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A230EE11B16AFEB3FDD3EB40.text	03FA87C9A230EE11B16AFEB3FDD3EB40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum soegengii Kosterm.	<div><p>21. Cinnamomum soegengii Kosterm. — Map 7</p><p>Cinnamomum soegengii Kosterm. (1970b) 67; Beaman et al. (2001) 400. — Type: Chew &amp; Corner RSNB 4750 (holo SAR, not found; iso K, SAN, SING), Sabah, Ranau district, Gunung Kinabalu, Mesilau .</p><p>Cinnamomum grandis Kosterm. (1988) 443; Beaman et al. (2001) 399, syn. nov. — Type: Wood SAN 16706 (holo L; iso BO, KEP,SAN,SING), Sabah, Sipitang district, Gunung Lumaku.</p><p>Tree to 40 m tall, 10–70 cm diam. Bark smooth, brownish; inner bark pink-reddish or orange-brownish. Sapwood yellowish whitish. Twigs stout, terete, apically subangular, 2 – 3 mm diam, glabrous, yellowish brown. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, 2– 3 mm long, densely covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, yellowish brown, trinerved, coriaceous, glabrous below, occasionally remnant of straight appressed hairs from young leaves present on midrib of mature leaves; blade not bullate, without domatia, ovate to oblong-elliptic, 10–15(– 20) by 3– 6.5 cm, base cuneate, apex acute; midrib raised on both sides, c. 1 mm broad; lateral veins raised on both sides, extending to the leaf tip; major intercostal veins slender, subscalariform, 2– 3 mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins indistinct, reticulate; petiole stout, subterete, glabrous, 1–1.5 cm long, c. 2 mm diam. Inflorescences axillary and/or subterminal, stout, paniculate-cymose with second order branching, many-flowered, appressed hairy, to 9 cm long; rachis c. 1 mm broad. Flowers with appressed hairs; pedicels c. 3 mm long; hypanthium c. 1 mm high; perianth lobes elliptic, c. 2 mm long; fertile stamens c. 1.5 mm long, anthers 4-locular, ovoid with obtuse tip, filaments c. 3/4 the length of the stamen; glands sessile, attached at the middle of filaments; staminodes c. 1 mm long, sagittate; ovary subglobose, c. 1.5 mm across; stigma trilobed. Infructescences stout, 5– 20 cm long; rachis 1–1.5 mm broad, appressed hairy. Fruits oblong-ellipsoid, 1.5– 2 by 1 cm, bluish green when fresh; cupule cup-shaped, deep, 0.7–1 cm high, c. 1 cm diam, rim entire, not undulating, appressed hairy, wall smooth; perianth lobes caducous; pedicel stout, obconical, c. 5 mm long, c. 3 mm diam at apex tapering to 1 mm at base.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo, known only in Sabah (Lahad Datu, Ranau, Sipitang and Tambunan districts).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp and lower montane forest at 700 –1800 m altitudes.</p><p>Vernacular name — Medang teja (Malay).</p><p>Uses — The wood is used as timber.</p><p>Notes — 1. The only difference between the type of C. soegengii and C. grandis is that the leaf shape is ovate-elliptic or oblong, respectively. SAN 29076 and SAN 41798 show intermediate leaf shapes ranging from ovate, elliptic to oblong.</p><p>2. This species resemble C. sintoc but differs in its lateral veins extending to the leaf tip (vs lateral veins 1/2 –2/3 the length of leaf blade). The specimen Clemens 31108 annotated as C. sintoc in Kostermans (1970b) belongs to C. soegengii .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A230EE11B16AFEB3FDD3EB40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A230EE11B16AF86AFAF7E412.text	03FA87C9A230EE11B16AF86AFAF7E412.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum subavenium Miq.	<div><p>22. Cinnamomum subavenium Miq. — Map 8</p><p>Cinnamomum subavenium Miq. (1858) 902; Merr. (1921) 272; Cammerl. (1925) 452; Masam. (1942) 308; Kosterm. (1970b) 68; Argent et al. (1997) 310; Beaman et al. (2001) 400. — Type: Teijsmann H.B. 1032 and 1037 (holo U, in 2 sheets, barcodes U0002678, U0002677; iso BO), Sumatra, Solok.</p><p>Cinnamomum cyrtopodum Miq. (1858) 897. — Type: Teijsmann H.B. 1053 (holo BO; iso U, barcode U0002653), Solok, Sumatra.</p><p>Cinnamomum borneense Meisn. (May 1864) 19. — Type: Motley 796 (lecto K, here designated; iso L), Kalimantan, Banjarmasin. — Syntype: Motley 853 (K n.v., L n.v.) Kalimantan, Banjarmasin .</p><p>Cinnamomum borneense Miq. (Oct. 1864) 260, nom. illeg., non Meisn. — Cinnamomum floribundum Miq.(Dec.1864), nom. nov. — Type: Korthals s.n. (holo U, barcode U0002676; iso L, barcodes L0035989, L0035991, L0119675), South Kalimantan, Gunung Pamaton .</p><p>Cinnamomum glabrescens Miq. (1864) 264. — Type: Korthals s.n. (holo L, sheet no. 905220161), South Kalimantan, Gunung Pamaton .</p><p>Cinnamomum culitlawan Blume var. celebricum Teijsm. &amp; Binn. (1866) 92, nom. nud. — Representative specimen: Hort. Bogor sub V D 35 (BO n.v., L n.v.), cultivated in Hortus Bogoriense (fide Kostermans 1970b: 68).</p><p>Cinnamomum ridleyi Gamble (1910) 218. — Type: Ridley 4823 (holo K; iso L, barcode 0035987, SING), Singapore, Changi Road .</p><p>Cinnamomum nooteboomii Kosterm. (1988) 446, syn. nov. — Type: Nooteboom &amp; Chai 2102 (holo L; iso K, KEP, SAR), Sarawak, Marudi district, Kelabit Highlands.</p><p>(for further synonyms in East Asia see Li et al. 2008)</p><p>Tree 18– 27 m tall, 13 –50 cm diam. Bark smooth, greyish; inner bark finely fibrous, pinkish brown, fragrant; sapwood whitish or cream. Twigs slender, 2 – 3 mm diam, apically subangular, minute-appressed hairy, dark brown. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 2 mm long, densely covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves opposite, subopposite or rarely alternate, trinerved or triplinerved, subcoriaceous, appressed hairy below, hairs straight to curly, sometimes leaves silky below (e.g., SAN 138868); blade not bullate, without domatia, elliptic to narrowly elliptic, (3.5 –)6 –11(–14) by (1.5–) 3 – 4 cm, base narrowly cuneate and slightly attenuate, apex acuminate, acumen 0.5–1(– 2) cm long; midrib faint and flat above, prominent and smoothly raised below; lateral veins faint and flat above, prominent and raised below, ending at the base of acumen; major intercostal veins faint on both sides, slender, subscalariform, less prominent than midrib, 1–2(–3) mm apart; minor intercostal veins reticulate, obscure; petiole slender, 0.5–1.5 cm long, c. 1 mm diam, flat to shallowly grooved above, dark brown, appressed hairy. Inflorescences axillary and/or subterminal, paniculate-cymose with two to third order branching, densely appressed hairy, (4.5 –)6 –8(–10) cm long; rachis to c. 1 mm broad. Flowers yellowish red when fresh ( SAN 61755), drying greyish, densely appressed hairy; hypanthium c. 1.5 mm high; perianth lobes elliptic, c. 2– 3 mm long, appressed hairy on both sides; pedicel 2– 3 mm long; fertile stamens c. 2 mm long, anthers 4-locular, ovoid obtuse to oblong truncate, filaments c. 1/2 the length of the stamen, hairy; glands adnate at the middle of filaments; staminodes 1.5–2 mm long, appressed hairy, sagittate; ovary oblong, c. 1 mm long, stigma trilobed. Fruits ellipsoid, c. 10 by 7 mm, drying dark brown; cupule funnel-shaped, flattish, c. 1 mm high, c. 2 mm diam, rim entire, slightly undulating; perianth lobes caducous, sparsely hairy; pedicel obconical, c. 3 mm long, hairy.</p><p>Distribution — Sarawak (Marudi and Sri Aman districts), Sabah (Ranau, Tambunan and Sipitang districts) and West Kalimantan. This species is also distributed in Sumatra and Peninsular Malaysia.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp to submontane forest at altitudes to 1500 m.</p><p>Vernacular names — Berawith dari, Lekuah (both Kelabit), Kayu manis, Medang tiga urat (both Malay).</p><p>Uses — The wood is used as timber.</p><p>Note — Cinnamomum nooteboomii only differs from C. subavenium by its curly minute hairs on leaf undersurface (vs straight minute hairs). Both of these species share the same vegetative and reproductive structure by having elliptic to narrowly elliptic leaves, faint major intercostal veins, leaf apex with acumen measuring 0.5 –1(– 2) cm long, and a cupule that is funnel-shaped, flattish and without persistent perianth lobes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A230EE11B16AF86AFAF7E412	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A233EE13B16AFF9EFF49EF07.text	03FA87C9A233EE13B16AFF9EFF49EF07.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum subcuneatum Miq.	<div><p>23. Cinnamomum subcuneatum Miq. — Map 8</p><p>Cinnamomum subcuneatum Miq. (1858) 895; Meisn. (1864) 11; Cammerl. (1925) 471; Argent et al. (1997) 310. — Type: Teijsmann H.B. 1016 (holo U, barcode U0002679; iso BO), West Sumatra, Kotanopan .</p><p>Cinnamomum subcuneatum Miq. var. β Miq. (1858) 896. — Type: Teijsmann H.B. 1023 (holo U, barcode U0002680), Sumatra, Danau Maniendjo .</p><p>Cinnamomum griffithii Meisn. (May 1864) 19;Cammerl.(1925) 471;Kosterm. (1986) 53; Beaman et al. (2001) 398,syn nov. — Cinnamomum gracile Miq. (Dec. &amp; Oct. 1864) 259, 317, nom. superfl. — Type: Griffith 4240 (holo K; iso L, NY - fragment), Peninsular Malaysia, Malacca? (see note 4).</p><p>Tree or small tree 4– 8(–12) m tall, 8–14 cm diam. Bark smooth, greyish brown or whitish; inner bark yellowish, orange, reddish or brownish in colour, scented; sapwood yellowish to whitish. Twigs stout or slender, terete, 2 – 3 mm diam, apically subangular, glabrous, drying dark brown to black. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, 2 – 3 mm long, densely covered with straight or curly hairs. Leaves opposite to subopposite, drying dark green, triplinerved or trinerved, thinly coriaceous, below sparsely or densely covered with wavy to curly hairs (c. 0.2 –1 mm); blade not bullate, without domatia, lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, 9 –22 by 3.5 – 9 cm, base cuneate, apex acute, tip often gnawed; midrib prominent and smoothly raised on both sides, c. 0.5 mm broad; lateral veins raised on both sides, extending to leaf tip; major intercostal veins slender, subscalariform, 2 –7 mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins faint, reticulate; petiole stout or slender, subterete, shallowly grooved above, glabrescent, 1–1.5 cm long, 1–2 mm diam. Inflorescences axillary or subterminal, slender, drying blackish, paniculate-cymose with up to third order branching, 8–18 cm long; rachis angular, 1 mm broad sparsely to densely hairy, hairs straight to curly; bracts caducous. Flowers densely hairy, drying silky and greyish, yellowish when fresh; pedicels slen- der, 2– 5 mm long; hypanthium 2– 3 mm high; perianth elliptic, 1.5–2.5 mm long, appressed pilose on both sides; fertile stamen 1.5– 2.5 mm long, anthers oblong ovate with truncate or obtuse tip; that of first and second whorl 4-locular, of the third whorl 2-locular, rarely 4-locular, filament 2/3–3/4 of stamen length; glands shortly stalked or sessile on each side at the middle or lower half of the third whorl filaments, reniform; staminodes 1–1.5 mm long, apex sagittate; ovary ellipsoid, 1–1.5 mm long, stigma trilobed. Fruits ellipsoid or obovoid with pointed tip, c. 10 by 8 mm; cupule cup-shaped, thick, distinct, c. 4 mm high, 4– 6 mm diam, sparsely appressed hairy; perianth lobes persistent, drying not hardened, becoming thin, elliptic or ovate, c. 2 by 1–2 mm; pedicel stout, 3 – 4 mm long, c. 1 mm diam, minute-appressed hairy.</p><p>Distribution — Sarawak (Kuching, Limbang, Lubok Antu and Lundu districts), Sabah (Beaufort, Keningau, Kinabatangan, Kota Belud, Kota Marudu, Kudat, Labuk Sagut, Lahad Datu, Penampang, Ranau, Sandakan, Tambunan, Tawau, Tenom and Tuaran districts), Brunei and Central and East Kalimantan. This is a widespread species distributed also in Peninsular Thailand, Sumatra, Peninsular Malaysia and the Philippines.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp, freshwater swamp, riparian, and lower montane forest at altitudes to 1500 m.</p><p>Vernacular names — Babau, Daluh, Lamou-lamou, Rundaing, Salimuat, Tawar (all Dusun), Kayu manis, Keningau (both Malay), Lawang (Iban), Maliwat (Suluk), Mengarabau (Kadazan).</p><p>Uses — A decoction of the roots is given to women after childbirth and also to treat fever. The local people in Sarawak believe that the twigs of C. subcuneatum when placed at the edge of a paddy field will protect their crop from pests. In Sabah, the Orang Sungei tribe rubbed the pounded root on rheumatic joint to relieve pain .</p><p>Notes — 1. On the herbarium sheets, there have been many misidentifications involving C. griffithii, C. iners and C. subcuneatum . After having examined the herbarium specimens from Malesia, I recognise two distinct taxa, viz. C. iners and C. subcuneatum, including C. griffithii . Both of these species can be satisfactory differentiated by the leaf indumentum and the fruit cupule. Cinnamomum iners differs from C. subcuneatum in its leaf indumentum which is sparse, straight, short and to 0.2 mm long (vs denser, wavy to curly hairs, long, 0.2–1 mm), and fruit cupule which is inconspicuous and shallow, c. 1 mm high, c. 2 mm diam. (vs conspicuous and thick, c. 4 mm high, c. 4– 6 mm diam). The first and second whorl stamens of C. iners are always 4-locular. Some variation is observed in the third whorl anther locule of C. subcuneatum . The Bornean C. subcuneatum have 2-locular anthers in the third whorl (with exception of SAN 31460 and SAN 80764 which have 4-locular anthers). The Sumatran and Peninsular Malaysian specimens have 2- or 4-locular anthers in the third whorl stamens.</p><p>2. In Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo, C. iners is frequently found at low altitude in open areas, secondary forest and by roadsides. It is widely planted as shade tree in urban landscapes. Cinnamomum subcuneatum is commonly found in secondary forest and primary forest ranging from lowland to montane forest. In Sumatra, the two species are observed in primary and secondary forest. In Java, C. iners is found only in primary forest.</p><p>3. Two specimens from Sabah (RSNB 2687 and SAN 18804) that were identified by Kostermans (1970a) as C. tahijanum belong to C. subcuneatum . Cinnamomum subcuneatum differs from C. tahijanum by its acute leaf apex (vs acuminate, with distinct acumen) and slender midrib and lateral veins, 0.5 mm broad (vs broad midrib, c. 1 mm broad).</p><p>4. Meissner (1864) cited, as the type of C. griffithii, an unnumbered Griffith specimen from Malacca in the Hooker herbarium. He further commented that this species resembles C. iners . Kostermans (1986) indicated the specimen Griffith 4240 as the type of C. griffithii . After having examined the collections in K, I did not find any unnumbered Griffith’s collection from Malacca. The specimen Griffith 4240 is the only collection from Peninsular Malaysia that resembles C. iners . I therefore concur with Kostermans (1986) that Griffith 4240 is the type of C. griffithii .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A233EE13B16AFF9EFF49EF07	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A232EE13B16AFCB3FB9DE8CF.text	03FA87C9A232EE13B16AFCB3FB9DE8CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum sublanuginosum Kosterm.	<div><p>24. Cinnamomum sublanuginosum Kosterm. — Map 9</p><p>Cinnamomum sublanuginosum Kosterm. (1970b) 73; Beaman et al. (2001) 400. — Type: Chew &amp; Corner RSNB 7036 (holo SING;iso K,L, SAN,SAR), Sabah, Ranau district, Mesilau .</p><p>Cinnamomum woodii Kosterm. (1988) 454; Beaman et al. (2001) 401, syn. nov. — Type: Wood SAN 16377 (holo L; iso BO, KEP,SAN,SING), Sabah, Ranau district, Bundu Tuhan.</p><p>Tree 20– 35 m tall, 30– 50 cm diam. Bark brownish; inner bark reddish brown to yellowish; sapwood whitish. Twigs stout, terete, 3 –4 mm diam, distinctly quadrangular apically. Terminal buds not perulate, conical to ellipsoid, up to 1 cm, conspicuously covered by coriaceous elliptic scales (see note 1), to 1 by 0.5 cm, scales densely covered with curly hairs. Leaves subopposite, trinerved, coriaceous, below, initially covered with curly hairs then glabrescent below, remnant of curly hairs always present at midrib below; blade not bullate, without domatia, ovate, oblong ovate, elliptic or lanceolate, (7–)9–16 by (3–) 4– 6 cm, base cuneate, apex acute; midrib raised on both sides, to 1 mm broad; lateral veins raised on both sides, extending to leaf tip; major intercostal veins slender, raised, subscalariform, 2 –5 mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins faint, reticulate; petiole stout, flat above, initially hairy then glabrescent, 0.5 –1 cm long, c. 2 mm diam. Inflorescences axillary and/or subterminal, stout, paniculate-cymose with second or third order branching, 10–17 cm long; rachis 1–2 mm broad, brownish hairy. Flowers drying brownish hairy; pedicels slender, 2– 3 mm long; hypanthium 2 mm high, distinct; perianth lobes elliptic, c. 2 mm long, appressed hairy on both sides; fertile stamens c. 2.5 mm long, anthers 4-locular, ovoid with truncate tip, filaments 1/4–3/4 the length of the stamen; glands sessile on each side at the middle of filaments; staminodes c. 2 mm long, sagittate; ovary subglobose, c. 1 mm across, stigma peltate. Infructescences to 19 cm long; rachis c. 2 mm broad, densely hairy. Fruits ellipsoid with pointed tip, c. 10 by 5 mm; cupule cup-shaped, c. 4 mm high, c. 5 mm diam, rim entire, not undulating, glabrous; perianth lobes caducous; pedicel stout, 1.5 – 2 mm long, hairy, glabrescent.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo, known only in Sabah (Ranau district).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In submontane to montane forest, at altitudes above 1200 m.</p><p>Notes — 1. The vegetative bud of C. sublanuginosum is covered by leafy bracts which fall off as the shoot flushes and matures but unlike the perulate bud in temperate Cinnamomum or C. porrectum the bract is not dehiscent and scaly.</p><p>2. Cinnamomum sublanuginosum and C. woodii are similar in having curly hairs on the leaf blade, major intercostal veins subscalariform and lateral veins extending to the leaf tip. Their inflorescences are hairy and the fruit cupule has a smooth rim.</p><p>3. This species is reminiscent of C. subavenium but differs by its large leaf size (vs small), prominent major intercostal veins (vs faint) and thick cupule (vs flattish).A specimen from Sabah ( SAN 17011) annotated by Kostermans (1970b) as C. sublanuginosum belongs to C. subavenium .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A232EE13B16AFCB3FB9DE8CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A235EE14B16AFF9EFBF7ED40.text	03FA87C9A235EE14B16AFF9EFBF7ED40.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum tahijanum Kosterm.	<div><p>25. Cinnamomum tahijanum Kosterm. — Map 9</p><p>Cinnamomum tahijanum Kosterm. (1970a) 13; J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 223. — Type: Ashton S 15196 (holo BO; iso K, L, SAR, SING), Sarawak, Kuching district, Semengoh Forest Reserve .</p><p>Cinnamomum bintulense Kosterm.(1988) 441; J.A.R. Anderson (1980) 223, syn.nov. — Type: Sibat S 24611 (holo L;iso BO, K, KEP,SAN,SAR,SING), Sarawak, Bintulu, Nyabau .</p><p>Cinnamomum fouillyi Kosterm. (1988) 442, syn. nov. — Type: Kostermans 4130 (holo L: iso BO, K, SING),Borneo, Kalimantan, East Kutei,Sg. Wain, North of Balikpapan .</p><p>Cinnamomum pseudojavanicum Kosterm.,nom. nud., in Coode et al. (1996) 151. — Representative specimens: SAN 27491 ( KEP,L, SAN,SAR) &amp; SAN 34508 ( KEP, L, SAN, SAR), Sabah, Ranau district, Sosopodon.</p><p>Tree 10– 20 m tall, 10– 38 cm diam. Bark smooth or scaly, greyish brown. Twigs terete, 2 –4 mm diam, apically subangular, densely hairy, yellowish to greyish brown. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 4 mm, densely covered with curly hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, trinerved or triplinerved, subcoriaceous, often densely covered with curly hairs or sometimes glabrescens below, if glabrescens, remnant of indumentum always present on midrib; blade not bullate, without domatia, oblong, elliptic, oblong-elliptic, ovate or obovate, (6–)9 –16(–21) by (2.5 –)4 –7(–8.5) cm, base cuneate to narrowly cuneate, apex conspicuously acuminate, acumen 0.5 – 2 cm long; midrib distinctly raised on both sides, c. 1 mm broad; lateral veins basal, prominent on both sides, extending to the base of acumen; major intercostal veins slender, raised below, subscalariform, 2– 6 mm apart; minor intercostal veins reticulate, indistinct; petiole stout, 2 – 2.5 cm long, 0.5 –1.5 mm diam, flat above, hairy. Inflorescences axillary and/or subterminal, paniculate-cymose with up to third order branching, 12–17 cm long, greyish brown; rachis 1– 2 mm broad. Flowers drying silky greyish brown, yellowish when fresh, hairy; pedicel 3 – 4 mm long, to 1 mm diam; hypanthium c. 1 mm high; perianth lobes elliptic to ovate, c. 2 – 3 mm long, densely appressed hairy; fertile stamens c. 2 mm long, anthers 2- or 4-locular, ovoid with truncate tip, filaments 1/3 –2/3 the length of the stamen; glands large, sessile, attach at the middle of filaments; staminodes c. 1.5 mm long, hastate; ovary ellipsoid, c. 1 mm high, stigma subpeltate. Fruits ellipsoid, c. 5 by 3 mm, glabrous; cupule very shallow, c. 1–3 mm high, 1–3 mm diam; perianth lobes persistent, elliptic, c. 3 by 2 mm, appressed pilose; pedicel slender, 4 – 5 mm long, c. 1 mm diam.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo: Sarawak (Bintulu, Kuching and Tatau districts) and Sabah (Tenom and Ranau districts).</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In mixed dipterocarp and riverine forest, at 60–1300 m altitudes.</p><p>Vernacular names — Medang (Iban), Medang tija (Malay).</p><p>Notes — 1. Cinnamomum bintulense, C. fouillyi and C. pseudojavanicum are conspecific to C. tahijanum in having a leaf acumen, subscalariform major intercostal veins and dense curly hairs on the leaves, twig and inflorescence.</p><p>2. The type of C. bintulense is a young twig with immature inflorescence and leaves ovate and elliptic with shorter acumen (to 0.5 cm long). The leaves of C. tahijanum type are elliptic, oblong and sometimes obovate in shape and with longer acumen (0.5– 2 cm long). New fertile material that are intermediate between C. tahijanum and C. bintulense (S 64975, S 66766, S 68476) indicates that the leaf shape is very variable ranging from oblong, elliptic, obovate to ovate.</p><p>3. The type specimens of C. fouillyi are a sterile young twig with a slight aberration from C. tahijanum by having slightly bullate leaves.</p><p>4. Coode et al. (1996) listed C. pseudojavanicum, an unpublished species of Kostermans, in the checklist for Brunei plants. The epithet was given and annotated by Kostermans on SAN 27491 and SAN 34508 because of its close resemblance to C. javanicum but differs in its slender twigs, non-bullate leaves and subscalariform major intercostal veins (vs stout twigs, bullate leaves and scalariform major intercostals veins). However, SAN 27491 and SAN 34508 were cited as C. tahijanum by Kostermans (1970a). These two specimens only differ from C. tahijanum by their slender twigs, inflorescences and leaf stalks. They are found at high altitude (c. 1300 m) and are likely a highland variation of C. tahijanum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A235EE14B16AFF9EFBF7ED40	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A235EE14B3A0FE6AFB7DEACF.text	03FA87C9A235EE14B3A0FE6AFB7DEACF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum verum J. Presl	<div><p>26. Cinnamomum verum J.Presl – Map 9</p><p>Cinnamomum verum J.Presl (1825) 36; Kosterm. (1965) 141; (1982) 14; (1985) 126. — Type: Laurus cinnamomum L., Herb.Cliffort:154, Laurus 6, sheet 6B (lecto BM, barcode BM000558701, here designated) (see Jarvis 2007: 16 on lectotypification).</p><p>Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume (1826) 568; Merr. (1921) 273; Masam. (1942) 309. — Type: Blume s.n. (lecto L, barcode L0036032, here designated), Java.</p><p>Cinnamomum alexei Kosterm.(1969) 454, syn. nov. — Type: Buwalda 3618 (holo BO; iso L), Java, Tjampaka near Tjidadap, Mt Karang .</p><p>Tree to 6 –18 m tall, 20– 30 cm diam. Bark smooth or fissured, greyish brown; inner bark strongly scented with cinnamon smell. Sapwood yellowish. Twigs stout, terete, 2 –3 mm diam, apically angular, glabrous, dark brown. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 2 mm, densely covered with straight appressed hairs. Leaves opposite or subopposite, drying pale greenish brown, triplinerved or trinerved, coriaceous, glabrous below; blade not bullate, without domatia, ovate, 8 –12(–14) by 3 – 6(–9) cm, base cuneate or rounded, apex acute with blunt tip; midrib raised on both sides, to 1 mm broad; lateral veins raised on both sides, extending to 2/3– 3/4 length of blade; major intercostal veins finely, raised, subscalariform, 3–10 mm apart, less prominent than midrib; minor intercostal veins faint, reticulate; petiole slender, flat above, glabrous, 0.5– 2 cm long, 1–2 mm diam. Inflorescences axillary and/or subterminal, paniculate-cymose with first to second order branching, to 12 cm long; rachis 1–1.5 mm broad, appressed hairy. Flowers drying greyish appressed hairy; pedicel slender, c. 5 mm long; hypanthium 1–2 mm high; perianth lobes lanceolate to elliptic, 3–4 mm long, appressed hairy on both sides; fertile stamens 2 – 3 mm long, anthers 4-locular, filaments c. 3/4 the length of the stamen; glands sessile attached on each side at the middle of filaments, flattish; staminodes 1.5 – 2 mm long, hastate; ovary globose, c. 1.5 mm diam, stigma trilobed. Infructescences to 12 cm long. Fruits ellipsoid, 10 –13 by 7 mm; cupule cup-shaped, thick, c. 7 mm high, 4 mm diam, appressed hairy, glabrescent; perianth lobes persistent, indurate, apex truncate, c. 2 by 2 mm; pedicel stout, 3 –5 mm long, appressed hairy.</p><p>Distribution — Cultivated in Sarawak (Kuching district), Sabah (Keningau and Sandakan districts) and Kalimantan. This species originated from Sri Lanka and is widely cultivated in the tropics as a source of cinnamon.</p><p>Habitat &amp; Ecology — In Borneo cultivated at low altitude.</p><p>Uses — The bark is used as a spice, the oil from the bark is used as a flavouring agent in food and pharmaceutical industries, as medicine and in the perfumery industry (for more detail on usage see Flach &amp; Siemonsma 1999).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A235EE14B3A0FE6AFB7DEACF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
03FA87C9A235EE15B3A0F8B3FDAFEF0D.text	03FA87C9A235EE15B3A0F8B3FDAFEF0D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cinnamomum woulfei Kosterm.	<div><p>Cinnamomum woulfei Kosterm.</p><p>Cinnamomum woulfei Kosterm. (1970b) 75. — Type: Endert 4703 (holo BO; iso K, L), East Kalimantan, West Kutei, Telen river .</p><p>Medium-sized tree to 18 m tall, to 30 cm diam. Bark unknown. Twigs slender, angular, c. 2 mm diam, apically angular, densely hairy. Terminal buds not perulate, conical, c. 2 mm long, densely covered with curly hairs. Leaves subopposite, triplinerved, thinly coriaceous, densely covered with curly hairs below, glabrescent, remnant of indumentum always present near midrib below; blade without domatia, oblong elliptic, 10 –35 by 3 –5.5 cm, base cuneate, apex possibly acute (gnawed), tapering gradually to tip; midrib raised and prominent on both sides, c. 1 mm wide; lateral veins raised and prominent on both sides, extending to the base of leaf tip; major intercostal veins raised below, slen- der, subscalariform, c. 3 mm apart; minor intercostal reticulate, indistinct; petiole slender, terete, 6–10 mm long, c. 1 mm diam. Inflorescences axillary, paniculate-cymose with up to second order branching, 5 –14 cm long; rachis slender, 1– 2 mm broad. Flowers drying silky brown, hairy; pedicel 3 – 3.5 mm long, to 1 mm diam; hypanthium c. 1.5 mm high; perianth lobes ovate, c. 2 – 2.5 mm long, densely appressed hairy; fertile stamens c. 2 mm long, anthers 4-locular, ovoid with truncate tip, filaments 2/3 the length of the stamen; glands large, sessile, attached at the base of filaments; staminodes c. 1 mm long, hastate; ovary ellipsoid, c. 1 mm high, stigma subpeltate. Fruits unknown.</p><p>Distribution — Endemic to Borneo, known only from East Kalimantan.</p><p>Note — This species is only known from the type specimen. More material is needed, particularly the fruit, which is an important diagnostic character for Cinnamomum .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03FA87C9A235EE15B3A0F8B3FDAFEF0D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Wuu-Kuang, Soh	Wuu-Kuang, Soh (2011): Taxonomic revision of Cinnamomum (Lauraceae) in Borneo. Blumea 56 (3): 241-264, DOI: 10.3767/000651911X615168, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/000651911x615168
