taxonID	type	description	language	source
03879D78DA2B8529FC33FB384134F9E9.taxon	description	(Figures 1 – 160, Tables 1 – 2) Neobuthus Hirst, 1911: 462; KovařÍk & Lowe, 2012: 1 – 25, figs. 1 – 6, 9 – 74, 86, 89, 92, 95 – 96, 100 – 101 (including complete generic sYnonYmY prior to 2012); KovařÍk et al., 2013: 4, 14; Lowe & KovařÍk, 2016: 1 – 46, figs. 1 – 165, tables 1 – 5; KovařÍk et al., 2018: 1 – 82, figs. 1 – 438, tables 1 – 5; KovařÍk, 2019: 1 – 16, figs 1 – 70, table 1; KovařÍk et al., 2023: 59 – 69, figs. 1 – 45, tab. 1.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA2B8529FC33FB384134F9E9.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS. Small buthid scorpions, total length 15 – 25 mm (males), 22 – 32 mm (females); carapace stronglY trapezoidal, surface granular with onlY anterior median carinae developed; ventral aspect of cheliceral fixed finger with single denticle; tergites with three carinae, of which the lateral pair maY be less conspicuous; sternites III – VI with finelY micro-denticulate posterior margins, lacking larger non-contiguous denticles; pectines with fulcra, hirsute; metasomal segments I – III with 8 – 10 carinae, segment V with enlarged lobate dentition on posterior ventrolateral carinae; telson rather bulbous, vesicle steeplY inclined posteriorlY, aculeus shorter than vesicle; macrosetae on vesicle normal to surface (♂) or oriented in anterior direction (♀); pedipalps short with stout segments, movable finger of pedipalp with 4 – 6 subrows of primarY denticles flanked bY mid-row internal and proximal external accessorY denticles, 3 denticles just proximal to terminal denticle; movable finger without dense terminal brush of setae on ventral surface; stronglY spatulate microsetae not present on termini of fixed and movable fingers; pedipalp finger margins straight, without proximal scalloping or basal lobe and notch; trichobothrial pattern tYpe A, orthobothriotaxic or neobothriotaxic minorante, dorsal trichobothria of femur arranged in b- configuration; trichobothrium d 2 of pedipalp femur present or absent on dorsal surface, d 2 of pedipalp patella present or absent, d 3 of pedipalp patella situated internal to dorsomedian carina, V 2 of chela manus stronglY displaced internallY relative to V 1, chela fixed finger with db located in proximal half, proximal to est; tibial spurs present on legs III – IV; sexual dimorphism in setation, granulation and metasomal dentition: pedipalps, legs and metasoma with weaker granulation and long, filiform macrosetae in females, stronger granulation and shorter (often spiniform) macrosetae in males, ventrosubmedian and ventrolateral carinae on segments II – III stronglY developed with enlarged dentition in females and regular dentition in males; capsule of hemispermatophore with 4 lobes in tYpical 3 + 1 configuration, basal lobe a broad, robust, hook-like process, flagellum well separated from lobes. SUBORDINATE TAXA. Neobuthus amoudensis KovařÍk et al., 2018 (Somaliland, Ethiopia), N. awashensis KovařÍk & Lowe, 2012 (Ethiopia, Somaliland), N. berberensis Hirst, 1911 (Somaliland, tYpe species), N. cloudsleythompsoni Lourenço, 2001 (Ethiopia), N. dhobo sp. n. (Somaliland), N. erigavoensis KovařÍk et al., 2018 (Somaliland), N. eritreaensis Lowe & KovařÍk, 2016 (Eritrea), N. factorio KovařÍk et al., 2018 (Somaliland), N. ferrugineus (Kraepelin, 1898) (Djibouti), N. fryntai KovařÍk et al., 2023 (Somaliland), N. gubanensis KovařÍk et al., 2018 (Somaliland), N. haeckeli KovařÍk, 2019 (Somaliland), N. kloppersi KovařÍk et al., 2018 (KenYa), N. kutcheri Lowe & KovařÍk, 2016 (Ethiopia), N. maidensis KovařÍk et al., 2018 (Somaliland), N. montanus KovařÍk et al., 2018 (Somaliland), N. opatovae sp. n. (Somaliland), N. osoli sp. n. (Somaliland), N. solegladi KovařÍk, 2019 (Somaliland), and N. sudanensis Lourenço, 2005 (Sudan, taxonomic position unclear), N. verae sp. n. (Somaliland).	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA2D8527FEE9F9C44041F796.taxon	description	(Figs. 1 – 45, 160, Table 1) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: FFCC 6091 - 2691 - 4 C 3 D- 8 F 54 - 34925 A 726 F 31	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA2D8527FEE9F9C44041F796.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Somaliland, Awdal Region, Fadhixun, 10.2915050 ° N 43.2847133 ° E, FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somaliland, Awdal Region, Fadhixun, 10.2915050 ° N 43.2847133 ° E, 1 ♀ (holotYpe DNA No. 498) 2 ♀ 1 juv. ♀ (paratYpes DNA Nos. 499, 514, 515), CarawaYne, 10.2842511 ° N 43.4213997 ° E, 1 ♂ (paratYpe DNA No. 519), XI. 2023, leg. Hassan Elmi.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA2D8527FEE9F9C44041F796.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. Named after the mountain range in the area of distribution.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA2D8527FEE9F9C44041F796.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (♂ ♀). Total length 16 mm (male), 22 – 25 mm (females); carapace with area between anterior median carinae fuscous; tergites with 3 dark stripes, median stripe flanked on either side bY broad longitudinal Yellow bands that maY be broken bY fuscositY extending across anterior tergites; pedipalp relativelY slender, male with femur L / W 2.34, patella L / W 2.44, chela L / W 4.63; chela movable finger with 5 – 6 subrows of primarY denticles, 4 external accessorY denticles flanking proximal end of each subrow; dorsoexternal and ventroexternal carinae on pedipalp patella in female absent or weaklY indicated; posterior margins of tergites without or with 1 – 2 pairs of macrosetae; pedipalps, legs, metasoma and telson with moderatelY short in male, not verY spiniform, and long, fine setae in females; both sexes with sternites III – VI smooth, sternite VII finelY granulated with 4 granulated carinae; sternite III with lesser than 10 macrosetae; metasoma I – III with median lateral carinae absent; lateral surface of metasoma V in males granulated, with granules separated; soles of telotarsi with relativelY sparse setation, leg III of adults with 18 – 21 ventral macrosetae on telotarsus; pectine teeth: 17 (male), 14 – 17 (females).	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA2D8527FEE9F9C44041F796.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION. Total length of adult male 16 mm, of adult females 22 – 25 mm; measurements of carapace, telson, segments of metasoma and pedipalps given in Table 1; positions and distribution of trichobothria of pedipalps shown in Figs. 36 – 39, 41 – 42; trichobothrium d 2 usuallY present on pedipalp femur and present on patella; base color Yellow to light orange with variable fuscous pigmentation and extensive patterns of dark maculation on mesosoma, metasoma, partiallY on pedipalps and legs; chelicerae Yellow with dark reticulation on anterior manus, dentition reddish. Sexual dimorphism: strong, adult male substantiallY smaller, but without differences in shapes of pedipalps, metasoma and telson; pedipalp patella and femur granulate and matte in males, smooth and glossY in females; macrosetae on pedipalps, legs, metasoma and telson much longer and finer in females than males; other sex differences cited below. Pedipalp (Figs. 25 – 45). Pedipalp mostlY sparselY hirsute; finelY granulated in males and smooth in females; femur with five conspicuouslY granulose carinae, more stronglY developed in male; patella with seven granulose carinae, well developed in male and reduced or absent in females; dorsoexternal carinae on pedipalp patella in female absent or weaklY indicated; chela with smooth carinae in females absent or weaklY indicated; chela movable finger with 5 – 6 and fixed finger with 5 subrows of primarY denticles, 4 external accessorY denticles flanking proximal end of each subrow. Carapace (Figs. 5 – 9, 11). StronglY trapezoidal (narrower anteriorlY), wider than long (L / W 0.81 – 0.96); posterior median postocular area flat, anterior median preocular area gentlY sloped downwards towards anterior margin; lateral flanks steeplY sloped; ocular tubercle broad, prominent, located slightlY anterior of carapace; anterior margin straight, finelY microdenticulate, with coarser granules overlapping edge, bearing 8 macrosetae; anterior median carinae present, coarselY granular, other carinae indistinct; dense granulation covering most of carapace. Chelicera. Fingers with tYpical buthid dentition (Vachon, 1963; Lowe & KovařÍk, 2016; KovařÍk et al., 2018); fixed finger with large distal denticle, 1 subdistal denticle and 2 basal denticles fused into bicusp, single denticle on ventral surface at level of bicusp; dorsal margin of movable finger with 5 denticles: 1 large distal denticle, medium-sized subdistal and medial, and 2 small, partiallY fused basal denticles; ventral margin with 2 denticles. Mesosoma (Figs. 5 – 12). Tergites I – VI bear three carinae of which the lateral pair maY be less conspicuous mainlY on tergites I – IV; tergite VII bears five well-defined carinae (median, submedians and laterals); tergites I – VI denselY granular, with coarser granules on posterior lateral areas; tergite VII denselY granular; sternites III – VI smooth in both sexes; sternite VII granulated in both sexes, with four well-defined carinae; sternite III with lesser than 10 macrosetae; sternum tYpe 1, triangular in shape, smooth, with deep posteromedian invagination; genital opercula smooth; genital papillae present; pectines extending to around half of sternite V in male and around half of sternite IV in females; pectine teeth 17 in male, 14 – 17 in females; combs with 3 marginal lamellae and 7 – 8 middle lamellae; marginal lamellae, middle lamellae and fulcra with dense cover of short dark reddish macrosetae; fulcra with 2 – 4 setae. Legs (Figs. 13 – 16). Coxa, femora, patella and tibia of all legs bearing variable numbers of short to medium length, straight, dark-reddish macrosetae; tarsi with mix of short and longer, dark-reddish macrosetae; basitarsi I – III slightlY compressed with flat retrolateral surfaces, with bristle combs consisting of retrosuperior series of longer macrosetae, plus retroinferior and proinferior series of shorter macrosetae; telotarsi with two rows of short macrosetae on ventral aspect, 18 – 21 macrosetae on telotarsus III; strong tibial spurs present on leg IV and reduced on leg. III. Metasoma and telson (Figs. 5 – 8, 17 – 24). Metasoma and telson sparselY hirsute, macrosetae moderatelY short, not verY spiniform, and long in male, and long, fine setae in females; metasomal segments I – IV with 8 carinae, V with 2 carinae; all carinae relativelY well developed; segment V with strong, granulate to dentate-lobate ventrolateral carinae; segments I – V with dense granulation on all intercarinal surfaces except dorsal surfaces which are sparselY granulated in female; segment V denselY granular on lateral and ventral surfaces, more coarselY so on ventral surface; telson smooth, ventral surface sparselY, weaklY granular; vesicle slightlY elongated; aculeus stout, shorter than vesicle, tip of aculeus almost verticallY directed. Measurements. See Table 1. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish N. dhobo sp. n. from all other species of the genus. TheY are recounted in the keY below and confirmed bY DNA phYlogenY (paper in preparation). The new species is most similar to N. amoudensis, which distinguishes mainlY according to two important characters. Female metasoma I – III with dorsal carinae present in N. amoudensis versus absent in N. dhobo sp. n.; sternite III with ca 25 macrosetae (fig. 10 in KovařÍk et al., 2018: 7) in N. amoudensis versus sternite III with lesser than 10 macrosetae (Fig. 8) in N. dhobo sp. n. 41 – 42	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA228521FED9FF7E471AF82D.taxon	description	(Figs. 46 – 75, 160, Table 1) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: AEC 79 ADE- 042 E- 4903 - BC 6 C- 8 CE 42 EC 4 B 63 E	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA228521FED9FF7E471AF82D.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE REPOSITORY. Somaliland, Maroodi Jeex Region, HabaaswaYn, 9.3841900 ° N 44.0526747 ° E, FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somaliland, Maroodi Jeex Region, HabaaswaYn, 9.3841900 ° N 44.0526747 ° E, XI. 2023, 2 ♂ (holotYpe DNA No. 947 and paratYpe DNA No. 948), leg. Hassan Elmi.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA228521FED9FF7E471AF82D.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. It is a pleasure to name this species after Vera Opatova, the Czech arachnologist. Her phYlogenetic analYses highlY contribute to the understanding of species diversitY and phYlogenY across various arachnid groups, including scorpions. The name of this species is derived from her last name, Opatova.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA228521FED9FF7E471AF82D.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (♂). Total length of male 22 mm, female unknown; carapace with area between anterior median carinae fuscous; tergites with 3 dark stripes, median stripe flanked on either side bY broad longitudinal Yellow bands that maY be broken bY fuscositY extending across anterior tergites; pedipalp relativelY slender, male with femur L / W 2.26, patella L / W 2.12, chela L / W 4.26; chela movable finger with 6 subrows of primarY denticles, 5 external accessorY denticles flanking proximal end of each subrow; dorsoexternal and ventroexternal carinae on pedipalp patella in male present; posterior margins of tergites with 2 – 3 pairs of macrosetae; pedipalps, legs, metasoma and telson with moderatelY short in male, not verY spiniform, and long, fine setae in females; male with sternites III – VI granulated locallY, sternite VII denselY granulated with 4 granulated carinae; sternite III with 10 macrosetae; metasoma I – III with median lateral carinae present; lateral surface of metasoma V in males granulated, with granules separated; soles of telotarsi with relativelY sparse setation, leg III of adults with 18 – 21 ventral macrosetae on telotarsus; pectine teeth: 19 – 20 in males.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA228521FED9FF7E471AF82D.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION. Total length of adult males 22 mm, female unknown; measurements of carapace, telson, segments of metasoma and pedipalps given in Table 1; positions and distribution of trichobothria of pedipalps shown in Figs. 63 – 67, 69 – 70; trichobothrium d 2 present on pedipalp femur and patella; base color Yellow to light orange with variable fuscous pigmentation and extensive patterns of dark maculation on mesosoma, metasoma, partiallY on pedipalps and legs; chelicerae Yellow with dark reticulation on anterior manus, dentition reddish. Sexual dimorphism unknown. Pedipalp (Figs. 63 – 75). Pedipalp mostlY sparselY hirsute; finelY granulated in males; femur with five conspicuouslY granulose carinae developed in male; patella with seven granulose carinae, well developed; chela movable finger with 6 subrows of primarY denticles, 5 external accessorY denticles flanking proximal end of each subrow. Carapace (Figs. 48, 50). StronglY trapezoidal (narrower anteriorlY), wider than long (L / W 0.90); posterior median postocular area flat, anterior median preocular area gentlY sloped downwards towards anterior margin; lateral flanks steeplY sloped; ocular tubercle broad, prominent, located slightlY anterior of carapace; anterior margin straight, finelY microdenticulate, with coarser granules overlapping edge, bearing 6 macrosetae; anterior median carinae present, coarselY granular, other carinae indistinct; dense granulation covering most of carapace. Chelicera. Fingers with tYpical buthid dentition (Vachon, 1963; Lowe & KovařÍk, 2016; KovařÍk et al., 2018); fixed finger with large distal denticle, 1 subdistal denticle and 2 basal denticles fused into bicusp, single denticle on ventral surface at level of bicusp; dorsal margin of movable finger with 5 denticles: 1 large distal denticle, medium-sized subdistal and medial, and 2 small, partiallY fused basal denticles; ventral margin with 2 denticles. Mesosoma (Figs. 48 – 51). Tergites I – VI bear three carinae of which the lateral pair maY be less conspicuous mainlY on tergites I – IV; tergite VII bears five indicated carinae; tergites denselY granular, with coarser granules on posterior lateral areas; tergite; sternites III – VI granulated locallY, posterior margins of tergites with 2 – 3 pairs of macrosetae; sternite VII denselY granulated with 4 granulated carinae; sternite III with 10 macrosetae; sternum tYpe 1, triangular in shape, smooth, with deep posteromedian invagination; genital opercula smooth; genital papillae present; pectines extending to around end of sternite IV in males; pectine teeth 19 – 20 in males; combs with 3 marginal lamellae and 6 middle lamellae; marginal lamellae, middle lamellae and fulcra with dense cover of short dark reddish macrosetae; fulcra with 2 – 4 setae. Legs (Figs. 52 – 55). Coxa, femora, patella and tibia of all legs bearing variable numbers of short to medium length, straight, dark-reddish macrosetae; tarsi with mix of short and longer, dark-reddish macrosetae; basitarsi I – III slightlY compressed with flat retrolateral surfaces, with bristle combs consisting of retrosuperior series of longer macrosetae, plus retroinferior and proinferior series of shorter macrosetae; telotarsi with two rows of short macrosetae on ventral aspect, 18 – 21 macrosetae on telotarsus III; strong tibial spurs present on leg IV and reduced on leg. III. Metasoma and telson (Figs. 56 – 62). Metasoma and telson sparselY hirsute, macrosetae moderatelY short, not verY spiniform, and long in male; metasomal segments I – III with 10 carinae, IV with 8 carinae, V with 2 carinae; all carinae relativelY well developed; segment V with strong, granulate to dentate-lobate ventrolateral carinae; segments I – IV with dense granulation on all intercarinal surfaces; segment V denselY granular on lateral and ventral surfaces, more coarselY so on ventral surface; telson smooth, ventral surface sparselY, weaklY granular; vesicle slightlY elongated; aculeus stout, shorter than vesicle, tip of aculeus almost verticallY directed. Measurements. See Table 1. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish N. opatovae sp. n. from all other species of the genus. TheY are confirmed bY DNA phYlogenY (paper in preparation) but we did not include it in the keY below because the female is unknown. The new species is most similar according to DNA analYsis to N. amoudensis, which has pedipalp chela movable finger with 6 subrows (N. opatovae sp. n. has movable finger with 5 subrows of primarY denticles). TYpe localitY of N. opatovae sp. n. is relativelY near to localities of N. factorio and N. solegladi (see Fig. 160). N. factorio has pedipalp chela movable finger with 6 subrows of primarY denticles and 5 external accessorY denticles versus 5 subrows of primarY denticles and 4 external accessorY denticles in N. opatovae sp. n. N. solegladi has leg III of adults with 9 – 13 ventral macrosetae on telotarsus (N. opatovae sp. n. has leg III of adults with 18 – 21 ventral macrosetae on telotarsus).	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA39853FFEF0FF7E4141F92E.taxon	description	(Figs. 76 – 121, 160, Table 2) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8 B 3 EAA 91 - F 739 - 4 C 7 A-A 292 - E 286953 AAEBD	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA39853FFEF0FF7E4141F92E.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE DEPOSITORY. Somaliland, Awdal Region, Osoli, 10.4372736 ° N 43.7051653 ° E, FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somaliland, Awdal Region, Osoli, 10.4372736 ° N 43.7051653 ° E, XI. 2023, 1 ♂ (holotYpe, DNA No. 792) 1 ♀ (paratYpe, DNA No. 794), leg. Hassan Elmi.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA39853FFEF0FF7E4141F92E.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. Named after the tYpe localitY, near Osoli town.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA39853FFEF0FF7E4141F92E.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (♂ ♀). Total length 19 mm (male), 25 mm (female); carapace with area between anterior median carinae orange to partiallY fuscous; tergites with 3 dark stripes, median stripe flanked on either side bY broad longitudinal Yellow bands that maY be broken bY fuscositY extending across anterior tergites; pedipalp, male with femur L / W 1.95, patella L / W 2.55, chela L / W 4.50; chela movable finger with 5 – 6 subrows of primarY denticles, 4 external accessorY denticles flanking proximal end of each subrow; dorsoexternal carina on pedipalp patella in female weaklY indicated, ventroexternal carina absent; posterior margins of tergites without or with 1 – 2 pairs of macrosetae; pedipalps, legs, metasoma and telson with verY short, stout macrosetae in male, and long, fine setae in female; male with sternite VII denselY granular with 4 vestigial median carinae; female with sternites III – VI smooth, sternite VII finelY granular with 4 carinae; metasoma I – III with median lateral carinae absent in both sexes; lateral surfaces of metasoma I – IV denselY granulated in both sexes; lateral surface of metasoma V in males denselY granulated, with granules separated; tarsi with relativelY sparse setation, leg III of adults with 12 – 14 ventral macrosetae on telotarsus; pectine teeth: 16 in male, 14 in female.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA39853FFEF0FF7E4141F92E.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION. Total length of adult male 19 mm, of adult females 25 mm; measurements of carapace, telson, segments of metasoma and pedipalps given in Table 1; positions and distribution of trichobothria of pedipalps shown in Figs. 112 – 115, 117 – 118; trichobothrium d 2 present on pedipalp femur and patella; base color Yellow to light orange with variable fuscous pigmentation and extensive patterns of dark maculation on mesosoma, metasoma, partiallY on pedipalps and legs; chelicerae Yellow with dark reticulation on anterior manus, dentition reddish. Sexual dimorphism: strong, adult male substantiallY smaller, but without differences in shapes of pedipalps, metasoma and telson; pedipalp patella and femur granulate and matte in males, smooth and glossY in females; macrosetae on pedipalps, legs, metasoma and telson much longer and finer in females than males; other sex differences cited below. Pedipalp (Figs. 100 – 121). Pedipalp mostlY sparselY hirsute; finelY granulated in males and smooth in females; femur with five conspicuouslY granulose carinae, more stronglY developed in male; patella with seven granulose carinae, well developed in male and reduced or absent in females; dorsoexternal carinae on pedipalp patella in female weaklY indicated; chela with carinae present but smooth in females; chela movable finger with 5 – 6 and fixed finger with 5 subrows of primarY denticles, 3 (fixed ginger) or 4 (movable finger) external accessorY denticles flanking proximal end of each subrow. Carapace (Figs. 84, 86). StronglY trapezoidal (narrower anteriorlY), wider than long (L / W 0.89 – 0.96); posterior median postocular area flat, anterior median preocular area gentlY sloped downwards towards anterior margin; lateral flanks steeplY sloped; ocular tubercle broad, prominent, located slightlY anterior of carapace; anterior margin straight, finelY microdenticulate, with coarser granules overlapping edge, bearing 8 macrosetae; anterior median carinae present, coarselY granular, other carinae indistinct; dense granulation covering most of carapace. Chelicera. Fingers with tYpical buthid dentition (Vachon, 1963; Lowe & KovařÍk, 2016; KovařÍk et al., 2018); fixed finger with large distal denticle, 1 subdistal denticle and 2 basal denticles fused into bicusp, single denticle on ventral surface at level of bicusp; dorsal margin of movable finger with 5 denticles: 1 large distal denticle, medium-sized subdistal and medial, and 2 small, partiallY fused basal denticles; ventral margin with 2 denticles. Mesosoma (Figs. 82 – 87). Tergites I – VI bear three carinae of which the lateral pair maY be less conspicuous mainlY on tergites I – IV; tergite VII bears five well-defined carinae (median, submedians and laterals); tergites I – VI denselY granular, with coarser granules on posterior lateral areas; tergite VII denselY granular; sternites III – VI smooth in female, and finelY granulated in male; sternite VII granulated in both sexes, more so in males, with four well-defined carinae; sternum tYpe 1, triangular in shape, smooth, with deep posteromedian invagination; genital opercula smooth; genital papillae present; pectines extending to around end of sternite IV in male and around end of sternite III in female; pectine teeth 16 in male, 14 in female; combs with 3 marginal lamellae and 7 – 8 middle lamellae; marginal lamellae, middle lamellae and fulcra with dense cover of short dark reddish macrosetae; fulcra with 2 – 4 setae. Legs (Figs. 88 – 91). Coxa, femora, patella and tibia of all legs bearing variable numbers of short to medium length, straight, dark-reddish macrosetae; tarsi with mix of short and longer, dark-reddish macrosetae; basitarsi I – III slightlY compressed with flat retrolateral surfaces, with bristle combs consisting of retrosuperior series of longer macrosetae, plus retroinferior and proinferior series of shorter macrosetae; telotarsi with two rows of short macrosetae on ventral aspect, 12 – 14 macrosetae on telotarsus III; moderate tibial spurs present on leg IV and reduced on leg. III. Metasoma and telson (Figs. 92 – 99). Metasoma and telson sparselY hirsute, macrosetae verY short, stout in male, and long, fine setae in female; metasomal segments I – IV with 8 carinae, V with 2 carinae; all carinae relativelY well developed; segment V with strong, granulate to dentate-lobate ventrolateral carinae; segments I – V with dense granulation on all intercarinal surfaces except dorsal surfaces which are sparselY granulated in female; segment V denselY granular on lateral and ventral surfaces, more coarselY so on ventral surface, granules not arranged along anY traces of carinae; telson smooth, ventral surface sparselY, weaklY granular; vesicle slightlY elongated; aculeus stout, shorter than vesicle, tip of aculeus almost verticallY directed. Measurements. See Table 2. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish N. osoli sp. n. from all other species of the genus. TheY are recounted in the keY below and confirmed bY DNA phYlogenY (paper in preparation). The new species is most similar to N. amoudensis, from which it is distinguished mainlY according to two important characters. Metasomal macrosetae are moderatelY short in male, not verY spiniform in N. amoudensis, while metasomal macrosetae are verY short in male, stout and spiniform in N. osoli sp. n. (Fig. 426). Sternite III with ca 25 macrosetae (fig. 10 in KovařÍk et al., 2018: 7) in N. amoudensis versus sternite III with lesser than 10 macrosetae (Fig. 83) in N. osoli sp. n.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA3B8533FEF3F89941E2FB50.taxon	description	(Figs. 122 – 143, 160, Table 2) http: // zoobank. org / urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: B 3 A 2 ED 0 B- 524 B- 4 BAC-A 56 E-FD 908 D 93546 A	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA3B8533FEF3F89941E2FB50.taxon	materials_examined	TYPE LOCALITY AND TYPE DEPOSITORY. Somaliland, Sool Region, E of Las Anod, 8.530814 ° N 47.420496 ° E, 623 m a. s. l., FKCP. TYPE MATERIAL EXAMINED. Somaliland, Sool Region, E of Las Anod, 8.530814 ° N 47.420496 ° E, 623 m a. s. l., (LocalitY No. 21 SC, fig. 59 in KovařÍk et al., 2024: 15), 8. X. 2021, 1 ♀ (holotYpe, DNA No. 2133), leg. F. KovařÍk.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA3B8533FEF3F89941E2FB50.taxon	etymology	ETYMOLOGY. It is a pleasure to name this species after Vera Opatova, the Czech arachnologist. Her phYlogenetic analYses highlY contribute to the understanding of species diversitY and phYlogenY across various arachnid groups, including scorpions. The name of this species is derived from her first name, Vera.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA3B8533FEF3F89941E2FB50.taxon	diagnosis	DIAGNOSIS (♀). Total length of female 30 mm, male unknown; carapace with area between anterior median carinae smooth, orange to partiallY fuscous; tergites with 3 dark stripes, median stripe flanked on either side bY broad longitudinal Yellow bands that maY be broken bY fuscositY extending across anterior tergites; pedipalp, female with femur L / W 1.92, patella L / W 2.00, chela L / W 3.77; chela movable finger with 4 complete subrows of primarY denticles and 5 external accessorY denticles flanking proximal end of each subrow; fixed finger with 3 subrows of primarY denticles; dorsoexternal carina on pedipalp patella in female absent to weaklY indicated, ventroexternal carina absent; posterior margins of tergites without macrosetae; pedipalps, legs, metasoma and telson with long, fine setae in female; female with sternites III – VII smooth without carinae; metasoma I – III with median lateral carinae indicated; lateral surfaces of metasoma I – IV denselY granulated; tarsi with relativelY sparse setation, leg III of adult female with ca 18 ventral macrosetae on telotarsus; pectine teeth 14 in female.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
03879D78DA3B8533FEF3F89941E2FB50.taxon	description	DESCRIPTION. Total length of adult female 30 mm, male unknown; measurements of carapace, telson, segments of metasoma and pedipalps given in Table 1; positions and distribution of trichobothria of pedipalps shown in Figs. 133 – 136, 138 – 139; trichobothrium d 2 present on pedipalp femur and patella; base color Yellow to light orange with variable fuscous pigmentation and reduced patterns of dark maculation on mesosoma, metasoma, pedipalps and legs; chelicerae Yellow with dark reticulation on anterior manus, dentition reddish. Sexual dimorphism: unknown. Pedipalp (Figs. 132 – 142). Pedipalp mostlY sparselY hirsute; smooth in female; femur with five incomplete carinae,; patella and chela with carinae absent to weaklY indicated; chela movable finger with 4 complete subrows of primarY denticles and 5 external accessorY denticles flanking proximal end of each subrow; fixed finger with 3 subrows of primarY denticles flanking proximal end of each subrow. Carapace (Figs. 124, 126). StronglY trapezoidal (narrower anteriorlY), wider than long (L / W 0.86); posterior median postocular area flat, anterior median preocular area gentlY sloped downwards towards anterior margin; lateral flanks steeplY sloped; ocular tubercle broad, prominent, located slightlY anterior of carapace; anterior margin almost straight, finelY microdenticulate, with granules overlapping edge, bearing 6 macrosetae; anterior median carinae present, other carinae indistinct; dense granulation covering most of carapace. Chelicera. Fingers with tYpical buthid dentition (Vachon, 1963; Lowe & KovařÍk, 2016; KovařÍk et al., 2018); fixed finger with large distal denticle, 1 subdistal denticle and 2 basal denticles fused into bicusp, single denticle on ventral surface at level of bicusp; dorsal margin of movable finger with 5 denticles: 1 large distal denticle, medium-sized subdistal and medial, and 2 small, partiallY fused basal denticles; ventral margin with 2 denticles. Mesosoma (Figs. 122 – 127). Tergites I – VI bear three carinae of which the lateral pair maY be less conspicuous mainlY on tergites I – IV; tergite VII bears five not well-defined carinae (median, submedians and laterals); tergites I – VI granular mainlY on posterior part; tergite VII finelY granular; sternites III – VII smooth without carinae; sternite III with ca 18 macrosetae; sternum tYpe 1, triangular in shape, smooth, with deep posteromedian invagination; genital opercula smooth; genital papillae present; pectines extending to around end of sternite III in female; pectine teeth 14 in female; combs with 3 marginal lamellae and 7 – 8 middle lamellae; marginal lamellae, middle lamellae and fulcra with dense cover of short dark reddish macrosetae; fulcra with 2 – 4 setae. Legs. Coxa, femora, patella and tibia of all legs bearing variable numbers of short to medium length, straight, dark-reddish macrosetae; tarsi with mix of short and longer, dark-reddish macrosetae; telotarsi with two rows of short macrosetae on ventral aspect, 12 macrosetae on telotarsus III; tibial spurs reduced on legs III and IV. Metasoma and telson (Figs. 128 – 131). Metasoma and telson sparselY hirsute, long, fine setae in female; metasomal segments I – III with 8 – 10 carinae (median lateral carinae indicated), IV with 8 carinae, V with 2 carinae; carinae relativelY well developed; segment V with strong, granulate to dentate-lobate ventrolateral carinae; segments I – V with dense granulation on all intercarinal surfaces except dorsal surfaces which are smooth in female; ventromedial carinae on metasoma II – III lobate; telson smooth; vesicle elongated; aculeus stout, shorter than vesicle, tip of aculeus almost verticallY directed. Measurements. See Table 2. AFFINITIES. The described features distinguish N. verae sp. n. from all other species of the genus. TheY are recounted in the keY below, the new species is most similar to N. berberensis, above all, in the light coloring, which distinguishes these two species from other species of the genus. N. verae sp. n., however, has an unique pedipalp fingers dentation. Pedipalp chela movable finger with 4 complete subrows of primarY denticles and 5 external accessorY denticles; fixed finger with 3 subrows of primarY denticles (Figs 141 – 142) while N. berberensis has chela movable finger with 5 – 6 subrows of primarY denticles and 3 – 5 external accessorY denticles.	en	Euscorpius, No. (2024): Scorpions of the Horn of Africa (Arachnida, Scorpiones). Part XXXIV. Four new species of Neobuthus from Somaliland (Buthidae). Euscorpius 401: 1-31, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.14660773
