taxonID	type	description	language	source
038287B8FFEBFFFEFF6BFADD8A59FE81.taxon	description	This family was previously considered to be exclusively distributed in the Holarctic Region (Krombein 1940; Pagliano et al. 2020). In the Oriental Region, myrmosids had previously been recorded from South Asia only and were represented by two kudakrumiine genera, Kudakrumia Krombein, 1979 and Nothomyrmosa Krombein, 1979 (Krombein 1979; Lelej 2005), except for Taimyrmosa Lelej, 2005 (Myrmosinae) which had one species from Taiwan (Lelej 2005). Surprisingly, Williams et al. (2019 c) discovered Kudakrumia and the Palaearctic genus Krombeinella Pate, 1947 (Myrmosinae) from Thailand and Vietnam. Because myrmosids lack traditional diagnostic features of velvet ants (e. g., felt line on the second metasomal segment), males can be easily confused with tiphiid and thynnid wasps (Williams et al. 2019 c). Therefore, diverse elements of this family might eventually be found after careful examination of Malaise-trap and yellow pan-trap samples from Southeast Asia.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFE8FFFEFF6BFC028A74F9AA.taxon	description	(Fig. 2 A)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFE8FFFEFF6BFC028A74F9AA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 ♂. Holotype ♂: Vietnam: NINH THUAN: Nui Chua National Park, northwest part, c. 150 m, 24 – 30. V. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., Malaise trap 17 [RMNH]. Paratype: Vietnam: NINH THUAN: Nui Chua National Park, northwest part, c. 150 m, 24 – 30. V. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., Malaise trap 17 [1 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Voucher specimens (Williams et al. 2019 c). Previous record. This species was described from Ninh Thuan by Williams et al. (2019 c).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFE8FFFEFF6BFC028A74F9AA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam: Ninh Thuan. Occurrence in Vietnam. May. Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests ecoregion. ca. 150 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFE8FFFEFF6BFC028A74F9AA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is one of four described species of Kudakrumia. The two East Asian species, Ku. loaibonho and Ku. malaenglek Williams, Lelej & Thaochan, 2019 (Thailand), have been collected from dry habitats during the dry season and are likely arid-adapted species (Williams et al. 2019 c).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFE8FFFEFF6BFEF28C36FCD1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Identification keys to the Old World genera and species of Kudakrumiinae were provided by Kumar et al. (2019) and Williams et al. (2019 c).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFE8FFFFFF6BF9E68D82FE81.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6 A 368099 - FD 20 - 4 B 9 F- 9 A 22 - A 131748 B 8 CB 9	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFE8FFFFFF6BF9E68D82FE81.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Williams et al. (2019 c) provided a key to all known males.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFE9FFFFFF6BFA598AFEF86D.taxon	description	(Figs 2 B, 2 C)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFE9FFFFFF6BFA598AFEF86D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂. Holotype ♂: Vietnam: DONG NAI: Cat Tien National Park, Dong trail, c. 100 m, 1 – 8. IV. 2007, Mai Phu Quy and Nguyen Thanh Manh leg., Malaise traps [RMNH]. Identification source. Voucher specimen (Williams et al. 2019 c). Previous record. This species was described from Dong Nai by Williams et al. (2019 c).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFE9FFFFFF6BFA598AFEF86D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam: Dong Nai. Occurrence in Vietnam. April. Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregion. ca. 100 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFE9FFFFFF6BFA598AFEF86D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is the only Oriental species of the genus. This species, like two Kudakrumia species known from East Asia, was collected from dry habitat during the dry season (Williams et al. 2019 c).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFEEFFF8FF6BFB748D6BF8C0.taxon	description	(Figs 3 A, 3 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFEEFFF8FF6BFB748D6BF8C0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 5 ♂. Vietnam: DONG NAI: Cat Tien Natl. Park, ca. 1 km along trail to Crocodile Lake, 120 m, 26 – 31. VIII. 1998, B. Hubley leg., ROM 982014 [1 ♂ ROM]; BA RIA-VUNG TAU: Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 4 – 5. I. 2002, K. Okajima leg., Malaise trap [4 ♂ TUA]. Identification source. Keyed using Zhou et al. (2017) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFEEFFF8FF6BFB748D6BF8C0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam *: Dong Nai, Ba Ria-Vung Tau. Occurrence in Vietnam. January, August. Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 120 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFEEFFF8FF6BFB748D6BF8C0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described from southern China and is newly recorded from Vietnam. No notable variation was detected from the specimens examined herein.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFEEFFF8FF6BFE0F8A9CFB0B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. An identification key to the Oriental species was provided by Zhou et al. (2017).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFECFFFAFF6BFF0B8EA9FC28.taxon	description	(Figs 3 C, 3 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFECFFFAFF6BFF0B8EA9FC28.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 4 ♀. Vietnam: DAK LAK: Chu Yang Sin NP, near dam, 500 m, 3 – 9. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♀ RMNH]; Chu Yang Sin NP, Krong K’Mar, 760 m, 21 – 26. X. 2005, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♀, RMNH]; DONG NAI: Cat Tien NP, Dong trail, 100 m, 13 – 19. V. 2007, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♀, RMNH]; Cat Tien NP, Ficus trail, 100 m, 1 – 9. X. 2005, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♀, RMNH]. Identification source. Keyed using Zhou et al. (2017) and compared with the original description. Previous record. This species was described from Dong Nai by Lelej (2012).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFECFFFAFF6BFF0B8EA9FC28.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand. Vietnam: Dong Nai, Dak Lak *. Occurrence in Vietnam. January, February, May, June, October. Southern Annamites montane rain forests and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 100 – 760 m alt. Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was recognized by Williams et al. (2019 b) based on a pair in copula but has not been formally associated and described yet.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFECFFFAFF6BFF0B8EA9FC28.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The holotype of this species was collected from the litter in a semi-deciduous forest in southern Vietnam.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFECFFFAFF6BFB998DA3F934.taxon	description	This is apparently the most diverse subfamily in the Americas (Pagliano et al. 2020; Williams et al. 2024). In the Old World and the Australasian Region, this subfamily is represented by the genera Cystomutilla André, 1896, Hemutilla Lelej, Tu & Chen in Tu et al., 2014 (Sphaeropthalmini), and nine genera that were previously placed in Dasymutillini but not assigned to a tribe in the recent classification (Brothers & Lelej 2017; Waldren et al. 2023). These nine genera are predominantly distributed in the Australasian Region, and few species are known from Wallacea (Lelej 2005, 2024; Brothers 2022). In East Asia, one Cystomutilla species and six Hemutilla species have been recorded from China, South Korea, and Japan (Tu et al. 2014; Zhou et al. 2018 a). The records of Hemutilla given below represent the southernmost range of this genus. Formerly, the genera Cockerellidia Lelej & Krombein, 1999 and Karlidia Lelej in Lelej & Krombein, 1999 known from Southeast Asia were placed in the Pseudomethocini (Lelej & Krombein 1999). They were subsequently assigned to the subtribe Ephutina of Mutillini Latreille, 1802 (Brothers & Lelej 2017) and now to Odontomutillinae (Waldren et al. 2023).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFECFFFBFF6BF9658C08FE15.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was reviewed by Tu et al. (2014). The first record of the genus and the subfamily from Vietnam is presented below. Hosts are unknown for this genus. The species of the other Old World sphaeropthalmine genus Cystomutilla are known to parasitize cavity-nesting apoid wasps (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) (Borries 1892; Ferton 1908; Lelej 1985; Gôukon 1993).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFEDFFFBFF6BFE468D30FB33.taxon	description	(Figs 3 E, 3 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFEDFFFBFF6BFE468D30FB33.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 ♀. Vietnam: THUA THIEN HUE: near Bach Ma National Park, 19 km point, 16.198 ° N 107.860 ° E, 1400 m alt., 3 – 6. VIII. 2016, Y. Komeda & T. Mita leg., yellow pan trap, 253 / BTTNVN [1 ♀ VNMN]; LAM DONG: Bao Loc, Dambri, 26. XII. 2001, K. Okajima leg. [1 ♀ TUA]. Identification source. Keyed using Tu et al. (2014) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFEDFFFBFF6BFE468D30FB33.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam *: Thua Thien Hue, Lam Dong. Occurrence in Vietnam. August, December. Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests and Southern Annamites montane rain forests ecoregions. 1400 m alt. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFEDFFFBFF6BFE468D30FB33.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type specimens of this species were not found in TARI, where Chen’s types are presently deposited (JO pers. obs.). Before this study, Hemutilla was known from China and Taiwan only. The record from Lam Dong expands its distributional range to southern Vietnam.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFEDFFFBFF6BFA9D8B18F87D.taxon	description	(Figs 3 G, 3 H)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFEDFFFBFF6BFA9D8B18F87D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂. Vietnam: THUA THIEN HUE: Bach Ma Natl. Pk., ca. 1 km NE along trail behind upper guesthouse, semi-tropical evergreen forest, 16 ° 11 ' 15 " N 107 ° 51 ' 17 " E, 1200 m, 3 – 17. VI. 2000, B. Hubley leg., Malaise trap (fine) head, ROM 2000504 [1 ♂ ROM]. Identification source. Keyed using Tu et al. (2014) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFEDFFFBFF6BFA9D8B18F87D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam *: Thua Thien Hue. Occurrence in Vietnam. June. Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests ecoregion. 1200 m alt. Semi-tropical evergreen forest. Sex association. Female unknown. This species has been collected from the same localities (but different date) with H. bifurcata, i. e., Mt. Fengyang-shan, Zhejiang, China and Bach Ma National Park, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam (Tu et al. 2014; this study). They are the only Hemutilla species ever recorded from Vietnam, while other species are found in southern China and Taiwan. Hence, they are likely conspecific. However, proposal of a new synonymy is beyond the focus of this paper.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFEDFFFBFF6BFA9D8B18F87D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was previously known from a single locality in southern China (Tu et al. 2014).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF2FFE4FF6BFF0B8D6BFBD2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was reviewed by Lelej (1996 a). An updated key to the females was provided by Okayasu (2023 b). This genus is closely related to the Afrotropical and western Palaearctic genus Stenomutilla André, 1896 (Lelej 1996 a; Brothers & Lelej 2017; Waldren et al. 2023). Stenomutilla species are known as parasitoids of bees and wasps constructing their nests with mud or in pre-existing cavities or limacodid moth cocoons (Lepidoptera) in the soil or on twigs (Okayasu 2023 b and references therein).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF2FFE6FF6BFB3C8A52FDFD.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 1 EB 23 ADE-BE 84 - 4141 - 932 C- 7 E 21 C 60708 BA (Figs 4 A – 4 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF2FFE6FF6BFB3C8A52FDFD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 39 ♂ 2 ♀. Vietnam: LAO CAI: Van Ban, Liem Phu, 300 – 700 m, 30. IX. 2006, K. Eguchi leg. [2 ♀ SKYC]; BAC KAN: Ba Be Natl. Pk. H. Q., forest, 22 ° 34 ' N 105 ° 37 ' E, 4 – 9. VI. 2000, D. C. Darling leg., Malaise trap, ROM 2000401 [1 ♂ ROM]; Ba Be, 22 ° 25 ' 29.39 " N 105 ° 38 ' 19.09 " E, ca 277 m alt., 5. VII. 2014, H. Yoshitomi leg. [1 ♂ EUMJ]; THAI NGUYEN: Dai Tu, Cat Ne, 21 ° 31 ' 54.4 " N 105 ° 39 ' 51.1 " E, 20 – 25. VIII. 2007, Malaise trap [2 ♂ IEBR]; Minh Tien, 25. V. 2007, Malaise trap [1 ♂ IEBR]; PHU THO: Viet Tri, 21 ° 22 ' 02.6 " N 105 ° 19 ' 15.6 " E, 20. X. 2018, Ngat T. Tran, Minh P. Nguyen, & Tuan V. Luong leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; VINH PHUC: Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh, 20. VIII. 2001, Lam X. Truong leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; 22 ° 16 ' 51 " N 105 ° 71 ' 54 " E, 1 – 10. X. 2020, IED’s [= Insect Ecology Department’s] collectors leg., Malaise trap [3 ♂ IEBR]; 21 ° 23 ' 01.7 " N 105 ° 42 ' 40.7 " E, ca 70 m alt., 11 – 20. V. 2021, IED’s [= Insect Ecology Department’s] collectors leg., Malaise trap [6 ♂ IEBR]; HOA BINH: Ha Son Binh Prov. [= Hoa Binh], Da Bac, Tuly [= Tu Ly], forest, 21. X. 1990, E. Narchuk leg. [1 ♂ IBSS]; QUANG TRI: Dak Rong, A Ngo, ca 150 – 200 m alt., 31. V. 2006, IED’s [= Insect Ecology Department’s] collectors leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; GIA LAI: Mang Yang, Kon Ka Kinh National Park, 14 ° 12 ' 11.6 " N 108 ° 18 ' 58 " E, ca 830 m alt., 19. V – 3. VI. 2022, Lam V. Tinh leg., Malaise trap [1 ♂ IEBR]; DAK LAK: Chu Yang Sin NP, near dam, 500 m, 3 – 9. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [2 ♂ RMNH]; NINH THUAN: Nui Chua NP, northeast part, 90 – 150 m, 23 – 30. V. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [18 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Keyed using Lelej (1996 a) and compared with the original description. Previous record. This species was recorded from Hoa Binh by Lelej (1996 a).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF2FFE6FF6BFB3C8A52FDFD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Taiwan. Vietnam: Lao Cai *, Bac Kan *, Thai Nguyen *, Vinh Phuc *, Phu Tho *, Hoa Binh, Quang Tri *, Gia Lai *, Dak Lak *, Ninh Thuan *. This species was also recorded from Myanmar (Bingham 1897: 30, as M. variegata), but Bingham’s description differs from true Or. desponsa in the body color (Lelej 1979, 1996 a). Occurrence in Vietnam. May to October. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Red River freshwater swamp forests, Luang Prabang montane rain forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, and Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests ecoregions. 70 – 830 m alt. Forest. Sex association. This species was described from the male as Mutilla desponsa and from the female as Mutilla variegata in the same publication (Smith 1855). They were associated by André (1909), but the evidence of this synonymy was not indicated. This treatment was confirmed by Lelej (1996 a) based on males and females collected at the same place.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF2FFE6FF6BFB3C8A52FDFD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is the most widespread and common species of Orientilla.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF0FFE6FF6BFD2E8D9EFA0E.taxon	description	(Figs 4 E, 4 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF0FFE6FF6BFD2E8D9EFA0E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 4 ♂. Vietnam: NINH BINH: Cuc Phuong National Park, 20 ° 21 ' N 105 ° 36 ' E, 200 m, 7 – 9. V. 2002, S. Belokobylskij leg. [1 ♂ IBSS]; THUA THIEN HUE: Bach Ma, ca. 800 m alt., 10. VI. 2002, Y. Arita leg. [1 ♂ TUA]; NINH THUAN: Nui Chua NP, northeast part, 90 – 150 m, 23 – 30. V. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂, RMNH]; BA RIA-VUNG TAU: Xuyen Moc, Bung Rieng, 3. I. 2002, K. Okajima leg. [1 ♂ TUA]. Identification source. Keyed using Lelej (1996 a) and compared with the original description. Previous record. This species was described from Quang Nam by Lelej (1996 a).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF0FFE6FF6BFD2E8D9EFA0E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam: Ninh Binh *, Thua Thien Hue *, Quang Nam, Ninh Thuan *, Ba Ria-Vung Tau *. Occurrence in Vietnam. January, March, May, June. Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, and Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests ecoregions. 90 – 800 m alt. Sex association. This species was described from both sexes collected at the same place and time.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF0FFE6FF6BFD2E8D9EFA0E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is a relatively rare species. It seems to be closely related to Or. desponsa, separated from that species by having slightly different mesoscutellum morphology in males, a narrower head and subtle color differences in females, and a shorter felt line in both sexes (Lelej 1996 a).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF0FFE7FF6BFA7F8C38FF49.taxon	description	(Figs 4 G, 4 H)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF0FFE7FF6BFA7F8C38FF49.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Laos. Myanmar. Thailand. Vietnam: Khanh Hoa. Occurrence in Vietnam. September. Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests ecoregion. Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was recognized by Thaochan et al. (2022) but has not been formally associated and described yet.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF0FFE7FF6BFA7F8C38FF49.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species can be separated from other Vietnamese Orientilla by the entirely reddish-orange head in females (Lelej 1996 a; Okayasu 2023 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF1FFE7FF6BFEBA8CAEF9E6.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 24 E 4 D 574 - 50 F 1 - 44 C 7 - 8 A 76 - ADA 390565479 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 1 F 5 A 7 DF-ECF 0 - 4 F 25 - A 914 - 5240978 B 6 F 99	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF1FFE7FF6BFEBA8CAEF9E6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was reviewed based on species from Africa (Bischoff 1920 – 1921), China (Chen 1957), India (Lelej et al. 2020), and the islands of the Pacific Ocean (Mickel 1935). No comprehensive study has been conducted for the continental Southeast Asian species.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF1FFE0FF6BF9228C58FCC1.taxon	description	(Figs 5 A, 5 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF1FFE0FF6BF9228C58FCC1.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 5 ♀. Vietnam: VINH PHUC: Tam Dao, 400 – 500 m, pine forest, 9. VIII. 1998, Sk. Yamane leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; NINH BINH: Cuc Phuong, 200 – 300 m alt., 25. IV. 1998, R. Matsumoto leg. [1 ♀ OMNH]; GIA LAI: Buon Luoi, tropical forest, VII. 1981, L. Medvedev leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; KBang, Son Lang, Dien Bien, Kon Chu Rang NR, Duong di trai bo, 14 ° 31 ' 08 " N, 108 ° 28 ' 24 " E, ca 840 m alt., 25. VII. 2017, NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien], VTTT [= Vu Thi Thanh Tam], NQC [= Nguyen Quang Cuong] & NTT [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; DONG NAI: National Park Cat Tien, dipterocarp forest, 17. X. 2008, V. Zryanin leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]. Identification source. Keyed using Mickel (1933 c) and compared with the original description. Previous record. This species was described from southern Vietnam by Sichel & Radoszkowski (1869), but additional locality data were unavailable. Later, Lelej (2005) recorded this species from the northern part without reference to voucher specimens.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF1FFE0FF6BF9228C58FCC1.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Laos. Thailand. Vietnam: Vinh Phuc *, Ninh Binh *, Gia Lai *, Dong Nai *. This species was also recorded from Indonesia (Java, Sumatra; André 1902 b: 29) and Malaysia (Perak; André 1902 b: 29; Zavattari 1914: 64), but these records were based on misidentification (Mickel 1933 c). Occurrence in Vietnam. April, July, August, October. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen ecoregions. 200 – 840 m alt. Dipterocarp forest, tropical forest, pine forest. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF1FFE0FF6BF9228C58FCC1.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is similar to Odontomutilla uranoides below, but has a wider mesal spot of golden setae on the second metasomal tergum.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF6FFE0FF6BFC3B8FC4F86A.taxon	description	(Figs 5 C – 5 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF6FFE0FF6BFC3B8FC4F86A.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 ♂ 11 ♀. Vietnam: CAO BANG: Tra Linh, Thang Hen lake, 22 ° 45 ' 48 " N 106 ° 17 ' 38 " E, 611 m, 3. VIII. 2022, IG [= Insect Group] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; VINH PHUC: Tam Dao, 16. IV. 1986, Yu. Zaitzev leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Tam Dao, 30. VI. 1993, K. Matsumoto leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; Tam Dao, IV. 1995, M. Sato leg. [1 ♀ EUMJ]; Tam Dao, 960 – 1230 m, 20. V. 1995, A. Shinohara leg. [1 ♀ NSMT]; Tam Dao, 20. V. 1995, E. Sugonyaev leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Tam Dao, 900 – 1200 m alt., 5. V. 1998, R. Matsumoto leg. [1 ♀ OMNH], 6. V. 1998 [1 ♀ OMNH], 7. V. 1998 [1 ♀ OMNH]; Tam Dao NP, 21 ° 31 ' N 105 ° 33 ' E, 25 – 30. VII. 2011, J. Constant & J. Bresseel leg., day collecting [1 ♀ RBINS]; HOA BINH: Ha Son Binh Prov. [= Hoa Binh], Da Bac, Tuly [= Tu Ly], forest, 23. X. 1990, S. Belokobylskij leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; NINH BINH: Cuc Phuong National Park, 20 ° 23 ' N 105 ° 34 ' E, 300 m, 5 – 6. V. 2002, S. Belokobylskij leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Cuc Phuong National Park, 20 ° 21 ' 01 " N 105 ° 35 ' 35 " E, 13 – 17. VI. 2014, M. Hauser & N. von Ellenrieder leg., malaise [1 ♂ CSCA]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from China (Chen 1957) [TARI]. Previous record. This species was recorded from northern Vietnam by Lelej (2005) without reference to voucher specimens. Later, Boutin & Vilhelmsen (2024) examined a female from northern Vietnam, but additional locality data were unavailable.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF6FFE0FF6BFC3B8FC4F86A.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam: Cao Bang *, Vinh Phuc *, Hoa Binh *, Ninh Binh *. Occurrence in Vietnam. April to August, October. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests and Northern Indochina subtropical forests ecoregions. 300 – 1230 m alt. Forest. Sex association. This species was described from both sexes, but the evidence of this association was not indicated.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF6FFE0FF6BFC3B8FC4F86A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species can be recognized by the black head, which is seen in both males and females. Although the other two Vietnamese species are currently known from females only, we expect their males to have a reddish head, like the females.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF4FFE2FF6BFF0B8C84FA75.taxon	description	(Figs 5 G, 5 H)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF4FFE2FF6BFF0B8C84FA75.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 10 ♀. Vietnam: CAO BANG: Phia Oac-Phia Den National Park, 900 m, 22 ° 37 ' 41 " N 105 ° 54 ' 41 " E, 22. V – 6. VI. 2018. L. Anisyutkin & A. Abramov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Nguyen Binh, Phia Oac NP, 20 ° 37 ' 41 " N 105 ° 54 ' 41 " E, 859 m, 7. V. 2021, T. T. Ngat leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; LAO CAI: Van Ban, Liem Phu, 450 – 600 m, 26. IX. 2006, K. Eguchi leg. [3 ♀ SKYC]; VINH PHUC: Tam Dao, V. 1995, M. Sato leg. [1 ♀ EUMJ]; Tam Dao, IV – 7. V. 1996, native collector leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; Tam Dao, 930 m alt., 1 – 7. V. 1996, Y. Arita leg. [2 ♀ EUMJ]; QUANG NINH: Dong Kho Island, 21 ° 06 ' N 107 ° 36 ' E, 22. III. 1987, V. Kuznetzov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]. Identification source. Keyed using Mickel (1933 c) and Chen (1957) and compared with the original description. Previous record. This species was recorded from northern Vietnam by Lelej (2005) without reference to voucher specimens. Later, Okayasu et al. (2018) recorded this species from Lam Dong.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF4FFE2FF6BFF0B8C84FA75.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Laos. Thailand. Vietnam: Cao Bang *, Lao Cai *, Vinh Phuc *, Quang Ninh *, Lam Dong. Occurrence in Vietnam. March to June, September, November. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests and Northern Indochina subtropical forests ecoregions. 450 – 930 m alt. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF4FFE2FF6BFF0B8C84FA75.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This appears to be the most common Odontomutilla species in Thailand and China, particularly around Hong Kong, based on citizen-science records online (KAW pers. obs.). Comparatively few specimens have been examined from Vietnam. Genus Yamanetilla Lelej, 1996 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 096 BAD 40 - ECB 6 - 4 FBA-B 541 - 737 D 0 AA 6 E 572	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF4FFE2FF6BFF0B8C84FA75.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was nested in the widespread and speciose Odontomutilla in phylogenetic analyses by Brothers & Lelej (2017) and Waldren et al. (2023).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF4FFE3FF6BF9A78BC3FEF9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂ 1 ♀. Vietnam: DONG NAI: 70 km NE Saigon [= Ho Chi Minh], Ma De, VIII. 1994, Belyaeva leg. [1 ♂ IBSS]; BA RIA-VUNG TAU: Côn Đ ảo Island, 8 ° 41 ' N l 06 ° 37 ' E, 6. IV. 1987, V. Kuznetsov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]. Identification source. Voucher specimen (Lelej 1996 c). Previous record. This species was recorded from Ba Ria-Vung Tau by Lelej (1996 c).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF4FFE3FF6BF9A78BC3FEF9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia. Philippines. Vietnam: Dong Nai *, Ba Ria-Vung Tau. Occurrence in Vietnam. April, August. Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. Sex association. This species was described from both sexes, but the evidence of this association was not indicated.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF4FFE3FF6BF9A78BC3FEF9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Photos of the holotype of this species are available in National Museum of Natural History (2025).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF5FFE3FF6BFAEB8AFAF88F.taxon	description	(Figs 6 A, 6 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF5FFE3FF6BFAEB8AFAF88F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand. Vietnam: Lao Cai (Williams et al. 2019 b). Occurrence in Vietnam. September. Northern Indochina subtropical forests ecoregion. 300 – 650 m alt. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF5FFE3FF6BFAEB8AFAF88F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is widely distributed in Thailand and occurs in northern Vietnam.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF5FFE3FF6BFE2A8B01FABA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Bischoffitilla species are tiny wasps and hard to identify. Identification keys to the species from China, Taiwan, the islands of the Pacific Ocean, and southern Thailand are available in Mickel (1935) (supplemented by Tsuneki et al. 1993), Chen (1957), and Williams et al. (2019 b). However, many morphospecies that cannot be readily identified with those references are recognized in Vietnam and neighboring countries (JO pers. obs.).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFAFFECFF6BFF0B8B36F834.taxon	description	(Figs 6 C, 6 D, 7 A, 7 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFAFFECFF6BFF0B8B36F834.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 16 ♂ 38 ♀. Vietnam: BAC KAN: Ba Be Nat. Park, 31. VII – 2. VIII. 2000, K. Okajima leg. [2 ♀ TUA]; VINH PHUC: Meninh Biodiversity Station, 21 ° 23 ' 57 " N 105 ° 42 ' 40 " E, 1. VII. 2007, Sau, malaise [1 ♂ RBINS]; Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh Biodiversity station, 21 ° 23 ' 22 " N 105 ° 42 ' 48 " E, 63 m, 11 – 20. X. 2020, TDD [= T. D. Duong] & TXT [= T. X. Thanh] leg., MT 3 [= Malaise trap 3] [1 ♂ IEBR]; Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh Bio-Station, 22 ° 16 ' 51 " N 105 ° 71 ' 54 " E, 10. IV. 2021, IED [= Insect Ecology Department] leg., MT [= Malaise trap] [3 ♂ IEBR]; Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh Bio-Station, 21 ° 23 ' 03 " N 105 ° 42 ' 40 " E, 21 – 30. IV. 2021, T. D. Duong & T. X. Thanh leg., MT 1 [= Malaise trap 1] [1 ♂ IEBR]; HOA BINH: Luong Son, Thanh Lap, Song Village, 26. VI – 5. VII. 2018, T. D. Duong leg., MT 1 [= Malaise trap 1] [1 ♂ IEBR], 25. IV – 15. V. 2019 [1 ♀ IEBR]; BAC GIANG: Bac Giang, XI. 2021, MT [= Malaise trap] [1 ♂ IEBR]; QUANG NINH: Phong Vong Island, 20 ° 47 ' N 107 ° 25 ' E, 9 – 10. X. 1990, V. Kuznetzov leg. [3 ♀ IBSS]; HA TINH: Vu Quang, Ben Cat, 18 ° 19 ' 30 " N 105 ° 23 ' 8 " E, 30 m, 8. VII. 2023, X. L. Truong, T. P. L. Nguyen, Q. C. Nguyen, T. N. Tran leg. [4 ♀ IEBR], 8. VII. 2023 [13 ♀ IEBR]; THUA THIEN HUE: Bach Ma NP, Entrance, 253 / BTTNVN, 16.250 ° N 107.873 ° E, 50 m alt., 2 – 6. VIII. 2016, T. Mita leg., yellow pan trap [1 ♂ VNMN]; QUANG NAM: Tam K ỳ, An Phú, 15 ° 36 ' 18.6 " N 108 ° 30 ' 2 " E, h = - 2.2 m, 23. IV. 2023, Đ. T. Hoa leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; GIA LAI: 50 km N An Khe, forest, 30. X. 1979, V. Yanushev leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; LAM DONG: Bidoup Nulba NP, near Da Lat, 1650 – 1700 m, 11 – 19. X. 2005, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; NINH THUAN: Nui Chua NP, northeast part, 90 – 150 m, 23 – 30. V. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; DONG NAI: Cat Tien NP, bird trail, 100 m, 15 – 20. V. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [4 ♂ RMNH]; Cat Tien NP, Ficus trail, 100 m, 1 – 9. X. 2005, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♀ RMNH]; BA RIA-VUNG TAU: Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 5. I. 2002, K. Okajima leg. [1 ♂ 7 ♀ TUA]; Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 5. I. 2002, T. Ishikawa leg. [3 ♀ TUA]; Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 5. I. 2002, H. Mizushima leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; KIEN GIANG: Tho Chu Il., 8 – 10. IV. 1987, V. Kuznetzov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from China (Chen 1957) [TARI] and description in Barthélémy et al. (2018). Previous record. This species was recorded from Vietnam (as Bi. arundinacea and Bi. lamellata) by Lelej (2005) without reference to voucher specimens. Later, Nguyen & Dang (2024) recorded this species from Vinh Phuc.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFAFFECFF6BFF0B8B36F834.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Malaysia. Thailand. Vietnam: Bac Kan *, Vinh Phuc, Bac Giang *, Quang Ninh *, Hoa Binh *, Ha Tinh *, Thua Thien Hue *, Quang Nam *, Gia Lai *, Lam Dong *, Ninh Thuan *, Dong Nai *, Ba Ria-Vung Tau *, Kieng Giang *. Occurrence in Vietnam. January, April to August, October, November. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests, Northern Annamites rain forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. - 2.2 – 1700 m alt. Forest. Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was associated and described by Barthélémy et al. (2018) based on males and females collected at the same place.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFAFFECFF6BFF0B8B36F834.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is the most widely distributed and commonest Bischoffitilla species in Indochina.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF8FFEEFF6BFF0B8DF5FCD4.taxon	description	(Figs 6 E, 6 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF8FFEEFF6BFF0B8DF5FCD4.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 4 ♀. Vietnam: HANOI: Ba Vi National Park, 400 – 600 m, 21 ° 03 ' N 105 ° 22 ' E, 11. XI. 1999, K. Eguchi leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; BAC GIANG: W. Yen Tu, 190 m, ground & litter, 25. III. 2003, K. Eguchi leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; NGHE AN: Ban Xan, 16. IV. 1999, V. T. Viet leg. [2 ♀ SKYC]. Identification source. Keyed using Mickel (1935) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF8FFEEFF6BFF0B8DF5FCD4.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia. Myanmar. Thailand. Vietnam *: Hanoi, Bac Giang, Nghe An. Occurrence in Vietnam. March, April, November. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, and Red River freshwater swamp forests ecoregions. 190 – 600 m alt. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF8FFEEFF6BFF0B8DF5FCD4.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is easily recognized in the Vietnamese Bischoffitilla females by having the dorso-lateral mesosomal margins distinctly dentate and legs entirely bright orange.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF8FFEEFF6BFC058CD6F8F6.taxon	description	(Figs 7 C, 7 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF8FFEEFF6BFC058CD6F8F6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 8 ♂. Vietnam: DAK LAK: Chu Yang Sin NP, near dam, 800 – 940 m, 2 – 10. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; Chu Yang Sin NP, near river, 740 m, 1 – 10. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; Chu Yang Sin NP, Krong K’Mar, 760 m, 21 – 26. X. 2005, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; DONG NAI: Cat Tien NP, eco-trail, 100 m, 13 – 20. V. 2007, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [3 ♂ RMNH]; Cat Tien NP, bird trail, 100 m, 1 – 9. X. 2005, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; Cat Tien NP, Ficus Trail, 100 m, 9 – 30. IV. 2007, M. P. Quy & N. T. Manh leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Keyed using Chen (1957) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF8FFEEFF6BFC058CD6F8F6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam *: Dak Lak, Dong Nai. Occurrence in Vietnam. April to June, October. Southern Annamites montane rain forests and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 100 – 940 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF8FFEEFF6BFC058CD6F8F6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species can be recognized by the presence of a mesal tooth on the second metasomal sternum and two tubercles on the hypopygium. The Vietnamese specimens appear to have the tooth on the second metasomal sternum slightly smaller than described by Chen (1957); this could be regional variation, misinterpretation of Chen’s meaning, or evidence that these specimens belong to a distinct species. In other characters, the specimens from Vietnam fit Chen’s description well. Unfortunately, the holotype of this species was not found among Chen’s voucher specimens in TARI (JO pers. obs.).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF9FFEFFF6BFF0B8A7CFCF0.taxon	description	(Figs 6 G, 6 H)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF9FFEFFF6BFF0B8A7CFCF0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 3 ♀. Vietnam: THAI NGUYEN: Na Hau Village, 21 ° 35 ' N 105 ° 36 ' E, forest, open site, 8. XI. 2001, Sk. Yamane leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; HANOI: Hanoi, 30. X. 1988, A. Sharkov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Hanoi University of Agriculture, 16. VIII. 2000, K. Okajima leg. [1 ♀ TUA]. Identification source. Compared with a voucher specimen from Thailand (Williams et al. 2019 b) [THNHM]. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF9FFEFFF6BFF0B8A7CFCF0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia. Thailand. Vietnam *: Thai Nguyen, Hanoi. Occurrence in Vietnam. August, October, November. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests and Red River freshwater swamp forests ecoregions. Forest (open site). Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF9FFEFFF6BFF0B8A7CFCF0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The specimens from Vietnam lack the serrate genal carina described by Pagden (1934 a). However, the shape of the genal carina varies within a population (Williams et al. 2019 b). This species is potentially synonymous with Bi. sauteri (Zavattari, 1913) from China and Taiwan (Williams et al. 2019 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF9FFEFFF6BFC218ADBF9CC.taxon	description	(Figs 7 E, 7 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF9FFEFFF6BFC218ADBF9CC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 ♂. Vietnam: DONG NAI: Cat Tien NP, Ficus Trail, 100 m, 1 – 8. X. 2005, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; Cat Tien NP, bird trail, 100 m, 1 – 9. X. 2005, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Keyed using Mickel (1933 a) and Chen (1957) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF9FFEFFF6BFC218ADBF9CC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Taiwan. Vietnam *: Dong Nai. Occurrence in Vietnam. October. Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregion. 100 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFF9FFEFFF6BFC218ADBF9CC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the Oriental Realm, black body integument is rare in Bischoffitilla males, but most males from the eastern Palaearctic have the body largely darkened (Tsuneki 1972 a; Terayama et al. 2011).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFEFFE9FF6BF9698AEFFF65.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: A 27 D 4891 - 3152 - 4 CA 1 - AB 82 - A 285 AC 584781 Williamstilla Lelej, 2023: 16, ♂ ♀. Type species: Ctenotilla guangdongensis Lelej, 1992 (♀), by original designation. Diversity and distribution. This genus includes the type species only.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFEFFE9FF6BF9698AEFFF65.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type species was previously included in Ctenotilla Bischoff, 1920 by Lelej (1992). Identification keys to distinguish the Oriental ctenotilline genera and species were provided by Lelej (2023).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFFFFEAFF6BFED68D80FD19.taxon	description	(Figs 8 A – 8 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFFFFEAFF6BFED68D80FD19.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 8 ♂ 2 ♀. Vietnam: BAC KAN: Ba Be National Park, 31. VII – 2. VIII. 2000, K. Okajima leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; VINH PHUC: Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh, 22 ° 16 ' 51 " N 105 ° 71 ' 54 " E, 10. IV. 2021, IED’s [= Insect Ecology Department’s] collectors leg., Malaise trap [1 ♂ IEBR]; HA TINH: Vu Quang, Ben Cat, 18 ° 19 ' 30 " N 105 ° 23 ' 8 " E, 30 m, 8. VII. 2023, X. L. Truong, T. P. L. Nguyen, Q. C. Nguyen, T. N. Tran leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; GIA LAI: Ayun Pa, Ia Rto, 13 ° 21 ' 49.6 " N 108 ° 30 ' 06.4 " E, 201 m, 1. V. 2016, N. T. P. Lien, N. D. Dai, T. T. Ngat leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; Mang Yang, Kon Ka Kinh NP, 14 ° 12 ' 11 " N 108 ° 18 ' 58 " E, 834 m, 4. V – 19. V. 2022, L. V. Tinh leg., MT [= Malaise trap] [1 ♂ IEBR]; DONG NAI: Cat Tien NP, various dates, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [5 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Keyed using Lelej (2023) and compared with voucher specimens from Thailand (Williams et al. 2019 b) [THNHM]. Previous record. This species was recorded from Vietnam by Williams et al. (2019 b) without reference to voucher specimens.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFFFFEAFF6BFED68D80FD19.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cambodia. China. Laos. Thailand. Vietnam: Bac Kan *, Vinh Phuc *, Ha Tinh *, Gia Lai *, Dong Nai *. Occurrence in Vietnam. April, May, July, August. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Annamites rain forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 30 – 834 m alt. Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was recognized by Brothers & Lelej (2017) and later described and illustrated by Lelej (2023). However, the evidence of this association was not indicated in any of these publications. Williams et al. (2019 b) examined a pair in copula from Thailand.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFFFFEAFF6BFED68D80FD19.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The male pictured (Figs 8 A, 8 B) was collected in Thailand in copula with a female (Williams et al. 2019 b). This male perfectly matches the male description by Lelej (2023).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFCFFEAFF6BFB7B8BD0F83F.taxon	description	(Figs 9 A, 9 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFCFFEAFF6BFB7B8BD0F83F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♀. Holotype ♀: Vietnam: NGHE AN: Con River, Naca, 200 m, 8. IX. 1963, N. Kabakov leg. [IBSS]. Identification source. Voucher specimen (Lelej 2005). Previous record. This species was described from Nghe An by Lelej (2005). Later, Lelej et al. (2023) recorded this species from Hoa Binh and Ninh Thuan.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFCFFEAFF6BFB7B8BD0F83F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Thailand. Vietnam: Hoa Binh, Nghe An, Ninh Thuan. Occurrence in Vietnam. May, September. Northern Indochina subtropical forests and Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests ecoregions. 90 – 200 m alt. Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was associated and described by Lelej et al. (2023) based on overlapping distribution and morphological similarity to Kur. harmandi in both sexes.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFCFFEAFF6BFB7B8BD0F83F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Both Kur. annamensis and Kur. harmandi occur in Thailand and Vietnam, but the former species generally seems to occur farther North and East and the species have not been collected from the same localities.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFCFFEAFF6BFD4A8EBEFB0A.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 78 E 724 C 0 - 6 D 12 - 45 B 8 - A 3 EE-B 1099578 F 97 E	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFCFFEAFF6BFD4A8EBEFB0A.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus, together with other Oriental mutilline genera, was recently reviewed by Lelej et al. (2023).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFDFFD4FF6BF9C58A6BFE4D.taxon	description	(Figs 9 C – 9 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFDFFD4FF6BF9C58A6BFE4D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♀. Vietnam: DAK LAK: Dak Lak Prov., Krong Bong District, Chu Yang Sin National Park, 12 ° 29 ' 00.1 " N 108 ° 20 ' 21.4 " E, 520 m alt., 13. III. 2013, T. Mita et al. leg. [1 ♀ VNMN]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from Thailand (Lelej et al. 2023) [THNHM]. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFDFFD4FF6BF9C58A6BFE4D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Laos. Thailand. Vietnam *: Dak Lak. Occurrence in Vietnam. March. Southern Annamites montane rain forests ecoregion. 520 m alt. Sex association. This species was initially described from the male only. The female was associated and described by Lelej et al. (2023) based on identical ITS 1 sequences of the nuclear genome.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFFDFFD4FF6BF9C58A6BFE4D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Two Southeast Asian species of Kurzenkotilla, Kur. annamensis and Kur. harmandi, are apparently closely related and distinguished only by the setal color and markings on the male metasoma, female mesosomal shape, and size of setal spots on the female metasomal tergum 2 (Lelej et al. 2023).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC2FFD4FF6BFBEA8DC9F8D7.taxon	description	(Figs 10 A, 10 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC2FFD4FF6BFBEA8DC9F8D7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 ♀. Vietnam: HANOI: Ba Vi, Mt. Tan Vien, 500 m, 15. X. 1995, M. Tomokuni leg. [1 ♀ NSMT]; KIEN GIANG: U Minh Thuong, An Minh Bac, U Minh Thuong NP, 9 ° 54 ' 6 " N 105 ° 8 ' 16 " E, 30 m, 11. X. 2023, NDA [= Nguyen Duc Anh] & TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]. Identification source. Voucher specimen (Okayasu et al. 2021 b). Previous record. This species was recorded from Hanoi by Okayasu et al. (2021 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC2FFD4FF6BFBEA8DC9F8D7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand. Vietnam: Hanoi, Kien Giang *. Occurrence in Vietnam. October. Red River freshwater swamp forests and Tonle Sap-Mekong peat swamp forests ecoregion. 30 – 500 m alt. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC2FFD4FF6BFBEA8DC9F8D7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was initially placed in the genus Smicromyrme Thomson, 1870 based on the slender mandible shape. The recent revision of females in this genus (Okayasu et al. 2021 b) revealed that Andreimyrme females are more variable, and more diverse, than previously known.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC2FFD4FF6BFDBE8F03FBB9.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 591352 DA-D 3 B 9 - 4 B 61 - 8210 - 9 C 26 B 1 FF 9643	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC2FFD4FF6BFDBE8F03FBB9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was recently reviewed by Okayasu et al. (2021 b) based on the female morphology. Many species are known only from the female and a few males are named, but no species-level sex associations have yet been discovered.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC0FFD7FF6BFF0B8D70FEDD.taxon	description	(Figs 11 A, 11 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC0FFD7FF6BFF0B8D70FEDD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 ♂. Vietnam: CAO BANG: Nguyen Binh, Phia Oac-Phia Den NP, 22 ° 34 ' 17 " N 105 ° 32 ' 30 " E, 1032 m, 30. VI. 2022, IED-c [= Insect Ecology Department’s collector] leg., Malaise trap [1 ♂ IEBR]; GIA LAI: Mang Yang, Kon Ka Kinh NP, 30. V. 2023, Tinh Van Lam leg., Malaise trap [1 ♂ IEBR]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from China (Chen 1957) [TARI]. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC0FFD7FF6BFF0B8D70FEDD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Taiwan. Vietnam *: Cao Bang, Gia Lai. Occurrence in Vietnam. May, June. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests and Southern Annamites montane rain forests ecoregions. 1032 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown. Remarks. This species is the only Andreimyrme species known from the male in Vietnam. The specimen from Gia Lai represents the southernmost record of this species.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC1FFD7FF6BFE0E8A90FC7E.taxon	description	(Figs 10 C, 10 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC1FFD7FF6BFE0E8A90FC7E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♀. Holotype ♀: Vietnam: VINH PHUC: Tam Dao, 900 – 1200 m, 6. V. 1998, R. Matsumoto leg. [VNMN]. Identification source. Voucher specimen (Okayasu et al. 2021 b). Previous record. This species was described from Vinh Phuc in Okayasu et al. (2021 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC1FFD7FF6BFE0E8A90FC7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Vietnam: Vinh Phuc. Occurrence in Vietnam. May. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests ecoregion. 900 – 1200 m alt. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC1FFD7FF6BFE0E8A90FC7E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This rare species is similar to An. substriolata (Chen, 1957), with some subtle structural differences (Okayasu et al. 2021 b), but it is larger in body size than any known An. substriolata specimens.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC1FFD7FF6BFBAF8C0CF973.taxon	description	(Figs 10 E, 10 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC1FFD7FF6BFBAF8C0CF973.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 ♀. Vietnam: HA TINH: Vu Quang, Vu Quang NP, Co 1 Station, 18 ° 17 ' 21 " N 105 ° 21 ' 47 " E, 120 m, 31. III. 2023, Hoang Trong Dinh leg., MT [= Malaise trap] [1 ♀ IEBR]; PHU YEN: Song Hinh Dist., Song Hinh commune, regenerated forests (natural), 12.788291 ° N 109.037192 ° E, 300 m, 14 – 16. VI. 2024, A. D. Nguyen leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]. Identification source. Keyed using Okayasu et al. (2021 b) and compared with the original description. Previous record. This species was described from Dak Lak in Okayasu et al. (2021 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC1FFD7FF6BFBAF8C0CF973.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand. Vietnam: Ha Tinh *, Phu Yen *, Dak Lak. Occurrence in Vietnam. March, June. Northern Annamites rain forests and Southern Annamites montane rain forests ecoregions. 120 – 900 m alt. Regenerated forests. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC1FFD7FF6BFBAF8C0CF973.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species has a wider mandible than any other female in the genus. The type species, Andreimyrme long, is known from males only and, based on similar mandible shape and broadly overlapping distribution, could eventually be matched with this species.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC1FFD0FF6BF8DD8F45FB94.taxon	description	(Figs 10 G, 10 H)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC1FFD0FF6BF8DD8F45FB94.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 4 ♀. Vietnam: SON LA: Sop Cop, Sop Cop NR, 20 ° 58 ' 57 " N 103 ° 35 ' 11 " E, 812 m, 25. VI. 2022, NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien], TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] & NQC [= Nguyen Quang Cuong] leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; HANOI: Mt. Bavi, 800 – 1000 m, VII. 1941, A. De Cooman leg. [1 ♀ TARI]; THUA THIEN HUE: Bach Ma NP, 19 km point, 1400 m, 16.198 ° N 107.860 ° E, 6. VIII. 2016, Y. Komeda leg., 253 / BTTNVN [1 ♀ VNMN]; DONG NAI: National Park Cat Tien, Bird Lake Trail, 160 m, 12. X. 2004, K. Eguchi leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]. Identification source. Voucher specimens (Okayasu et al. 2021 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC1FFD0FF6BF8DD8F45FB94.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Taiwan. India. Indonesia. Japan. Laos. Malaysia. Thailand. Vietnam: Son La *, Hanoi, Hoa Binh, Thua Thien Hue, Gia Lai, Dong Nai *. Occurrence in Vietnam. June to August, October. Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Red River freshwater swamp forests, Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests, Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 160 – 1400 m alt. Forest. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC1FFD0FF6BF8DD8F45FB94.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is the most widespread Andreimyrme species and is variable in color and setation (Okayasu et al. 2021 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC6FFD1FF6BFBC68B4FFF65.taxon	description	(Figs 10 I, 10 J)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC6FFD1FF6BFBC68B4FFF65.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♀. Holotype ♀: Vietnam: NINH BINH: Nho Quan, Cuc Phuong N. P., 20.348 ° N 105.598 ° E, 500 m, 9 – 11. VIII. 2016, Y. Komeda & T. Mita leg., yellow pan trap, 314 / BTTNVN [VNMN]. Identification source. Voucher specimen (Okayasu et al. 2021 b). Previous record. This species was described from Ninh Binh in Okayasu et al. (2021 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC6FFD1FF6BFBC68B4FFF65.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Laos. Vietnam: Ninh Binh. Occurrence in Vietnam. August. Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests ecoregion. 500 m alt. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC6FFD1FF6BFBC68B4FFF65.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species stands out from other Vietnamese Andreimyrme females by having a flattened disc of the second metasomal tergum with a triangular shaped mesal setal patch. Genus Ephucilla Lelej, 1995 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 41652 F 68 - 54 AD- 400 A-A 3 D 0 - D 8391509984 C	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC6FFD1FF6BFBC68B4FFF65.taxon	description	(1995 b). Identification keys to males of the naja group and all females of the genus were provided by Okayasu (2020). Ephucilla species are found in tropical forests and females are arboreal (Okayasu 2020, 2021 b). Ephucilla bacbo and E. viet are rarely found likely due to their small body size and cryptic behavior and habitats.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC7FFD1FF6BFED68FBCFCED.taxon	description	(Figs 11 C, 11 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC7FFD1FF6BFED68FBCFCED.taxon	description	Previous record. This species was described from Hai Phong by Lelej (1995 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC7FFD1FF6BFED68FBCFCED.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Indonesia. Vietnam: Hai Phong. Occurrence in Vietnam. January. Red River freshwater swamp forests ecoregion. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC7FFD1FF6BFED68FBCFCED.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species can be most readily separated from the other Vietnamese Ephucilla by having the second metasomal tergum metallic blue (Fig. 11 C vs. Fig. 11 E) and marked with a mesal whitish setal spot. This species is known from two females collected in northern Vietnam and Borneo. Additional material might be found from the intermediate regions.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC7FFD1FF6BFC5E8C8DF831.taxon	description	(Figs 11 E, 11 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC7FFD1FF6BFC5E8C8DF831.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia. Thailand. Vietnam: Vinh Phuc, Quang Ninh. Occurrence in Vietnam. March, May. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests ecoregion. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC7FFD1FF6BFC5E8C8DF831.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is variable in color; head and legs vary from black with various portions reddish to largely red (Lelej 1995 b; Williams et al. 2019 b; Figs 11 E, 11 F). Genus Mickelomyrme Lelej, 1995 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 18 E 1 B 55 F- 1 A 03 - 4 FAC-AA 77 - CAEFCF 661142	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC7FFD1FF6BFC5E8C8DF831.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was reviewed by Lelej (1996 d). However, many species were subsequently recognized (Lelej 2005; Williams et al. 2019 b; Thaochan et al. 2022). Mickelomyrme species are generally small and are abundant in Southeast Asia (Williams et al. 2019 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC4FFD2FF6BFF0B8D23FAA6.taxon	description	(Figs 12 A, 12 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC4FFD2FF6BFF0B8D23FAA6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 57 ♂. Vietnam: TUYEN QUANG: Pac Ban [= Thác Pác Ban], 23. V – 2. VI. 1996, Malaise trap (fine) no pans, ROM 963074 [3 ♂ ROM]; Pac Ban [= Thác Pác Ban], Along Gam Rive [r], 21. V – 1. VI. 1996, D. C. Currie, D. C. Darling & J. Swann leg., ROM 963001 [1 ♂ ROM]; BAC KAN: Ba Be Natl. Park, vicinity dorm annex, grassy scrub, 19 – 25. V. 1995, J. Swann leg., Malaise trap, ROM 956105 [1 ♂ ROM]; VINH PHUC: Meninh Biodiversity Station, 21 ° 23 ' 57 " N 105 ° 42 ' 40 " E, 1. VII. 2007, Sau, malaise [1 ♂ RBINS]; NINH BINH: Cuc Phuong National Park, 20 ° 21 ' 01 " N 105 ° 35 ' 35 " E, 13 – 17. VI. 2014, M. Hauser & N. von Ellenrieder leg., malaise [1 ♂ CSCA]; KON TUM: Chu Mon Ray NP, 700 – 900 m, 26. IX – 5. X. 2006, M. P. Quy & N. T. Manh leg., malaise [3 ♂ RMNH]; GIA LAI: Kon Ka Kinh National Park, 30. VI. 2023, A. Tinh leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; DAK LAK: Chu Yang Sin NP, near dam, 800 – 940 m, 2 – 10. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [5 ♂ RMNH]; Chu Yang Sin NP, near river, 740 m, 1 – 10. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [2 ♂ RMNH]; Chu Yang Sin NP, Krong K’Mar, 760 m, 21 – 26. X. 2005, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [5 ♂ RMNH]; NINH THUAN: Nui Chua NP, northeast part, 90 – 150 m, 23 – 30. V. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [8 ♂ RMNH]; DONG NAI: Tan Phu, Nam Cat Tien, Cat Tien NP, 11.443 N 107.435 E, 140 m, 5 – 11. X. 2016, C. J. Borkent & M. E. Epstein leg., malaise [2 ♂ CSCA]; Cat Tien NP, various sites, dates, and collectors, malaise [24 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Keyed using Lelej (1996 d). Previous record. This species was recorded from Son La by Lelej (1996 d).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC4FFD2FF6BFF0B8D23FAA6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Thailand. Vietnam: Tuyen Quang *, Bac Kan *, Son La, Vinh Phuc *, Ninh Binh *, Kon Tum *, Gia Lai *, Dak Lak *, Ninh Thuan *, Dong Nai *. Occurrence in Vietnam. May to July, September, October. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 90 – 940 m alt. Grassy scrub. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC4FFD2FF6BFF0B8D23FAA6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Within Vietnam, this species can be recognized by coloration: the metasoma is partly reddish-orange, the tegula is black, and the body setae are predominantly whitish.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC4FFD3FF6BFA108CD5F9C3.taxon	description	(Figs 12 C – 12 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC4FFD3FF6BFA108CD5F9C3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 16 ♀. Vietnam: BA RIA-VUNG TAU: Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 4. I. 2002, K. Okajima leg. [3 ♀ TUA]; Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 4. I. 2002, S. Okajima leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 5. I. 2002, T. Ishikawa leg. [3 ♀ TUA]; Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 5. I. 2002, H. Mizushima leg. [2 ♀ TUA]; Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 5. I. 2002, S. Okajima leg. [7 ♀ TUA]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from Thailand (Williams et al. 2019 b) [THNHM]. Previous record. This species was recorded from Hoa Binh by Okayasu (2020).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC4FFD3FF6BFA108CD5F9C3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Laos. Malaysia. Thailand. Vietnam: Hoa Binh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau *. Occurrence in Vietnam. January, July. Northern Indochina subtropical forests and Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests ecoregions. Sex association. This species was described from both sexes collected at the same place and time.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC4FFD3FF6BFA108CD5F9C3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This is a relatively widespread species and one of the most commonly encountered smicromyrmine species in Thailand (Williams et al. 2019 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC5FFDDFF6BF92C8F2BFB59.taxon	description	(Figs 13 A – 13 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC5FFDDFF6BF92C8F2BFB59.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 21 ♂ 6 ♀. Vietnam: CAO BANG: Nguyen Binh, Thanh Cong, 22 ° 32 ' 0 " N 105 ° 52 ' 10.4 " E, 7. VIII. 2012, J. Kojima, H. Nugroho & IED-c [= Insect Ecology Department’s collector] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; Nguyen Binh, Phia Oac-Phia Den NP, 22 ° 34 ' 17 " N 105 ° 32 ' 30 " E, 1032 m, 15. VI. 2022, IED-c [= Insect Ecology Department’s collector] leg., Malaise trap [1 ♀ IEBR], 30. VI. 2022 [1 ♂ IEBR]; Nguyen Binh, Phia Oac-Phia Den NP, 22 ° 34 ' 19 " N 105 ° 52 ' 33 " E, 1044 m, 1. VI. 2023, TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [4 ♂ IEBR]; TUYEN QUANG: Na Hang Res. [ervoir], 16 – 24. V. 1997, S. Peck leg. [1 ♂ FSCA]; BAC KAN: Ba Be National Park, Ba Be (200 m alt.), 22 – 23 ° N 105 – 37 ° E, 1. V. 2006, R. Matsumoto leg. [1 ♂ OMNH]; VINH PHUC: Tam Dao, 900 – 1200 m alt., 30. IV. 1998, R. Matsumoto leg. [1 ♂ OMNH]; Trai Trâu, Me Linh, Doc đu ờng m ờn. 100 m, 24. V. 2000, N. T. P. Lien leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; Tam Dao, 1050 – 1175 m, 14 – 17. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; Tam Dao, 21 ° 27 ' 52 " N 105 ° 38 ' 46 " E, 1200 m, 19 – 22. VI. 2014, M. Hauser & N. von Ellenrieder leg., malaise [3 ♂ CSCA]; Tam Dao, Tam Dao NP,> 950 m, VII. 2022, Student of HNU [= Hanoi National University] leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; Phúc Yên, Ng ọc Thanh, Melinh Biodiversity Station, 21.3884995 ° N 105.712599695 ° E, 68 m alt., 6. VI. 2023, L. T. P. Nguyen et al. leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; NINH BINH: Cuc Phuong, 200 – 300 m alt., 4. VI. 1997, R. Matsumoto leg. [2 ♂ OMNH], 24. IV. 1998 [1 ♂ OMNH], 25. IV. 1998 [1 ♂ 1 ♀ OMNH]; Cuc Phuong National Park, 20 ° 21 ' 01 " N 105 ° 35 ' 35 " E, 13 – 17. VI. 2014, M. Hauser & N. von Ellenrieder leg., hand collect [1 ♀ CSCA]; Cuc Phuong N. P., Nho Quan, 500 m, 20.348 ° N 105.598 ° E, 9 – 11. VIII. 2016, Y. Komeda & T. Mita leg., yellow pan trap, 314 / BTTNVW [1 ♀ ELKU]; HA TINH: Vu Quang, Vu Quang NP, Co RS, 18 ° 17 ' 45 " N 105 ° 22 ' 30 " E, 78 m, 21. IV. 2022, NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien] & TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; THUA THIEN HUE: Phu Loc District, Phu Loc Town, Bach Ma National Park, 1350 – 1443 m, 10. V. 2015, O. Tominaga leg. [1 ♂ OMNH]; DAK LAK: Chu Yang Sin NP, near dam, 800 – 940 m, 2 – 10. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from China (Chen 1957) [TARI].	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC5FFDDFF6BF92C8F2BFB59.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Indonesia. Laos. Thailand. Vietnam: Cao Bang *, Bac Kan *, Tuyen Quang *, Vinh Phuc, Ninh Binh, Ha Tinh *, Thua Thien Hue *, Dak Lak *. Occurrence in Vietnam. April to August. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests, Northern Annamites rain forests, and Southern Annamites montane rain forests ecoregions. 68 – 1200 m alt. Forest opening (Fig. 30 A). Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was described as Mutilla exacta Smith, 1879 and was associated by Zhou et al. (2018 a) based on males and females collected at the same place and time.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC5FFDDFF6BF92C8F2BFB59.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is larger in body size than any other Mickelomyrme species and is apparently the only Mickelomyrme species without lateral setal spots on the second metasomal tergum of females. Most males of M. chinensis have the legs orange in color (Figs 13 A, 13 B); the individuals from Dak Lak and Thua Thien Hue, however, have black legs (Figs 13 C, 13 D). In all other features, these individuals are apparently identical to typical Mi. chinensis males.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCBFFDFFF6BFA8A8DA0FE81.taxon	description	(Figs 14 A, 14 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCBFFDFFF6BFA8A8DA0FE81.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 13 ♂. Vietnam: GIA LAI: Mang Yang, Kon Ka Kinh NP, 14 ° 12 ' 11 " N 108 ° 18 ' 58 " E, 834 m, 4. V – 19. V. 2022, L. V. Tinh leg., MT [= Malaise trap] [1 ♂ IEBR], 4. VIII. 2022 [1 ♂ IEBR]; DAK LAK: Chu Yang Sin NP, near dam, 800 – 940 m, 2 – 10. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [2 ♂ RMNH]; Chu Yang Sin NP, near dam, 500 m, 3 – 9. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [4 ♂ RMNH]; NINH THUAN: Nui Chua NP, northwest part, 150 m, 24 – 30. V. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; DONG NAI: 70 km NE Saigon [= Ho Chi Minh], Ma De, VIII. 1994, Belyaeva leg. [1 ♂ IBSS]; Cat Tien NP, bird trail, 100 m, 15 – 20. V. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [3 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Keyed using Lelej (1996 d) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCBFFDFFF6BFA8A8DA0FE81.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Laos. Myanmar. Vietnam *: Gia Lai, Dak Lak, Ninh Thuan, Dong Nai. Occurrence in Vietnam. May, June, August. Southern Annamites montane rain forests, Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 100 – 940 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCBFFDFFF6BFA8A8DA0FE81.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is the only named Mickelomyrme male with the body entirely black (except the tegula and some appendages) and the metacoxa unarmed (Lelej 1996 d). There appear to be other currently undescribed morphospecies with this combination of characters; true Mi. exiloides males have the tegula largely yellow-brown and the fringes of metasomal terga 1 – 4 formed from dense pale golden setae.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC9FFDFFF6BFEF28B7CFB26.taxon	description	(Figs 14 C, 14 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC9FFDFFF6BFEF28B7CFB26.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 7 ♂. Vietnam: TUYEN QUANG: Na Hang Res. [ervoir], 20 – 24. V. 1997, S. Peck leg. [1 ♂ FSCA]; VINH PHUC: Tam Dao, 1050 – 1175 m, 14 – 17. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; Tam Dao, 21 ° 27 ' 52 " N 105 ° 38 ' 46 " E, 1200 m, 19 – 22. VI. 2014, M. Hauser & N. von Ellenrieder leg., malaise [1 ♂ CSCA]; KON TUM: Chu Mon Ray NP, 700 – 900 m, 26. IX – 5. X. 2006, M. P. Quy & N. T. Manh leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; DAK LAK: Chu Yang Sin NP, near dam, 800 – 940 m, 2 – 10. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [2 ♂ RMNH]; LAM DONG: Lac Durong, Bidoup Nui Ba NP, 12.186 ° N 108.680 ° E, 1440 m, 13 – 17. X. 2016, C. J. Borkent & M. E. Epstein leg., malaise [1 ♂ CSCA]. Identification source. Compared with the original description (Cameron 1900). Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC9FFDFFF6BFEF28B7CFB26.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India. Thailand. Vietnam *: Tuyen Quang, Vinh Phuc, Kon Tum, Dak Lak, Lam Dong. Occurrence in Vietnam. May, June, September, October. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 700 – 1440 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC9FFDFFF6BFEF28B7CFB26.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is similar to Mi. abnorma except for the orange tegula, abundant golden setae, and microscopic differences in the clypeus and genitalia. The species was previously recorded from Thailand and India (Lelej 2005); the coloration is similar to many Indian species but is much rarer in Thailand and Vietnam.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC9FFDFFF6BFA978D95F8F3.taxon	description	Vilhelmsen 2024: supplementary table S 2, S 3, ♀. Mickelomyrme kuznetzovi [sic]: Okayasu et al. 2018: 303, ♀. Incorrect subsequent spelling.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC9FFDFFF6BFA978D95F8F3.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♀. Vietnam: NGHE AN: Pu Hoat, VI. 1999, B. T. Viet leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]. Identification source. Compared with type [ZISP]. Previous record. This species was described from Quang Ninh by Lelej (1996 d).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC9FFDFFF6BFA978D95F8F3.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Laos. Thailand. Vietnam: Quang Ninh, Nghe Anh *. Occurrence in Vietnam. June, October. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests and Northern Indochina subtropical forests ecoregions. 185 m alt. “ Open glade with rare grass ”. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFC9FFDFFF6BFA978D95F8F3.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is likely a synonym of Mi. athalia, because the diagnostic features of Mi. kuznetsovi (Lelej 1996 d) seem inadequate to separate them (Williams et al. 2019 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCEFFD8FF6BFF0B8AC6FB22.taxon	description	(Figs 14 E, 14 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCEFFD8FF6BFF0B8AC6FB22.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂ 4 ♀. Vietnam: HOA BINH: Ha Son Binh Prov. [= Hoa Binh], Da Bac, Tuly [= Tu Ly], forest, 21. X. 1990, E. Narchuk leg. [1 ♂ ZISP]; NGHE AN: Que Phong Distr., lowland forest, 14. IV. 1999, B. T. Viet leg. [2 ♀ SKYC]; Pu Hoat, VI. 1999 [1 ♀ SKYC]; PHU YEN: Song Hinh Dist., Song Hinh commune, regenerated forests (natural), 12.788291 ° N 109.037192 ° E, 300 m, 14 – 16. VI. 2024, A. D. Nguyen leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from Laos and Thailand (Lelej 1996 d; Okayasu 2020) [EUMJ, IBSS, NSMT, TUA, ZMUC].	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCEFFD8FF6BFF0B8AC6FB22.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Indonesia. Laos. Myanmar. Thailand. Vietnam: Hoa Binh *, Nghe An *, Phu Yen *, Dong Nai. Occurrence in Vietnam. April to June, October. Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 100 – 300 m alt. Forest, regenerated forests. Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was associated and described as Mi. yunnanensis Lelej, 1996 based on a pair in copula (Lelej & Yamane 1992; Lelej 1996 d; Williams et al. 2019 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCEFFD8FF6BFF0B8AC6FB22.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Like Mi. athalia, this species is widespread and common in Southeast Asia.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCEFFD9FF6BFA8C8A66FC85.taxon	description	(Figs 14 G, 14 H)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCEFFD9FF6BFA8C8A66FC85.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 18 ♀. Vietnam: BA RIA-VUNG TAU: Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 4. I. 2002, K. Okajima leg. [2 ♀ TUA], 5. I. 2002 [7 ♀ TUA]; Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 4. I. 2002, S. Okajima leg. [2 ♀ TUA], 5. I. 2002 [1 ♀ TUA]; Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 5. I. 2002, T. Ishikawa leg. [3 ♀ TUA]; Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 5. I. 2002, H. Mizushima leg. [3 ♀ TUA]. Identification source. Keyed using Williams et al. (2019 b) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCEFFD9FF6BFA8C8A66FC85.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand. Vietnam *: Ba Ria-Vung Tau. Occurrence in Vietnam. January. Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests ecoregion. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCEFFD9FF6BFA8C8A66FC85.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described from southern Thailand and is newly recorded from Vietnam. At Vimardin farm stay in Thailand and Binh Chau in Vietnam, Mi. athalia and Mi. puttasoki were collected at the same time (Williams et al. 2019 b; this study). Genus Nemka Lelej, 1985 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: FABE 9198 - 1559 - 4438 - A 6 E 2 - 4 F 2 D 8291 C 919 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 9 BF 1217 - 9 DD 6 - 40 C 7 - 9 E 11 - D 067 B 9 BAE 086	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCEFFD9FF6BFA8C8A66FC85.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Nemka viduata (Pallas, 1773) is common and widespread in the western Palaearctic Region. The Oriental species of Nemka, however, are less commonly encountered and generally seem to have more limited distributions, although N. limi (Chen, 1957) occurs in both the Palaearctic and Oriental Regions. This is the only Nemka species in Vietnam. There are four additional species occurring in Indochina, which might eventually be found in Vietnam (Lelej 2005; Williams et al. 2019 b; Boutin & Vilhelmsen 2024).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCFFFDAFF6BFCF78B24F887.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 46 E 9 C 74 D- 3 B 42 - 4 FD 4 - ABD 3 - 1 E 28774 ECFFA (Figs 15 A – 15 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCFFFDAFF6BFCF78B24F887.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂ 18 ♀. Vietnam: CAO BANG: Phia Oac Phia Den NP station, 30. VI. 2022, Nguyen D. Hiep leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; LAO CAI: Van Ban, Liem Phu, 300 – 700 m, 30. IX. 2006, K. Eguchi leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; LANG SON: [Lôc Binh], Montes Mauson [= Mt. Mau Son], Mai 2 – 3000, IV, H. Fruhstorfer leg., Smicromyrme wotani wotani (Zavattari), B. Petersen det. 1983 [1 ♂ ZMUC]; VINH PHUC: Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh Biodiversity station, 21 ° 23 ' 03 " N 105 ° 42 ' 40 " E, 70 m, 18. VIII. 2022, NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien] & TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [2 ♀ IEBR]; Phúc Yên, Ng ọc Thanh, Melinh Biodiversity Station, 21.3884995 ° N 105.712599695 ° E, 68 m alt., 6. VI. 2023, L. T. P. Nguyen et al. leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; NGHE AN: ca. 25 km SW of Con Cuông, Khe Moi River Forestry Camp, 5 – 8. VI. 1995, B. Hubley & J. Swan leg., ROM 956162 [1 ♀ ROM]; HA TINH: Vu Quang, Ben Cat, 18 ° 19 ' 30 " N 105 ° 23 ' 8 " E, 30 m, 7. VIII. 2023, X. L. Truong, T. P. L. Nguyen, Q. C. Nguyen & T. N. Tran leg. [3 ♀ IEBR], 8. VII. 2023 [9 ♀ IEBR]. Identification source. Voucher specimen (Okayasu 2020). Compared with types [TARI].	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCFFFDAFF6BFCF78B24F887.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. South Korea. Vietnam: Cao Bang *, Lao Cai *, Lang Son, Vinh Phuc, Quang Ninh, Nghe An *, Ha Tinh *. Occurrence in Vietnam. April, June to October. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests, and Northern Annamites rain forests ecoregions. 30 – 700 m alt. Forest edge (Fig. 30 B). Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was associated and diagnosed by Okayasu (2020) based on males and females collected at the same place and time and morphological similarities to related species in both sexes.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCFFFDAFF6BFCF78B24F887.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species occurs in both the Oriental and Palaearctic Regions. Diagnostic features to identify N. limi and related Japanese and Taiwanese species were discussed by Okayasu (2020). Genus Promecilla André, 1902 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 8 CA 9 A 025 - EFE 4 - 4894 - 8628 - 67 E 7 FEF 60 DDF	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCFFFDAFF6BFCF78B24F887.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Most Oriental Promecilla species occur in the Indian subcontinent; very few occur in East Asia.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCCFFDBFF6BF8C38EA7FAEC.taxon	description	(Figs 16 A – 16 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCCFFDBFF6BF8C38EA7FAEC.taxon	description	19. Sinotilla decora: Lelej 2005: 55; Hua 2006: 301; Okayasu 2017: 152, ♀; Okayasu et al. 2018: 303, ♀. Promecilla decora: Brothers & Lelej 2017: 59, ♂ ♀; Barthélémy et al. 2018: 237, ♀; Williams et al. 2019 b: 25, ♀; Pagliano et al. 2020: 183; Thaochan et al. 2022: 164, ♀; Boutin & Vilhelmsen 2024: supplementary table S 2, S 3, ♀; Barthélémy & Guénard 2025: 76, ♀. Promecilla cf. levinaris (Chen, 1957): Barthélémy & Guénard 2025: 76, ♂. Misidentification.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCCFFDBFF6BF8C38EA7FAEC.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 6 ♂ 5 ♀. Vietnam: BAC KAN: Ba Be Natl. Park, on steep slope across from dorm annex, 16 – 23. V. 1995, B. Hubley & J. Swan leg., ROM 956056 [1 ♂ ROM]; Ba Be, Ba Be National Park, 22.23 ° N 105.37 ° E, 200 m alt., 2. V. 2006, R. Matsumoto leg. [1 ♀ OMNH]; VINH PHUC: Meninh Biodiversity Station, 21 ° 23 ' 18 " N 105 ° 42 ' 46 " E, 23 – 25. VI. 2014, M. Hauser & N. von Ellenrieder leg., hand collected [1 ♂ CSCA]; Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh Biodiversity station, 21 ° 23 ' 01.7 " N 105 ° 42 ' 40.7 " E, 21 – 30. V. 2020, IED’s coll. [= Insect Ecology Department’s collector] leg., MT [= Malaise trap] [1 ♂ IEBR]; Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh Biodiversity station, 22 ° 16 ' 51 " N 105 ° 71 ' 54 " E, 10. IV. 2021, IED [= Insect Ecology Department] leg., MT [= Malaise trap] [1 ♂ IEBR], 20. VIII. 2021 [1 ♂ IEBR], 20. XI. 2021 [1 ♂ IEBR]; Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh Biodiversity station, 21 ° 23 ' 03 " N 105 ° 42 ' 40 " E, 18. VIII. 2022, NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien] & TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; HOA BINH: Tonkin [= North Vietnam], Hoa Binh, A. de Cooman leg. [2 ♀ TARI]; LAM DONG: South Annam Lam Dong Prov. [= Lam Dong], Cat Tien, III. 2004, A. Anichkin & A. Evsyunin leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from Thailand (Williams et al. 2019 b) [THNHM]. Compared with description in Pagden (1949). Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCCFFDBFF6BF8C38EA7FAEC.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Malaysia. Thailand. Vietnam *: Bac Kan, Vinh Phuc, Hoa Binh, Lam Dong. This species was also recorded from Myanmar (Kachin, Shan, Yangon; Magretti 1892: 213) and Indonesia (Java; Zavattari 1910: 9), but these records have not been verified (Mickel 1935). Occurrence in Vietnam. March to June, August, November. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 200 m alt. Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was associated by Pagden (1934 b) based on males and females reared from the same host and a pair in copula, and was described by Pagden (1949).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCCFFDBFF6BF8C38EA7FAEC.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Pagden (1934 b) reared both sexes of this species from the nest cells of a mud-daubing solitary wasp Pison argentatum Shuckard (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae). See Starr (2004) for the nesting biology of the host species.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCDFFC4FF6BFA5E8FCFF86C.taxon	description	(Figs 16 E, 16 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCDFFC4FF6BFA5E8FCFF86C.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂. Vietnam: DONG NAI: Nam Cat Tien National Park, Bau Sau, 1. V. 2010, V. Zryanin leg. [1 ♂ IBSS]. Identification source. Compared with type [TARI]. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCDFFC4FF6BFA5E8FCFF86C.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam *: Dong Nai. Occurrence in Vietnam. May. Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregion. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCDFFC4FF6BFA5E8FCFF86C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is much rarer than the more widespread Promecilla species, Pr. decora. Only five male specimens have been recognized previously (Chen 1957; Zhou et al. 2018 a), and the specimen examined herein represents the southernmost record of this species. Genus Sinotilla Lelej, 1995 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 00 A 7 AEE 2 - AB 00 - 4546 - 8686 - 1450 DCB 792 CA	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFCDFFC4FF6BFA5E8FCFF86C.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Identification keys to the males with a ventral mandibular lobe and to females were provided by Okayasu (2017, 2020).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD3FFC5FF6BFF0B8B2AFD7E.taxon	description	(Figs 17 A, 17 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD3FFC5FF6BFF0B8B2AFD7E.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂. Vietnam: NINH BINH: Cuc Phuong National Park, 10 – 12. VIII. 1998, Sk. Yamane leg. [1 ♂ SKYC]. Identification source. Compared with types [TARI]. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD3FFC5FF6BFF0B8B2AFD7E.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam *: Ninh Binh. Occurrence in Vietnam. August. Northern Indochina subtropical forests ecoregion. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD3FFC5FF6BFF0B8B2AFD7E.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species has been known from a series of type specimens collected at the type locality. The Vietnamese specimen has the meso- and metatibiae more broadly black but otherwise it is identical to the types.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD3FFC5FF6BFCAF8EAAF8B2.taxon	description	(Figs 17 C, 17 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD3FFC5FF6BFCAF8EAAF8B2.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 7 ♀. Vietnam: LAO CAI: Van Ban, Liem Phu, 300 – 700 m, 30. IX. 2006, K. Eguchi leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; HANOI: Ba Vi National Park, 400 – 600 m, 11. XI. 1999, K. Eguchi leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; BAC GIANG: W. Yen Tu, ground & litter, 390 m, 22. V. 2004, Bui & K. Eguchi leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; Tau Yen Tu National Park, 28. V. 2004, K. Eguchi leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; HOA BINH: Tonkin [= North Vietnam], Hoa Binh, A. de Cooman leg., Smicr. decora (Smith) (?) [probably Chen’s hand] [1 ♀ TARI]; PHU YEN: Song Hinh Dist., Song Hinh commune, regenerated forests (natural), 12.788291 ° N 109.037192 ° E, 300 m, 14 – 16. VI. 2024, A. D. Nguyen leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; LAM DONG: South Annam Lam Dong Prov. [= Lam Dong], Cat Tien, III. 2004, A. Anichkin & A. Evsyunin leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from Thailand (Williams et al. 2019 b) [THNHM]. Previous record. This species was described from Hanoi, Ha Son Binh (now Hoa Binh), and Vinh Phuc by Lelej (1995 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD3FFC5FF6BFCAF8EAAF8B2.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Thailand. Vietnam: Lao Cai *, Vinh Phuc, Hanoi, Bac Giang *, Hoa Binh, Phu Yen *, Lam Dong *. Occurrence in Vietnam. March, May, June, September to November. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Red River freshwater swamp forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 300 – 1000 m alt. Forest, bamboo, regenerated forests. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD3FFC5FF6BFCAF8EAAF8B2.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Based on the black metasomal color, this species is more likely to be matched with Si. ansula, rather than Si. hong Lelej, 1995, but there are likely to be additional undescribed males in Vietnam and the genus limits of the Oriental Smicromyrmini are difficult to ascertain, especially in males of Andreimyrme, Ephucilla, and Sinotilla.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD0FFC7FF6BF9CB8FE3FD6D.taxon	description	(Figs 17 E, 17 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD0FFC7FF6BF9CB8FE3FD6D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 8 ♂. Vietnam: LAO CAI: Phuc Khanh, Bao Yen, 5. IV. 2024, Malaise trap [1 ♂ IEBR]; TUYEN QUANG: tributary of Gam River 7 km NE Pac Ban [= Thác Pác Ban], 25. V – 02. VI. 1996, D. C. Currie, D. C. Darling & J. Swann leg., ROM 963079 [1 ♂ ROM]; VINH PHUC: Tam Dao, 500 m alt., 24. V. 1997, R. Matsumoto leg. [1 ♂ OMNH]; Phuc Yen dist., Ngoc Thanh comm., Me Linh Biodiversity Station, 21 ° 23 ' 03 " N 105 ° 42 ' 40 " E, 70 m, 30. IX. 2021, T. D. Duong & T. X. Thanh leg., Malaise trap (MT 1) [1 ♂ IEBR]; THUA THIEN HUE: Bach Ma NP, Entrance, 16.250 ° N 107.873 ° E, 50 m alt., 2 – 5. VIII. 2016, T. Mita leg., yellow pan trap, 253 / BTTNVN [1 ♂ VNMN]; Bach Ma NP, Rhododendron trail, 16.192 ° N 107.849 ° E, 1100 m alt., 3 – 6. VIII. 2016, Y. Komeda & T. Mita leg., yellow pan trap, 253 / BTTNVN [1 ♂ VNMN]; Bach Ma NP, Rhododendron trail, 16.192 ° N 107.849 ° E, 1100 m alt., 5. VIII. 2016, Y. Komeda leg., sweeping, 253 / BTTNVN [1 ♂ VNMN]; GIA LAI: Kon Ka Kinh National Park, 30. VI. 2023, A. Tinh leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]. Identification source. Keyed using Chen (1957) and compared with description in Lelej (1995 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD0FFC7FF6BF9CB8FE3FD6D.taxon	description	Previous record. This species was recorded from Ha Son Binh (now Hoa Binh) by Lelej (1995 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD0FFC7FF6BF9CB8FE3FD6D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam: Lao Cai *, Tuyen Quang *, Vinh Phuc *, Hoa Binh, Thua Thien Hue *, Gia Lai *. Occurrence in Vietnam. April to June, August to October. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests, and Southern Annamites montane rain forests ecoregions. 50 – 1100 m alt. Forest. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD0FFC7FF6BF9CB8FE3FD6D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In coloration, this species is similar to Si. hong Lelej, 1995 below but is distinguished primarily by absence of the notaulus. The unique type of this species was not found in TARI, where Chen’s types are presently deposited (JO pers. obs.).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD1FFC7FF6BFCDE8FF0F913.taxon	description	(Figs 18 A, 18 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD1FFC7FF6BFCDE8FF0F913.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 6 ♂. Vietnam: LAO CAI: Bat Xat, Y Ty, Sim San, 22 ° 37 ' 48.0 " N 103 ° 34 ' 52.0 " E, 1342 m, 2. VIII. 2019, NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien], NQC [= Nguyen Quang Cuong] & TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; DIEN BIEN: Tua Chua, Xa Nhe, 21 ° 52 ' 35 " N 103 ° 24 ' 46 " E, 12. IV. 2022, D. T. Hoa leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; VINH PHUC: Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh Bio-Station, 22 ° 16 ' 51 " N 105 ° 71 ' 54 " E, 10. IV. 2021, IED [= Insect Ecology Department] leg., (MT) [= Malaise trap] [1 ♂ IEBR]; DAK LAK: Chu Yang Sin NP, near river, 740 m, 1 – 10. VI. 2007, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries, malaise [1 ♂, RMNH]; DONG NAI: Cat Tien NP, Ficus Trail, 100 m, 9 – 30. IV. 2007, M. P. Quy & N. T. Manh leg., malaise [1 ♂, RMNH]; Cat Tien NP, garden, 100 m, 13 – 20. V. 2007, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂, RMNH]. Identification source. Compared with the original description (Lelej 1995 b). Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD1FFC7FF6BFCDE8FF0F913.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam *: Lao Cai, Dien Bien, Vinh Phuc, Dak Lak, Dong Nai. Occurrence in Vietnam. April to June, August. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 100 – 1342 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD1FFC7FF6BFCDE8FF0F913.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The Vietnamese specimens slightly vary in the leg coloration from entirely black to black with various portions orange.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD1FFC1FF6BF9438AD5FBFF.taxon	description	(Figs 18 C, 18 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD1FFC1FF6BF9438AD5FBFF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂. Vietnam: GIA LAI: Kon Ka Kinh National Park, 30. VI. 2023, A. Tinh leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]. Identification source. Compared with types [TARI]. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD1FFC1FF6BF9438AD5FBFF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam *: Gia Lai. Occurrence in Vietnam. June. Southern Annamites montane rain forests ecoregion. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD1FFC1FF6BF9438AD5FBFF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Like Si. ansula and Si. hong, this species was originally described from southern China. Unlike those two species, Si. trisecta reaches further south. This suggests wider potential distribution of Si. ansula and Si. hong. Genus Smicromyrme Thomson, 1870 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: B 761 D 778 - D 7 AB- 4154 - ADC 0 - 85 B 065 A 325 A 6	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD1FFC1FF6BF9438AD5FBFF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus is apparently an assemblage of heterogeneous species that cannot be reliably placed in any other genera of the Smicromyrmini. Extensive taxonomic revision is needed for South and Southeast Asian species. It has recently been discovered that the gender of Smicromyrme is actually feminine (Brothers & Lelej, in prep.) rather than masculine (Lelej & Brothers 2008), so it is treated as such in this paper.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD7FFC1FF6BFB288D00F847.taxon	description	(Figs 18 E, 18 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD7FFC1FF6BFB288D00F847.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 8 ♀. Vietnam: VINH PHUC: Melinh, 21 ° 23 ' N 105 ° 42 ' E, alt. 56 m, 20. VII. 2010, J. Kantoh leg. [1 ♀ ELKU]; Phúc Yên, Ng ọc Thanh, Melinh Biodiversity Station, 21.3884995 ° N 105.712599695 ° E, 68 m alt., 6. VI. 2023, L. T. P. Nguyen et al. leg. [2 ♀ IEBR]; GIA LAI: 20 km N Buon Luoi, 3 – 12. XI. 1988, A. Sharkov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Mang Yang, Kon Ka Kinh NP, 14 ° 12 ' 12.5 " N 108 ° 18 ' 54.6 " E, h = 908.5 m, 13. IX. 2023, Đ. T. Hoa leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; DONG NAI: Cat Tien National Park, 11 ° 25 ' 16 " N 107 ° 25 ' 39 " E, 110 m, 25. VI – 9. VII. 2018, L. Anisyutkin leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; BA RIA-VUNG TAU: Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 4. I. 2002, H. Mizushima leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 4. I. 2002, S. Okajima leg. [1 ♀ TUA]. Identification source. Keyed using Williams et al. (2019 b) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD7FFC1FF6BFB288D00F847.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand. Vietnam *: Vinh Phuc, Gia Lai, Dong Nai, Ba Ria-Vung Tau. Occurrence in Vietnam. January, June, July, September, November. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 56 – 908.5 m alt. Forest opening (Fig. 30 A). Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD7FFC1FF6BFB288D00F847.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In coloration, this species is similar to Sm. triguttata below. Two females from Binh Chau have legs almost entirely black, unlike other specimens (Figs 18 A, 18 B).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD4FFC2FF6BFF0B8AADFB32.taxon	description	(Figs 18 G, 18 H)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD4FFC2FF6BFF0B8AADFB32.taxon	description	Smicromyrme (Erimyrme) triguttatus latisquamulus: Boutin & Vilhelmsen 2024: supplementary table S 2, ♀.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD4FFC2FF6BFF0B8AADFB32.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 3 ♀. Vietnam: THUA THIEN HUE: Bach Ma NP, Entrance, 16.250 ° N 107.873 ° E, 50 m alt., 2 – 6. VIII. 2016, T. Mita leg., yellow pan trap, 253 / BTTNVN [1 ♀ VNMN]; near Bach Ma National Park, 19 km point, 16.198 ° N 107.860 ° E, 1400 m alt., 3 – 6. VIII. 2016, Y. Komeda & T. Mita leg., yellow pan trap, 253 / BTTNVN [2 ♀ VNMN]. Identification source. Voucher specimens (Okayasu 2018). Previous record. This species was recorded from Thua Thien Hue and Vinh Phuc by Lelej (1995 b) and Okayasu (2018).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD4FFC2FF6BFF0B8AADFB32.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Taiwan. Laos. Thailand. Vietnam: Vinh Phuc, Thua Thien Hue. Occurrence in Vietnam. August, November. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests and Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests ecoregions. 50 – 1400 m alt. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD4FFC2FF6BFF0B8AADFB32.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is currently placed in the subgenus Erimyrme Lelej, 1985, but no males of that subgenus have been studied in southeast Asia (Pagliano et al. 2020). It seems possible that Sm. triguttata, along with Sm. thaochani, could eventually be moved into a different genus, when males are eventually recognized.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD4FFC2FF6BFA9C8D6AF900.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 7 CC 8609 D-DDEC- 4 B 8 E-BCD 7 - 6244 FBCE 784 D	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD4FFC2FF6BFA9C8D6AF900.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was reviewed by Okayasu et al. (2021 a), but, afterward, additional undescribed species were recognized from Thailand and Vietnam (JO pers. obs.).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD4FFC3FF6BF9718C0BF965.taxon	description	(Figs 19 A – 19 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD4FFC3FF6BF9718C0BF965.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 3 ♂ 6 ♀. Vietnam: BAC KAN: Ba Be Nat. Park, 31. VII – 2. VIII. 2000, K. Okajima leg. [3 ♀ TUA]; LANG SON: Huu Lung, Huu Lien, Lan Nghe, Huu Lien NR, 21 ° 33 ' 48.6 " N 106 ° 24 ' 36.4 " E, 289 m, 11. VI. 2018, NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien], TXL [= Truong Xuan Lam], TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat], LVT [= Lam V. Tinh] & NTTH [= Nguyen Thi Thu Ha] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; VINH PHUC: Tam Dao, 21.440811 ° N 105.616088 ° E, 383 m alt., 7. VI. 2023, L. T. P. Nguyen leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; THANH HOA: Pu Luong N. R., Thanh Lam, 20.4315 ° N 105.1483 ° E, 900 m alt., 29. VII. 2019, R. Matsumoto leg. [1 ♂ OMNH]; HA TINH: Vu Quang, Ben Cat, 18 ° 19 ' 30 " N 105 ° 23 ' 8 " E, 30 m, 8. VII. 2023, X. L. Truong, T. P. L. Nguyen, Q. C. Nguyen & T. N. Tran leg. [2 ♀ IEBR]; QUANG TRI: Dak Rông, A Ngo, 150 – 200 m, 31. V. 2006, ISD [= Insect Systematic Department] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]. Identification source. Voucher specimens (Okayasu et al. 2021 a).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD4FFC3FF6BF9718C0BF965.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Bhutan. China. Taiwan. India. Indonesia. Japan. Laos. Myanmar. Thailand. Vietnam: Bac Kan, Lang Son *, Vinh Phuc *, Quang Ninh, Hoa Binh, Thanh Hoa *, Nghe An, Ha Tinh *, Quang Tri *, Kon Tum, Dak Lak. Occurrence in Vietnam. March, June to August, October. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Luang Prabang montane rain forests, Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests, Northern Annamites rain forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 30 – 900 m alt. Forest. Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was described as Timulla disparilis Mickel, 1933 and associated by Lelej (1996 b) based on the sex association made by Børge Petersen, but the evidence of this association was not indicated. This association is supported by males and females repeatedly collected at the same place (Williams et al. 2019 b; Okayasu et al. 2021 a).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD4FFC3FF6BF9718C0BF965.taxon	discussion	Remarks. A habitus photo of the holotype of this species is available in Okayasu et al. (2018). Photos of the holotype of Timulla repraesentoides are available in Chan et al. (2025). This is one of the most widespread and common velvet-ant species in East Asia.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDBFFCDFF6BFF0B8D2CFBA6.taxon	description	(Figs 19 E – 19 H)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDBFFCDFF6BFF0B8D2CFBA6.taxon	description	2022: 163, ♀; Boutin & Vilhelmsen 2024: supplementary table S 2, S 3, ♀.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDBFFCDFF6BFF0B8D2CFBA6.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 18 ♀. Vietnam: THAI NGUYEN: Na Hau Village, forest, 21 ° 35 ' N 105 ° 36 ' E, 8. XI. 2001, K. Eguchi leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; HA TINH: Vu Quang, Ben Cat, 18 ° 19 ' 30 " N 105 ° 23 ' 8 " E, 30 m, 8. VII. 2023, X. L. Truong, T. P. L. Nguyen, Q. C. Nguyen & T. N. Tran leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; KIEN GIANG: U Minh Thuong, An Minh Bac, U Minh Thuong NP, 9 ° 54 ' 6 " N 105 ° 8 ' 16 " E, 30 m, 11. X. 2023, NDA [= Nguyen Duc Anh] & TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [1 ♀ IEBR], 12. X. 2023 [15 ♀ IEBR]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from Laos and Thailand (Okayasu et al. 2021 a) [EUMJ, TUA].	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDBFFCDFF6BFF0B8D2CFBA6.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Laos. Malaysia. Thailand. Vietnam: Thai Nguyen *, Hanoi, Hoa Binh, Ha Tinh *, Kien Giang *. Occurrence in Vietnam. May, July, October to December. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Red River freshwater swamp forests, Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests, Northern Annamites rain forests, and Tonle Sap-Mekong peat swamp forests ecoregions. 30 – 300 m alt. Meadow, forest. Sex association. This species was described from both sexes collected in copula.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDBFFCDFF6BFF0B8D2CFBA6.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Unlike most Vietnamese mutilline females, the whitish setal patches on the disc of the second metasomal tergum are composed of mostly sub-erect sparse setae.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDBFFCDFF6BFB178C58F99F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus is difficult to define and many species that were formerly included in Krombeinidia have been transferred to other genera, such as the female of Neotrogaspidia circumcincta (André, 1896) and males of the genus Arkaditilla Okayasu, 2021.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDBFFCEFF6BF9C88B14FEF9.taxon	description	(Figs 20 A, 20 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDBFFCEFF6BF9C88B14FEF9.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 5 ♀. Vietnam: HA TINH: Vu Quang, Ben Cat, 18 ° 19 ' 30 " N 105 ° 23 ' 8 " E, 30 m, 8. VII. 2023, X. L. Truong, T. P. L. Nguyen, Q. C. Nguyen & T. N. Tran leg. [3 ♀ IEBR]; BA RIA-VUNG TAU: Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 5. I. 2002, S. Okajima leg. [2 ♀ TUA]. Identification source. Keyed using Williams et al. (2019 b) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDBFFCEFF6BF9C88B14FEF9.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand. Vietnam *: Ha Tinh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau. Occurrence in Vietnam. January, July. Northern Annamites rain forests and Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests ecoregions. 30 m alt. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDBFFCEFF6BF9C88B14FEF9.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The female of this species differs from other species of Krombeinidia by having the procoxa armed with a smooth tubercle, legs black, and S 6 bidentate posteriorly, and probably belongs to a different genus.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD9FFCFFF6BFE2A8D0DFB37.taxon	description	(Figs 20 C, 20 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD9FFCFFF6BFE2A8D0DFB37.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 6 ♀. Vietnam: GIA LAI: 20 km N Buon Luoi, 3 – 12. XI. 1988, A. Sharkov leg. [4 ♀ IBSS], 20. XI. 1988 [1 ♀ IBSS]; DONG NAI: National Park Cat Tien, river Dong Nai, dipterocarp forest, sand near river, 11 ° 26 ' 49 " N 107 ° 26 ' 26 " E, 26. VIII. 2008, V. Zryanin leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from Thailand (Williams et al. 2019 b) [SKYC]. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD9FFCFFF6BFE2A8D0DFB37.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Thailand. Vietnam *: Gia Lai, Dong Nai. Occurrence in Vietnam. August, November. Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. Sand near river. Sex association. Male unknown. In Gia Lai, one undescribed male has been collected at the same place and date as four females and they may belong to the same species.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD9FFCFFF6BFE2A8D0DFB37.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was placed in Petersenidia by Lelej (2005), but it has a distinct posterior pale setal band on the second metasomal tergum and belongs in Krombeinidia.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD9FFC8FF6BFB678CE7FE76.taxon	description	(Figs 20 E, 20 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD9FFC8FF6BFB678CE7FE76.taxon	description	Pagliano & Scaramozzino 2021: 123, ♂; Thaochan et al. 2022: 163, ♂; Barthélémy & Guénard 2025: 77, ♂.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD9FFC8FF6BFB678CE7FE76.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 3 ♂. Vietnam: DONG NAI: Cat Tien NP, eco-trail, 100 m, 13 – 20. V. 2007, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; Cat Tien NP, Ficus trail, 100 m, 1 – 9. X. 2005, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [2 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Compared with type [TARI]. Previous record. This species was recorded from Gia Lai by Lelej (1996 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD9FFC8FF6BFB678CE7FE76.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Malaysia. Thailand. Vietnam: Gia Lai, Dong Nai *. Occurrence in Vietnam. May, July, October. Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 100 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD9FFC8FF6BFB678CE7FE76.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This could be the male of Krombeinidia griseomaculata, but there are likely to be additional undescribed morphospecies of both sexes present in Vietnam. Genus Neotrogaspidia Lelej, 1996 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: ABD 6 AFA 5 - BC 36 - 4 E 14 - A 791 - FCBFD 406 DEC 4	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFD9FFC8FF6BFB678CE7FE76.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Northeast Asian species of this genus were reviewed by Okayasu (2023 a), in which an identification key to all Neotrogaspidia species was provided.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDEFFC8FF6BFDA08CAFF8F8.taxon	description	(Figs 21 A – 21 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDEFFC8FF6BFDA08CAFF8F8.taxon	description	Hua 2006: 301; Pagliano et al. 2020: 293. Synonymized by Okayasu (2023 a: 5) under Neotrogaspidia circumcincta (André, 1896). Trogaspidia tethys (Mickel, 1934): Tsuneki 1993: 48, ♂. Misidentification. Orientidia circumcincta: Lelej 2005: 68; Hua 2006: 300; Okayasu et al. 2018: 304, ♀; Pagliano et al. 2020: 254; Pagliano & Scaramozzino 2021: 124, ♀; Boutin & Vilhelmsen 2024: supplementary table S 2, S 3, ♀. Krombeinidia agricola Williams in Williams et al., 2019 b: 34, ♀, holotype ♀ (Vimarndin farm stay, Thong Pha Phum, Kanchanaburi, Thailand) [CSCA]; Pagliano et al. 2020: 250; Boutin & Vilhelmsen 2024: supplementary table S 2, S 3, ♀. Synonymized by Okayasu (2023 a: 6) under Neotrogaspidia circumcincta (André, 1896). Neotrogaspidia circumcincta: Okayasu 2023 a: 5, ♂ ♀; Barthélémy & Guénard 2025: 77.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDEFFC8FF6BFDA08CAFF8F8.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂ 4 ♀. Vietnam: HANOI: Hanoi capital island in Red River, 21 ° 3 ' N 105 ° 51 ' E, 24. XI. 2014 [1 ♀ EUMJ]; HOA BINH: Tonkin [= North Vietnam], Hoa Binh, VIII. 1940, A. de Cooman leg. [2 ♀ TARI]; QUANG NAM: Tam K ỳ, Tam Th ắng, 15 ° 37 ' 22.4 " N 108 ° 29 ' 2 " E, h = 7 m, 22. IV. 2023, ĐTH [= Dang Thi Hoa], NĐH [= Nguyen Duc Hiep] & ĐDT [= Tran Dinh Duong] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; KIEN GIANG: U Minh Thuong, An Minh Bac, U Minh Thuong NP, 9 ° 54 ' 6 " N 105 ° 8 ' 16 " E, 30 m, 12. X. 2023, NDA [= Nguyen Duc Anh] & TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]. Identification source. Voucher specimens (Okayasu 2023 a). Previous record. This species was recorded from Hanoi and Hoa Binh by Okayasu (2023 a).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDEFFC8FF6BFDA08CAFF8F8.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Taiwan. Indonesia. Laos. Malaysia. Thailand. Vietnam: Hanoi, Hoa Binh, Quang Nam *, Kien Giang *. Occurrence in Vietnam. April, August, October, November. Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Red River freshwater swamp forests, Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests, and Tonle Sap-Mekong peat swamp forests ecoregions. 7 – 30 m alt. Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was associated and described by André (1905) based on a pair in copula.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDEFFC8FF6BFDA08CAFF8F8.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Photos of the holotype of Trogaspidia yuliensis are available in Chan et al. (2025). A female from Minh Thuong National Park has the third metasomal tergum dark brown, showing an intermediate state of the typical form and black color variant (Okayasu 2023 a).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDFFFCAFF6BF9DE8C3EFD7B.taxon	description	(Figs 21 E, 21 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDFFFCAFF6BF9DE8C3EFD7B.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂. Vietnam: HANOI: Hanoi, meadow, 7. X. 1990, S. Belokobylskij leg. [1 ♂ IBSS]. Identification source. Keyed using Okayasu (2023 a) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDFFFCAFF6BF9DE8C3EFD7B.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Taiwan. Vietnam *: Hanoi. Occurrence in Vietnam. October. Red River freshwater swamp forests. Meadow. Sex association. Female unknown. Remarks. This species is closely related to Neo. circumcincta. These two species are distinguished only by the morphology of the male clypeus and penis valve (Okayasu 2023 a). Interestingly, they are both found in Hanoi. Discovery of the female of Neo. recticarinata is needed to reevaluate their relationship. Genus Nonveilleridia Lelej, 1996 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 3 EDBF 019 - C 8 CA- 4 AFA-BFC 0 - 5 E 47 B 8013 BAF	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDFFFCAFF6BF9DE8C3EFD7B.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus is morphologically unique and easily recognized (Lelej 1996 b, 2005). Discovery of the female is still awaited. Williams et al. (2019 b) suspected that this genus might be associated with a female currently included in Krombeinidia or Trogaspidia.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDCFFCAFF6BFCAB8DC6F84D.taxon	description	(Figs 22 A, 22 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDCFFCAFF6BFCAB8DC6F84D.taxon	description	2019 b: 37; Pagliano et al. 2020: 254.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDCFFCAFF6BFCAB8DC6F84D.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 4 ♂. Vietnam: THUA THIEN HUE: Bach Ma NP, Entrance, 16.250 N, 107.873 E, 50 m alt., 2 – 6. VIII. 2016, T. Mita leg., yellow pan trap, 253 / BTTNVN [1 ♂ VNMN]; GIA LAI: Buon Luoi, from stomach of frog [1 ♂ IBSS]; DONG NAI: Cat Tien NP, Dong trail, 100 m, 13 – 19. V. 2007, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [2 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Voucher specimen (Lelej 1996 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDCFFCAFF6BFCAB8DC6F84D.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Indonesia. Thailand. Vietnam: Hanoi, Thua Thien Hue *, Gia Lai, Dong Nai *. Occurrence in Vietnam. May, August. Red River freshwater swamp forests, Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests, Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 50 – 100 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDCFFCAFF6BFCAB8DC6F84D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is widespread in southeastern Asia, but it is rarely collected. Genus Orientidia Lelej, 1996 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 127 C 21 B 8 - 988 D- 45 FB- 8 D 0 D- 74 CB 8 EBA 0 A 90	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDCFFCAFF6BFCAB8DC6F84D.taxon	discussion	Remarks. There is no useful key to identify Orientidia species.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDDFFB4FF6BF9BB8DCAFCEA.taxon	description	(Figs 22 C, 22 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDDFFB4FF6BF9BB8DCAFCEA.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 7 ♀. Vietnam: QUANG NINH: Dong Kho Island, 21 ° 06 ' N 107 ° 36 ' E, 20. III. 1987, V. Kuznetzov leg. [2 ♀ IBSS]; Dong Kho Island, litter, 21. III. 1987, L. Filatova leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; HOA BINH: Ha Son Binh Prov. [= Hoa Binh], Da Bac, Tuly [= Tu Ly], forest, 19. X. 1990, S. Belokobylskij leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Ky Son, Cao Phong, forest, 28. X. 1990, S. Belokobylskij leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; NINH BINH: Cuc Phuong, 27. IV. 1996, Y. Okushima leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; Nho Quan, Cuc Phuong National Park, 20.354 N, 105.588 E, 500 m alt., 8. VIII. 2016, T. Mita leg., 314 / BTTNVN [1 ♀ VNMN]. Identification source. Keyed using Williams et al. (2019 b) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDDFFB4FF6BF9BB8DCAFCEA.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia. Thailand. Vietnam *: Quang Ninh, Hoa Binh, Ninh Binh. Occurrence in Vietnam. March, April, August, October. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, and Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests ecoregions. 500 m alt. Forest. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDDFFB4FF6BF9BB8DCAFCEA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Unlike other Orientidia females, this species has a narrow spine-like scutellar scale. Discovery of the male could confirm its placement in Orientidia or necessitate its transfer to a different genus, possibly Promecidia Lelej, 1996. Genus Pagdenidia Lelej, 1996 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 8 D 30846 - 46 C 8 - 41 F 0 - 84 ED- 793 E 361 FC 57 C	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFDDFFB4FF6BF9BB8DCAFCEA.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Of the seven Pagdenidia species, six species are known from the male only and one species, Pa. mickeli, is known from both sexes. This genus was reviewed by Pagden (1949) as the Timulla (Trogaspidia) erato group. His identification key includes six species known at that time.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA2FFB5FF6BFC5B8F04FEDD.taxon	description	(Figs 22 E, 22 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA2FFB5FF6BFC5B8F04FEDD.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂. Vietnam: GIA LAI: Buon Luoi, 22. III – 10. IV. 1995, A. Gorochov leg. [1 ♂ IBSS]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from China and Thailand (Lelej 1996 b, 2005) [ZMMU]. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA2FFB5FF6BFC5B8F04FEDD.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. India. Myanmar. Thailand. Vietnam *: Gia Lai. Occurrence in Vietnam. March, April. Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests ecoregion. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA2FFB5FF6BFC5B8F04FEDD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is a hyperparasitoid of Tiphia matura Allen & Jaynes, 1930 (= Tiphia simlaensis Cameron, 1904; syn. by Allen 1975: 27) (Hymenoptera: Tiphiidae) on a scarab beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) (Clausen et al. 1932). Genus Petersenidia Lelej, 1992 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 0922 C 40 C-C 9 F 8 - 4249 - 97 B 6 - 453953 E 0 A 270	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA2FFB5FF6BFC5B8F04FEDD.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Many species of the former Petersenidiini Lelej, 1996, whose systematic position is uncertain, are now placed in this genus (Williams et al. 2019 b). Of the 44 Petersenidia species, 22 are doubtfully assigned to this genus at present.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA3FFB5FF6BFE0E8CCFFB33.taxon	description	(Figs 23 A, 23 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA3FFB5FF6BFE0E8CCFFB33.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 3 ♀. Vietnam: HOA BINH: Ha Son Binh Prov. [= Hoa Binh], Da Bac, Tuly [= Tu Ly], forest, 19. X. 1990, S. Belokobylskij leg. [1 ♀ ZISP]; GIA LAI: Gia Lai Con Tum Prov. [= Gia Lai], 20 km N Buon Luoi, Tram Lap, 13. II. 1993, A. Gorochov leg. [1 ♀ ZISP]; LAM DONG: South Annam Lam Dong Prov. [= Lam Dong], Cat Tien, III. 2004, A. Anichkin & A. Evsyunin leg. [1 ♀ ZISP]. Identification source. Compared with types [TARI]. Previous record. This species was recorded from Vietnam by Lelej (2005) without reference to voucher specimens. Okayasu et al. (2018) examined a single female specimen of this species, but additional locality data were unavailable.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA3FFB5FF6BFE0E8CCFFB33.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam: Hoa Binh *, Gia Lai *, Lam Dong *. Occurrence in Vietnam. February, March, October. Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. Forest. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA3FFB5FF6BFE0E8CCFFB33.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Compared to Pe. leleji, this species has larger golden-tinted discal spots on the second metasomal tergum and a more angular mesosomal shape.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA3FFB5FF6BFA9D8C58F895.taxon	description	(Figs 23 C, 23 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA3FFB5FF6BFA9D8C58F895.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Thailand. Vietnam: Vinh Phuc, Quang Ninh, Hoa Binh. Occurrence in Vietnam. March, April, October, November. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests and Northern Indochina subtropical forests ecoregions. 1120 m alt. Forest. Sex association. Male unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA3FFB5FF6BFA9D8C58F895.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In Vietnam, this species might be locally abundant, because it is known from 21 females from five localities (Williams et al. 2019 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA0FFB7FF6BF9FC8DE7FCEB.taxon	description	(Figs 23 E, 23 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA0FFB7FF6BF9FC8DE7FCEB.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 3 ♂. Vietnam: LAO CAI: Sapa, Tram Ton, 1926 m alt., 22 ° 21.182 ' N 103 ° 46.49 ' E, 23. VI. 2012, T. Mita leg. [1 ♂ VNMN]; HA TINH: Vu Quang NP, 18 ° 19 ' 38 " N 105 ° 26 ' 28 " E, 116 m, 23. IX – 5. X. 2009, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [2 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Compared with types [TARI]. Previous record. This species was recorded from Ha Son Binh (now Hoa Binh) by Lelej (1996 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA0FFB7FF6BF9FC8DE7FCEB.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam: Lao Cai *, Hoa Binh, Ha Tinh *. Occurrence in Vietnam. June, September, October. Northern Indochina subtropical forests and Northern Annamites rain forests ecoregions. 116 – 1926 m alt. Forest. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA0FFB7FF6BF9FC8DE7FCEB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This male seems likely to be eventually associated with either Pe. dorsispinata or Pe. leleji. Genus Promecidia Lelej, 1996 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 6565 E 4 B- 194 B- 4686 - 80 F 1 - 8371 EA 601 CF 6	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA0FFB7FF6BF9FC8DE7FCEB.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was reviewed by Lelej et al. (2016). However, many undescribed species are recognized from East Asia (JO pers. obs.). Females of Orientidia and Promecidia are easily confused by having two pale setal spots on the metasomal tergum 2 and the pygidial plate smooth and convex (Williams et al. 2019 b). However, they are clearly distinguished by the male morphology (Lelej 1996 b, 2005).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA1FFB7FF6BFC5B8A9DF9A7.taxon	description	(Figs 24 A, 24 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA1FFB7FF6BFC5B8A9DF9A7.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 2 ♂. Vietnam: DAK LAK: Chu Yang Sin NP, near river, 740 m, 1 – 10. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; Chu Yang Sin NP, Krong K’Mar, 760 m, 21 – 26. X. 2005, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Keyed using Lelej et al. (2016) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA1FFB7FF6BFC5B8A9DF9A7.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam *: Dak Lak. Occurrence in Vietnam. June, October. Southern Annamites montane rain forests and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 740 – 760 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA1FFB7FF6BFC5B8A9DF9A7.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species can be recognized by the small sharp ventral mandibular tooth and tooth-like carina on the second metasomal sternum. It is much rarer than Promecidia birmanica (Dalla Torre, 1897).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA1FFB1FF6BF9118B31FE15.taxon	description	(Figs 24 C, 24 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA1FFB1FF6BF9118B31FE15.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 10 ♂. Vietnam: GIA LAI: Mang Yang, Kon Ka Kinh NP, 14 ° 12 ' 11 " N 108 ° 18 ' 58 " E, 834 m, 19. V – 3. VI. 2022, L. V. Tinh leg., MT [= Malaise trap] [1 ♂ IEBR]; DAK LAK: Chu Yang Sin NP, near dam, 500 m, 3 – 9. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; Chu Yang Sin NP, Krong K’Mar, 760 m, 22 – 26. X. 2005, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; NINH THUAN: Nui Chua NP, northeast part, 90 – 150 m, 23 – 30. V. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; DONG NAI: Cat Tien NP, bird trail, 100 m, 15 – 20. V. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [3 ♂ RMNH]; Cat Tien NP, eco-trail, 100 m, 13 – 20. V. 2007, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [3 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Keyed using Lelej et al. (2016) and compared with the original description. Previous record. This species was recorded from “ 70 km NE Saigon ” (= Dong Nai) by Lelej et al. (2016).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA1FFB1FF6BF9118B31FE15.taxon	distribution	Distribution. India. Laos. Myanmar. Vietnam: Gia Lai *, Dak Lak *, Ninh Thuan *, Dong Nai. Occurrence in Vietnam. May, June, August, October. Southern Annamites montane rain forests, Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 90 – 834 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA1FFB1FF6BF9118B31FE15.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species has been recorded from various lowland forest ecoregions of the Oriental Region.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA7FFB2FF6BFE468F5EFF65.taxon	description	(Figs 24 E, 24 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA7FFB2FF6BFE468F5EFF65.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 3 ♀. Vietnam: DONG NAI: Cat Tien NP, Ficus trail, 100 m, 1 – 9. X. 2005, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [3 ♀ RMNH]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from Thailand (Williams et al. 2019 b) [CSCA]. Previous record. This species was recorded from Dong Nai by Lelej et al. (2016).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA7FFB2FF6BFE468F5EFF65.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cambodia. Laos. Malaysia. Myanmar. Thailand. Vietnam: Dong Nai. Occurrence in Vietnam. June, October. Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregion. 100 m alt. Forest. Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was recognized by Williams et al. (2019 b) based on a pair in copula but has not been formally associated and described.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA7FFB2FF6BFE468F5EFF65.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species is widespread in Indochina. However, JO recognized a morphospecies from Thailand, which is easily confused with Promecidia ninnii based on diagnostic characters discussed in Lelej et al. (2016) and Williams et al. (2019 b). Some previous records may involve misidentification of this morphospecies. Careful reexamination of voucher specimens will be needed. Genus Trogaspidia Ashmead, 1899 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: BDF 8410 F-AC 2 B- 410 C- 88 F 8 - 21 FA 2656 E 3 AF	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA7FFB2FF6BFE468F5EFF65.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Because of the species richness and morphological diversity, Trogaspidia species are difficult to identify. Even though there are already more than 50 species, many potential new species are recognized from East Asia (JO pers. obs.). There is substantial variation among the Afrotropical subgenera and the East Asian species are morphologically distinct from the type and its related species, specifically in the male genitalia (Nonveiller 1980, 1995). This suggests that a separate genus may be established for East Asian members after extensive revision of the genus.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA4FFB2FF6BFED68DD7FA83.taxon	description	(Figs 25 A – 25 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA4FFB2FF6BFED68DD7FA83.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 3 ♂. Vietnam: QUANG NINH: Thanh Lan Island, 13. X. 1990, V. Kuznetzov leg. [1 ♂ IBSS]; THANH HOA: 45 km W Thanh Hoa, 8. I. 1989, B. Korotyaev leg. [1 ♂ IBSS]; GIA LAI: Gia Lai Con Tum Prov. [= Gia Lai], Buon Luoi, 3. XI. 1993, A. Gorochov leg. [1 ♂ IBSS]. Identification source. Voucher specimens (Lelej 2005). Previous record. This species was recorded from Vietnam by Lelej (2005) without reference to voucher specimens.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA4FFB2FF6BFED68DD7FA83.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Taiwan. Vietnam: Quang Ninh *, Thanh Hoa *, Gia Lai *. Occurrence in Vietnam. January, October, November. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, and Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests ecoregions. Sex association. This species was described from both sexes, but the evidence of this association was not indicated. Chen (1957) examined five pairs in copula and confirmed this treatment.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA4FFB2FF6BFED68DD7FA83.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species seems common in Taiwan. In continental East Asia, it has fewer records, but the specimens examined herein suggest broad distribution in Vietnam.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA4FFBCFF6BFAED8F7AFD19.taxon	description	(Figs 25 E – 25 H)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA4FFBCFF6BFAED8F7AFD19.taxon	description	2023 a: 18, ♂.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA4FFBCFF6BFAED8F7AFD19.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 41 ♂ 83 ♀. Vietnam: BAC KAN: Ba Be Nat. Park, 31. VII – 2. VIII. 2000, K. Okajima leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; HANOI: Hanoi, 18 – 20. V. 1982, T. Soldan leg. [1 ♂ IBSS]; Hanoi University of Agriculture, 28. VII. 2000, K. Okajima leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; Mt. Bavi National Park, 29. VII. 2000, K. Okajima leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; QUANG NINH: Phong Vong Island, 20 ° 47 ' N 107 ° 25 ' E, 9. X. 1990, V. Kuznetzov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; HOA BINH: Hoa Binh, 14. VII. 2010, H. Kurokawa leg. [2 ♀ MTC]; HA TINH: Vu Quang National Park, Co Ranger Station, 18 ° 17 ' 45 " N 105 ° 22 ' 30 " E, ca. 78 m alt., 21. IV. 2022, L. T. P Nguyen & Ngat T. Tran leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; Vu Quang, Ben Cat, 18 ° 19 ' 30 " N 105 ° 23 ' 8 " E, 30 m, 8. VII. 2023, X. L. Truong, T. P. L. Nguyen, Q. C. Nguyen & T. N. Tran leg. [8 ♀ IEBR]; HO CHI MINH: Saigon, I. 1924, Le Moult Vendit [1 ♂ RBINS]; BA RIA-VUNG TAU: Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 4. I. 2002, K. Okajima leg. [3 ♂ 6 ♀ TUA], 5. I. 2002 [6 ♂ 8 ♀ TUA]; Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 4. I. 2002, T. Ishikawa leg. [2 ♂ 4 ♀ TUA], 5. I. 2002 [12 ♂ 19 ♀ TUA]; Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 4. I. 2002, H. Mizushima leg. [1 ♀ TUA], 5. I. 2002 [16 ♂ 23 ♀ TUA]; Xuyen Moc, Binh Chau, 5. I. 2002, S. Okajima leg. [6 ♀ TUA]; KIEN GIANG: U Minh Thuong, XI. 2000, B. T. Viet leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from China (Chen 1957) [TARI]. Previous record. This subspecies was recorded from Ho Chi Minh by Williams et al. (2019 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA4FFBCFF6BFAED8F7AFD19.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Thailand. Vietnam: Bac Kan *, Hanoi *, Quang Ninh *, Hoa Binh *, Ha Tinh *, Ho Chi Minh, Ba Ria-Vung Tau *, Kien Giang *. Occurrence in Vietnam. January, April, May, July, August, October, November. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Red River freshwater swamp forests, Northern Annamites rain forests, Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests, Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests, and Tonle Sap-Mekong peat swamp forests ecoregions. 30 – 78 m alt. Sex association. This subspecies was initially described from the male only. The female was associated and diagnosed by Mickel (1933 c) based on a pair in copula.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA4FFBCFF6BFAED8F7AFD19.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The type subspecies is distributed in Taiwan. In China, the pygidial sculpture of this subspecies varies greatly (Chen 1957), suggesting that Tr. fuscipennis may comprise two or more cryptic species. The Vietnamese and Thai specimens, however, all seem to present a similar rugose pygidial form and seem to be conspecific (Williams et al. 2019 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFAAFFBEFF6BFD4A8C76FE31.taxon	description	(Figs 26 A – 26 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFAAFFBEFF6BFD4A8C76FE31.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 5 ♂ 12 ♀. Vietnam: CAO BANG: Ba Be NP, lodge, 21 – 26. VI. 2008, J. B. Heppner leg., malaise [1 ♂ FSCA]; LAO CAI: Van Ban, Liem Phu, 300 – 700 m, 29, 30. IX. 2006, K. Eguchi leg. [2 ♀ SKYC]; Van Ban, Liem Phu, 450 – 600 m, 26. IX. 2006, K. Eguchi leg. [2 ♀ SKYC]; TUYEN QUANG: Lâm Bình, ThƯ Ợng Lâm, maze field, 22.44919 ° N 105.32252 ° E, 290 m alt., 25. VI. 2024, J. Okayasu leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; VINH PHUC: Tam Dao, 20. VIII. 1994, E. Sugonyaev leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Tam Dao, pine forest, 400 – 500 m, 9. VIII. 1998, Sk. Yamane leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; Meninh Biodiversity Station, 21 ° 23 ' 18 " N 105 ° 42 ' 46 " E, 23 – 25. VI. 2014, M. Hauser & N. von Ellenrieder leg., hand collected [1 ♂ CSCA]; QUANG NINH: [Ha Long], Hoanh Bo, North of Hong Chay, 20. VI. 1962, N. Kabakov leg. [1 ♂ 1 ♀ IBSS]; HOA BINH: Da Bac, Tuly [= Tu Ly], road, bamboo, 21. X. 1990, S. Belokobylskij leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; NINH BINH: Cuc Phuong National Park, 20 ° 21 ' N 105 ° 36 ' E, 200 m, 7 – 9. V. 2002, S. Belokobylskij leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; DAK LAK: Chu Yang Sin NP, near dam, 800 – 940 m, 2 – 10. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; Chu Yang Sin NP, near river, 740 m, 1 – 10. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; DONG NAI: Cat Tien National Park, 11 ° 26 ' 49 " N 107 ° 26 ' 26 " E, dipterocarp forest, sand near river, 26. VIII. 2008, V. Zryanin leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Nam Cat Tien National Park, 24. V. 2010, V. Zryanin leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]. Identification source. Compared with type [SYSM]. Compared with voucher specimens from China (Chen 1957) [TARI]. Previous record. This species was recorded from an ambiguous locality in Vietnam by Boutin & Vilhelmsen (2024) as Trogaspidia sibylla minae. However, this record is attributed to T. lingnani given its distribution (see the remarks section below).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFAAFFBEFF6BFD4A8C76FE31.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Laos. Thailand. Vietnam: Cao Bang *, Lao Cai *, Tuyen Quang *, Vinh Phuc *, Quang Ninh *, Hoa Binh *, Ninh Binh *, Dak Lak *, Dong Nai *. Occurrence in Vietnam. May, June, August to October. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 290 – 940 m alt. Sand near river, bamboo, pine forest, maze field (Fig. 30 C). Sex association. This species was initially described from the male only. The female was associated and diagnosed by Chen (1957). However, the evidence of this association was not indicated. JO found a pair in copula among Chen’s voucher specimens in TARI.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFAAFFBEFF6BFD4A8C76FE31.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Until recently (Williams et al. 2019 b), this was treated as a subspecies of Tr. sibylla (Smith, 1857) from Borneo. Another subspecies, Tr. sibylla minae (Zavattari, 1913), is more similar to Tr. lignani than to Tr. sibylla in female color pattern, but it is recognized from Taiwan only. Comparison of type material, or future molecular analyses between Taiwanese and mainland populations, could indicate that it is conspecific with Tr. lingnani or that it should be raised to a full species.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA8FFBEFF6BFE628CDDFACF.taxon	description	(Figs 26 E – 26 H)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA8FFBEFF6BFE628CDDFACF.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 15 ♀. Vietnam: CAO BANG: Xa Bang Vin, Ban Pu Mo, 450 m, 1. X. 1994, S. Ueno leg. [1 ♀ NSMT]; HA TINH: Vu Quang, Ben Cat, 18 ° 19 ' 30 " N 105 ° 23 ' 8 " E, 30 m, 8. VII. 2023, X. L. Truong, T. P. L. Nguyen, Q. C. Nguyen & T. N. Tran leg. [14 ♀ IEBR]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from Thailand (Okayasu et al. 2021 a) [TUA]. Previous record. This species was recorded from Hanoi and Son La by Okayasu et al. (2021 a).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA8FFBEFF6BFE628CDDFACF.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Taiwan. Thailand. Vietnam: Cao Bang *, Son La, Hanoi, Ha Tinh *. Occurrence in Vietnam. May, July, December. Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Red River freshwater swamp forests, and Northern Annamites rain forests ecoregions. 30 m alt. Sex association. This species was described from both sexes collected “ together ”.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA8FFBEFF6BFE628CDDFACF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Photos of the holotype of Trogaspidia pacifica are available in Chan et al. (2025). Morphologically, the male of this species can be confused with the Eotrogaspidia males (Okayasu et al. 2021 a). However, they are distinguished by the shape of male genitalia.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA8FFBFFF6BFA398A0FFBC5.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: BAC 58 EED- 3186 - 4 DC 5 - 8 C 8 F- 61 D 95 FA 379 D 9 (Figs 27 A – 27 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA8FFBFFF6BFA398A0FFBC5.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 12 ♂ 8 ♀. Vietnam: BAC KAN: Tonkin [= North Vietnam], Bae Kan [= Bac Kan], 1907, P. Lemee leg. [1 ♀ RBINS]; THAI NGUYEN: Na Hau Village, forest, open site, 21 ° 35 ' N 105 ° 36 ' E, 7 – 8. XI. 2001, Sk. Yamane leg. [2 ♀ SKYC]; VINH PHUC: Meninh Biodiversity Station, 21 ° 23 ' 18 " N 105 ° 42 ' 46 " E, 23 – 25. VI. 2014, M. Hauser & N. von Ellenrieder leg., hand collected [2 ♂ CSCA]; HAI PHONG: Island Cat Ba, 8. I. 1989, Gudkov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Cat Ba Sin NP, trail, 20. X. 2009, R. de Vries leg. [1 ♂ RMNH]; HOA BINH: Ha Son Binh Prov. [= Hoa Binh], Da Bac, Tuly [= Tu Ly], forest, bamboo, 22. X. 1990, S. Belokobylskij leg. [1 ♂ 1 ♀ IBSS]; NINH BINH: Cuc Phuong National Park, 13. XI. 2008, V. Bezborodov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Cuc Phuong National Park, 10. XI. 2001, K. Ogata leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; THUA THIEN HUE: Bach Ma NP, Entrance, 16.250 N, 107.873 E, 50 m alt., 2 – 6. VIII. 2016, T. Mita leg., yellow pan trap, 253 / BTTNVN [2 ♂ VNMN]; DA NANG: Danang Island, 16 ° 06 ' 10 " N 108 ° 15 ' 54 " E, 10 m, 6 – 8. IV. 2011, C. v. Achterberg leg., hand net [1 ♂ RMNH]; DAK LAK: Chu Yang Sin NP, near river, 740 m, 1 – 10. VI. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; NINH THUAN: Nui Chua NP, northwest part, 150 m, 24 – 30. V. 2007, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [2 ♂ RMNH]; HO CHI MINH: Saigon, I. 1924, Le Moult Vendit [1 ♀ RBINS]; DONG NAI: Cat Tien NP, lagerstroemia trail, 100 m, 14 – 20. V. 2007, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]; Cat Tien NP, garden, 100 m, 13 – 20. V. 2007, C. van Achterberg & R. de Vries leg., malaise [1 ♂ RMNH]. Identification source. Compared with type [SYSM]. Compared with voucher specimens from Thailand (Williams et al. 2019 b) [CSCA]. Previous record. This species was recorded from Nghe An and an ambiguous locality by Boutin & Vilhelmsen (2024).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA8FFBFFF6BFA398A0FFBC5.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Laos. Malaysia. Thailand. Vietnam: Bac Kan *, Thai Nguyen *, Vinh Phuc *, Hai Phong *, Hoa Binh *, Ninh Binh *, Nghe An, Thua Thien Hue *, Da Nang *, Dak Lak *, Ninh Thuan *, Ho Chi Minh *, Dong Nai *. Occurrence in Vietnam. January, April to June, October, November. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests, and Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregions. 10 – 740 m alt. Bamboo, forest (open site). Sex association. This species was described from both sexes collected in copula.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA8FFBFFF6BFA398A0FFBC5.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Previously, two subspecies were recognized, but they overlap in distribution and their color differences form a variable gradient, which led to their formal synonymy (Williams et al. 2019 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA9FFB8FF6BFB368AE7FD35.taxon	description	(Figs 27 E – 27 H)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA9FFB8FF6BFB368AE7FD35.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 9 ♂ 12 ♀. Vietnam: CAO BANG: Pac Bo, 3. VIII. 2000, S. Okajima leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; Phia Oac-Phia Den NP station, 800 m, 30. VI. 2022, Nguyen D. Hiep leg. [2 ♀ IEBR]; Nguyen Binh, Phia Oac-Phia Den NP, 22 ° 36 ' 16 " N 105 ° 52 ' 30 " E, 15. X. 2022, Malaise trap [1 ♀ IEBR]; BAC KAN: Ba Be National Park, 31. VII – 2. VIII. 2000, K. Okajima leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; Cho Don, Binh Trai, Nam Xuan Lac NP, 22 ° 15 ' 19.4 " N 105 ° 30 ' 43.7 " E, 650 m, 15. VIII. 2020, TXL [= Truong Xuan Lam], NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien], NQC [= Nguyen Quang Cuong], TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat], MVT [= Mai Van Thai] & TTPU [= Tran Thi Phuong Uyen] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; VINH PHUC: Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh Bio-Station, 21 ° 16 ' 51 " N 105 ° 71 ' 54 " E, 30. VI. 2021, IED [= Insect Ecology Department] leg., MT [= Malaise trap] [1 ♂ IEBR]; Phuc Yen dist., Ngoc Thanh comm., Me Linh Biodiversity Station, 21 ° 23 ' 22 " N 105 ° 42 ' 48 " E, 65 m, 30. IX. 2021, T. D. Duong & T. X. Thanh leg., Malaise trap (MT 3) [1 ♂ IEBR]; HANOI: Tonkin [= North Vietnam], Mont Bavi, 900 à 1000 m, VIII. 1940, P. A. de Cooman leg. [1 ♀ TARI]; QUANG NINH: Hoanh Bo, Dong Lam, 21 ° 8 ' 58 " N 107 ° 0 ' 45 " E, 190 m, 9. XII. 2021, M. V. Thai leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; HAI PHONG: Cat Ba NP, trail, 20. X. 2009, R. de Vries leg. [1 ♀ RMNH]; NINH BINH: Cuc Phuong, 200 – 300 m alt., 24. IV. 1998, R. Matsumoto leg. [1 ♂ 1 ♀ OMNH]; Cuc Phuong N. P. Bong, 20 ° 21 ' N 105 ° 35 ' E, 370 m alt., 23 – 27. VII. 2010, H. Sawada leg. [1 ♂ TUA]; HA TINH: Vu Quang N. P., 18 ° 17 ' 41 " N 105 ° 25 ' 42 " E, 119 m alt., 24. IX – 5. X. 2009, C. v. Achterberg & R. de Vries leg. [1 ♂ 2 ♀ RMNH]; Vu Quang, Vu Quang NP, sand area, 18 ° 19 ' 30 " N 105 ° 23 ' 8 " E, 30 m, 8. VII. 2023, TXL [= Truong Xuan Lam], NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien], NQC [= Nguyen Quang Cuong] & TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [2 ♂ IEBR]; THUA THIEN HUE: Bach Ma, ca. 800 m alt., 10. VI. 2002, Y. Arita leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; KON TUM: Kon Plong Distr., Dak Long, nr. Thac Pa Sy Water Fall, 1100 m, 17. IV. 2016, K. Harusawa leg. [1 ♀ OMNH]. Identification source. Compared with types [TARI].	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA9FFB8FF6BFB368AE7FD35.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam: Cao Bang *, Bac Kan *, Vinh Phuc, Hanoi *, Quang Ninh *, Hai Phong *, Ninh Binh *, Ha Tinh, Thua Thien Hue *, Kon Tum *. Occurrence in Vietnam. April, June to October, December. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Red River freshwater swamp forests, Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests, and Northern Annamites rain forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests ecoregions. 30 – 1100 m alt. Sand area. Sex association. This species was described from both sexes collected in copula.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFA9FFB8FF6BFB368AE7FD35.taxon	discussion	Remarks. The nominotypical subspecies is distributed in Taiwan. Among the Vietnamese Trogaspidia, the male of this species is readily identified by having the clypeus armed with a strong medial ridge and metasomal segments 1 – 3 or 2 – 3 orange. Females are, contrarily, characterized by less conspicuous traits.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFAEFFBAFF6BFD668F41FE81.taxon	description	(Figs 27 I, 27 J)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFAEFFBAFF6BFD668F41FE81.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 13 ♀. Vietnam: LAO CAI: Van Ban, Liem Phu, 450 – 600 m, 26. IX. 2006, K. Eguchi leg. [3 ♀ SKYC]; VINH PHUC: Tam Dao, pine forest, 400 – 500 m, 9. VIII. 1998, Sk. Yamane leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; BAC GIANG: Tay Yen To, 21 ° 10 ' 19 " N 106 ° 43 ' 16 " E, 400 m, 23. V. 2004, K. Eguchi leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; QUANG NINH: Dong Kho Island, 21 º 06 ' N 107 º 36 ' E, 20. III. 1987, V. Kuznetzov leg. [3 ♀ IBSS]; Phong Vong Island, 20 ° 47 ' N 107 ° 25 ' E, 25. III. 1987, V. Kuznetzov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Madeleine Island, 22. III. 1987, V. Kuznetzov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; GIA LAI: 20 km N Buon Luoi, 23. XI – 14. XII. 1988, A. Gorochov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; 20 km N Buon Luoi, 3 – 12. XI. 1988, A. Sharkov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Buon Luoi, tropical forest, 29. V. 1983, L. Medvedev leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]. Identification source. Keyed using Williams et al. (2019 b) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFAEFFBAFF6BFD668F41FE81.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Malaysia. Thailand. Vietnam *: Lao Cai, Vinh Phuc, Bac Giang, Quang Ninh, Gia Lai. Occurrence in Vietnam. March, May, August, September, November, December. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, and Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests. Tropical forest, pine forest. Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was recognized by Williams et al. (2019 b) based on a pair in copula but has not been formally associated and described.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFAEFFBAFF6BFD668F41FE81.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In the original description, three females from Kanchanaburi, Thailand, were designated as non-type material. They were subsequently identified as Tr. mackieae by Okayasu et al. (2021 a). Genus Wallacidia Lelej & Brothers, 2008 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 6 E 07 EA 14 - 51 B 6 - 4799 - 98 C 3 - 51 B 0 C 654 B 5 B 8	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFAEFFBAFF6BFD668F41FE81.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was erected to accommodate Timulla (Trogaspidia) oculata (Fabricius, 1804) (now Wa. oculata), Timulla (Trogaspidia) philippinensis (Smith, 1855) (now Wa. philippinensis), and their subspecies. Pagden (1949) and O’Toole (1975) provided keys to those subspecies, covering about half the species of the present Wallacidia.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFACFFBBFF6BFEF28DBEFA79.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: D 6 CE 4207 - 144 E- 4 C 3 A- 9653 - 58552 D 649359 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: B 7 D 54 F 46 - 61 AF- 43 FF-A 96 E-CE 29759 D 3378 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: EEEA 8093 - A 825 - 4 BC 7 - 999 A- 8 EBB 3 D 3 B 93 F 8 (Figs 28 A – 28 D)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFACFFBBFF6BFEF28DBEFA79.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 25 ♂ 17 ♀. Vietnam: CAO BANG: Nguyen Binh, Tinh Tuc, Phia Oac NP, 20 ° 37 ' 41 " N 105 ° 54 ' 41 " E, 897 m, 7. V. 2021, T. T. Ngat leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; Ha Lang, Dong Loan, bat cave, 22 ° 44 ' 50 " N 106 ° 44 ' 44 " E, 405 m, 20. IX. 2023, NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien] & TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; LAO CAI: Sapa, ca. 1500 m, 18. V. 2003, Y. Arita leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; TUYEN QUANG: Pac Ban [= Thác Pác Ban], 23. V – 2. VI. 1996, D. C. Currie, D. C. Darling & J. Rhydderch leg., Malaise trap (fine) no pans, ROM 963074 [1 ♂ ROM]; BAC KAN: Tonkin [= North Vietnam], Bae Kan [= Bac Kan], 1907, P. Lemee leg. [1 ♀ RBINS]; THAI NGUYEN: Na Hau Village, forest, open site, 21 ° 35 ' N 105 ° 36 ' E, 7. XI. 2001, Sk. Yamane leg. [2 ♀ IBSS]; Minh Tien, X. 2006, Khat Dang Long leg., MT [= Malaise trap] [1 ♂ IEBR]; LANG SON: Huu Lung, Huu Lien NR, 21 ° 39 ' 33 " N 106 ° 21 ' 48 " E, 227 m, 30. VII. 2022, Hoang Doan Phu leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; DIEN BIEN: Dien Bien, N 21.26.43 E 103.02.42, 24. VIII. 2006, L. T. P. Nguyen, F. Saito & J. Kojima leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; SON LA: To Hiep, Cotton, 7. X. 2000, Truong Xuan Lam leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; VINH PHUC: Tam Dao, foothill, 400 m, 12 – 13. V. 2002, S. Belokobylskij leg. [1 ♂ IBSS]; Tam Dao NP, 21 ° 26 ' N 105 ° 37 ' E, 20. VIII. 2005, J. Kojima leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; Meninh Biodiversity Station: 21.38438 ° N 105.71241 ° E, 60 m, 29. V – 5. VI. 2013, L. G. Bezark leg., beating vegetation [2 ♀ CSCA]; Meninh Biodiversity Station, 21 ° 23 ' 18 " N 105 ° 42 ' 46 " E, 23 – 25. VI. 2014, M. Hauser & N. von Ellenrieder leg., hand collected [1 ♂ CSCA]; Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh Bio-Station, 21 ° 23 ' 01.7 " N 105 ° 42 ' 40.7 " E, 21 – 30. V. 2020, IED’s coll. [= Insect Ecology Department’s collector] leg., MT [= Malaise trap] [8 ♂ IEBR], 1 – 10. VII. 2020 [1 ♀ IEBR]; Ngoc Thanh, Me Linh Bio-Station, 21 ° 38 ' 96 " N 105 ° 71 ' 27 " E, 21 – 30. V. 2021, IED’s coll. [= Insect Ecology Department’s collector] leg., MT [= Malaise trap] [1 ♂ IEBR]; Tam Dao, 21.440811 ° N 105.616088 ° E, 383 m alt., 7. VI. 2023, L. T. P. Nguyen leg. [2 ♀ IEBR]; HANOI: Ba Vi, Ba Trai, Lam Nghiep, Danh bat doc duong, 8. VII. 2017, NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien] & LVT [= Lam V. Tinh] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; HAI PHONG: Cat Ba, Cat Ba NP, 27. VI – 3. VII. 2023, Student of HNU [= Hanoi National University] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; HA TINH: Vu Quang, Vu Quang NP, along the stream, 18 ° 16 ' 32 " N 105 ° 22 ' 19 " E, 91 m, 8. VII. 2023, TXL [= Truong Xuan Lam], NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien], NQC [= Nguyen Quang Cuong] & TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; QUANG TRI: A Ngo Đakrong, 31. V. 06, 150 – 200 m [1 ♂ IEBR]; THUA THIEN HUE: Bach Ma, ca. 800 m, 10. VI. 2002, Y. Arita leg. [1 ♀ TUA]; A Luoi, Hong Trung, 600 m, 31. V. 2006, ISD [= Insect Systematic Department] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; DA NANG: Hoâ Tho, 9. III. 2022 [1 ♀ IEBR]; QUANG NAM: Phuoc Son, Phuoc Hiep, <300 m, 30. VII. 2004, ISD [= Insect Systematic Department] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; KON TUM: Sa Thay, Chu Mom Ray NP, Ro Koi RS, 14 ° 27 ' 25 " N 107 ° 36 ' 22 " E, 267 m, 25. IV. 2022, NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien] & TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; DAK LAK: Yok Don National Park, 24. II. 1993, A. Gorochov leg. [1 ♀ IBSS]; Cumga, Cusue, 30. IV. 2020 [1 ♂ IEBR]; DONG NAI: Bien Hoa, 14. VII. 1924, R. Vitalis de Salvaza leg. [1 ♂ TARI]; KIEN GIANG: U Minh Thuong, An Minh Bac, U Minh Thuong NP, 9 ° 54 ' 6 " N 105 ° 8 ' 16 " E, 30 m, 11. X. 2023, NDA [= Nguyen Duc Anh] & TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [1 ♀ IEBR]; UNKNOWN PROVINCE: Tonkin [= North Vietnam], I. G. 18.293, Coll. Oberthur [1 ♀ RBINS]. Identification source. Compared with voucher specimens from China (Chen 1957) [TARI].	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFACFFBBFF6BFEF28DBEFA79.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cambodia. China. Taiwan. Laos. Malaysia. Myanmar. Thailand. Vietnam: Cao Bang *, Lao Cai *, Tuyen Quang *, Bac Kan *, Thai Nguyen *, Lang Son *, Dien Bien *, Son La *, Vinh Phuc, Hanoi *, Quang Ninh, Hai Phong, Hoa Binh, Nghe An, Ha Tinh *, Quang Tri *, Thua Thien Hue *, Da Nang *, Quang Nam *, Khanh Hoa, Kon Tum *, Dak Lak *, Dong Nai *, Kien Giang *. Occurrence in Vietnam. February to December. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Red River freshwater swamp forests, Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests, Northern Annamites rain forests, Southern Annamites montane rain forests, Southern Vietnam lowland dry forests, Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests, and Tonle Sap-Mekong peat swamp forests ecoregions. 30 – 1500 m alt. Forest (open site). Sex association. This species was initially described from the female only. The male was associated and diagnosed by Chen (1957), but the evidence of this association was not indicated. Lelej (1996 b) examined a pair in copula and confirmed this treatment.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFACFFBBFF6BFEF28DBEFA79.taxon	discussion	Remarks. Many subspecies were recognized by O’Toole (1975) from South and Southeast Asia. Lelej (1996 b, 2005), however, regarded them as distinct species. Due to the large body size and wide geographic distribution, this is one of the most commonly observed velvet-ant species in Southeast Asia.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFADFFA5FF6BF9AA8D3FFC96.taxon	description	(Figs 28 E, 28 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFADFFA5FF6BF9AA8D3FFC96.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♀. Vietnam: VINH PHUC: Melinh, 21 ° 23 ' N 105 ° 42 ' E, alt. 56 m, 20. VII. 2010, J. Kantoh leg. [1 ♀ ELKU]. Identification source. Compared with types [TARI]. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFADFFA5FF6BF9AA8D3FFC96.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Taiwan. Vietnam *: Vinh Phuc. Occurrence in Vietnam. July. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests ecoregion. 56 m alt. Sex association. Male unknown. Lelej (2005) suggested that this species could be the female of Wallacidia conversa (Chen, 1957), presumably because Wa. conversa and Wa. retinula are the only species of the genus occurring in China and Taiwan aside from Wa. oculata.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFADFFA5FF6BF9AA8D3FFC96.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was described based on seven females from China and Taiwan (Chen 1957). The Vietnamese female was compared with the type specimens, and no noticeable variation was observed. Genus Zavatilla Tsuneki, 1993 urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: E 7 B 51 D 45 - C 193 - 49 BE-A 9 C 8 - D 1 EDA 9421926	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFADFFA5FF6BF9AA8D3FFC96.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was reviewed by Zhou et al. (2018 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFB3FFA5FF6BFCC78C00F83F.taxon	description	(Figs 28 G, 28 H)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFB3FFA5FF6BFCC78C00F83F.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 7 ♂ 2 ♀. Vietnam: CAO BANG: Tra Linh, Ho Thang Hen, 22 ° 45 ' 47 " N 106 ° 17 ' 35 " E, 618 m, 20. V. 2023, NTPL [= Nguyen Thi Phuong Lien], TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] & NQC [= Nguyen Quang Cuong] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]; LAO CAI: ca. 5 km SE Sapa village, 1500 m, 26. V – 03. VI. 1999, A. Lathrop leg., ROM 992022 [1 ♂ ROM]; BAC KAN: Bac Can Prov., Ba Be National Park, Ba Be, 22 – 23 ° N 105 – 37 ° E, 200 m alt., 1. V. 2006, R. Matsumoto leg. [1 ♂ OMNH]; VINH PHUC: Tam Dao, Dai Dinh, Dibo lenden Thurong – Tinhthat Tay Thien, 21.470459 ° N 105.59072 ° E – 21.477303 ° N 105.611134 ° E, 120 – 220 m alt., O. Tominaga leg. [1 ♂ OMNH]; HANOI: Ba Vi National Park, 700 m, 21 ° 03 ' N 105 ° 22 ' E, 19. IV. 2002, K. Eguchi leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; NINH BINH: Cuc Phuong, 200 – 300 m alt., 4. VI. 1997, R. Matsumoto leg. [1 ♂ OMNH], 5. VI. 1997 [1 ♂ OMNH]; NGHE AN: Ban Xan, 16. IV. 1999, K. Eguchi leg. [1 ♀ SKYC]; Con Cuong, Pu Mat NP, Khe Choang RS, 18 ° 57 ' 44.8 " N 104 ° 41 ' 03 " E, 142 m, 1. IX. 2020, TTN [= Tran Thi Ngat] leg. [1 ♂ IEBR]. Identification source. Keyed using Zhou et al. (2018 b) and compared with the original description. Previous record. This species was described from Hoa Binh, Tuyen Quang, and Vinh Phuc in Zhou et al. (2018 b).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFB3FFA5FF6BFCC78C00F83F.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam: Cao Bang *, Lao Cai *, Tuyen Quang, Bac Kan *, Vinh Phuc, Hanoi *, Hoa Binh, Ninh Binh *, Nghe An *. Occurrence in Vietnam. April to June, September to November. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests, Northern Indochina subtropical forests, Red River freshwater swamp forests, and Northern Vietnam lowland rain forests ecoregions. 120 – 1500 m alt. Forest. Sex association. This species was described from both sexes because this is the only Zavatilla species occurring in Vietnam.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFB3FFA5FF6BFCC78C00F83F.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species represents the southernmost record of Zavatilla and occurs in the northern part of Vietnam. It is unclear if this suggests the southern limits of the distribution of the genus. Unlike other known species of Zavatilla, which have the body entirely black (Zhou et al. 2018 b), males of Z. xuzaifui have the first three metasomal segments orange (Fig. 28 H).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFB0FFA6FF6BFD188C36FB10.taxon	description	(Figs 29 A, 29 B)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFB0FFA6FF6BFD188C36FB10.taxon	distribution	Distribution. Cambodia. Thailand. Vietnam: Dong Nai. Occurrence in Vietnam. May, October. Southeast Indochina dry evergreen forests ecoregion. ca. 100 m alt. Sex association. Female unknown.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFB0FFA6FF6BFD188C36FB10.taxon	discussion	Remarks. In most features, this species is nearly identical to the more widespread Ze. pycnopyga, but the first antennal flagellomere is very short in Ze. angkorensis. Although subtle, this feature shows great utility in diagnosing other velvet-ant species around the World, even providing a useful diagnostic feature to separate the tribes Smicromyrmini and Trogaspidiini.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFB0FFA6FF6BFB418D41F8D0.taxon	description	(Figs 29 C – 29 F)	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFB0FFA6FF6BFB418D41F8D0.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined. 1 ♂. Vietnam: BAC KAN: Ba Be Natl. Park, vicinity dorm annex, grassy scrub, 19 – 25. V. 1995, J. Swann leg., Malaise trap, ROM 956105 [1 ♂ ROM]. Identification source. Keyed using Lelej et al. (2017) and compared with the original description. Previous record. None.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFB0FFA6FF6BFB418D41F8D0.taxon	distribution	Distribution. China. Vietnam *: Bac Kan. Occurrence in Vietnam. May. South China-Vietnam subtropical evergreen forests ecoregion. Grassy scrub. Sex association. This species was described from both sexes collected from close localities in Hainan, China.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFB0FFA6FF6BFB418D41F8D0.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This species was regarded as being restricted to Hainan Island and thereby being geographically separated from the continental species Ze. saepes (Chen, 1957) (Lelej et al. 2017). However, the occurrence of Ze. pangi in Vietnam suggests their overlapping distribution.	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
038287B8FFB0FFA6FF6BFF0B8D24FDAF.taxon	discussion	Remarks. This genus was reviewed by Lelej et al. (2017). One additional species was recently described and an updated key to the females was provided by Okayasu (2023 c).	en	Okayasu, Juriya, Lelej, Arkady S., Williams, Kevin A., Brabant, Craig M., Nguyen, Lien Thi Phuong, Nguyen, Anh Duc, Pham, Thai Hong, Truong, Tuong Thi Cat (2025): Current knowledge on the velvet ants (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae, Myrmosidae) of Vietnam: faunal review and new distributional records. Zootaxa 5668 (1): 1-104, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5668.1.1
