identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03AD2972A950FFE8FF280B62F1EBB17D.text	03AD2972A950FFE8FF280B62F1EBB17D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bryophryne Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Bryophryne</p>
            <p> Two allopatric species from the Carabaya mountains of Puno,  B. wilakunka sp. nov. , from the Ayapata Valley at c. 3940 m, and  B. tocra sp. nov. , from Ollachea valley at c. 3840 m, are found as sister groups in maximum likelihood analyses with maximum support while they collapse into a polytomy in parsimony analyses (Fig. 1B). The polytomy might result from partial overlap in homologous sequences between these two species, leading to inconclusive phylogenetic signal (optimal trees placed  B. wilakunka sp. nov. as either the sister to or embedded within  B. tocra ). Still, the two species are morphologically distinct and reciprocally diagnosable (see diagnoses), and genetic distances are 3.5% (Table 1). The two species occur isolated from each other in the headwaters of their, respectively, glacial valleys, which run in parallel and are separated by the highest parts of the Carabaya massif. </p>
            <p> Bryophryne quellokunka sp. nov. from the Marcapata Valley of the Vilcanota (Willkanuta) mountains in department Cusco at c. 3960 m was inferred as the sister group of  B. cophites and they have genetic distances of 3.8%–4.0% (Fig. 1B).  Bryophryne cophites occurs in the Paucartambo valley, c. 70 km north of the Marcapata Valley. These two species show qualitative differences in external morphology (see Diagnosis of the new species). They are allopatric and are separated by a long series of steep crests, mountains and deep valleys that run from west to east along the eastern versant of the Vilcanota range. </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A950FFE8FF280B62F1EBB17D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
03AD2972A950FFE6FC900832F021B4AF.text	03AD2972A950FFE6FC900832F021B4AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microkayla Riva & Chaparro & Castroviejo-Fisher & Padial 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Microkayla</p>
            <p> Six putative new species are supported by our results, two from Peru and four from Bolivia (Fig. 1C). In Peru,  M. chapi sp. nov. from the Hirigache Valley of the Apolobamba mountains near the village of Sina (Department Puno) was found as the sister group of a clade composed of  M. boettgeri from the eastern Carabaya mountains (the northern and westernmost known species of  Microkayla ) and  P. chilina sp. nov. from the Peruvian part of the Apolobamba mountains in the valley of Sandia (Fig. 1C). All three species are allopatric and occur in distant valleys separated by high Andean slopes, are diagnosable morphologically, and have genetic distances of 2.5%–5.8% (Table 2). </p>
            <p> Genetic distances were calculated for a 518 bp fragment of the 16S gene. For  B. wilakunka , which lacked the homologous fragment, we report genetic distances with its sister species (  B. tocra ) based on a similarity alignment of 519 nucleotides of a different fragment of 16S. Sample size for each species is in parentheses. </p>
            <p> In Bolivia, a population from Coscapa at 3550 m in the eastern slopes of the  Condoriri (Kunturiri) massif of the Cordillera Real of La Paz was recovered as the sister group of  Microkayla teqta (Fig. 1C), from the Pablo Amaya Valley (La Paz), further northwest in the Cordillera Real. These populations are allopatric and morphologically distinct (see diagnosis), with a genetic distance of 1.3%–1.7% (for distances to other species, see Table 2). </p>
            <p> A Bolivian population formerly considered part of  Microkayla quimsacruzis , from the Khatu River of the cordillera Quimsa Cruz in La Paz, at 3730 m, is reciprocally monophyletic to nominal  M. quimsacruzis in parsimony analyses, and sister to  M. illimani , from the slopes of the Illimani mountain in the Cordillera Real, in maximum likelihood analyses with a resampling frequency of 68% (Fig. 1C). While nominal  M. quimsacruzis is restricted to the Choquetanga Valley on the northern versant of the cordillera, the population of the new species is restricted to a southern valley that belongs to another river drainage, the Khatu River of the Quime-Inquisivi Valley. Both populations, reciprocally monophyletic in parsimony and non-sister in maximum likelihood, show distinct morphological differences and have genetic distances of 2.5%– 2.6% (for distances to other species, see Table 2). </p>
            <p> A population from Utururo, on the Andean slopes that conform the upper basin of the Chapare river system in Cochabamba, at 3800 m, is found as the sister group of a clade associated with the name  M. iatamasi (non-monophyletic) in parsimony analyses, and as the sister group of a clade composed of  M. adenopleura (Aguayo-Vedia &amp; Harvey, 2001) and  M. kempffi (De la Riva, 1992) in maximum likelihood analyses (Fig. 1C). This population is morphologically diagnosable and differs from its closest relatives by genetic distances of 1.9%–2.7% (Table 2). </p>
            <p> Potentially sympatric specimens of  M. iatamasi from the Andean slopes of the Chapare river basin in Cochabamba are found in two different clades (Fig. 1C). The clade with nominal  P. iatamasi ranges from 3000 to 4192 m in the upper basin of the Chapare river and is the sister group of a larger clade that includes other species from that part of the Andes (  M. adenopleura ,  M. cf. iatamasi ,  M. kempffi and  Microkayla sp. from Utururo).  Microkayla cf. iatamasi is found as the sister group of  Microkayla sp. from Utururo in parsimony analyses, and as the sister group of a larger clade (  M. adenopleura ,  M. kempffi and  Microkayla sp. from Utururo) in maximum likelihood analysis with a resampling frequency of 88%. Accordingly, we consider  M. cf. iatamasi a different species. Morphological differences are unknown because specimens were not available for study. Genetic distances between this species and nominal  M. iatamasi are 4.0%– 4.8 % (for distances to other species, see Table 2). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A950FFE6FC900832F021B4AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
03AD2972A95EFFE6FC2A0BF6F014B114.text	03AD2972A95EFFE6FC2A0BF6F014B114.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Holoadeninae HEDGES, DUELLMAN & HEINICKE 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> FAMILY  CRAUGASTORIDAE HEDGES,</p>
            <p>DUELLMAN &amp; HEINICKE, 2008</p>
            <p> SUBFAMILY  HOLOADENINAE HEDGES, DUELLMAN &amp; HEINICKE, 2008</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A95EFFE6FC2A0BF6F014B114	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
03AD2972A95CFFE3FF5D0C45F0B9B5DC.text	03AD2972A95CFFE3FF5D0C45F0B9B5DC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bryophryne quellokunka Riva & Chaparro & Castroviejo-Fisher & Padial 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> BRYOPHRYNE QUELLOKUNKA SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 2)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 0396BD77-2426-4541-93DE- D22D858AD292</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype: MUBI 5380 (field number 4626), adult female from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.052444/lat -13.605223)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.052444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.605223">Qorpinte</a>
                 , 2 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.052444/lat -13.605223)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.052444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.605223">Tambopampa</a>
                 towards  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.052444/lat -13.605223)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.052444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.605223">Marcapata</a>
                 ,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.052444/lat -13.605223)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.052444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.605223">Palquilla river</a>
                 valley, province Quispicanchis, department Cusco, Peru, 13°36 ′ 18.8 ″ S, 71°03 ′ 8.8 ″ W, 3964 m (Fig. 3), collected on 20 February 2006 by I. De la Riva, J. M. Padial, S. Castroviejo-Fisher, and J. C. Chaparro. 
            </p>
            <p> Paratopotypes: MUBI 5374, 5375, 5377 (field numbers 4617, 4618, 4620), and MNCN 43780, 43782 (field numbers 4616, 4622) (adult males) ;  MNCN 43784 (field number 4627) (adult female) ;  MUBI 5376, 5378, 5379 (field numbers 4619, 4624, 4625) and MNCN 43799, 43781, 43783 (field numbers 4615, 4621, 4623) (juveniles), same data as the holotype . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Bryophryne quellokunka is characterized by: (1) skin on dorsum uniformly warty, warts round to conical and low, with two incomplete dorsolateral folds barely reaching midbody and continuing sometimes as an irregular row of warts; skin of head shagreen to smooth, warty dorsally; belly and chest areolate, throat smooth; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus slightly perceptible beneath skin, smaller than 2/3 of EL, supratympanic fold composed of a row of warts; (3) snout short, round in dorsal view, blunt in lateral view; (4) upper eyelid lacking tubercles, bearing small conical warts; (5) dentigerous process of vomers absent; (6) vocal slits and sac present, nuptial pads absent; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II, tips of digits rounded, lacking ungual flap and circumferential grooves; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes; (9) ulnar region bearing warts; (10) heel lacking tubercles, tarsus lacking tubercles and folds; (11) two metatarsal tubercles, inner slightly larger than outer; supernumerary tubercles inconspicuous; (12) toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing absent; Toe III longer than V, tips of digits rounded, lacking ungual flap and circumferential grooves; (13) dorsal coloration reddish-brown to dark brown, sometimes with a blackish-grey interorbital and/or middorsal mark; ventral coloration variable, from greyish-purple with diffuse black blotches to brown, throat and plantar surfaces orange to yellow, axillae and groins without flash marks; (14) females larger than males, SVL 27.6–28.2 in adult females (n = 2), 18.0– 20.3 mm in adult males (n = 5) (Table 3). </p>
            <p> Bryophryne quellokunka is sister to  B. cophites , and this clade is in turn sister to  B. bakersfield . The three species in this clade are similar but have some morphological differences.  Bryophryne bakersfield has complete dorsolateral folds and short but conspicuous dorsal and occipital fold, and the dorsal skin is less homogeneously warty. Also, while the coloration of  B. quellokunka is mostly homogeneously brown, colour patterns in  B. bakersfield are diverse (orange, yellow, black, olive green, etc.).  Bryophryne cophites has a less warty dorsal skin, almost smooth or with low warts, while the skin of  B. quellokunka is conspicuously and homogeneously warty and has two incomplete dorsolateral folds sometimes shown as an irregular row of warts. Another species,  B. zonalis , is known from near the type locality of  B. quellokunka but at a lower elevation (Kusillochayoc, 3129 m; Lehr &amp; Catenazzi, 2009), and both species have marked differences.  Bryophryne zonalis has metallic blue to metallic orange spots surrounded by bold black in the lower part of the belly </p>
            <p>SVL, snout-vent length; HL, head length; HW, head width; IND, internarial distance; END, distance from eye to nostril; ED, eye diameter; TL, tibia length; FL, foot length.</p>
            <p> and ventral parts of shanks, lacking in  B. quellokunka . It has a shagreen to smooth dorsal skin, and the upper third of iris is golden with fine black reticulations (bluish-grey in  B. quellokunka ). Also,  B. quellokunka is larger in size (maximum SVL of females 28.2 mm vs. 24.4 mm). </p>
            <p>Description of the holotype: An adult female, 28.2 mm SVL. Body robust; dorsal skin homogeneously warty; ventral skin areolate; dorsolateral folds present, incomplete; pectoral fold absent; head wider than long; HW 32.9% of SVL, HL 31.9% of SVL; snout moderately short, rounded in dorsal view and in profile; nostrils not prominent, closer to snout than to eyes; canthus rostralis barely marked; eye–nostril distance 59.4% of eye length; loreal region slightly concave; cranial crests absent; tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus small, slightly evident beneath the skin; supratympanic fold absent; tongue large, oval; choanae small, oval, broadly separated; dentigerous processes of vomers absent; limbs short; tips of digits round, not expanded laterally; ulnar tubercle and fold absent; inner palmar tubercle oval, flattened, poorly defined, the same size as round outer; fingers moderately short, not fringed, tips rounded and lacking circumferential grooves and ungual flap; subarticular tubercles at the base of fingers round, large; supernumerary tubercles round, poorly marked; first finger slightly shorter than second, relative length of fingers 1 &lt;2 &lt;4 &lt;3; tibia length 32.9% of SVL; tarsal fold absent; two round metatarsal tubercles, inner approximately the same size as outer; supernumerary tubercles flat, not well marked; subarticular tubercles round, moderately swollen; toes lacking basal webbing or lateral fringes, toe tips round, lacking circumferential groves and ungual flap; relative length of toes 1 &lt;2 &lt;3 &lt;5 &lt;4; foot length 39.0% of SVL.</p>
            <p>In preservative, dorsum uniformly brown, venter and throat pale brown with a uniform, fine marbled cream pattern; digits cream. In life, the dorsum was uniformly brown with some reddish-brown warts, the venter was grey with irregular brown markings, the throat was yellowish orange, and the digits were orange; there were small orange irregular blotches on axillae and groins; the venter was greyish-brown with irregular dirty-yellow patterns; the digits were yellowish-orange; the two inferior thirds of the iris were dark brown while the upper third was metallic bluish-grey.</p>
            <p>Measurements (in mm) of the holotype: SVL, 28.2; HL, 9.0; HW, 9.3; IND, 2.2; END, 2.2; ED, 3.7; TL, 9.3; FL, 11.0.</p>
            <p> Variation:  Dorsal colour pattern is similar in all specimens; some of them (e.g. MUBI 5375, 5377) have irregular, feeble dark brown markings on the sides of the scapular region, above the groins, on limbs and on the canthal region; the venter and throat vary from almost uniformly brown (MUBI 5376) to almost uniformly cream (MUBI 5375). Only two specimens out of 13 did not have the bluish-grey upper third of the iris, having it brown as the rest of the eye. For morphometric variation, see Table 3 . </p>
            <p>Distribution and natural history: Known only from the type locality (Fig. 3). Individuals were found during the day under stones in wet puna.</p>
            <p>Etymology: The species epithet is used as a name in apposition, and derives from the Quechua word Q’ello Kunka meaning yellow throat (q’ello yellow, kunka throat), and refers to the yellowish throat of the species. Q’ello Kunka is also the name of a mountain (5100 m) in the Quispicanchis province, Marcapata district, that belongs to the Vilcanota (Willkamayu) mountain range.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A95CFFE3FF5D0C45F0B9B5DC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
03AD2972A95BFFE1FC070D6BF1A4B487.text	03AD2972A95BFFE1FC070D6BF1A4B487.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bryophryne tocra Riva & Chaparro & Castroviejo-Fisher & Padial 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> BRYOPHRYNE TOCRA SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 4)</p>
            <p>u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 22B3787A-AC6A-4936-A1AF-338AA34FE6DA</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype: MUBI 5420 (field number 4697), adult female from a point between  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.49769/lat -13.842)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.49769&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.842">Ollachea</a>
                 and the junction to  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.49769/lat -13.842)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.49769&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.842">Corani</a>
                 on the  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.49769/lat -13.842)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.49769&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.842">Ollachea–Macusani</a>
                 road, province Carabaya, department Puno, Peru, 13°50 ′ 31.2 ″ S, 70°29 ′ 51.7 ″ W, 3213 m (Fig. 3), collected on 24 February 2006 by I. De la Riva, J. M. Padial, S. Castroviejo-Fisher and J. C. Chaparro. 
            </p>
            <p> Paratopotypes: MUBI 5418–19, (field numbers 4693, 4695) and MNCN 43785–87 (field numbers 4692, 4694, 4696) (males), same data as the holotype ;  MNCN 44214 (field number 4783) (female) and  MUBI 5696 (field number 4784) (male) from the type locality, collected on 4 February 2007 by I.  De la Riva , J. M. Padial, S. Castroviejo-Fisher, and J. C. Chaparro  . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Bryophryne tocra is characterized by: (1) skin on dorsum coarsely shagreen with scattered warts to warty (warts small, round to elongate); flanks coarsely warty, with some enlarged conical warts; head and forearms smooth to slightly shagreen; dorsal folds absent, a row of large warts from behind the eye to sacral region in some specimens; ventral skin coarsely areolate, throat areolate, chest smooth; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus small, differentiable beneath the skin; supratympanic fold short, conspicuous; (3) snout short, rounded in dorsal and lateral views; (4) upper eyelid lacking tubercles, cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous process of vomers absent; (6) vocal slits present, nuptial pads absent; (7) Finger I slightly shorter than Finger II, tips of digits rounded, lacking circumferential grooves and ungual flap; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes; (9) ulnar region bearing warts; (10) heel lacking tubercles, tarsus lacking tubercles and folds; (11) plantar surfaces of feet bearing two metatarsal tubercles, inner slightly larger than outer; supernumerary plantar tubercles low, weakly defined; (12) toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing absent; Toe III equal to V, tips of digits rounded, lacking circumferential grooves and ungual flap; (13) dorsal coloration dark brown to grey, with metallic tones; ventral coloration white with black spots or marbled with black stripes; groins, axillae and posterior surfaces of thighs with yellow flash marks surrounded by bold black; (14) females larger than males, SVL 27.2–27.6 in adult females (n = 2), 18.4–20.0 mm in adult males (n = 5) (Table 3). </p>
            <p> The sister and geographically closest species to  B. tocra is  B. wilakunka (type localities separated by 19.8 km straight line distance). Differences between them are listed below under  B. wilakunka . Two species,  B. quellokunka and  B. zonalis occur at the Marcapata Valley, 65 km northwest of  B. tocra . From  B. quellokunka ,  B. tocra differs by having throat areolate (smooth in  B. quellokunka ), chest smooth (areolate), yellow blotches surrounded by black on groins, axillae and posterior surfaces of thighs (absent), and venter white with black spots or stripes (variable from greyish-purple with diffuse black blotches to brown); additionally, the iris of  B. tocra in life is brown with fine black reticulations (two inferior thirds of iris dark brown and upper third metallic bluish-grey in  B. quellokunka ). From  B. zonalis ,  B. tocra differs by having tympanum and tympanic annulus visible (absent in  B. zonalis ), and groins, axillae and posterior surfaces of thighs with yellow flash marks surrounded by bold black (yellow marks absent). </p>
            <p>Description of the holotype: An adult female, 27.2 mm SVL. Body moderately robust; dorsal skin coarsely shagreen with scattered warts of different sizes; ventral skin areolate; dorsolateral folds absent; pectoral fold present; head slightly wider than long; HW 30.8% of SVL, HL 29.8% of SVL; snout moderately short, rounded in dorsal view and in profile; nostrils slightly prominent, closer to snout than to eyes; canthus rostralis straight in dorsal view and in profile; eye–nostril distance 62.0% of eye length; loreal region concave; cranial crests absent; tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus small, barely perceptible beneath the skin; skin of tympanic area covered by large subconical warts; supratympanic fold well marked, short; tongue large, oval; choanae small, rounded, broadly separated; dentigerous process of vomers absent; ulnar tubercle and fold absent; inner palmar tubercle single, oval, slightly smaller than outer; fingers moderately short, not fringed, lacking circumferential grooves and ungual flap; subarticular tubercles round, poorly marked; supernumerary tubercles irregular and poorly defined; first finger slightly shorter than second, relative length of fingers 1 &lt;2 &lt;4 &lt;3; tibia length 35.6% of SVL; tarsal fold absent; two metatarsal tubercles, oval inner slightly larger than rounded outer; supernumerary and subarticular tubercles low, poorly defined; toe tips round, not expanded laterally, lacking circumferential grooves and ungual flap, toes lacking basal webbing or lateral fringes; relative length of toes 1 &lt;2 &lt;3 = 5 &lt;4; foot length 40.0% of SVL.</p>
            <p>In preservative, dorsum greyish-brown, venter pale cream with brown, small, irregular blotches; throat cream; large cream blotches on groin surrounded by dark brown; palmar and plantar surfaces cream. In life, the dorsum of the holotype was mostly uniformly brown above; there were large pale yellow blotches surrounded by black in axillae, flanks and posterior surface of thighs, with a similar, more attenuated pattern on flanks and lower surfaces of hind limbs; the venter was grey with irregular brown dots and the throat was yellowish-cream; palmar and plantar surfaces were dirty orange; the iris was brown with fine black reticulation.</p>
            <p>Measurements (in mm) of the holotype: SVL, 27.2; HL, 8.1; HW, 8.4; IND, 2.4; END, 2.1; ED, 3.4; TL, 9.7; FL, 10.9.</p>
            <p>Variation: Males are smaller than females (Table 3), and have vocal slits but lack nuptial pads. In preservative, they are grey–brown above with a pale grey dorsal triangle between eyes and snout, and a brown canthal stripe that in MUBI 5419 and MUBI 5696 extends to the tympanic region; ventral coloration is variable, from finely dotted with brown (MUBI 5418, MNCN 43785, 43787) to brown with a marbled cream pattern (MUBI 5696 and MNCN 43786) to mostly uniformly brown (MUBI 5419); MNCN 43785 has irregular dark grey blotches on dorsum, outlined by pale grey margins; males have vocal slits and lack nuptial pads. In life, these males were uniformly brown with small orange blotches on groin, which can be present on the lower surface of the shanks and the posterior surfaces of thighs too. In preservative, female MNCN 44214 is similar to the holotype but with a marbled venter forming a brown and cream pattern, including the throat; the palmar and plantar surfaces are pale brown instead of cream, and the pale blotches on groin, axillae, lower belly and flanks are smaller; in life, these blotches were yellow, and the venter consisted of a reticulated pattern of dark brown and greenish-cream.</p>
            <p>Distribution and natural history: Known only from the type locality. Individuals were found during the day under stones in open wet puna (Fig. 5). The holotype bears mature unpigmented eggs. When disturbed, individuals were able to make small leaps (something unusual in other species of this genus).</p>
            <p>Etymology: The species epithet is used as a name in apposition, and derives from the Quechua word T’uqra for faded, discoloured, pale, and we use it to refer to the white belly of the new species. T’uqra is also the name of a mountain (5000 m) in the Willkanuta mountain range in the Andes of Puno, Peru.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A95BFFE1FC070D6BF1A4B487	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
03AD2972A959FFFFFC190DAAF13EB43F.text	03AD2972A959FFFFFC190DAAF13EB43F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bryophryne wilakunka Riva & Chaparro & Castroviejo-Fisher & Padial 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> BRYOPHRYNE WILAKUNKA SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 6)</p>
            <p>h t t p: / / z o o b a n k. o r g / u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: F655DAB0-847F-4612-8803-30980E3D688A</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype: MUBI 5425 (field number 4704), adult female from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.31451/lat -13.852944)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.31451&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.852944">Ayapata valley</a>
                 , province Carabaya, department Puno, Peru, 13°51 ′ 10.6 ″ S, 70°18 ′ 52.2 ″ W, 3947 m (Fig. 3), collected on 24 February 2006 by I. De la Riva, J. M. Padial, S. Castroviejo-Fisher, and J. C. Chaparro. 
            </p>
            <p> Paratopotype: MNCN 43788 (field number 4705) (adult male), same data as the holotype . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Bryophryne wilakunka is characterized by: (1) skin on dorsal surfaces, including extremities and head, densely and uniformly warty (warts irregular in shape, low and flat to conical); flanks more densely warty and with larger and sharper warts than dorsum; dorsal folds absent; skin on belly and throat areolate (apparently smooth in preservative); (2) tympanic membrane and annulus small, slightly differentiated, tympanic fold conspicuous; (3) snout short, rounded in dorsal and lateral views; (4) upper eyelid covered with small low warts, cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous process of vomers absent; (6) vocal slits present, nuptial pads absent; (7) Finger I equal to Finger II, tips of digits rounded, lacking circumferential grooves, ungual flaps and pads; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes; (9) ulnar region bearing warts; (10) heel lacking tubercles, tarsus lacking tubercles and folds; (11) plantar surfaces of feet bearing two metatarsal tubercles, inner slightly larger than outer; supernumerary plantar tubercles low, weakly defined; (12) toes short and broad, lacking lateral fringes; feet webbing absent; Toe III equal to V, tips of digits rounded, lacking ungual flap and pads; (13) dorsal coloration dark grey to dark brown and black; ventral coloration orange to bright dark red with irregular orange spots on shanks, groins, and throat; palmar and plantar surfaces, and inner dorsal surfaces the same colour as belly; (14) females larger than males, SVL 17.9 (one adult male) to 24.6 (one adult female) (Table 3). </p>
            <p> The sister species and also the geographically closest species to  B. wilakunka is  B. tocra sp. nov. (type localities separated by 19.8 km straight line distance), from which it differs by having slightly areolate belly (coarsely areolate in  B. tocra ), densely warty head and extremities (slightly warty to smooth), a dark grey to black dorsal coloration (dark brown with metallic hues), bright dark red to orange ventral coloration (white with black spots or marbled with black stripes), and reddish-orange blotches on flanks, groins, and axillae (groins, axillae and posterior surfaces of thighs with yellow flash marks surrounded by bold black). Two other species,  B. quellokunka and  B. zonalis occur in the Marcapata Valley, 80 km northwest of  B. wilakunka . From  B. quellokunka ,  B. wilakunka differs by having skin on head densely and uniformly warty (shagreen to smooth in  B. quellokunka ), ventral coloration orange to bright dark red (variable, from greyish-purple with diffuse black blotches to brown), and iris dark brown (two inferior thirds dark brown and upper third metallic bluish-grey). From  B. zonalis ,  B. wilakunka differs by lacking dorsolateral folds (present in  B. zonalis ), having tympanic membrane and annulus slightly differentiated (absent), vocal slits present in males (absent) and ventral coloration orange to bright dark red (dark grey with white flecks). </p>
            <p>Description of the holotype: An adult female, 24.6 mm SVL. Body moderately robust; dorsal skin warty, especially in posterior third of body and flanks; ventral skin slightly areolate, but with large and flat glandular warts; complete dorsolateral folds absent, faintly visible folds in the anterior third of body; pectoral fold absent; head wider than long; HW 34.5% of SVL, HL 31.3% of SVL; snout short, rounded in dorsal view and in profile; nostrils prominent, closer to snout than to eyes; canthus rostralis straight in dorsal view, rounded in profile; eye–nostril distance 57.6% of eye length; loreal region concave; cranial crests absent; tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus small, differentiated beneath the skin; supratympanic fold conspicuous in life; tongue large, oval; choanae small, rounded, broadly separated; dentigerous processes of vomers absent; limbs moderately short; tips of digits round, not expanded laterally, lacking circumferential groves and ungual flap; ulnar tubercle and fold absent; inner palmar tubercle single, round, slightly smaller than oval outer; fingers moderately short, not fringed; Variation: The male MNCN 43788 is smaller than the holotype (see Table 3), but otherwise highly similar in all other respects; it lacks nuptial pads. In life, the paratype was greenish-brown, with ventral surfaces cream instead of reddish-orange.</p>
            <p>Distribution and natural history: Known only from the type locality. Individuals were found during the day under rocks in open wet puna at almost 4000 m (Fig. 7); they moved quite fast and were able to make short leaps (something unusual in other species of this genus).</p>
            <p>Etymology: The species epithet is used as a name in apposition and derives from the Aymara ‘Wila Kunka’, meaning red throat (wila = red, kunka = throat), which we use to refer to the bright dark red to orange ventral coloration of this species. Wila Kunka is also the name of a mountain (5350 m) in the Kallawaya mountain range of Puno, Peru.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A959FFFFFC190DAAF13EB43F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
03AD2972A947FFFDFC5B0D7DF011B32C.text	03AD2972A947FFFDFC5B0D7DF011B32C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microkayla Riva & Chaparro & Castroviejo-Fisher & Padial 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> MICROKAYLA GEN. NOV.</p>
            <p>u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: F7221ACB-FD97-4DFE-85F9-4CEFE5F6F058</p>
            <p>subarticular tubercles round, poorly marked; supernumerary tubercles irregular and weakly defined; first finger the same length as second, relative length of fingers 1 = 2 &lt;4 &lt;3; tibia length 33.7% of SVL; tarsal fold absent; two metatarsal tubercles, oval inner slightly larger than rounded outer; supernumerary and subarticular tubercles low, poorly defined; toes lacking basal webbing or lateral fringes; relative length of toes 1 &lt;2 &lt;3 = 5 &lt;4; foot length 41.5% of SVL.</p>
            <p>In preservative, dorsum grey, venter and throat cream with diffuse brown small blotches; flanks and groins with small pale grey blotches; palmar and plantar surfaces cream. In life, the dorsum of the holotype was mostly dark brown, with faint dorsolateral folds formed by small tubercles; a creamy-yellow line run from the eye to the insertion of the forelimb and across the tympanic region; reddish-orange blotches on flanks, groins and axillae; all ventral surfaces were reddish-orange, paler on throat; the iris was dark brown.</p>
            <p>Measurements (in mm) of the holotype: SVL, 24.6; HL, 7.7; HW, 8.5; IND, 2.0; END, 1.9; ED, 3.3; TL, 8.3; FL, 10.2.</p>
            <p> Type species:  Psychrophrynella teqta De la Riva &amp; Burrowes, 2014</p>
            <p> Included species:  Microkayla adenopleura (Aguayo-Vedia &amp; Harvey, 2001) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. ankohuma (Padial &amp; De la Riva, 2007) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. boettgeri (Lehr, 2006) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. chacaltaya (De la Riva, Padial &amp; Cortéz, 2007) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. chapi sp. nov. ;  M. chaupi (De la Riva &amp; Aparicio, 2016) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. chilina sp. nov. ;  M. colla (De la Riva, Aparicio, Soto &amp; Ríos, 2016) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. condoriri (De la Riva, Aguayo &amp; Padial, 2007) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. guillei (De la Riva, 2007) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. harveyi (Muñoz, Aguayo &amp; De la Riva, 2007) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. iani (De la Riva, Reichle &amp; Cortéz, 2007) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. iatamasi (Aguayo-Vedia &amp; Harvey, 2001) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. illampu (De la Riva, Reichle &amp; Padial, 2007) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. illimani (De la Riva &amp; Padial, 2007) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. kallawaya (De la Riva &amp; Martínez-Solano, 2007) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. katantika (De la Riva &amp; Martínez-Solano, 2007) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. kempffi (De la Riva, 1992) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. melanocheira (De la Riva, Ríos &amp; Aparicio, 2016) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. pinguis (Harvey &amp; Ergueta, 1998) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. quimsacruzis (De la Riva, Reichle &amp; Bosch, 2007) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. saltator (De la Riva, Reichle &amp; Bosch, 2007) ,  comb. nov. ;  M. teqta (De la Riva &amp; Burrowes, 2014) ,  comb. nov. ; and  M. wettsteini (Parker, 1932) comb. nov.</p>
            <p>Diagnosis: (1) head wider than long, not as wide as body, body robust, extremities short; (2) tympanic membrane and annulus present (either visible beneath skin or hidden under the skin); (3) cranial crests absent; (4) prevomerine teeth and dentigerous process of vomers absent; pterygoid not in contact with parasphenoid; anterior parasphenoid ramus not reaching palatines; ear fully developed; (5) pectoral girdle functionally arciferal; (6) nasal bones narrowly separated medially; (7) tongue ovate, longer than wide; (8) tips of digits rounded, not pointed or expanded, lacking circumferential groves and pads; (9) terminal phalanges T-shaped to knobbed; (10) Finger I shorter or equal to Finger II; (11) two subarticular tubercles on Finger IV; (12) Toe V slightly longer than Toe III; (13) lateral fringes and webbing absent on fingers, basal webbing in toes of some species; (14) two metatarsal tubercles both prominent and subconical; tarsal fold or fold-like tubercle absent (Fig. 8); (15) dorsum tuberculate; belly areolate (apparently smooth in preservative); (16) trigeminal nerve passing external to m. adductor mandibulae externus (‘S’ condition; Lynch, 1986); (17) eggs large, not pigmented; (18) males with median subgular vocal sac and vocal slits, nuptial pads absent; (19) advertisement call usually composed of a single tonal note.</p>
            <p> Character states for this diagnosis are based on our own examination of the type series of all the species in the genus except for  M. wettsteini (of which we examined topotypic material). The clade of  Microkayla is supported by putative synapomorphies: a rounded tongue (elongated in its sister group), areolate belly (smooth in  Psychrophrynella ), and lack of a pair of prominent metatarsal tubercles and the conspicuous tarsal fold or tubercle that are present in its sister group (Fig. 8; see also figures by Lynch [1975: 25; 1986: 425] and De la Riva et al. [2008b: 46]).  Microkayla is externally similar to  Bryophryne , but they are not sister taxa in molecular phylogenies (Hedges et al., 2008; Padial et al., 2012, 2014; Chaparro et al., 2015; this study, Fig. 1B). Mating calls are known for 11 species of  Microkayla (including those of  M. boettgeri and  M. chapi , described herein). The call usually consists of a single, isolated, tonal, whistle-like, short note, but there are some exceptions:  M. teqta has a pulsed call (De la Riva &amp; Burrowes, 2014) while  M. wettsteini and  M. saltator emit several notes per call in a rapid series (De la Riva, 2007).  Microkayla saltator is the most peculiar species in the genus; it lives at relatively low elevations (c. 2550 m a.s.l.) in comparison to other species in the genus (see below), in semi-humid forests (most species inhabit grasslands and elfin forest), has saltatorial locomotion — even arboreal — has slightly swollen tips of digits, and males have a large vocal sac. </p>
            <p>Etymology: The name is a composite of the Greek word ‘mikrós’, meaning small, and the Quechua word for frog, ‘k’ayla’. The entire name thus describes what these animals are, small frogs.</p>
            <p> Distribution:  Microkayla frogs inhabit cloud forests, elfin forests and humid puna of the Amazonian versant of the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes, from the eastern part of Cordillera of Carabaya (Department of Puno) in southern Peru to the western limits of department Santa Cruz in central Bolivia (Serranía Siberia, on the boundaries of Carrasco National Park – Department of Cochabamba – and Amboró National Park – Department of Santa Cruz), between 2466 and c. 4000 m a.s.l., encompassing a straight line distance of c. 670 km. Most species occur in humid puna and adjacent elfin forests above 3500 m, and only  M. colla ,  M. kempffi and  M. saltator are known to occur below 3000 m (De la Riva, 2007; De la Riva &amp; Aparicio, 2016). Only three species are known from Peru, although more species are expected to be discovered when unexplored valleys and ridges of the eastern part of the Cordillera of Carabaya and western Cordillera of Apolobamba are surveyed. How many still unnamed species of  Microkayla occur in Bolivia is difficult to know but, as indicated by this study, the number of described species highly underestimates the actual diversity. </p>
            <p> Remarks: The new genus constitutes a diverse (24 species, including the two new ones described herein), well-supported and phenotypically diagnosable clade. As shown in the present study and others (Heinicke et al., 2007; Hedges et al., 2008; Padial et al., 2014),  P. usurpator is the sister group to  Microkayla gen. nov. (Fig. 1C). Species of  Psychrophrynella (redefined below) are markedly different from of  Microkayla gen. nov. , from which they can be externally distinguished by having two conspicuous metatarsal tubercles, a conspicuous tarsal fold-like tubercle (Fig. 8), a smooth belly, and a long and slender tongue. Our proposal of a new genus takes into consideration taxonomic stability (ICZN, 1999; Guayasamin et al., 2009) and follows three main criteria for naming taxa (Vences et al. 2013): monophyly, phenotypic diagnosability, and clade stability—supported by evidence at hand. We interpret that our phylogenetic hypothesis is supported insofar as it is not refuted by critical evidence (it is the optimal solution according to optimality criteria) or contradicted by other equally optimal hypotheses. The inferred relationships are also well supported according to the Goodman–Bremer index, which measures the relative amount of evidence supporting clades (Grant &amp; Kluge 2008), jackknife frequencies (Farris et al. 1996), which measure the relative amount of favourable and contradictory evidence for each clade, and bootstrapping frequencies (Felsenstein, 1985). Furthermore, the clade represents a radiation restricted to the high Andes of Bolivia and southern Peru, and such a pattern of distribution is consistent with phylogenetic inferences (a criterion considered important when naming taxa; see Vences et al., 2013). </p>
            <p> Part of this clade was first inferred by Lehr et al. (2005) in the first molecular study of frogs formerly grouped under  Phrynopus , which showed a phylogeny with Bolivian species grouped separately from Peruvian species. The monophyly of this group was subsequently corroborated by other studies (e.g. Hedges et al., 2008; Padial et al., 2014; Chaparro et al., 2015). </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A947FFFDFC5B0D7DF011B32C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
03AD2972A945FFF9FC7C0A0BF143B688.text	03AD2972A945FFF9FC7C0A0BF143B688.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microkayla chapi Riva & Chaparro & Castroviejo-Fisher & Padial 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> MICROKAYLA CHAPI SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 9)</p>
            <p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: A11DB6F2-E959-4570-A369- 00A7D64C8E13</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype: MUBI 5326 (field number 4516), adult female from 3.7 km from  Sina, Hirigache River valley, province  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.26231/lat -14.502694)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.26231&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.502694">Sandia</a>
                 , department Puno, Peru, 14°30 ′ 09.7 ″ S, 69°15 ′ 44.3 ″ W, 3504 m (Fig. 10), collected on 10 February 2006 by I. De la Riva, J. M. Padial, S. Castroviejo-Fisher, J. C. Chaparro, and J. Bosch. 
            </p>
            <p> Paratopotypes: MUBI 5325, 5327, 5330, 5331 (field numbers 4514, 4519, 4524, 4527) ,  MNCN 43763–65 and 43767–69 (males) (field numbers 4515, 4517, 4518, 4522, 4525, 4526) ;  MNCN 43762 and 43766 (field numbers 5183 and 5191) (females); and MUBI 5328, 5329 (field numbers 4520, 4523) (juveniles), same data as the holotype . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Microkayla chapi is characterized by: (1) skin on dorsum shagreen with large scattered sharp warts and short folds, sometimes coalescing into a pair of dorsolateral folds and/or incomplete middorsal and occipital folds; dorsal surface of extremities warty; flanks uniformly warty; ventral skin areolate, throat areolate; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus evident beneath the skin, supratympanic fold conspicuous; (3) snout short, rounded in dorsal and lateral views; (4) upper eyelid lacking tubercles, bearing small conical warts; (5) dentigerous process of vomers absent; (6) vocal slits and sac present, subgular; nuptial pads absent; (7) Finger I slightly shorter than Finger II; tips of digits rounded, lacking circumferential grooves and ungual flap; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes; (9) ulnar region bearing warts, sometimes coalescing into a sharp ridge; (10) heel lacking tubercles, tarsus lacking tubercles and folds; (11) plantar surfaces of feet bearing two metatarsal tubercles, inner slightly larger than outer; supernumerary plantar tubercles low, inconspicuous; (12) toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing absent; Toe III slightly longer than V, tips of digits rounded, lacking circumferential grooves and ungual flap; (13) dorsal coloration with various shades of reddish-brown to dark brown or grey with metallic tones; ventral coloration variable, from grey with shades of red to dark grey with yellow spots; distal portions of hands and feet orange to red; groin with orange or red flash marks; (14) females slightly larger than males, SVL 19.9–21.6 in adult females (n = 3), 16.3–19.1 mm in adult males (n = 9) (Table 3). </p>
            <p> Microkayla chapi sp. nov. is readily distinguished from both  M. boettgeri and  M. chilina sp. nov. (the two other Peruvian species) by having sharp and well-developed dorsolateral folds, occipital and sacral sharp warts and folds, a large and conspicuous tympanic membrane that is longer than 50% of eye length, and longer toes, less areolate belly, and smooth to granular skin. On the Bolivian side of the Cordillera of Apolobamba, the species  M. chaupi and  M. katantika occur 37.6 and 39.8 km straight line distance, respectively, from  M. chapi .  Microkayla chapi differs from  M. chaupi mostly by having conspicuous dorsolateral folds (absent in  P. chaupi ), ventral coloration variable from grey with shades of red to dark grey with yellow spots (uniformly greyish-brown) and ventral skin areolate (finely granular).  Microkayla chapi differs from  M. katantika by being smaller (maximum SVL in  M. chapi 21.6 mm, 27.7 mm in  M. katantika ), having dorsolateral folds (absent) and dorsal and ventral coloration variable (uniformly dark brown or grey). In addition,  M. chapi can be distinguished from all other species of  Microkayla by its sharp dorsal ridges and warts, a conspicuous tympanic membrane, and red flash marks in the groin. </p>
            <p>Description of the holotype: An adult female, 19.9 mm SVL. Body robust; dorsal skin shagreen, with irregular warts scattered all over, and a pair of dorsolateral folds becoming inconspicuous ridges at level of midbody; ventral skin areolate pectoral fold absent; head wider than long, HW 34.7% of SVL, HL 31.1% of SVL; snout moderately short, rounded in dorsal view and in profile; nostrils not prominent, slightly closer to snout than to eyes; canthus rostralis sharp, straight in dorsal view and lateral profile; eye-nostril distance 58.3% of eye length; loreal region faintly concave; cranial crests absent; tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus perceptible beneath skin; supratympanic fold prominent; tongue large, oval; choanae small, broadly separated; dentigerous processes of vomers absent; limbs short; fingers short, lacking fringes, tips of digits round, lacking circumferential grooves and ungual flap; ulnar tubercle and fold absent, but a row of low warts forming a ridge; inner palmar tubercle oval, smaller than round outer; fingers moderately short, not fringed; subarticular tubercles of the base of fingers large, round, swollen; supernumerary tubercles round, barely visible; relative length of fingers 1 &lt;2 &lt;4 &lt;3; tibia length 30.1% of SVL; tarsal fold absent; two metatarsal tubercles, oval inner slightly smaller than round outer; supernumerary tubercles round, poorly marked; subarticular tubercles round; toes lacking basal webbing or lateral fringes, toe tips round, lacking circumferential groves and ungual flap; relative length of toes 1 &lt;2 &lt;3 = 5 &lt;4; foot length 36.2% of SVL.</p>
            <p>In preservative, dorsum brown with a pale middorsal thin line; venter and throat mostly cream with irregular brown areas; a pair of large and conspicuous bold black lumbar spots surrounded by a thin white line; a white thin line along posterior surface of thigh, from cloaca to level of shanks; axillae, groins and inner surface of forearms and shanks cream. In life, the dorsum was mostly uniformly brown above, with some pale areas; it had small reddish-orange irregular areas on axillae and groins; the venter was pale brown with irregular darker areas; the digits were reddish-orange; the iris was dark brown below and greenish-yellow in the upper third, with fine black reticulation.</p>
            <p>Measurements (in mm) of the holotype: SVL, 19.9; HL, 6.2; HW, 6.9; IND, 1.6; END, 1.4; ED, 2.4; TL, 6.0; FL, 7.2.</p>
            <p> Variation:  The holotype has less warty dorsal skin, but other specimens have larger and sharper warts and short folds, sometimes forming short discontinuous dorsolateral or middorsal ridges (MUBI 5327, 5328) .  The overall coloration is more or less similar in all specimens examined, while venter varies from almost uniformly cream (MUBI 5331) to almost uniformly dark greenish-brown (MUBI 5325, 5330) and all intermediate patterns; the throat varies from cream (MUBI 5329) to brown (MUBI 5330) ;  the pale lines of the posterior surface of thighs can be absent (MUBI 5330) ;  some specimens have an inguinal dark spot (MNCN 43765, 43766) ;  the tympanic annulus can be appreciable beneath the skin (MUBI 5330) or not (MUBI 5327) . For morphometric variation, see Table 3. </p>
            <p>Distribution and natural history: Known only from the type locality. Individuals were found by day under stones, in highly humid wet puna/elfin forest, and were common in only a very small area (c. 3 has), but no individuals were found beyond that point, despite the same kind of habitat being found over a larger area (Fig. 11). At night, with mist and full moon and an air temperature of 10 °C, males called with low intensity from inside moss on the ground and on stones. The call consisted of a single non-pulsed note, modulated in amplitude, with most intensity distributed between 3000 and 3300 Hz, a duration of 72–91 ms, emitted at a rate of 2.6–10.4 notes/minute (Fig. 12, Table 4) (call record number 8217, www.fonozoo.com).</p>
            <p>Etymology: The species epithet is used as a name in apposition, and derives from the word ‘chapi’, meaning tin in Quechua, or ‘Ch ′ api’, meaning thorn in Aymara. We use the two meanings of chapi to refer to the ‘thorns’ in the skin of the new species and to the tin roofs of the miner’s shacks in ‘La Rinconada’ (5100 m), a gold mine and the highest village in the world, close to the type locality of this species. Chapi is also the name of a mountain (5400 m) near La Rinconada, on the border of the districts of Ananea and Sina, in the cordillera of Apolobamba.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A945FFF9FC7C0A0BF143B688	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
03AD2972A941FFF7FC010FA9F6E7B18E.text	03AD2972A941FFF7FC010FA9F6E7B18E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microkayla chilina Riva & Chaparro & Castroviejo-Fisher & Padial 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> MICROKAYLA CHILINA SP. NOV.</p>
            <p>(FIG. 13)</p>
            <p>u r n: l s i d: z o o b a n k. org:act: 95C71601-FCC2-46A9-9A9B-6E7DDEB9B340</p>
            <p>
                  Holotype: MUBI 5355 (field number 4580), adult male from the joint of rivers  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.56986/lat -14.445056)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.56986&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.445056">Sayaco</a>
                 and  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.56986/lat -14.445056)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.56986&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.445056">Huacuyo</a>
                 , province Sandia, department Puno, Peru, 14°26 ′ 42.2 ″ S, 69°34 ′ 11.5 ″ W, 3792 m (Fig. 10), collected on 14 February 2006 by I. De la Riva, J. M. Padial, S. Castroviejo-Fisher, J. C. Chaparro and J. Bosch. 
            </p>
            <p> Paratopotypes: MUBI 5352 (field number 4573) (male) ;  MUBI 5350-51, 5353 (field numbers 4569, 4572, 4574) and MNCN 43770–75 (field numbers 4570, 4571, 4575, 4577, 4578, 4579) (females) ;  MUBI 5354 (field number 4576) (juvenile), same data as the holotype . </p>
            <p> Diagnosis:  Microkayla chilina is characterized by: (1) skin on dorsum warty to coarsely warty (warts round, low, subconical to conical), with slightly larger warts on flanks; conspicuous and incomplete dorsolateral ridges; belly, throat, groin and chest coarsely areolate; (2) tympanic membrane and annulus not discernible beneath the skin, tympanic fold prominent; (3) snout short, rounded in dorsal and lateral views; (4) upper eyelid lacking tubercles, bearing conical warts, cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers absent; (6) vocal slits present, vocal sac subgular, nuptial pads absent; (7) Finger I slightly shorter than Finger II, tips of digits rounded, lacking circumferential grooves and ungual flap; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes; (9) ulnar region bearing warts, sometimes coalescing in an irregular ridge; (10) heel lacking tubercles; tarsus warty, lacking tubercles and folds; (11) two metatarsal tubercles, inner slightly larger than outer; supernumerary plantar tubercles low, numerous; (12) toes markedly short, lacking lateral fringes; webbing absent; Toe III longer than V, tips of digits rounded, lacking circumferential grooves and ungual flap; (13) dorsal coloration from reddish-brown to dark brown or black, sometimes with scattered yellow irregular blotches; ventral coloration dark grey to black with greyish-white and orange irregular blotches; groin, axillae, shanks and distal portions of hands and feet with orange flash marks; (14) females larger than males, SVL 25.5 in an adult female, 23.2–24.3 mm in adult males (n = 4) (Table 3). </p>
            <p> The sister and geographically closest species to  M. chilina is  M. boettgeri (Lehr, 2006) (type localities separated by 36.6 km straight line distance).  Microkayla boettgeri possesses a protruding snout, a sharp ulnar ridge formed by small conical granules, and sharp and protruding eyelids.  Microkayla chilina has a more slen- der body than  M. boettgeri , which has globular body shape (Fig. 14). In  M. chilina the tympanic membrane and annulus are not discernible, while they are in  M. boettgeri , in which the tympanic membrane reaches c. 50% of eye length in diameter. Some differences are also evident in coloration.  Microkayla chilina often has irregular yellowish-cream blotches on dorsum, which are not present in  M. boettgeri ; this species usually has some reddish-orange coloration on venter, digits, axillae, and groins, while in  M. chilina these areas are yellowish-orange. To the east,  M. chapi sp. nov. is found at 33.7 km (straight line) from the type locality of  M. chilina and is sister to the clade formed by  M. boettgeri and  M. chilina .  Microkayla chilina is readily distinguished from  M. chapi by having incomplete dorsolateral ridges (sharp and well-developed dorsolateral folds in  M. chapi ), tympanic membrane and annulus not discernible beneath the skin (a large and conspicuous tympanic membrane), and shorter toes, more areolate belly, and warty skin (smooth to granular). </p>
            <p>Description of the holotype: An adult male, 24.3 mm SVL. Body robust; dorsal skin warty, with small irregular warts scattered all over; ventral skin areolate; dorsolateral folds present, incomplete, running from above ocular region to level of midbody, from where they continue as interrupted ridges of warts; two oblique and inconspicuous middorsal folds on central part of dorsum; pectoral fold absent; head wider than long, HW 33.7% of SVL, HL 32.9% of SVL; snout moderately short, rounded in dorsal view and in profile; nostrils not prominent, closer to snout than to eyes; canthus rostralis straight in dorsal view, concave in profile; eye–nostril distance 74.2% of eye length; loreal region concave; cranial crests absent; tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus not visible externally; supratympanic fold barely visible; tongue large, oval; choanae small, rounded, broadly separated; dentigerous process of vomers absent; vocal slits present; a subgular vocal sac; ulnar tubercle and fold absent (a ridge formed by connected warts); inner palmar tubercle nearly oval, slightly smaller than round outer; no nuptial pads; fingers moderately short, not fringed, lacking circumferential grooves and ungual flap; subarticular tubercles round, bulky; supernumerary tubercles round, of variable sizes; first finger approximately equal or slightly shorter than second, relative length of fingers 1 ≤ 2 = 4 &lt;3; limbs short; tibia length 30.0% of SVL; tarsal fold absent; two metatarsal tubercles, oval inner slightly larger than round outer; supernumerary and subarticular tubercles low, irregular; toes lacking basal webbing or lateral fringes, toe tips round, lacking circumferential grooves and ungual flap; relative length of toes 1 &lt;2 &lt;3 = 5 &lt;4; foot length 37.4% of SVL.</p>
            <p>In preservative, dorsal surfaces uniformly grey, venter and throat brownish-grey with an irregular beige area in central part of venter; palmar and plantar surfaces and inner surface of forelimbs mostly brown, digits pale cream. In life, the dorsum was mostly uniformly brown above; there were small orange irregular blotches on axillae and groins; the venter was greyish-brown with an irregular dirty-yellow pattern; the digits were yellowish-orange; the iris was dark brown.</p>
            <p>Measurements (in mm) of the holotype: SVL, 24.3; HL, 8.0; HW, 8.2; IND, 2.4; END, 2.3; ED, 3.1; TL, 7.3; FL, 9.1.</p>
            <p>Variation: All specimens are nearly identical in skin texture and overall colour pattern. MNCN 43773, 43774, and, especially, 43775, have some small, irregular pale grey blotches on dorsum (dirty-yellowish in life); a dark brown spot can be present on the anterior surface of the forearm (e.g. MUBI 5351, MNCN 43771) and/or the inner surface of the shank (MNCN 43772). Males are small and lack vocal slits, external vocal sac and nuptial excrescences.</p>
            <p>Distribution and natural history: Known only from the type locality. Individuals were found during the day under stones in open wet puna. They were not common; almost two hours of collecting by five persons yielded only 12 specimens.</p>
            <p>Etymology: The species epithet is used as a name in apposition, and derives from the Quechua word ‘chilina’, meaning the colour of a ripe orange (reddishyellow), and refers to the spots of this colour present in this new species.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A941FFF7FC010FA9F6E7B18E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
03AD2972A94FFFF5FC2D08ABF7C2B60D.text	03AD2972A94FFFF5FC2D08ABF7C2B60D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microkayla boettgeri (Lehr 2006) Riva & Chaparro & Castroviejo-Fisher & Padial 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> MICROKAYLA BOETTGERI (LEHR, 2006)</p>
            <p> Remarks: On 16 February 2006 we sampled the wet puna around the village of Phara (district of Limbani, province Sandia, department Puno), and found a population of  Microkayla that corresponds to what was originally named as  Phrynopus boettgeri by Lehr (2006) based on specimens collected in 2004 by J. Boettger at the very same locality. Specimens were found under rocks during the day and calling at night from within moss on the ground or on stones. Among the specimens we collected (MUBI 5363-5, MNCN 43776-78; 14), some characters are observed that complement those described by Lehr (2006), and we provide a brief description of those as well as of the undescribed advertisement call of this species. </p>
            <p> Lehr (2006) mentioned the lack of vocal sac and vocal slits, but male specimens collected by us do have a vocal sac and vocal slits. Also, several specimens possess a protruding, translucent callosity on the tip of the snout, that covers the anterior area of the snout and part of the upper lip. So far, in  Holoadeninae , this structure has been only described in males of the Bolivian species  M. teqta (De la Riva &amp; Burrowes, 2014) . Those males were guarding egg clutches in subterranean chambers under stones; thus, the mentioned peculiar rostral morphology is probably a structure for digging (De la Riva &amp; Burrowes, 2014). Also, we found colour variants lacking in those described by Lehr (2006). One specimen (MNCN 43778; Fig. 14A– B) has a bright orange to bright red belly reticulated with black and metallic blue. The underside of thighs and shanks also posses metallic blue blotches. Orange and red flash marks also extend to the groin, axillae, and hands and feet. Another specimen (MNCN 43776; Fig. 14C, D), is mostly white ventrally, with bold black reticulations and spots, shades of bright orange to red in the posterior part of the belly, and a few blue blotches on the ventral sides of shanks and thighs. </p>
            <p> We recorded the call of  M. boettgeri at its type locality on 16 February 2006, at 19:40 h, at an air temperature of 8 °C. The call consists of a single non-pulsed note with duration of 102–145 ms, emitted at a rate of 8.3–21.6 notes/minute (Table 4; Fig. 15) (call record numbers 8227–28, www.fonozoo.com). It is modulated in amplitude, with most intensity distributed between 2500 and 3000 Hz. There was a weak modulation in intensity (increasing to the end) in one of the specimens recorded. The difference in intensity reached 231 Hz from the beginning to the end of the call. The call of  M. boettgeri differs from that of  M. chapi by having a longer note with higher repetition rate and lower dominant frequency. </p>
            <p> GENUS  PSYCHROPHRYNELLA HEDGES, DUELLMAN, &amp; HEINICKE, 2008 , EMENDED </p>
            <p> Included species:  Psychrophrynella bagrecito (Lynch, 1986) (type species),  P. chirihampatu Catenazzi &amp; Ttito, 2016 , and  P. usurpator De la Riva, Chaparro &amp; Padial, 2008 . </p>
            <p>Diagnosis: (1) head narrow, not as wide as body, extremities relatively long; (2) tympanic membrane and annulus differentiated (annulus and membrane visible beneath skin); (3) cranial crests absent; (4) prevomerine teeth, dentigerous process of vomers, and dentigerous ramus absent; pterygoid not in contact with parasphenoid; anterior parasphenoid ramus short, not reaching palatines; ear fully developed; (5) pectoral girdle anatomically arciferal but functionally firmisternal (halves of the epicoracoid cartilages fused); (6) nasal bones widely separated medially; (7) tongue long and narrow, much longer than wide; (8) tips of digits narrow and rounded, not expanded, lacking circumferential groves and pads; (9) terminal phalanges T-shaped to knobbed; phalangeal formulae of hands and feet 2-2-3-3 and 2-2-3-4-3, respectively; (10) Finger I equal to or slightly shorter than Finger II; (11) two subarticular tubercles on Finger IV; (12) Toe V slightly longer than Toe III; (13) lateral fringes and webbing absent on digits; (14) two metatarsal tubercles both prominent and subconical; inner edge of tarsus bearing a prominent, elongate, sigmoid-shaped or fold-like tubercle not contiguous with inner metatarsal tubercle (Fig. 8); (15) dorsum finely shagreen; belly smooth; (16) trigeminal nerve passing external to m. adductor mandibulae externus (‘S’ condition; Lynch, 1986); (17) eggs large, not pigmented; (18) males with median subgular vocal sac and lacking nuptial asperities; (19) mating call composed of a series of notes.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A94FFFF5FC2D08ABF7C2B60D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
03AD2972A977FFCCFB9E08CEF786B34C.text	03AD2972A977FFCCFB9E08CEF786B34C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Bryophryne Hedges, Duellman & Heinicke 2008	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Bryophryne</p>
            <p>
                 Bryophryne bakersfield :   PERU: Department Cusco:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.07664/lat -12.495501)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.07664&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.495501">Roquerío de Lorohuachana</a>
                 , 3620 m a.s.l. (12°29 ′ 43.8 ″ S, 72°04 ′ 35.9 ″ W), MUBI 7972 (holotype)  ,  MUBI 7973, MUSA 2362, 2360–1, 2363–2365 (all paratypes) ;   2.7 km NW of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.10096/lat -12.486542)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.10096&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.486542">Roquerío de Lorohuachana</a>
                 , 3560 m a.s.l. (12°29 ′ 11.55 ″ S, 72°06 ′ 03.45 ″ W), MUBI 5993, 5996–5997, 6000–1 (all paratypes)  ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.06796/lat -12.486039)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.06796&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.486039">Tambo Inca</a>
                 , 3651 m a.s.l. (12°29 ′ 09.74 ″ S, 72°04 ′ 04.66 ″ W), MUBI 6006– 8, 6010, 6012–14, 6022–6023,  MNCN 43707 ;   Tres Claveles, 8.7 km SW,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.13963/lat -12.545528)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.13963&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.545528">Roquerío de Lorohuachana</a>
                 , 3393 m a.s.l. (12°32 ′ 43.9 ″ S, 72°08 ′ 22.7 ″ W), MUBI 7974–5,  MUSA 2357 (all paratypes) ;   surroundings of  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.09986/lat -12.526889)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.09986&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.526889">Yanacocha Lakes</a>
                 , 4.3 km SW of Roquerío de Lorohuachana, 3506 m a.s.l. (12°31 ′ 36.8 ″ S, 72°05 ′ 59.5 ″ W), MUSA 2358, 2359 (paratypes)  ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.07021/lat -12.468916)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.07021&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.468916">Cajoniyoc Pass</a>
                 surroundings, 3.0 km SW of Roquerío de Lorohuachana, 3604 m a.s.l. (12°28 ′ 8.10 ″ S, 72°04 ′ 12.77 ″ W), MUSA 2367–2368 (paratypes)  ;   
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.10096/lat -12.486542)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.10096&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-12.486542">Cabecera Timpia</a>
                 , 3579 m a.s.l. (12°29 ′ 11.55 ″ S, 72°06 ′ 03.45 ″ W), MUBI 5999, 6002  . 
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            <p>
                 Bryophryne bustamantei :   PERU: Department Cusco: Carrizales, MUBI 800, 811–14 (referred specimens);  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.34139/lat -13.115667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.34139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.115667">Canchayoc</a>
                 (13°07 ′ 16.2 ″ S, 72°19 ′ 53.0 ″ W, 3663 m a.s.l.), near  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -72.34139/lat -13.115667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-72.34139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-13.115667">Abra de Málaga</a>
                 , MUBI 6018 (holotype); Canchayoc (13°06’49.7 ″ S, 72°21’17.8 ″ W, 3555 m a.s.l.), MUBI 6015 (paratype), MUBI 796–8, 837, 931–36, 938 (referred specimens); near Canchayoc (13°06 ′ 49.7 ″ S, 72°21 ′ 17.8 ″ W, 3555 m a.s.l.), MUBI 6016 (paratype); near Canchayoc (13°07 ′ 20.9 ″ S, 72°19 ′ 28.0 ″ W, 3741 m a.s.l.), MUBI 6017 (paratype); near Canchayoc (13°06 ′ 56.4 ″ S, 72°20 ′ 29.0 ″ W, 3621 m a.s.l.) MUBI 6019 (paratype); Cochayoc, MUBI 861, 921–26 (referred specimens)  . 
            </p>
            <p> Bryophryne cophites :   PERU: Department Cusco: Southern slope of  Abra Acjanacu , 14 km NNE Paucartambo, 3400 m, KU 138884, (holotype)  . </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A977FFCCFB9E08CEF786B34C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
03AD2972A974FFCDFE3C0AE3F431B47F.text	03AD2972A974FFCDFE3C0AE3F431B47F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Microkayla Riva & Chaparro & Castroviejo-Fisher & Padial 2018	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Microkayla</p>
            <p> Microkayla adenopleura :  BOLIVIA: Department Cochabamba: 10 km al N de la población de Monte Punko (Parque Nacional Carrasco), department de Cochabamba, Bolivia (17°33 ′ S, 65°17 ′ W), 3350 m a.s.l., MHNC-B 1 -ABC (holotype) . </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla ankohuma :   BOLIVIA: Department La Paz:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.44886/lat -15.7873335)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.44886&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.7873335">Cooco</a>
                 (15°47 ′ 14.4 ″ S, 68°26 ′ 55.9 ″ W, 3540 m a.s.l.)  , CBF 5982–83, MNCN 43229–30, 43232–36 ,  MNK A7279 ,   MNK A7280 (holotype), A7281–87; Ankho Uma (  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.48966/lat -15.7425)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.48966&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.7425">Ancoma</a>
                 ) (15°44 ′ 33.0 ″ S, 68°29 ′ 22.8 ″ W, 3690 m a.s.l.)  , CBF 5984, MNCN 43228 ,  MNK A7277–78 (paratypes) . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla boettgeri :   PERU: Department Puno: Quebrada Cullochoci, 1.6 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.6625/lat -14.162499)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.6625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.162499">Phara</a>
                 and 9.5 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.6625/lat -14.162499)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.6625&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.162499">Limbani</a>
                 , along the road (14°9 ′ 45 ″ S, 69°39 ′ 45 ″ W 3592 m a.s.l.), MUBI 5363–5, MNCN 43776, 43778 (type locality)  . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla chacaltaya :   BOLIVIA: La Paz: Sanja Pa m p a (1 6 °1 5 ′ 1 3. 8 ″ S, 6 8° 0 1 ′ 4 1.8 ″ W, 3 9 0 0 m a.s. l.), C B F 4 1 6 1 (h o l o t y p e), C B F 4 1 6 0, C B F 4162–72 (paratypes);  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.12639/lat -16.196388)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.12639&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.196388">Zongo valley</a>
                 , 1.7 km above Central Botijlaca (16°11 ′ 47 ″ S, 68°07 ′ 35 ″ W, 3600 m a.s.l.), CBF 5985–87, MNCN 42050–52, 42053, MNK A7265–67 (paratypes)  . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla condoriri :   BOLIVIA: Department La Paz:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.25889/lat -15.956861)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.25889&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.956861">Amaguaya</a>
                 (15°57 ′ 24.7 ″ S, 68°15 ′ 32.0 ″ W, 3760 m a.s.l.), CBF 5988 (holotype), 5989–90, MNCN 43237–38 (paratypes)  . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla guillei :   BOLIVIA:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.88611/lat -15.17139)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.88611&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.17139">Department</a>
                 de La Paz: c. 4 km E of Chullina (15°10 ′ 17 ″ S, 68°53 ′ 10 ″ W, 3590 m a.s.l.), AMNH 165108 (holotype), AMNH 165109,  CBF 5861 (paratypes) . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla harveyi :   BOLIVIA:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -66.4775/lat -16.73639)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-66.4775&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.73639">Department</a>
                 de Cochabamba: 2.5 km N of Jatum Incacasani Bolivia (16°44 ′ 11 ″ S, 66°28 ′ 39 ″ W, 3600 m a.s.l.), MHNC-B A989 (holotype), MNCN 42029  ,  MHNC-B A990–91 (paratypes) . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla iani :   BOLIVIA: Department La Paz: Tucurmani Molino and  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.65/lat -15.6)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.65&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.6">Achapampa</a>
                 (15°36 ′ S, 68°39 ′ W), CBF 2145 (holotype), CBF 2129–44 (paratypes)  . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla iatamasi :   BOLIVIA: Department Cochabamba: 7 km de la carretera antigua al Chapare,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.7/lat -17.2)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.2">Zona de Aguirre</a>
                 , límite NO del Parque Nacional Carrasco (17°12 ′ S, 65°42 ′ W), MHNC-B 1 -ACX (holotype)  . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla illampu :   BOLIVIA: Department La Paz: 18.5 km from  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.63638/lat -15.735278)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.63638&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.735278">Sorata on Sorata-Mapiri</a>
                 road (15°44 ′ 07 ″ S, 68°38 ′ 11 ″ W, 3840 m a.s.l.)  , CBF 5991 (holotype) ,  CBF 5992–99, MNCN 42021–28 ,  MNK A7274– 76 (paratypes) . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla illimani :   BOLIVIA: Department La Paz:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -67.747215/lat -16.613335)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-67.747215&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.613335">Río Caballuni</a>
                 , 5 km from Totoral on the road to Cooperativa 15 de Agosto (16°36 ′ 48 ″ S, 67°44 ′ 50 ″ W, 3594 m a.s.l.), CBF 6000 (holotype), CBF 6001,  MNCN 42070–71 (paratypes) . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla kallawaya :   BOLIVIA: Department La Paz:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.029724/lat -15.108611)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.029724&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.108611">Caalaya</a>
                 (15°06 ′ 31 ″ S, 69°01 ′ 47 ″ W, c. 3600 m a.s.l.)  , CBF 6005 (holotype) ,  CBF 6002–04, CBF 6006–07, MNCN 42056–61 (paratypes) . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla katantika :   BOLIVIA: Department La Paz:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -69.083336/lat -14.816667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-69.083336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-14.816667">Pelechuco</a>
                 (14°49 ′ S, 69°05 ′ W, 3600 m a.s.l.), CBF 6008 (holotype), CBF 6009–15, MNCN 42 062–69 (paratypes)  . 
            </p>
            <p> Microkayla kempffi : BOLIVIA: Department Santa Cruz: 30 km by road from Comarapa towards </p>
            <p>
                  Cochabamba,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -64.75/lat -17.833334)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-64.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.833334">Serranía La Siberia</a>
                 (17° 50 ′ S, 64° 45 ′ W, 2600 m a.s.l.), EBD 2884 (holotype)  . 
            </p>
            <p> Microkayla pinguis :   BOLIVIA: Department La Paz:  Choquetanga Chico , CBF 1906 (holotype)  . </p>
            <p> Microkayla quimsacruzis :   BOLIVIA:  Department La Paz: between Choquetanga and Mina Caracoles (16°52 ′ 39 ″ S, 67°18 ′ 23 ″, 3660 m a.s.l.), CBF 6016 (holotype), CBF 6021–23, MNCN 42 034–36 (paratyes)  . </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla teqta :   BOLIVIA: Department La Paz:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.205444/lat -15.981263)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.205444&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.981263">Pablo Amaya</a>
                 (15°58’52.55 ″ S, 68°12 ′ 19.6 ″ W, 3700 m a.s.l.), CBF 6725 (holotype), CBF 6726–9, MNCN 45 702–6 (paratypes)  . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Microkayla saltator :   BOLIVIA: Department La Paz: c. 15 km (by road) from Charazani on the road to  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -68.89139/lat -15.179167)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-68.89139&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-15.179167">Apolo</a>
                 (15°10 ′ 45 ″ S, 68°53 ′ 29 ″ W, 2550 m a.s.l.), CBF 6031 (holotype), CBF 6032–38,  MNCN 42044–49, 43231, 44208 (paratypes) . 
            </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A974FFCDFE3C0AE3F431B47F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
03AD2972A975FFCDFB860F86F6AEB378.text	03AD2972A975FFCDFB860F86F6AEB378.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Noblella Barbour 1930	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Noblella</p>
            <p>
                 Noblella carrascoicola :   BOLIVIA: Department Cochabamba:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -65.26667/lat -17.5)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-65.26667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-17.5">Sehuencas</a>
                 (c. 65°16 ′ W, 17°30 ′ S, 2150– 2230 m a.s.l.), ZFMK 59573 (holotype)  . 
            </p>
            <p> Noblella peruviana :   PERU: Department Puno: Inca Mine, near  Santo Domingo de Carabaya , AMNH 14526 (holotype)  . </p>
            <p> Noblella heyeri :   PERU:  Department Piura: 33 km SW Huancabamba, 3100 m a.s.l., KU 196529 (holotype)  . </p>
            <p>
                 Noblella lochites :   ECUADOR:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.333336/lat -3.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.25">Province</a>
                 Morona-  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -78.333336/lat -3.25)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-78.333336&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.25">Santiago</a>
                 : Río Piuntza, on the northern end of the cordillera del Cóndor (approximately 3°15 ′ S, 78°20 ′ W, 1550 m a.s.l.), KU 147070 (holotype)  . 
            </p>
            <p>
                 Noblella lynchi :   PERU:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -77.9/lat -6.8166666)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-77.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-6.8166666">Department Amazonas</a>
                 : east slope of Abra Chanchillo, 42 km (by road) ENE of Balsas (06°49 ′ S, 77°54 ′ W, 2870 m a.s.l.), KU 212318 (holotype)  . 
            </p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A975FFCDFB860F86F6AEB378	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
03AD2972A975FFCDFECD0D36F4BFB305.text	03AD2972A975FFCDFECD0D36F4BFB305.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psychrophrynella	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Psychrophrynella</p>
            <p> Psychrophrynella bagrecito :   PERU: Department Cusco: Río Marcapata below  Marcapata , c. 2740 m a.s.l., KU 196512 (holotype), KU 196513–18, 196520– 21, 196523–25 (paratypes);  Quebrada de Iskaybamba , Marcapata (13˚30 ′ 15.22 ″ S, 70˚54 ′ 58.84 ″ W, 2244 m a.s.l.), MUBI 5255–56  . </p>
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    </body>
</html>
	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03AD2972A975FFCDFECD0D36F4BFB305	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Riva, Ignacio De La;Chaparro, Juan C.;Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago;Padial, José M.	Riva, Ignacio De La, Chaparro, Juan C., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Padial, José M. (2018): Underestimated anuran radiations in the high Andes: five new species and a new genus of Holoadeninae, and their phylogenetic relationships (Anura: Craugastoridae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 182: 129-172
