taxonID	type	description	language	source
03AA2900F75FFFDAFF59282CFB06FED8.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon acicularis has a unique elongated first dorsal spine that produces a triangular spike or sail first dorsal fin which is present on both sexes. The head, body and tail are all dark yellow, brown or black in colour (Figure 2), with the adults of this species known to reach 40 mm in total length (Harold and Winterbottom, 1995; Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). Juveniles of this species are white with two black longitudinal stripes running the length of the body and spots on the facial region and caudal area, resembling G. spilophthalmus (Hing et al., 2019).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F75FFFDAFF59282CFB06FED8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon acicularis was originally described from specimens in Belau, Micronesia, collected during the mid- 20 th century, but the host coral and habitat was unknown at the time of description (Harold and Winterbottom, 1995; Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). Habitat: Further observations have been recorded by Munday, Harold and Winterbottom (1999) of the species residing in the reef margin and lagoon areas in the corals Echinopora horrida (Dana, 1846), Echinopora mammiformis (Nemenzo, 1959) and Hydnophora rigida (Dana, 1846). These host corals display a growth form of contorted branches and flat plates (Veron et al., 2024). It has been identified in the Great Barrier Reef region of Australia, the Belau (Palau) area of Micronesia and throughout South East Asia (GBIF. Org, 2024). Status: Gobiodon acicularis population status is described as ‘ Near Threatened’ as of the last IUCN assessment in 2018 (Larson, 2020 a).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F75FFFDAFF59282CFB06FED8.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon acicularis is one of the more social members, often found in groups as well as pairs (mean group size: 2.82, SI: 0.56) (Hing et al., 2018; Hing, 2019). Genetics: Recent genetic analyses have placed G. acicularis in a clade with other similarly coloured and shaped species of the genus (Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019). Such members include G. ceramensis, G. okinawae and G. citrinus from both the Pacific Ocean and Red Sea (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019). The clade also includes the species G. spilophthalmus, for which recent genetic analysis indicates are more likely juveniles of the sister species G. acicularis and G. ceramensis, rather than a distinct species (Hing et al., 2019). This clade is known for being found in host corals outside of the genus Acropora, including the family Pocilloporidae, Gray, 1840.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F758FFDBFF592BF0FCF8FE11.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon aoyagii was described in 2013, where the species was clearly distinguished from morphologically similar congeners G. erythrospilus and G. histrio (Shibukawa, Suzuki and Aizawa, 2013). Gobiodon aoyagii is described as a yellow green to light blue coloured coralgoby that has red-scarlet spots across the entirety of the body (Figure 3). There are frequently two spots at the base of the pectoral fin on the dorso-ventral surface (Shibukawa, Suzuki and Aizawa, 2013), however these can be conjoined as seen in Figure 3. Additionally, three distinct spots can be observed on the posterior dorsal area prior to the caudal fin (Shibukawa, Suzuki and Aizawa, 2013). Some spots on the facial area may appear slightly fused to form small irregular bars but are never complete bars as seen in G. histrio and G. erythrospilus (Shibukawa, Suzuki and Aizawa, 2013). Fins are lighter in colour, often yellow, and a fine black fin margin may be present. Unlike G. histrio, there is no black spot on the upper opercular margin.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F758FFDBFF592BF0FCF8FE11.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon aoyagii has been observed on reefs throughout the western Pacific Ocean, from the Ryukyu Islands in Japan, the Philippines, Papua New Guinea and on the Great Barrier Reef in Australia (Shibukawa, Suzuki and Aizawa, 2013; GBIF. Org, 2024). A specimen has been collected from the eastern Indian Ocean, once thought to be a syntype of G. erythrospilus (Shibukawa et al., 2013). Habitat: It has been observed occupying numerous corals from genus Acropora, but it is more limited in the southern Pacific Ocean where it is restricted primarily to Acropora tenuis, (Dana, 1846), a corymbose clumping coral (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; Munday, Van Herwerden and Dudgeon, 2004; Shibukawa, Suzuki and Aizawa, 2013). Gobiodon aoyagii has displayed a preference for deeper water corals and / or protected areas, e. g. lagoons, reef edges and reef slopes between 3 – 10 m depth (Shibukawa et al., 2013). Status: Gobiodon aoyagii was designated ‘ Vulnerable’ on the IUCN Red List (Larson, 2020 b).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F758FFDBFF592BF0FCF8FE11.taxon	description	Sociality: The species is primarily ‘ pair forming’ (mean group size: 1.80, SI: 0.33) (Hing, 2019; Froehlich et al., 2024). Genetics: Whilst G. aoyagii shares a similar colouration to G. erythrospilus and G. histrio, this species is in a separate clade. The phylogenetic sister species of G. aoyagii is G. bicalvolineatus (Duchene et al., 2013). This clade also includes G. brochus and G. cobenjaminsis (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Hing et al., 2019). The phylogenetic location of G. aoyagii is known to change if fewer genetic markers are used for analysis, as seen in Herler et al. (2013), where the species was placed in an isolated sub-clade with their closest neighbour G. bicalvolineatus. Gobiodon aoyagii was also included in a haplotype analysis focusing on G. bicalvolineatus (Munday, Van Herwerden and Dudgeon, 2004). Whilst G. aoyagii displayed a reduced number of haplotypes when compared to G. brochus, G. erythrospilus and G. histrio, it displayed more genetic diversity compared with G. bicalvolineatus (Munday, Van Herwerden and Dudgeon, 2004). Notes: Prior to the official description, the species was referred to by numerous unofficial labels, such as Gobiodon sp. A (see Shibukawa et al., 2013 for more details).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F759FFD8FF592BB8FBD9FF45.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon ater, also known as the Black Coralgoby, is distinguished from the other dark coloured members of genus Gobiodon by being uniformly black including the irises of the eye (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013) (Figure 4). Due to the extension of the colouration into the iris, the eye is reported to be barely visible when this species is observed in the wild (Herler et al., 2013). Gobiodon ater is described as a smaller species within the genus, with the average standard length at around 28 mm (Herler et al., 2013). It has been noted that if this species is placed under stress, it is not uncommon for the body colouration to fade to grey (Herler et al., 2013).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F759FFD8FF592BB8FBD9FF45.taxon	distribution	Distribution: The distribution of G. ater is believed to extend throughout the Red Sea, central Indian Ocean and may extend into the western Pacific Ocean (Herler et al., 2013), though this has not been confirmed (GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: Gobiodon ater is known to frequently inhabit the corymbose coral Acropora selago (Studer, 1879), and the tabular coral A. hyacinthus, displaying a high level of specialisation for fine-branched corals (Herler et al., 2013). It has also been recorded to occupy other corymbose Acropora at reduced rates (Dirnwöber and Herler, 2007; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013), including A. acuminta (Verill, 1864), A. samoensis (Brook, 1891), A. eurystoma (Klunzinger, 1879) and A. valida (Dana, 1846). Gobiodon ater has been more frequently observed in shallow water regions, including protected reef flats and crests (Herler et al., 2013). Status: The current population status is described as ‘ Data Deficient’ by IUCN due to the lack of data since the official species designation in 2013 (Larson, 2019 a).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F759FFD8FF592BB8FBD9FF45.taxon	description	Sociality: No studies of sociality containing G. ater are known. Genetics: It was thought that G. ater, identified from the Red Sea, may have been identical to other entirely black species that can be observed in the western Pacific Ocean, such as G. ceramensis, however this has been refuted using genetic analysis (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). Within the same paper as the description of this species, a large portion of Gobiodon was analysed using the 12 S and 16 S rRNA mitochondrial genes (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). Using these markers, the most closely related species were G. axillaris, followed by G. fuscoruber, G. histrio and G. erythrospilus. It is currently unknown whether the phylogenetic position of this species would change if additional genetic markers were included, as seen with other species. However, due to the recent naming of G. ater, it has not been included in genus-wide phylogenetic analyses.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F75AFFD8FF592B0CFBDBFA39.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon atrangulatus has not been well documented over the years due to confusion stemming from the original description being based on a preserved specimen from the Fiji Islands (Garman, 1903). The body colour has frequently been described as predominantly yellow, with red to pink coloured markings on the facial and dorsal region (Akihito, Ikeda and Sugiyama, 2002) (Figure 5). There are typically four to five broad bands on the facial region, accompanied by a series of small dots on the dorsal portion of the head and a combination of dots and lines along the base of the dorsal fins (Akihito, Ikeda and Sugiyama, 2002). Similar coloured markings can be observed on the edges of the dorsal, pelvic, and anal fins. A black spot is visible on the upper opercular margin.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F75AFFD8FF592B0CFBDBFA39.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon atrangulatus has been recorded throughout the central and western Pacific, occurring around Fiji and southern Japan (Ryukyu and Ogasawara Islands) (Masuda et al., 1984). Habitat: No coral species preferences have been recorded for this species though it has been confirmed that it inhabits Acropora corals (Akihito, Ikeda and Sugiyama, 2002). Sociality: There are no known inclusions of G. atrangulatus in any sociality studies.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F75AFFD8FF592B0CFBDBFA39.taxon	description	Genetics: There are no known inclusions of G. atrangulatus in any genetic studies.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F75AFFD9FF592F90FA28FC3D.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon axillaris has an olive-brown base colouration and three to four red bands on the face (Figure 6). The base colour surrounding the banded area is often slightly lighter in colour. A black spot is visible on the upper operculum margin. Adults have been recorded to exceed 50 mm in total length (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). A red line is present along the base of the dorsal and anal fins, though may appear as a fusion of small lines and dots in some specimens. The dorsal fin has also been observed to have a purple or magenta colouration in southern Great Barrier Reef specimens, observed on larger specimens that were approximately 60 mm in total length (Hildebrandt, pers. obs.). Munday et al. (1999) also stated that the colouration of the red banding is occasionally brighter in fishes inhabiting areas of the southern Great Barrier Reef.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F75AFFD9FF592F90FA28FC3D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon axillaris has been observed throughout the GBR, PNG and northern Pacific Ocean (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: Adults frequently live in host corals A. nasuta and A. millepora (Munday, Jones and Caley, 1997), though juveniles have been observed in a wide range of acroporid species (Munday, Jones and Caley, 1997). Gobiodon axillaris is often observed on the reef flat and reef crest areas which are exposed to prevailing winds (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). Status: In 2018, this species was declared ‘ Vulnerable’ by the IUCN Red List (Larson, 2020 c).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F75AFFD9FF592F90FA28FC3D.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon axillaris is classified as predominantly pair-forming (mean group size 1.67, SI: 0.33 – 0.41) (Hing et al., 2018; Hing, 2019; Froehlich et al., 2024). Genetics: Closely related species can vary depending on the molecular markers that are used in the analysis, but species G. fuscoruber (as analysed under synonym of G. unicolor), G. ater, G. histrio and G. erythrospilus consistently appear in the same clade as G. axillaris (Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F75BFFD6FF592994FF54FC3D.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon bicalvolineatus, originally referred to as G. sp. B (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999) prior to the official description, shares many visual similarities with G. brochus, G. erythrospilus and G. histrio, however is typically much smaller than these species (Hildebrandt et al., 2024). The oblique pale patch on the cheek and recurved lower lip are shared with G. brochus, whilst the red body markings on a blue-green base colouration are shared with G. erythrospilus and G. histrio (Figure 7). Unlike G. histrio and G. erythrospilus, the horizontal red-orange lines appear unbroken and much thinner on G. bicalvolineatus, and there is no distinct black spot on the upper opercular margin (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; Hildebrandt et al., 2024). The pectoral fin is angled more upward towards the dorsal surface than seen in congeners (Hildebrandt et al., 2024). The caudal fin appears to be more elongated than in other species, with a less defined ‘ blunt’ end (Hildebrandt et al., 2024).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F75BFFD6FF592994FF54FC3D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon bicalvolineatus is believed to be restricted to Papua New Guinea, namely Bootless Bay and Kranket Lagoon (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; Munday et al., 2004). Habitat: Observed in the host coral Acropora caroliniana, Nemenzo, 1976, a coral with a plate like growth form with prostrate branches (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; Munday et al., 2004). Status: Due to the recent formal description, there is no current IUCN population status for G. bicalvolineatus.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F75BFFD6FF592994FF54FC3D.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon bicalvolineatus has not been included in any sociality studies at this stage owing to its restricted range and small population size. Whilst the species was not included in the study of sociality of this genus by Hing et al. (2018), it was noted that social groups comprising up to ten adult and juvenile individuals could be observed in the same coral (Munday, Van Herwerden and Dudgeon, 2004), indicating the occurrence of groupforming behaviours. Genetics: Gobiodon bicalvolineatus is another species where the phylogenetic position varies depending on the genetic markers that are used. Nevertheless, the species is typically always paired with their sister species G. aoyagii, and more often shares a clade with G. cobenjaminsis and the sister species G. brochus (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013). However, it has also been seen to be located on an early diverging branch in isolation (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). The species was also the focus of a haplotype analysis where it was compared to G. aoyagii, G. brochus, G. erythrospilus and G. histrio (Munday, Van Herwerden and Dudgeon, 2004). Gobiodon bicalvolineatus only displayed two different haplotypes, compared to the five seen in G. aoyagii and even greater numbers in the other species. It was hypothesised that this lack of diversity could have been the result of a genetic bottleneck occurring as a result of a founder effect due to a coral host shift (Munday, Van Herwerden and Dudgeon, 2004).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F754FFD7FF592994FB36FD81.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon bilineatus has two colour variants throughout its life history, juvenile and adult (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). Juveniles are typically translucent reddish or greenish in colour with five vertical blue lines across their facial region. Two of these lines pass through the eye on either side, extending down the cheek, and the other three occupy the region leading up the pectoral fin base, where the last line resides. Adults are usually uniformly orange red in colour with only the two blue lines that pass on either side of the eye pupil, with the other lines seen in juveniles fading significantly, and completely missing in larger adults (Figure 8). Smaller adults may still have remnants of the juvenile lines between the eye and the pectoral fin (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). A pale slightly blue coloured band can sometimes be observed running along the base of the dorsal fins.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F754FFD7FF592994FB36FD81.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon bilineatus has currently only been observed in the Gulf of Aqaba and throughout the Red Sea (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). Habitat: Gobiodon bilineatus has been frequently observed inhabiting the corymbose corals A. samoensis and A. secale (Studer, 1878), and the digitate A. gemmifera at lower frequencies. Status: The IUCN has recorded the population status for G. bilineatus as ‘ Least Concern’ on the Red List (Larson, 2019 b).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F754FFD7FF592994FB36FD81.taxon	description	Sociality: There have been no known studies describing the sociality of this species at this stage. Genetics: Gobiodon bilineatus has been included in one genetic study (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013), where the closest genetic relation was G. quinquestrigatus, closely followed by G. spadix and G. rivulatus. Gobiodon reticulatus and G. irregularis can also be observed in this clade. Specimens that shared similar characteristics as G. bilineatus from the Maldives and Taiwan were also included in and are situated next to the confirmed species from the Red Sea on the phylogenetic tree displayed in Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki (2013).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F755FFD4FF5928C8FD52FEF8.taxon	description	Description: The body colouration of Gobiodon brochus is often grey or beige with shades of green, yellow, or brown with a distinctive oblique pale area on the cheek (Figure 9). This pale area is bordered by two darker lines that extend from above and behind the eye. The lower lip of this species is recurved, giving it a distinctive downturned mouth. Specimens from the Great Barrier Reef, Fiji, New Caledonia and Tonga were believed to have been misidentified as the Indian Ocean species Gobiodon micropus (Günther, 1861), however these specimens were distinctly different from those previously identified as G. micropus (Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). The main diagnostic features between the two species is that in G. brochus has a dentigerous pad anterior of the dentary symphysis giving it a unique jaw morphology, and a lower number of branched dorsal fin rays (10 – 12 in G. brochus and 12 – 13 in G. micropus) and branched anal rays (9 – 10 in G. brochus and 11 in G. micropus) (Harold and Winterbottom, 1999).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F755FFD4FF5928C8FD52FEF8.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon brochus has been recorded throughout the GBR, PNG and northern Pacific Ocean (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: The most frequently observed host coral for this species is A. loripes (Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999), but the species has also been recorded occupying A. tenuis, A elseyi (Brook, 1892) and larger individuals in A. nasuta (Patton, 1994; Munday et al., 1999). The occupation of these host corals suggests they will host numerous different coral growth forms. Status: The IUCN Red List have described the population as ‘ Near Threatened’ as of 2018 (Larson, 2020 d).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F755FFD4FF5928C8FD52FEF8.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon brochus is generally seen occupying corals in pairs, occasionally alone or with a juvenile (mean group size: 2.0, SI: 0.33 – 0.36) (Hing et al., 2018; Hing, 2019; Froehlich et al., 2024). Genetics: Gobiodon brochus has been placed in a clade with G. aoyagii, G. bicalvolineatus and G. cobenjaminsis (Duchene et al., 2013). When the latter two species were not included in the analysis, the clade displayed only G. brochus and G. aoyagii (Hing et al., 2019). It should be noted that when only the 12 S and 16 S rRNA mitochondrial markers were used, G. brochus appeared as an early divergence from the clade containing G. quinquestrigatus and G. rivulatus (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F756FFD4FF592BD1FD1FF826.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon ceramensis has a uniform black colouration, like that seen in G. ater and the darker colour variation of G. acicularis. The defining feature of this species is the more angular first dorsal that is no greater in height than the second dorsal (Figure 10). This can be compared to G. acicularis which has a triangular ‘ sail’ shape first dorsal that is significantly greater in height than the second dorsal. Juveniles of this species have been observed being white / clear with bifurcate black stripes down the body below the dorsal surface and along the lateral line, with spots or dots on the head and caudal peduncle regions of the body, similar to the description for G. spilophthalmus (Hing et al., 2019).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F756FFD4FF592BD1FD1FF826.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon ceramensis is commonly found in sheltered reef areas, such as lagoons, throughout the GBR, PNG and north Pacific Ocean (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: Unlike the majority of the genus, G. ceramensis displays a strong preference for corals from the family Pocilloporidae, most frequently Stylophora pistillata (Esper, 1792), a densely branching coral with blunt branch ends (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; Veron et al., 2024). The species has also been observed inhabiting members of Acropora with corymbose growth forms, such as A. nasuta, at lower frequencies (Hildebrandt, pers. obs.). Status: The species is listed as ‘ Near Threatened’ on the IUCN Red List (Larson, 2020 e).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F756FFD4FF592BD1FD1FF826.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon ceramensis displays a lower level of sociality for the genus Gobiodon, primarily occurring in pairs (mean group size: 1.80, SI: 0.36) (Hing et al., 2018; Hing, 2019). Genetics: Gobiodon ceramensis is often observed as a sister group to G. acicularis in phylogenetic analyses (Harold et al., 2008; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019). An exception to this is seen in Duchene et al. (2013) where G. spilophthalmus was included in the analysis and was more closely related to G. ceramensis. In all recent genetic studies, the clade consists of G. ceramensis, G. acicularis, G. okinawae and G. citrinus (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019). Notes: The descriptions of G. ceramensis have many similarities with the descriptions of G. albofasciatus, a species often described in Japanese field guides (Sawada and Arai, 1972; Akihito, Ikeda and Sugiyama, 2002). It is not known whether these species are genetically differentiable or may be the same species, as the species description for G. albofasciatus did not include a comparison and no comparative or genetic analyses have been conducted. An extension of this confusion exists surrounding the appearance of juveniles of G. ceramensis, as juveniles of this species and individuals known as Gobiodon spilophthalmus share a striking resemblance (See Gobiodon spilophthalmus Fowler 1944 below).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F757FFD5FF592AD1FB5AF97D.taxon	description	Description: As one of the most easily distinguishable species in the genus, G. citrinus is differentiated by a larger size and distinctive colour. Adults frequently exceed 60 mm in total length, making it one of the largest members in the genus (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). The body colouration of this species is most commonly a bright or dusky yellow but can be brown or even black in colouration (Figure 11). Groups are often observed exhibiting only one of the colour forms, e. g. all individuals bright yellow, or dusky / brown (Hildebrandt, pers. obs.). A black dot is visible on the upper opercular margin. Four iridescent blue stripes are visible on the face, passing either side of the eye and either side of the opercular margin spot, as well as an additional line along the base of the dorsal and anal fins.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F757FFD5FF592AD1FB5AF97D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon citrinus is a common sight on coral reefs throughout the Indo-Pacific (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: Often observed in calmer lagoon areas on the branches of arborescent acroporids such as Acropora intermedia (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). Status: This species is listed as of ‘ Least Concern’ by the IUCN (Larson, 2019 c).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F757FFD5FF592AD1FB5AF97D.taxon	description	Sociality: They are typically observed in groups (mean group size: 4.11, SI: 0.63 – 0.64) (Hing et al., 2018; Hing, 2019; Froehlich et al., 2024). Genetics: Gobiodon citrinus has been observed to exist as two main populations, one residing in the Pacific Ocean and the other in the Red Sea (Duchene et al., 2013). Sometimes analysed separately in genetic analysis, the two populations consistently appear as sister taxa however there is a noticeable divergence between the populations (Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). Both populations appear frequently within the same clade alongside G. acicularis, G. ceramensis and G. okinawae (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019). Notes: Gobiodon citrinus is one of the more social members of the genus, frequently being easily photographed and identified sitting on the outer branches of more open Acropora corals (Hildebrandt, pers. obs.).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F750FFD2FF592AD1FE8FFA60.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon cobenjaminsis is a cryptic species that is rarely sighted. It is orange-brown in colouration, sporting three to four lighter bands on the facial area and a pale line along the base of the dorsal and anal fins (Figure 12). Gobiodon cobenjaminsis also shares the pale oblique patch on the cheek and lower recurved lip that is seen in some congeners, such as G. brochus. It is common for the two dorsal fins to be fused with no obvious distinction between the two except for a slightly larger gap between the last spine of the first dorsal and the first spine of the second dorsal (Hildebrandt et al., 2024). This species was initially designated as Gobiodon sp. C by Munday et al., (1999).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F750FFD2FF592AD1FE8FFA60.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon cobenjaminsis has only been observed in the Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea region (Munday et al., 1999). Habitat: Gobiodon cobenjaminsis has only been observed inhabiting the caespitose branching coral A. elseyi (Munday et al., 1999). Status: Additionally, there has not been an IUCN population assessment conducted.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F750FFD2FF592AD1FE8FFA60.taxon	description	Sociality: There are no records of the sociality of this species, though it is expected to be low considering the species’ high level of specialisation with little to no shared habitat with congeners. Genetics: Despite the recent description, G. cobenjaminsis has been included in numerous recent genetic analyses under a previous alias of Gobiodon sp. C (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). The species is typically placed in a clade with G. aoyagii, sister species G. brochus and G. bicalvolineatus (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013). In one analysis, G. cobenjaminsis appeared as a sister group of the clade containing G. acicularis, G. ceramensis, G. citrinus and G. okinawae (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F751FFD3FF592AD1FF4DF8C0.taxon	description	Description:. Gobiodon erythrospilus is characterised by lime green / turquoise body colouration with four to five broad red bands vertically on the facial area and a body patterned with irregular spots forming loose highly broken lines or dot series down the entirety of the flank (Figure 13). There is no black spot on the upper opercular margin, a distinguishing feature to G. histrio which does have this marking. Fins are often a lighter variation of the body colour or more yellow in colouration, with a fine pale black border (Suzuki et al., 1995; Munday et al., 1999). The total body length can often exceed 50 mm (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). Once considered to be a variation or subspecies of G. histrio (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999), G. erythrospilus has since been recognised as a valid species through both genetic and morphometric methods (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Shibukawa, Suzuki and Aizawa, 2013).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F751FFD3FF592AD1FF4DF8C0.taxon	distribution	Distribution: The geographic variation in abundance of G. erythrospilus is known to vary relative to that of G. histrio with changes in latitude (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). Gobiodon erythrospilus is more frequently recorded in the southern areas of the Great Barrier Reef, such as One Tree Island and Heron Island, whilst G. histrio is more frequent at lower latitudes, such as Kimbe Bay in Papua New Guinea (Munday et al., 1999; Hildebrandt, pers obs.). In the middle of the two extremes, e. g. Lizard Island in the northern Great Barrier Reef, the frequency of observation is roughly equal. The trend has not been reported in the Northern Hemisphere. Habitat: Gobiodon erythrospilus is found in the corymbose and caespitose corals of the genus Acropora, most notably A. nasuta, A. valida, A. cerealis, A. loripes, A. millepora, A. spathulata (Brook, 1891), and occasionally A. tenuis (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; Pereira and Munday, 2016; Froehlich et al., 2023). There are multiple species of Gobiodon that inhabit these corals at high frequencies, however it has been observed that different gobies inhabit these preferred corals in different reef locations (Munday and Wilson, 1997). Gobiodon erythrospilus is more commonly found on the reef slopes, lagoons and protected areas, whilst G. axillaris who prefers the same corals is often found in the less protected areas of the reef (Munday and Wilson, 1997). Status: The species is recorded as ‘ Vulnerable’ by the IUCN (Larson, 2020 f).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F751FFD3FF592AD1FF4DF8C0.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon erythrospilus sits in the middle of the sociality spectrum for the genus, and is often observed in pairs (mean group size: 1.86, SI: 0.33 – 0.42) (Hing et al., 2018; Hing, 2019; Froehlich et al., 2024). Genetics: Gobiodon erythrospilus is frequently adjacent to G. histrio in phylogenetic analyses (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019). This clade is known to include other species with a deeper and more compressed body shape and varying degrees of colour patterns, such as G. histrio, G. fuscoruber, G. axillaris, G. ater and G. fulvus (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019). The clade stays relatively stable despite usage of different genetic markers.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F752FFD0FF592AD1FDFEFAF0.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon fulvus has little published information available. As pointed out by Herler et al. (2013), this species is very rarely referred to in the literature, and the few occurrences that can be found do have some differences to the original description by Herre (1927). The original description by Herre (1927) was missing the description of light bars on the head and pale orange body, however this body colour and lack of patterns could indicate that the description was based on a preserved specimen, as many were in this time period. Current descriptions include a dark body with two light lines either side of the eye, two light lines before the pectoral fin, a black opercular margin spot and white lines along the base of the second dorsal and anal fins (Emery and Winterbottom, 1986; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013) (Figure 14). The description does share a resemblance to that of G. oculolineatus but can be easily distinguished as G. oculolineatus has bright blue lines rather than white and no additional lines either side of the opercular margin spot.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F752FFD0FF592AD1FDFEFAF0.taxon	distribution	Distribution: The currently known distribution for this description is the northwestern Pacific Ocean and Indian Ocean (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: No coral preferences are known. Status: As of the last assessment, the species was listed as ‘ Vulnerable’ (Larson, 2020 g).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F752FFD0FF592AD1FDFEFAF0.taxon	description	Sociality: This species has not been included in any known descriptions of sociality. Genetics: Gobiodon fulvus was included in a genetic analysis conducted by Herler et al. (2013), utilising specimens matching the description supplied above from the Maldives and Taiwan. These specimens were found to closely related to G. aoyagii and G. bicalvolineatus and the adjacent clade containing G. histrio, G. erythrospilus, G. fuscoruber, G. axillaris and G. ater.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F752FFD1FF592FDBFBD7FC51.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon fuscoruber was once thought to be two separate species, G. fuscoruber in the northern Pacific and Indian Oceans, and G. unicolor occupying the Great Barrier Reef region (Castelnau, 1873; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). Genetic analysis revealed that the Great Barrier Reef population was not a distinct species as previously thought and both populations became known under the species name G. fuscoruber (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). The original holotype for G. unicolor was investigated and is believed to more likely be a representative of the related species G. histrio due the characteristic black dot on the upper opercular margin and morphometrics (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). Colouration of G. fuscoruber is uniform brown to brown, grey with shades of red or grey occasionally present (Figure 15). A greenish gleam has also been occasionally observed along the dorsal surface (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F752FFD1FF592FDBFBD7FC51.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon fuscoruber is currently recorded in the Red Sea, central Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean from Japan in the north to the Great Barrier Reef in the south (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: Gobiodon fuscoruber is known to inhabit a wide range of corals from the genus Acropora, with the corymbose corals A. millepora and A. nasuta being inhabited at higher frequencies (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). Status: Gobiodon fuscoruber has been described as of ‘ Least Concern’ (Larson, 2019 d).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F752FFD1FF592FDBFBD7FC51.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon fuscoruber is often found living with congeners in mixed species groups (Patton et al., 1994; Munday et al., 1999). Gobiodon fuscoruber is most frequently observed in pairs or groups (mean group size: 2.78, SI: 0.42 – 0.57) (Hing et al., 2018; Hing, 2019; Froehlich et al., 2024). Genetics: Gobiodon fuscoruber is typically located in a clade with G. histrio, G. erythrospilus, G. axillaris, G. ater and G. fulvus (Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). Individuals listed as G. unicolor in phylogenetic analyses are synonymous with G. fuscoruber, and are identified in the same location on the phylogenetic tree (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F753FFCEFF592E78FAF3FC84.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon histrio was once considered a single species in conjunction with G. erythrospilus. Gobiodon erythrospilus was listed as a subspecies in a prior guide by Munday et al. (1999), who referred to an “ erythrospilus form ” of G. histrio. However, it has since been confirmed that the ‘ erythrospilus’ form is a distinct species and no longer belongs to this species (Shibukawa, Suzuki and Aizawa, 2013). Despite obvious similarities in colouration, there are several ways that G. histrio differs from G. erythrospilus. Most notable of these is the pattern of the red markings on a lime green / teal body, which are not defined spots or loose highly broken lines as seen in G. erythrospilus. Instead, G. histrio have irregular horizontal lines that are occasionally broken in sections or connected to other parallel lines, or a combination of open and closed bands that may or may not form a consistent line. There are four to five broad red bands vertically down the facial region, with a visible black spot on the upper base of the opercular margin. Fin colouration is described as pale green or light brown, and a red horizontal line can sometimes be observed on the lower portion of the dorsal fin (Figure 16).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F753FFCEFF592E78FAF3FC84.taxon	distribution	Distribution: As stated for G. erythrospilus, the relative abundance of the two species changes with latitude, with G. histrio occurring in higher abundance in the northern latitudes at locations such as Kimbe Bay, Papua New Guinea (see G. erythrospilus for more information) (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). Gobiodon histrio can be observed throughout the Indo-Pacific with the population spanning throughout the Red Sea, South East Asia, Japan, both Australian coasts and the South Pacific Islands (GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: The species is commonly observed in the corymbose and caespitose corals A. nasuta, A. valida, A. cerealis, A. secale, A. loripes, A. millepora and A. tenuis (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; Froehlich et al., 2023). Status: Gobiodon histrio is listed as being of ‘ Least Concern’ on the IUCN Red List (Acero et al., 2010).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F753FFCEFF592E78FAF3FC84.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon histrio is most frequently observed occupying corals in pairs but can be found in small groups (mean group size: 1.71, SI: 0.33 – 0.43) (Hing et al., 2018; Hing, 2019; Froehlich et al., 2024). Genetics: Genetic analyses consistently display a strong phylogenetic relationship with G. erythrospilus as suggested by the similarity in appearance (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019). Gobiodon histrio was placed in a clade with G. erythrospilus, G. fuscoruber, G. axillaris and G. ater (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74CFFCFFF5929CCFCD6FE49.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon howsoni is distinguished by a semi-translucent grey body. A white stripe is present on the flank aligned with the spinal column with a brown stripe on either side running from head to caudal peduncle (Figure 17). The ventral brown stripe is typically wider than the dorsal brown stripe (Allen, 2021). Small individuals and juveniles (smaller than 20 mm standard length), sometimes lack the brown stripe closest to the dorsal fins and may exhibit a more yellowish colouration (Allen, 2021). The length for G. howsoni is between 15.9 – 27.1 mm SL, therefore they are a smaller member of genus Gobiodon (Allen, 2021). The body shape exhibited by this species is akin to that of a congener G. okinawae, though the two differ in both body colouration, fin ray counts, canine dentition counts and length of the genital papillae (Allen, 2021).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74CFFCFFF5929CCFCD6FE49.taxon	distribution	Distribution: The species has only been observed in the lagoonal areas of Clerke Reef in the Rowley Shoals area of Western Australia in the eastern Indian Ocean (Allen, 2021). Habitat: It is currently only recorded inhabiting densely branching Acropora species, primarily the sub-arborescent structured A. longicyanthus (Milne Edwards, 1860) with a preferred depth of around 12 m (Allen, 2021). Status: There is currently insufficient data for the IUCN to designate a population status (Allen, 2021).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74CFFCFFF5929CCFCD6FE49.taxon	description	Sociality: No known social analyses have been conducted on this species. Genetics: No known genetic analyses have been conducted on this species. Notes: This species does share similarities to G. spilophthalmus regarding small size and colouration. Individuals matching G. spilophthalmus’ description have since been shown to be juveniles of other members of the genus, G. acicularis and G. ceramensis (Hing et al., 2019). The individuals known of G. howsoni have been described to have a similar body shape to G. okinawae (Allen, 2021), a member of the same genetic clade as G. acicularis and G. ceramensis which have been shown to undergo colour pattern changes with age. Therefore, it should be noted that thorough morphological and genetic analysis should be conducted to ensure that no members that may be identified as G. howsoni are juvenile members of other Gobiodon species.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74DFFCFFF592800FB78F82F.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon irregularis has a distinct adult and juvenile colouration. Adults are typically red-brown to orange-brown in body and fin colouration (Figure 18). Dark brown dots are visible along the nape and dorsal half of the body. Remnants of pale bluish bars on either side of the eye are sometimes visible, occasionally extending into the suborbital area. Juveniles are translucent green in colour with seven broad red bars on the head and pectoral-fin base. A transitional subadult phase has also been described (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013), often greenish brown in colouration with small red spots and irregular short lines on nape and dorsal area with some suborbital head bars still visible.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74DFFCFFF592800FB78F82F.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon irregularis has been observed in the Gulf of Aqaba and both the northern and southern Red Sea (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; GBIF. Org, 2024). An observation from Rodrigues in the western Indian Ocean has also been recorded (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). Habitat: Gobiodon irregularis has been described as a host generalist and has been recorded inhabiting a wide range of Acropora corals (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). However, on the reefs in the Red Sea, the species has been observed inhabiting the corymbose and caespitose corals A. samoensis, A. valida and A. secale at a higher frequency (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). The species is typically observed in deeper water such as the lower reef slope and fore reef (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013). Status: Gobiodon irregularis is listed as of ‘ Least Concern’ on the IUCN Red List (Larson, 2019 e).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74DFFCFFF592800FB78F82F.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon irregularis has not been included in any studies focusing on sociality. Genetics: Gobiodon irregularis has been included in a number of genetic analyses, and the closest phylogenetic neighbour is G. oculolineatus (Duchene et al., 2013). The species resides in a clade alongside other endemic Red Sea species such as G. bilineatus and G. reticulatus, as well as the more widespread G. quinquestrigatus, G. spadix, G. rivulatus and G. oculolineatus (Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74EFFCCFF592AD1FBBDFA4D.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon micropus has had a conflicted identification history, like many other species in this genus. Most recently, G. micropus was described as having an overall body shape and pigmentation pattern akin to that seen in G. brochus (Harold and Winterbottom, 1999) (Figure 19). The similarity in appearance resulted in numerous specimens of what was G. brochus, being identified as G. micropus until 1999, when the formal description of G. brochus was published and a distinction between the two species suggested. The distinction was based on morphological characteristics, such as the lack of dentigerous pads and varying number of branched dorsal rays. Additionally, Harold and Winterbottom (1999) do note that the shape of the dorsal fin seen in G. micropus is distinctive with the spines and rays of the first and second dorsal fin being quite long and approximately equal. However, this latter distinction was based on a singular account of the species from Winterbottom and Emery (1986). The only large scale physical distinguishing feature between G. micropus and G. brochus, is that the first dorsal fin of G. micropus is approximately the same length as the second dorsal fin, giving an appearance of equal height between the two fins (Harold and Winterbottom, 1999).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74EFFCCFF592AD1FBBDFA4D.taxon	distribution	Distribution: From the species descriptions, G. brochus is predominantly found in the Pacific Ocean, whereas G. micropus is thought to be restricted to the Indian Ocean (Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). Habitat: No host usage patterns are known for this species. Status: Unfortunately, the species population status is unknown, with the IUCN status listed as ‘ Data Deficient’ (Larson, 2020 d).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74EFFCCFF592AD1FBBDFA4D.taxon	description	Sociality: There are no known social analyses conducted on this species. Genetics: There are no known genetic analyses conducted on this species.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74FFFCDFF592AD1FE18FADC.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon oculolineatus was named for the two distinctive parallel blue lines, one either side of the eye, which extend down past the eye and onto the cheek (Figure 20). The body is typically darker in colour, frequently brown, but may also appear as a dark grey or red-grey colour. A lighter body colouration has been observed in the northern latitudes from Lizard Island, GBR, and Kimbe Bay, PNG (Froehlich pers. obs.).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74FFFCDFF592AD1FE18FADC.taxon	distribution	Distribution: The known distribution of G. oculolineatus is throughout the western Pacific, primarily the Great Barrier Reef, Papua New Guinea, Pacific Islands and southeast Asian regions, with one record from Oman in the northwest Indian Ocean (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; Duchene et al., 2013; GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: This species is most frequently observed inhabiting a wide variety of Acropora corals (Munday et al., 1999). Status: The conservation status of G. oculolineatus is listed as ‘ Least Concern’ (Larson, 2020 h).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74FFFCDFF592AD1FE18FADC.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon oculolineatus is frequently observed occupying corals in pairs (mean group size: 1.97, SI: 0.33 – 0.39) (Hing et al., 2018; Hing, 2019; Froehlich et al., 2024). Genetics: Gobiodon oculolineatus has only been included in two genetic analyses (Duchene et al., 2013; Hing et al., 2019). The species is often on an early branch of the clade which includes G. quinquestrigatus, G. spadix, G. reticulatus, G. irregularis, G. bilineatus and G. rivulatus (Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74FFFCAFF592FF7FB08FCE1.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon okinawae, or the Yellow or Okinawae Coralgoby, is one of the more easily recognised members of the genus, due to a distinctive uniform bright yellow colouration with a pale pink area on the cheek (Figure 21).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74FFFCAFF592FF7FB08FCE1.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon okinawae is distributed throughout the western Pacific, notably the Great Barrier Reef, Papua New Guinea and Ryuku Islands in Japan (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999), as well as the northern reefs of Western Australia (Larson, 2019, GBIF. Org, 2024). There has been a number of recordings throughout the central and western Indian Ocean but in significantly lower frequency than the Pacific Ocean (GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: This species has been recorded in a number of different host Acropora, but displays a preferences for those located in lagoonal or sheltered areas (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). Status: The conservation status of this species is of ‘ Least Concern’ on the IUCN Red List (Larson, 2019 f).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74FFFCAFF592FF7FB08FCE1.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon okinawae is commonly observed in pairs but also found in large groups occasionally (mean group size: 1.74, SI: 0.41 – 0.46) (Hing et al., 2018; Hing, 2019; Froehlich et al., 2024). Genetics: Gobiodon okinawae is consistently located in a clade alongside G. acicularis, G. ceramensis and G. citrinus (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019). Gobiodon okinawae has no distinct sister species within this clade, being the second to diverge after G. citrinus in some studies, and first to diverge from the central clade species in other studies depending on the genetic markers used (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019). Notes: Gobiodon okinawae spends a large amount of time among the outer branches of their host coral, making them one of the most identified and photographed members of the genus alongside G. citrinus.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F748FFCBFF5929E8FC79FF45.taxon	description	Description: Only in recent years has Gobiodon prolixus been separated from congeners with a similar appearance, namely G. quinquestrigatus and G. rivulatus. Gobiodon prolixus has five narrow pale blue vertical lines on the facial region, a feature it shares with G. quinquestrigatus. The main body colouration ranges from a light orange to a more translucent greenish colour, often with a line of pale elongate spots visible along the lateral line (Figure 22). A slightly darker reticulate pattern can often be observed between the eyes on the dorsal surface. The main distinguishing feature that sets this species apart from congeners with similar facial patterns, is a more elongate body shape and rounder head (Winterbottom and Harold, 2005).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F748FFCBFF5929E8FC79FF45.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Prevalent throughout the northern reefs of the Indian and Pacific Oceans (Chagos Islands, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan and the Pacific Islands) (Winterbottom and Harold, 2005; GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: Gobiodon prolixus has been most frequently observed on the corymbose coral Acropora valida, (Winterbottom and Harold, 2005; GBIF. Org, 2024). Although not officially observed on the Great Barrier Reef, it is suggested they would be found in the region (Winterbottom and Harold, 2005). Gobiodon prolixus has also been observed in the Red Sea and southern Indian Ocean (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; GBIF. Org, 2024). Status: The population status is described as ‘ Least Concern’ (Larson, 2019 g).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F748FFCBFF5929E8FC79FF45.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon prolixus has not been included in any sociality index analyses. Genetics: The species has not been included in any genetic analyses.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F749FFCBFF592B0CFBEDF868.taxon	description	Description: In the past there has been some confusion over the identification of G. quinquestrigatus, with a large number of visually similar species within the genus. Adults of G. quinquestrigatus typically have a dark brown body with a lighter head that may appear slightly red or orange in colour (Figure 23). The most notable feature is the five bright blue vertical lines on the facial region. Some adults have been known to display a lighter green colouration, especially when placed under stress or low light levels (Munday et al., 1999; Hildebrandt, pers. obs.). A lighter coloured variation has also been observed at northern Great Barrier Reef and Papua New Guinea locations, with the entire body displaying a lighter shade of the more typical head colour and taking on a more transparent appearance similar to G. prolixus (Froehlich pers. obs.). The body shape of G. quinquestrigatus is more fusiform with a more elongate body shaped compared to some of the more laterally compressed species, however, is still more laterally compressed than G. prolixus.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F749FFCBFF592B0CFBEDF868.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon quinquestrigatus has frequently been identified throughout the central and western Pacific Ocean and eastern Indian Ocean (Munday et al., 1999; Froehlich et al., 2023; Hildebrandt, pers. obs.). Distribution does extend into the western Indian Ocean and Red Sea, though individuals of this species do not seem to be as prevalent (GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: The species is known to inhabit a wide range of Acropora corals, most notably A. cerealis, A. millepora, A. humilis, A. gemmifera and A. valida (Munday et al., 1999; Froehlich et al., 2023; Hildebrandt, pers. obs.). The recorded coral occupation suggests high variation in the growth form of host corals, including caespitose, corymbose and digitate. Status: The conservation status for this species is listed as ‘ Least Concern’ (Larson, 2019 h).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F749FFCBFF592B0CFBEDF868.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon quinquestrigatus is most frequently observed occupying corals as pairs (mean group size: 1.93, SI: 0.33 – 0.49) (Hing et al., 2018; Hing, 2019; Froehlich et al., 2024). Genetics: The sister species of G. quinquestrigatus is G. spadix, which is consistently observed as the neighbouring species on phylogenetic trees regardless of the genetic markers used (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019). The clade with G. quinquestrigatus also includes G. spadix, G. rivulatus, G. oculolineatus, G. reticulatus, G. bilineatus and G. irregularis (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74AFFC8FF592AD1FDE3FAD0.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon reticulatus is orange to brown in base colouration with multiple distinguishing markings adorning the body. The facial region has several pale, sometimes blueish, lines visible, extending from above the orbital area, through the cheek to the suborbital area (Figure 24). These lines are sometimes margined with an orange-red colour. Not all the lines must extend the full length, but typically at least five running the majority of the body depth are visible. From the pectoral fin margin to the caudal fin is covered with small pale dots. A pale line can also be observed along the base of the dorsal fins and anal fin, sometimes margined with a darker orange red. Fins can range from slightly lighter than the body colour to numerous shades darker.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74AFFC8FF592AD1FDE3FAD0.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon reticulatus is typically observed inhabiting corals in deeper waters up to 30 m in depth on the reef slope and fore reef regions within the Gulf of Aqaba, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Gulf of Oman (Dirnwöber and Herler, 2007; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013) and in the western Indian Ocean (GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: The species has been observed inhabiting a few different corals in genus Acropora, most notably the bushy corymbose corals A. loripes, A. squarrosa (Ehrenberg, 1834) and A. samoensis (Dirnwöber and Herler, 2007). Status: The IUCN Red List status for this species is ‘ Vulnerable’ (Larson, 2020 i).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74AFFC8FF592AD1FDE3FAD0.taxon	description	Sociality: No known descriptions of sociality currently exist for this species. Genetics: Gobiodon reticulatus has been included in two genetic analyses, though the closest related species varies by study as not all species within the clade were included in both studies. Depending on the analysis, the closest related species is either only G. irregularis (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013) or both G. irregularis and G. oculolineatus (Duchene et al., 2013). Further genetic testing of this clade will be required to confirm the closest genetic relative. Other members of the clade G. reticulatus belongs to include G. quinquestrigatus, G. rivulatus, G. irregularis, G. spadix and G. bilineatus.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74AFFC9FF592FFDFBEDFC85.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon rivulatus is characterised by both adults and juveniles having narrow wavy bright blue lines running vertically along the entire length of the head and body (Figure 25). There are two distinct base colour morphs recorded, a lighter and darker base body colouration. The lighter colouration is often a translucent green or blue colour with occasional orange / red shades apparent. The darker colouration is often a dark brown to grey colour with some green apparent.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74AFFC9FF592FFDFBEDFC85.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon rivulatus is found throughout the whole known range of Gobiodon, including the Pacific Ocean, Indian Ocean and Red Sea (GBIF. Org, 2024). Habitat: Gobiodon rivulatus is known to inhabit a wide range of Acropora corals, with the most frequently recorded species being digitate corals such as A. gemmifera, A. digitifera (Dana, 1846) and A. secale (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; Froehlich et al., 2024). It has been suggested that the variation of the base colour could be associated with the occupation of a host coral, as Munday et al. (1999) stated that individuals observed on A. secale were typically darker and larger than those on A. gemmifera. Status: The species is listed as ‘ Least Concern’ by the IUCN Red List (Larson, 2019 i).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74AFFC9FF592FFDFBEDFC85.taxon	description	Sociality: Gobiodon rivulatus is typically observed hosting corals in pairs or groups (mean group size: 2.59, SI: 0.33 – 0.65) (Hing et al., 2018; Hing, 2019; Froehlich et al., 2024). Genetics: Gobiodon rivulatus has no consistent sister species, but is frequently located within a clade alongside G. quinquestrigatus, G. spadix, G. oculolineatus, G. bilineatus, G. reticulatus and G. irregularis (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74BFFC6FF5929CCFC9EFD81.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon spadix does share characteristics with G. quinquestrigatus but has numerous distinguishing features. The base colouration of this species is red, with the fins being significantly darker than the body (Figure 26). Pale blue lines adorn the facial region, though are not as prominent as those seen in G. quinquestrigatus and G. rivulatus. In the past this species has occasionally been recorded as G. quinquestrigatus, but genetic and morphological differences have been recognised over the years (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; Harold et al., 2008), designating the species the holding name of Gobiodon sp. D (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999), followed by the description as G. spadix (Sato and Motomura, 2024).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74BFFC6FF5929CCFC9EFD81.taxon	distribution	Distribution: Gobiodon spadix has been recorded throughout the western Pacific Ocean, from Japan in the north to the southern GBR. Similar appearing individuals have been recorded in the Maldives in the central Indian Ocean, however they appear genetically distinct despite similar morphology (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hildebrandt et al., 2024; Sato and Motomura, 2024). Habitat: It has primarily been observed occupying the branching coral species A. divaricata (Dana, 1846), A japonica, Veron, 2000, and A. solitaryensis, Veron and Wallace, 1984, according to Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999; Hildebrandt et al., 2024, and Sato and Motomura, 2024. Status: Unfortunately, due to the species recent description, no IUCN population assessment has been made for this species.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F74BFFC6FF5929CCFC9EFD81.taxon	description	Sociality: Whilst the species was observed in Hing et al. (2018), unfortunately there was low abundance of the species at the study site, resulting in insufficient group data to formulate an average group size and sociality index for this species (Hing et al., 2018). However, the species has been observed in both pairs and groups (Froehlich and Hildebrandt, pers. obs.). Genetics: Gobiodon spadix has appeared in a number of genetic analyses over the last few decades under the holding name of G. sp. D (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019). Gobiodon spadix is consistently paired with the sister species G. quinquestrigatus (Harold et al., 2008; Duchene et al., 2013; Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013; Hing et al., 2019). Across all conducted analyses, the clade appears to contain G. spadix, G. quinquestrigatus, G. bilineatus, G. oculolineatus G. rivulatus, G. reticulatus and G. irregularis (Herler, Bogorodsky and Suzuki, 2013).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F744FFC6FF5928C8FBA7F8E9.taxon	description	Description: Gobiodon winterbottomi is uniformly dark brown, grey to black in colour (Figure 27). Fins are typically lighter in colour than the rest of the body. There are no markings on the head or body region of this species. The first dorsal fin, unlike congeners, is not rounded, but trapezoidal in shape (Suzuki, Yano and Senou, 2012). There are no known appearance differences between adults and juveniles aside from size variation (Suzuki, Yano and Senou, 2012). Adults have been recorded around 30 mm SL, whilst juvenile members are smaller at 20 mm SL (Suzuki, Yano and Senou, 2012). The darker pigmentation is shared with G. acicularis, G. ater and G. ceramensis. The trapezoidal shape of the first dorsal find and the fins being a lighter colour than the body colour can be used to identify G. winterbottomi amongst similarly coloured dark grey / black congeners.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F744FFC6FF5928C8FBA7F8E9.taxon	distribution	Distribution: The current known distribution is restricted to Iriomote-jima Island in the Ryukyu Islands of Japan (Suzuki, Yano and Senou, 2012). Habitat: Gobiodon winterbottomi are found primarily within the whorled plate-shaped coral Echinopora lamellose, (Esper, 1971) on the reef slope at depths of 5 – 8 m (Suzuki, Yano and Senou, 2012). Status: The population currently has insufficient data collected to designate an IUCN status (Larson, 2019 j).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F744FFC6FF5928C8FBA7F8E9.taxon	description	Sociality: No known studies of sociality have been conducted for the species. Genetics: No known genetic analyses have been conducted for the species.	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F745FFC7FF592AD1FF54FAF8.taxon	description	Synonyms or described as: No recorded synonyms. Description: The description of this species can vary depending on the source material. The description includes juveniles with a white body with two longitudinal black stripes on the body and black spots on the head and tail (Figure 28) (Fowler, 1944). Adults are described as uniformly black and distinguished from G. acicularis due to the lack of an elongated first dorsal fin (Fowler, 1944; Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
03AA2900F745FFC7FF592AD1FF54FAF8.taxon	distribution	Distribution / Habitat: The species was described inhabiting a wide range of coral species typically found in lagoonal or sheltered areas of the reef with unknown distribution (Munday, Harold and Winterbottom, 1999). Notes: Gobiodon spilophthalmus was once considered to be an independent species, but recent evidence suggests that these individuals are likely to be juvenile individuals of G. acicularis and G. ceramensis (Hing et al., 2019). Individuals fitting the description of G. spilophthalmus were collected in corals with adult G. acicularis and G. ceramensis from Lizard Island, GBR, and genetically analysed (Hing et al., 2019). Gobiodon spilophthalmus individuals fell out into genetic clades with either known species, correlating with the adults they were observed cohabitating with in host corals (Figure 28) (Hing et al., 2019). Genetic relatedness with G. acicularis and G. ceramensis was so similar, that with confidence, they could be assigned to the cohabitating species (Hing et al., 2019).	en	Hildebrandt, Courtney A., Froehlich, Catheline Y. M., Klanten, O. Selma, Wong, Marian Y. L. (2025): Goby spotting: An updated guide to coral gobies (Genus: Gobiodon) in the Indo-Pacific Region. Zootaxa 5723 (2): 151-188, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5723.2.1
