identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
03BB87C7D158FFC6FF50FA69FE687F51.text	03BB87C7D158FFC6FF50FA69FE687F51.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afopipistrellus crassulus (Tomas 1904)	<div><p>Afopipistrellus crassulus (Tomas, 1904)</p><p>Broad-headed pipistrelle</p><p>Synonymy:</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87C7D158FFC6FF50FA69FE687F51	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Torrent, Laura;Juste, Javier;Garin, Inazio;Aihartza, Joxerra;Dalton, Desiré L.;Mamba, Mnqobi;Tanshi, Iroro;Powell, Luke L.;Padidar, Sara;Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia;Richards, Leigh;Monadjem, Ara	Torrent, Laura, Juste, Javier, Garin, Inazio, Aihartza, Joxerra, Dalton, Desiré L., Mamba, Mnqobi, Tanshi, Iroro, Powell, Luke L., Padidar, Sara, Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia, Richards, Leigh, Monadjem, Ara (2025): Taxonomic revision of African pipistrelle-like bats with a new species from the West Congolean rainforest. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020
03BB87C7D15FFFC1FF5AFC9EFD997A44.text	03BB87C7D15FFFC1FF5AFC9EFD997A44.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Afopipistrellus musciculus (Tomas 1913)	<div><p>Afopipistrellus musciculus (Tomas, 1913)</p><p>Mouse-like pipistrelle</p><p>Synonymy:</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87C7D15FFFC1FF5AFC9EFD997A44	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Torrent, Laura;Juste, Javier;Garin, Inazio;Aihartza, Joxerra;Dalton, Desiré L.;Mamba, Mnqobi;Tanshi, Iroro;Powell, Luke L.;Padidar, Sara;Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia;Richards, Leigh;Monadjem, Ara	Torrent, Laura, Juste, Javier, Garin, Inazio, Aihartza, Joxerra, Dalton, Desiré L., Mamba, Mnqobi, Tanshi, Iroro, Powell, Luke L., Padidar, Sara, Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia, Richards, Leigh, Monadjem, Ara (2025): Taxonomic revision of African pipistrelle-like bats with a new species from the West Congolean rainforest. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020
03BB87C7D157FFC6FBBDFEB1FE777C6C.text	03BB87C7D157FFC6FBBDFEB1FE777C6C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Vespertilionini	<div><p>Tribe Vespertilionini</p><p>Phylogenetic analysis of Cytb and COI identified several wellsupported clades, although basal nodes were generally poorly supported. Our phylogeny of Vespertilionini clearly distinguished the seven genera (Afonycteris, Afopipistrellus, Hypsugo, Laephotis, Neoromicia, Nycticeinops, and Pseudoromicia) that are currently recognized in Africa. Te members of the genera Laephotis and Neoromicia form monophyletic clades that are sister to each other based on both ML and BI analyses (Fig. 2). Similarly, Afonycteris and Pseudoromicia genera form monophyletic clades supported by both ML and BI analyses (Fig. 2). However, in the COI phylogenies, only monophyly of the genera Laephotis, Neoromicia, and Afonycteris were supported (Supporting Information, Fig. S1). In the ML phylogeny, the members of the genus Afopipistrellus, except for Af. eisentrauti, formed a monophyletic clade sister to the genus Hypsugo ‘ sensu stricto ’ (from North Africa and elsewhere in the Palaearctic and Indo-Malayan regions) (Fig. 2). Interestingly, in the BI phylogeny, Ny. schlieffenii and Ny. cf. schlieffenii were supported as sister to the Afopipistrellus clade, whereas Af. eisentrauti was not. Moreover, Af. crassulus together with a sample of Af. cf. crassulus from Tanzania were placed in our topology with high bootstrap support as a sister species of Af. bellieri . Furthermore, the new sequences from ‘ Hypsugo musciculus ’ from Equatorial Guinea were also placed in the topology within Afopipistrellus, showing sister-relationships to Af. happoldorum and to Af. grandidieri . A final group of samples from Equatorial Guinea corresponded to the species Af. happoldorum (Fig. 2).</p><p>Within the genus Pseudoromicia, both ML and BI analyses recovered a clade formed by Ps. brunnea, Ps. isabella, Ps. kityoi, Ps. mbamminkom, Ps. roseveari, and Ps. cf. tenuipinnis (Fig. 2). Te three new sequences from Equatorial Guinea were obtained from individuals of white-winged bats, identified morphologically as Ps. tenuipinnis in the field and confirmed based only on the genetic material. Two of these sequences grouped with a Ps. cf. tenuipinnis sample from Tanzania in a group formed by Ps. mbamminkom, Ps. kityoi, Ps. roseveari, and Ps. sp. from Tanzania. However, one sequence was placed within the species Ps. nyanza (Fig. 2). Te remaining samples from Equatorial Guinea belonging to the tribe were included within the clades that defined the species Afonycteris nanus, Ps. mbamminkom, and Ps. roseveari for both ML and BI analyses (Fig. 2).</p><p>K2P genetic divergence between Afopipistrellus species ranged from 7.4% between Af. happoldorum and Af. grandidieri, to 28.3% between Af. crassulus and Af. eisentrauti . Divergence of Af. musciculus from Hypsugo species ranged from 16.5% to 19.7% (Supporting Information, Table S3). Te divergence between Nycticeinops and Afopipistrellus species ranged from 12.6% between Ny. cf. schlieffenii and Af. bellieri, to 27.8% between Ny. schlieffenii and Af. crassulus . Te genetic divergence between Ps. nyanza and Ps. cf. nyanza was 10.5%, and between these two taxa and Ps. cf. tenuipinnis was 21.3% and 21.5%, respectively. Moreover, the divergence between Ps. brunnea and Ps. mbamminkom, and Ps. roseveari was 8.1% and 6.4% respectively (Supporting Information, Table S3).</p><p>Te PCA ordination of craniodental variables for African Afopipistrellus and Nycticeinops species accounted for 85% of the variation, within the two first axes. Te first principal component (PC1) represented a size gradient with positive loadings for all measurements (Table 1). Te ordination allocated Af. musciculus in a distinct region of the morphospace in which the remaining species were distributed along the size axis with some degree of overlap among them (Fig. 3). Afopipistrellus musciculus appears on the lef of the graph, thus being the smallest Afopipistrellus of the species studied. Te second principal component (PC2) had a distinct high positive loading (0.927) for the variable GSH, indicating that the main difference in shape among the studied samples was the skull height (Table 1). Te samples of Af. musciculus presented the most inflated skull of all Afopipistrellus and Nycticeinops studied (Fig. 3). Te complete set of body and craniodental measurements of all Afopipistrellus specimens from Equatorial Guinea used in this study is reported in Supporting Information Tables S4–S 6.</p><p>Te bacula of Afopipistrellus showed remarkable variation in shape among species. Te baculum of Af. eisentrauti was small and lacked the long, slender, and tapered shaf of other species within the genus (Supporting Information, Figs S2, S 3, Table S7). Unlike the Af. eisentrauti baculum drawing presented in Hill and Harrison (1987: 69), the Af. eisentrauti specimen (EBD 19104M) had a slightly pointed tip (Supporting Information, Fig. S2). Te bacula of Af. musciculus and Af. happoldorum were long and slender with a narrow tip and two basal lobes, Af. musciculus was c. 1 mm shorter in length, the base conspicuously bifurcated and overall thinner than Af. happoldorum (Supporting</p><p>(I) model. Filled red circles on nodes denote bootstrap (BS)</p><p>values ≥ 70% and Bayesian posterior probabilities (PP) ≥ 0.90. Open circles outlined in black indicate BS ≥ 70% and PP &lt;0.90, and open circles outlined in red indicate BS &lt;70% and PP&gt; 0.90. DRC refers to the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Labels include species name, GenBank accession number or specimen/sample number, and country of collection (Supporting Information, Table S2). Branch colours indicate individual species/clade membership.</p><p>Information, Fig. S2, Table S7). Moreover, the baculum of Af. happoldorum had the thickest shaf of the five Afopipistrellus species. Te baculum of Af. crassulus was the thinnest of all Afopipistrellus species, only comparable to Af. bellieri, with an overall long shape and a narrow tip, and short but conspicuous basal lobes (Supporting Information, Figs S2, S 3, Table S7).</p><p>Te mean echolocation call parameters of Af. crassulus (FME 46.65, StartF 90.94, and EndF 40.15 kHz) were higher than for Af. happoldorum (FME40.55, StartF 78.87, and EndF 35.20kH z) (Table 2). Te echolocation calls of Ps. cf. mbamminkom, Ps. roseveari, Ps. cf. nyanza, and Ps. cf. tenuipinnis from Equatorial Guinea overlapped in the three call parameters measured with a FME between 39.21 and 40.40 kHz, StartF between 60.33 and 65.98 kHz, and EndF between 30.37 and 35.15 kHz (Table 2).</p><p>Tribe Pipistrellini</p><p>For the tribe Pipistrellini, our reconstructions, under both ML and BI criteria, recovered the three genera currently recognized in Africa ( Pipistrellus, Scotoecus, and Vansonia) (Fig. 4). In the Cytb phylogeny, within the genus Pipistrellus, a strongly supported clade comprising specimens captured on Bioko Island stood out as a distinct group, sister to Pi. hesperidus and Pi. simandouensis but clearly differentiated from these two species (Fig. 4). Likewise, a COI phylogenetic tree incorporating sequences from both tribes also reaffirms the monophyly of the group. However, the relationship between the three species must be interpreted carefully because the topology from the COI phylogeny did not support the Cytb hypothesis (Fig. 4; Supporting Information, Fig. S1). Moreover, both ML and BI analyses placed Pi. cf. hesperidus from Senegal apart from the other sequences identified as Pi. hesperidus from Kenya and showing sister-relationships with a separate clade representing Pi. rusticus from Namibia (Fig. 4).</p><p>K2P genetic divergence between the undescribed lineage from Bioko and Pi. hesperidus and Pi. simandouensis were 6.4% and 11.1%, respectively. Genetic divergence between this new lineage and the other Pipistrellus varied from 10.3% to 26.3% (Table 3).</p><p>Te ordination of the samples for the two main axes of a PCA multivariate analysis on the craniodental measurements of the African Pipistrellus species shows that most taxa are distributed along the morphospace’s first axis with litle overlap (Fig. 5). Te first two principal axes accounted for 87% of the total variation, and PC1 represented a size variation with negative loadings for all craniodental measurements (Table 4). Hence, the smallest species ( Pi. nanulus) appeared on the right side of PC1. In contrast, the new lineage from Bioko is located on the lef side of the gradient (Fig. 5), indicating that this group represents the largest of the series studied. PC2, which can be interpreted as summarizing the variation in shape, had two high negative loadings; the most significant negative value (–0.781) corresponded to skull height (GSH), and the second most significant negative value (–0.428) corresponded to postorbital width (POB) (Table 4). Species with higher projections on PC2 had narrower interorbital regions and flater skulls. Pipistrellus simandouensis from West Africa scarcely overlaps with the lineage found on Bioko Island (Fig. 5).</p><p>Te penises and bacula of the Pipistrellus taxa from Bioko, as well as Pi. simandouensis, Pi. hesperidus, Pi. rusticus, and Pi. nanulus, are presented in Figures 6 and 7 and Table 5. Overall, the shape of the penises was similar, with a swollen glans and long whitish hairs, except for Pi. nanulus that presented the same thickness from the base to the glans of the penis (Fig. 6). Te bacula of the five taxa had elongated shafs, bifurcated tips, wide bases, and are of similar size, except for Pi. nanulus, which shows a distinctly larger and sturdier baculum than the other species (Fig. 7).</p><p>Based on the molecular and morphological differentiation presented above, we conclude that the new lineage from Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea, represents an unknown Pipistrellus species. We first reassess the taxonomy of Af. crassulus and Af. musciculus, and then describe the new species of Pipistrellus .</p><p>Taxonomy</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87C7D157FFC6FBBDFEB1FE777C6C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Torrent, Laura;Juste, Javier;Garin, Inazio;Aihartza, Joxerra;Dalton, Desiré L.;Mamba, Mnqobi;Tanshi, Iroro;Powell, Luke L.;Padidar, Sara;Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia;Richards, Leigh;Monadjem, Ara	Torrent, Laura, Juste, Javier, Garin, Inazio, Aihartza, Joxerra, Dalton, Desiré L., Mamba, Mnqobi, Tanshi, Iroro, Powell, Luke L., Padidar, Sara, Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia, Richards, Leigh, Monadjem, Ara (2025): Taxonomic revision of African pipistrelle-like bats with a new species from the West Congolean rainforest. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020
03BB87C7D15FFFC0FC09FE82FD4078BC.text	03BB87C7D15FFFC0FC09FE82FD4078BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Hypsugo musciculus Simmons 2005	<div><p>Hypsugo musciculus Simmons (2005)</p><p>Material examined</p><p>EBD 15554 M, male, Mainland Equatorial Guinea, collected by Javier Juste on 8 May 1987; EBD 20568 M, male, Mainland Equatorial Guinea, collected by Javier Juste on 16 May 1990 .</p><p>Description and remarks</p><p>Tis is a small bat with a total length between 64.0 and 69.0 mm, a forearm between 25.5 and 26.1 mm, and a body mass of c. 3.4 to 4.0 g (Supporting Information, Table S4). Te pelage is dark brown dorsally and ventrally and the hair is unicoloured. Te skull is comparatively small and the braincase is high with a mean GSKL of 11.53 mm and GSH of 5.09 mm (Supporting Information, Table S5). I 2 is bicuspid and I 3 is smaller; the anterior upper premolar is minute and displaced lingually; lower molars are myotodont.It presents the smallest dental measurements among all Afopipistrellus examined with a C–M 3 mean value of 3.81 mm, C–C 3.45 mm, M 3 –M 3 4.90 mm, and c–m 3 4.00 mm (Supporting Information, Table S6). Te baculum of Af. musciculus is long and slender, with a pointed tip and two conspicuous and thin lobes at the base (Supporting Information, Fig. S2, Table S7). Afopipistrellus musciculus r anges from West Sierra Leone to West DRC, with records from Ghana, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon (Supporting Information, Fig. S4D). It is mainly known from the lowland rainforest in Central Africa but West Africa records are from savanna habitats (Monadjem et al. 2024). A post-lactating female was captured in February in Mainland Equatorial Guinea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87C7D15FFFC0FC09FE82FD4078BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Torrent, Laura;Juste, Javier;Garin, Inazio;Aihartza, Joxerra;Dalton, Desiré L.;Mamba, Mnqobi;Tanshi, Iroro;Powell, Luke L.;Padidar, Sara;Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia;Richards, Leigh;Monadjem, Ara	Torrent, Laura, Juste, Javier, Garin, Inazio, Aihartza, Joxerra, Dalton, Desiré L., Mamba, Mnqobi, Tanshi, Iroro, Powell, Luke L., Padidar, Sara, Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia, Richards, Leigh, Monadjem, Ara (2025): Taxonomic revision of African pipistrelle-like bats with a new species from the West Congolean rainforest. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020
03BB87C7D158FFC6FF31F92FFDE17FC3.text	03BB87C7D158FFC6FF31F92FFDE17FC3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus) crassulus Hill and Harrison 1987	<div><p>Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus) crassulus Hill and Harrison (1987)</p><p>Hypsugo crassulus Heller et al. (1994)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87C7D158FFC6FF31F92FFDE17FC3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Torrent, Laura;Juste, Javier;Garin, Inazio;Aihartza, Joxerra;Dalton, Desiré L.;Mamba, Mnqobi;Tanshi, Iroro;Powell, Luke L.;Padidar, Sara;Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia;Richards, Leigh;Monadjem, Ara	Torrent, Laura, Juste, Javier, Garin, Inazio, Aihartza, Joxerra, Dalton, Desiré L., Mamba, Mnqobi, Tanshi, Iroro, Powell, Luke L., Padidar, Sara, Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia, Richards, Leigh, Monadjem, Ara (2025): Taxonomic revision of African pipistrelle-like bats with a new species from the West Congolean rainforest. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020
03BB87C7D158FFC1FF06F88DFC907B60.text	03BB87C7D158FFC1FF06F88DFC907B60.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus (Vansonia) crassulus Koopman 1994	<div><p>Pipistrellus (Vansonia) crassulus Koopman (1994)</p><p>Parahypsugo crassulus Huterer et al. (2019a)</p><p>Nycticeinops crassulus Monadjem et al. (2021a)</p><p>Material examined</p><p>EBD 13937 M, male, Mainland Equatorial Guinea, collected by Javier Juste on 24 September 1985 ; EBD 17653 M, female, Mainland Equatorial Guinea, collected by Javier Juste on 26 February 1988 ; EBD 17743 M, female, Mainland Equatorial Guinea, collected by Javier Juste on 25 May 1988 ; EBD 34810 M, female, and EBD 34811 M, male, Mainland Equatorial Guinea, collected by Laura Torrent, Inazio Garin, Joxerra Aihartza, Anton Ayong Nguema and Esther Abeme Nguema Alene on 15 May 2022 ; ENMNH EQ013 female from Hormigas Camp, Bioko Island, collected by Ara Monadjem, Iroro Tanshi and Mnqobi Mamba 15 January 2024 ; and ENMNH EQ023 female, from Mainland Equatorial Guinea, collected by Ara Monadjem, Laura Torrent and Mnqobi Mamba on 23 January 2024 .</p><p>Description and remarks</p><p>Afopipistrellus crassulus is distinguished from Af. bellieri from West Africa by molecular and morphological characters. It is, on average, smaller and with a more flatened skull than bellieri (Fig. 3). Sagital and lambdoid crests are litle developed in Af. crassulus, whereas in Af. bellieri they form a weak occipital helmet. In Af. crassulus, P 2 is minute and displaced lingually, barely visible above the gum, whereas in Af. bellieri it is larger and more visible. Moreover, P 4 and C 1 are usually in contact in Af. crassulus but separated in Af. bellieri . Te baculum of Af. crassulus is longer with a narrow tip, and the base is divided into two lobes by a deep cleavage, while in Af. bellieri the tip is inflated and the base is rounded (Supporting Information, Figs S2, S 3) (Heller et al. 1994, Bates et al. 2013, Huterer et al. 2019a, Moratelli et al. 2019).</p><p>While Af. bellieri is only known from West African rainforests (Guinea, Liberia, and Ivory Coast) (Monadjem et al. 2013, 2016, Decher et al. 2015), Af. crassulus is known from a wider diversity of habitats (rainforests, swamps, montane and coastal forests to savannas) from Equatorial Guinea, Cameroon, Republic of Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Nigeria, Sudan, Uganda, Kenya, and Angola (Bates et al. 2013, Fahr 2013, Huterer et al. 2019 a,Tanshi et al. 2021) (Supporting Information, Fig.S4A).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87C7D158FFC1FF06F88DFC907B60	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Torrent, Laura;Juste, Javier;Garin, Inazio;Aihartza, Joxerra;Dalton, Desiré L.;Mamba, Mnqobi;Tanshi, Iroro;Powell, Luke L.;Padidar, Sara;Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia;Richards, Leigh;Monadjem, Ara	Torrent, Laura, Juste, Javier, Garin, Inazio, Aihartza, Joxerra, Dalton, Desiré L., Mamba, Mnqobi, Tanshi, Iroro, Powell, Luke L., Padidar, Sara, Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia, Richards, Leigh, Monadjem, Ara (2025): Taxonomic revision of African pipistrelle-like bats with a new species from the West Congolean rainforest. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020
03BB87C7D15EFFC0FF41FDACFE687B96.text	03BB87C7D15EFFC0FF41FDACFE687B96.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus etula Torrent & Juste & Garin & Aihartza & Dalton & Mamba & Tanshi & Powell & Padidar & Mudarra & Richards & Monadjem 2025	<div><p>Pipistrellus etula Torrent et al., sp. nov.</p><p>Bioko pipistrelle</p><p>Synonymy:</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87C7D15EFFC0FF41FDACFE687B96	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Torrent, Laura;Juste, Javier;Garin, Inazio;Aihartza, Joxerra;Dalton, Desiré L.;Mamba, Mnqobi;Tanshi, Iroro;Powell, Luke L.;Padidar, Sara;Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia;Richards, Leigh;Monadjem, Ara	Torrent, Laura, Juste, Javier, Garin, Inazio, Aihartza, Joxerra, Dalton, Desiré L., Mamba, Mnqobi, Tanshi, Iroro, Powell, Luke L., Padidar, Sara, Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia, Richards, Leigh, Monadjem, Ara (2025): Taxonomic revision of African pipistrelle-like bats with a new species from the West Congolean rainforest. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020
03BB87C7D15EFFC0FEA9FD22FD1C7A37.text	03BB87C7D15EFFC0FEA9FD22FD1C7A37.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus kuhlii Hill 1968	<div><p>Pipistrellus kuhlii Hill (1968) ?</p><p>Pipistrellus kuhlii Huterer et al. (1992) ?</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87C7D15EFFC0FEA9FD22FD1C7A37	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Torrent, Laura;Juste, Javier;Garin, Inazio;Aihartza, Joxerra;Dalton, Desiré L.;Mamba, Mnqobi;Tanshi, Iroro;Powell, Luke L.;Padidar, Sara;Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia;Richards, Leigh;Monadjem, Ara	Torrent, Laura, Juste, Javier, Garin, Inazio, Aihartza, Joxerra, Dalton, Desiré L., Mamba, Mnqobi, Tanshi, Iroro, Powell, Luke L., Padidar, Sara, Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia, Richards, Leigh, Monadjem, Ara (2025): Taxonomic revision of African pipistrelle-like bats with a new species from the West Congolean rainforest. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020
03BB87C7D15EFFDCFF6AFC81FE177BA7.text	03BB87C7D15EFFDCFF6AFC81FE177BA7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus kuhlii Juste and Ibanez 1994	<div><p>Pipistrellus kuhlii Juste and Ibáñez (1994b)</p><p>Holotype: EBD 19203 M. Te bat was collected by Javier Juste. It is an adult male fixed in formalin and currently preserved in 70% alcohol, with the skull and baculum extracted and cleaned. Photographs of the fur, tragus, rhinarium, and thumb are illustrated in Figures 8 and 9, while the skull and mandible are illustrated in Figure 10. Te penis and the baculum are presented in Figures 6 and 7.</p><p>Type locality: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.621175&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3554666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.621175/lat 3.3554666)">Biao Lake</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.621175&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3554666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.621175/lat 3.3554666)">Bioko Island</a>, Equatorial Guinea (Figs 1, 11A). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.621175&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=3.3554666" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.621175/lat 3.3554666)">It</a> was neted on 14 April 1989 in the montane forest of the slopes of Biao Peak, which shelters the crater that currently forms Biao Lake (3.3554666N; 8.6211751E) at an elevation of 1826 m above sea level (a.s.l.).</p><p>Etymology: ‘etula’ means island or nation in the language of the original Bubi people of Bioko Island.</p><p>Paratypes: Tree additional bats, identified as belonging to this new species, were captured at the type locality on 13 April 1989 (EBD 19086 M, male) and 15 April 1989 (EBD 19087 M, male and EBD 19088 M, female). Te individual EBD 19086 M was sequenced and grouped with the holotype in the Cytb phylogeny (Fig. 4) .</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>A medium-sized pipistrelloid bat, assigned to the genus Pipistrellus based on the presence of a small anterior upper premolar, the baculum shape (Hill and Harrison 1987) and Cytb and COI phylogenies (Fig. 4; Supporting Information, Fig. S1). Te cranium is more inflated in Pipistrellus etula sp. nov. than in most Afopipistrellus, except Af. eisentrauti and Af. happoldorum . Pipistrellus etula sp. nov. is separated from Pi. simandouensis by its lighter bicoloured pelage (Fig. 8), the shape of the penis and baculum, and the tragus notch (Figs 6, 7; Supporting Information, Fig. S5), and the lingual position of the upper anterior premolar (Fig. 10). Te penis of Pi. etula sp. nov. has a white protuberance located on the extremity of the prepuce, which is absent in Pi. simandouensis (Fig. 6), and the baculum of Pi. etula sp. nov. is longer, the bilobed base is more elongated, and the tip is narrower and sharper than in Pi. simandouensis (Fig. 7; Table 5). Pipistrellus etula sp. nov. can be distinguished from Pi. hesperidus by its tragus notch, and the shape of the penis and baculum (Figs 6, 7; Supporting Information, Fig. S5). Te baculum of Pi. etula sp. nov. is longer, and the tip is more pointed than in Pi. hesperidus (Fig. 7; Table 5). However, these three species widely overlap in craniodental and external measurements (Tables 6–8). Pipistrellus etula sp. nov. is larger in external and cranial features than Pi. nanulus Tomas, 1904, Pi. rusticus Tomes 1861, Pi. aero Heller, 1912, and Pi. inexspectatus Aellen, 1959 . It is easily distinguished from Vansonia rueppellii, which has pure white underparts (Moratelli et al. 2019, Monadjem et al. 2021a).</p><p>Description</p><p>External characters Pipistrellus etula sp. nov. is a medium-sized pipistrelloid bat (similar in size to Pi. simandouensis and Pi. hesperidus), but large for the genus Pipistrellus . It is the largest known species within the genus in Africa (all measurements except total length are greater than in Pi. simandouensis and is larger than Pi. hesperidus), with a total length of 82.0–85.0 mm and a forearm length of 34.4–37.0 mm (Table 6). Te dorsal pelage is light brown (cinnamon colour), while the ventral pelage is paler, with the individual hairs being bicoloured and tipped lighter than the bases (Fig. 8). Te patagium and uropatagium are both dark brown. Tere is a distinct, but small, pad at the base of the thumb (Fig. 9C, F). Te ears and the tragus are typical for the genus Pipistrellus (Figs 9A, D, 12; Supporting Information, Fig. S5). Te shape of the ears is subtriangular, rounded at the tip, and dark brown (Fig. 12). Te tragus (Fig. 9A, D) is moderately long but does not reach half of the length of the ear (Fig. 12). It is relatively broad with a straight leading edge; the outer edge is convex above, with a well-defined notch below and a pointed projection above the base (Supporting Information, Fig. S5). Te rhinarium fits the shape described for the genus Pipistrellus (Huterer et al. 2019a), with terminal parts well-defined and the nostrils projecting from the snout (Fig. 9B, E). Te external measurements of the holotype, paratypes, and other specimens of Pipistrellus etula sp. nov. are shown in Table 6.</p><p>Te penis of Pi. etula sp. nov. is relatively long (8.21 mm in ENMNH EQ034), wider in the prepuce than at the base, and entirely covered with short, whitish hairs (Fig. 6; Table 5). Te prepuce shows a white protuberance, contrasting with its otherwise yellowish coloration. Te total length of the penis is about 10% of the total body length (Table 5). Te baculum of Pi. etula sp. nov. is slightly longer and overall larger than the bacula of Pi. simandouensis and Pi. hesperidus, with a total length of 1.80 mm (Fig. 7; Table 5). In Pi. etula sp. nov., the tip is bifurcate and the base is distinctly bilobed with a deep ridge (Fig. 7).</p><p>Craniodental characters Te skull is relatively robust for a Pipistrellus, while the rostrum is neither particularly broad nor narrow. Te braincase is moderately inflated and rises above the level of the rostrum (Fig. 10), in contrast to the relatively flater skulls of Afopipistrellus (except for Af. eisentrauti and Af. happoldorum) (Table 7; Supporting Information, Table S5). Cranial measurements for the holotype, the paratypes, and other specimens of Pi. etula sp. nov. are shown in Table 7. Te dentition of Pi. etula sp. nov. is I 2/3, C 1/1, P 2/3, M 2/3, which is typical of the genus Pipistrellus . In the upper tooth row, I 1 is not bifid, and I 2 is relatively small, not reaching half the height of I 1. P 1 is small, displaced lingually in the toothrow, and not visible laterally (Fig. 10). Lower incisors are trifid, which is typical of the genus Pipistrellus . Dental measurements for the holotype, the paratypes, and other specimens of Pi. etula sp. nov. are shown in Table 8.</p><p>Biology Pipistrellus etula sp. nov. is currently known only from two localities on Bioko Island, based on seven sequenced specimens (appearing in Fig. 4): two specimens from Biao Lake, and five specimens from Basilé Peak. Moreover, tissue samples and acoustic recordings of five more individuals (captured and released) were collected from Basilé Peak. Both localities are old volcanos with summits from 2007 to 3011 m a.s.l.; thus, we expect this is a species closely associated with montane forested habitats (Fig. 11A, B) .</p><p>Te Pi. etula sp. nov. specimen ENMNH EQ033 echolocated at a FME (StartF and EndF) of 40.2 kHz (100.3 and 32.5 kHz). Te mean (± SD) FME (StartF and EndF) for two other Pi. etula sp. nov. individuals (ENMNH EQ032 and 240130P3) at Basilé Peak locality was 40.0 ± 1.31 kHz (101.8 ± 3.73 and 30.9 ± 3.28 kHz) (Table 2).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87C7D15EFFDCFF6AFC81FE177BA7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Torrent, Laura;Juste, Javier;Garin, Inazio;Aihartza, Joxerra;Dalton, Desiré L.;Mamba, Mnqobi;Tanshi, Iroro;Powell, Luke L.;Padidar, Sara;Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia;Richards, Leigh;Monadjem, Ara	Torrent, Laura, Juste, Javier, Garin, Inazio, Aihartza, Joxerra, Dalton, Desiré L., Mamba, Mnqobi, Tanshi, Iroro, Powell, Luke L., Padidar, Sara, Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia, Richards, Leigh, Monadjem, Ara (2025): Taxonomic revision of African pipistrelle-like bats with a new species from the West Congolean rainforest. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020
03BB87C7D15FFFC1FC0AFF13FA3D79E6.text	03BB87C7D15FFFC1FC0AFF13FA3D79E6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pipistrellus musciculus Tomas 1913	<div><p>Pipistrellus musciculus Tomas (1913)</p><p>Pipistrellus (Pipistrellus) musciculus Hayman et al. (1966)</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/03BB87C7D15FFFC1FC0AFF13FA3D79E6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Torrent, Laura;Juste, Javier;Garin, Inazio;Aihartza, Joxerra;Dalton, Desiré L.;Mamba, Mnqobi;Tanshi, Iroro;Powell, Luke L.;Padidar, Sara;Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia;Richards, Leigh;Monadjem, Ara	Torrent, Laura, Juste, Javier, Garin, Inazio, Aihartza, Joxerra, Dalton, Desiré L., Mamba, Mnqobi, Tanshi, Iroro, Powell, Luke L., Padidar, Sara, Mudarra, Juan Luis Garcia, Richards, Leigh, Monadjem, Ara (2025): Taxonomic revision of African pipistrelle-like bats with a new species from the West Congolean rainforest. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (2), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf020
