identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A076482E7ABF5141B8308B54679C71A1.text	A076482E7ABF5141B8308B54679C71A1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dugesia patula Chen & Dong 2025	<div><p>Dugesia patula Chen &amp; Dong sp. nov.</p><p>Habitat and reproduction.</p><p>The specimens were collected from Yulong County, at the foot of Yulong Snow Mountain, at an elevation of 1730 m. The ambient temperature was 24.8 ° C, with the water temperature being 16.4 ° C. The Jinsha Jiang river is a broad and fast-flowing course, with murky water and a bottom rich in mud and sand (Fig. 3 A). In the field, flatworms could be seen freely crawling on the surface of the mud and sand. All observed flatworms were asexual individuals. Under laboratory conditions and after two months of cultivation, the asexual worms were fissiparous, of which 8 ex-fissiparous specimens sexualized (Fig. 3 B). However, after two years of breeding in the laboratory, no cocoons were observed.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: ZMHNU –LMYL 4, Yulong County, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=99.806946&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.157223" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 99.806946/lat 27.157223)">Lijiang City</a>, Yunnan Province, China, 27°9'26"N, 99°48'25"E, 17 June 2023, coll. G-W Chen, Z-M Dong, and coworkers, sagittal sections on 28 slides .</p><p>Paratypes: ZMHNU –LMYL 2, 3, and 7 ibid., sagittal sections on 60, 49, and 27 slides, respectively; RMNH.VER.22274.1, ibid., sagittal sections on 30 slides; RMNH.VER.22274.2, ibid., sagittal sections on 20 slides; ZMHNU –LMYL 5, ibid., transverse sections on 42 slides; ZMHNU –LMYL 6, ibid., horizontal sections on 22 slides .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjective patulus, meaning “ spread out, ” “ broad, ” or “ wide open, ” and alludes to the very broad ejaculatory duct and its wide opening at the tip of the broad and blunt penis papilla.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Dugesia patula is characterized by the following features: symmetrical openings of the oviducts into the bursal canal; vasa deferentia opening symmetrically into the mid-lateral portion of the seminal vesicle; a large and pointed diaphragm; a short duct between the seminal vesicle and diaphragm; a very broad and short ejaculatory duct opening at the tip of the penis papilla.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Living sexual animals measured 13.8–18.7 mm in length and 2.1–3.3 mm in width; asexual worms measured 7.3–12.4 mm in length and 1.37–1.72 mm in width. The head is bluntly triangular and provided with two blunt auricles and two eyes located within pigment-free patches. The dorsal body surface is brown, with lighter brown body margins (Fig. 3 B); the ventral body surface is light brown.</p><p>The pharynx is located in the middle of the body, measuring approximately one-sixth of the body length (Fig. 3 B). The mouth opening is located on the ventral side at the posterior end of the pharyngeal pocket. The outer pharyngeal musculature is composed of a subepithelial layer of longitudinal muscles, followed by a thin layer of circular muscles. The inner pharyngeal musculature consists of a thick subepithelial layer of circular muscle, followed by a thin layer of longitudinal muscle.</p><p>The ovaries are located at a short distance behind the brain, i. e., between 1 / 10 th and 1 / 14 th of the distance from the brain to the root of the pharynx. The oval-shaped ovaries occupy about one-third of the dorso-ventral space. From the dorsal sides of the ovaries, the oviducts extend posteriorly along the ventral side up to the level of the gonopore, after which they curve dorso-medially to open separately and symmetrically into the ventro-lateral portion of the bursal canal, at the point where the canal communicates with the common genital atrium (Figs 4 A, 5). Cyanophil shell glands discharge their secretion into the vaginal region of the bursal canal, immediately ventrally of the oviducal openings (Figs 4 A, 5).</p><p>The large, sac-shaped copulatory bursa is located far behind the pharynx (at approximately 400–600 μm behind the pharyngeal pocket) and occupies the entire dorso-ventral space. Its length is about twice the dorso-ventral diameter of the body, i. e., measuring approximately 600–800 μm (Fig. 4 B). Furthermore, there is a considerable distance between the bursa and the penis bulb (Fig. 5), with the consequence that the bursal canal is rather long. The bursa is lined by a stratified, columnar, vacuolated epithelium provided with basal nuclei and is devoid of any surrounding musculature (Fig. 4 B). The rather broad bursal canal arises from the mid-posterior wall of the copulatory bursa, from where it runs posteriad, curving downwards at the level of the gonopore to open into the common atrium (Figs 4 C, D, 5). The bursal canal is lined with cylindrical, nucleated, ciliated cells and surrounded by a thin, subepithelial layer of longitudinal muscles, followed by a thicker — at least on the ventral side of the canal — layer of circular muscle. There is an extra outer layer of longitudinal musculature extending from the atrium to halfway along the bursal canal, forming the ectal reinforcement.</p><p>The dorsal testes occupy about 1 / 3 of the dorso-ventral space and extend from the rear of the ovaries to the posterior end of the body; the testes house numerous mature spermatozoa.</p><p>At the posterior end of the copulatory bursa, the vasa deferentia begin to expand to form spermiducal vesicles, which are packed with sperm (Fig. 5). At the anterior level of the penis bulb, the spermiducal vesicles diminish abruptly in diameter upon curving dorso-medially and, subsequently, penetrating the penis bulb to open symmetrically into the mid-lateral portion of the seminal vesicle (Fig. 5). These narrow portions of the vasa deferentia are lined with cuboidal, nucleated cells and surrounded by a thick layer of circular muscles.</p><p>The penis bulb is positioned in the central portion of the body and measures almost half of the dorso-ventral space (Figs 4 C – F, 5). A large, sac-shaped seminal vesicle occupies a major portion of the penis bulb. The vesicle is lined by a flat, nucleated epithelium and is surrounded by a thick layer of irregularly crosswise arranged muscle fibers that fills a major portion of the penis bulb (Fig. 4 E, F). The postero-ventral portion of the seminal vesicle narrows to form a short duct that arises from the posterior wall of the seminal vesicle and opens into a large and pointed diaphragm (Figs 4 C – F, 5). This connecting duct is lined with a nucleated epithelium and surrounded by a thin layer of circular muscles. The diaphragm receives the abundant secretion of orange-staining penis glands (Fig. 4 C, D). The diaphragm points into a very broad and short ejaculatory duct, which forms a large cavity. The ejaculatory cavity lined with a cuboidal, infranucleated epithelium and is devoid of any well-discernible musculature. The ejaculatory cavity immediately gives rise to a very broad opening at the blunt tip of the penis papilla (Figs 4 C – F, 5).</p><p>The penis papilla is a barrel-shaped structure, covered with a nucleated epithelium, which is underlain by a subepithelial layer of circular muscle, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibers. A second type of erythrophilic penis glands discharge their sections through the blunt tip of the papilla. The glandular elements of this second type of penial gland lie far outside of the penis bulb (Figs 4 C, D, F, 5) and produce a more finely granular secretion than those opening into the diaphragm.</p><p>The rather spacious male atrium narrows to form a short canal that opens into the common atrium, the latter leading to a gonoduct, which opens through the ventral gonopore; the gonoduct is lined by a tall, columnar, nucleated epithelium and receives the openings of abundant, erythrophilic cement glands (Figs 4 C – F, 5).</p><p>In several specimens, a sclerotic spermatophore is present in the ejaculatory duct or in the copulatory bursa (Fig. 4 B, D).</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>The presence of an extremely wide-mouthed opening of the ejaculatory duct at the tip of the penis papilla sets Dugesia patula immediately apart from its congeners, as for none of the presently known species has such a wide opening been reported. There are only two species that have relatively wide openings of their ejaculatory ducts, albeit considerably less wide than in D. patula, viz., D. afromontana Stocchino &amp; Sluys, 2012 and D. musculosa Chen &amp; Dong, 2024 (Stocchino et al. 2012; Wang et al. 2024). However, in other characters, D. patula is rather different from either of these two congeners. For example, in D. afromontana the oviducts open asymmetrically into the bursal canal, the seminal vesicle is elongated, and the diaphragm is stubby, contrasting with conditions in D. patula . The latter is here reported from Yunnan Province, while D. musculosa is known from an adjacent province in China, Guangxi Province. Despite this geographic proximity, there are considerable anatomical differences between both species. Notably, D. musculosa exhibits (a) a highly muscular bursal canal, (b) a large, rounded seminal vesicle that receives the asymmetrical openings of the vasa deferentia, and (c) a stubby diaphragm, features that are all absent in D. patula . In D. musculosa the copulatory bursa is also rather large, as in D. patula, but in contrast to the latter, its bursa is situated directly in front of the penis bulb. It is noteworthy that a large copulatory bursa is present also in D. bursagrossa Harrath &amp; Sluys, 2025, from Saudi Arabia. But in this species the bursa is extremely large, while it is also located immediately anterior to the penis bulb (cf. Harrath et al. 2025, Fig. 7). Furthermore, in D. bursagrossa the ejaculatory duct opens subterminally at the penis papilla, contrasting with the wide, terminal opening in D. patula .</p><p>The available molecular data also support the conclusion that D. patula is different from D. afromontana and D. musculosa (Fig. 2, Suppl. materials 2, 3).</p><p>Another noteworthy feature of D. patula concerns its large and pointed diaphragm. Until recently, such a pointed diaphragm was known only from Dugesia species from the Western Palearctic region: D. cretica (Meixner, 1928), D. gonocephala (Dugès, 1830), D. liguriensis De Vries, 1988, D. minotauros De Vries, 1984, D. praecaucasica, D. transcaucasica, and D. leporii Pala, Stocchino, Corso &amp; Casu, 2000 (Stocchino et al. 2017). However, it turned out to be present also in D. crassimentula Sluys &amp; Stocchino, 2024, and D. insolita Stocchino &amp; Sluys, 2024, from Madagascar (Stocchino et al. 2024), albeit in the last-mentioned species, the diaphragm has taken over the function of the penis papilla. Thus, D. patula is the first species from the Oriental Region for which a pointed diaphragm is reported.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A076482E7ABF5141B8308B54679C71A1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Fan;Wang, Lei;Sluys, Ronald;Sun, Xin-Xin;Liu, De-Zeng;Dong, Zi-Mei;Chen, Guang-Wen	Wu, Fan, Wang, Lei, Sluys, Ronald, Sun, Xin-Xin, Liu, De-Zeng, Dong, Zi-Mei, Chen, Guang-Wen (2025): An integrative analysis and account of two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the Hengduan Mountains, southwest China, with reflections on the historical biogeography of Eastern Palearctic / Oriental lineages. Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (4): 1513-1529, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.156742
EFBAC8BEB43752319023A8353A3F8BB8.text	EFBAC8BEB43752319023A8353A3F8BB8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dugesia postica Chen & Dong 2025	<div><p>Dugesia postica Chen &amp; Dong sp. nov.</p><p>Habitat and reproduction.</p><p>Specimens were collected from Butterfly Spring, Dali City, at an elevation of 1980 m and a water temperature of 15 ° C, where the planarians inhabit small pools formed by spring water and a large number of free-roaming planarians could be observed (Figs 1, 6 A, C). In the field, sexually mature individuals were observed, as well as one yellow cocoon attached to a stone, which turned from yellow to black within 2 to 3 days. Under laboratory conditions, after approximately 60 days of culturing, 6 ex-fissiparous individuals sexualized and were capable of laying cocoons. The cocoons were spherical in shape (about 1 mm in diameter) and provided with a stalk (Fig. 6 D, E). However, to date, neither cocoons collected from the wild nor those produced in the laboratory have hatched, suggesting that they are infertile.</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype: ZMHNU –NJWS 4, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=100.09473&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.909166" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 100.09473/lat 25.909166)">Butterfly Spring</a>, Dali City, Yunnan Province, China (25°54'33"N, 100°5'41"E), 6 October 2019, coll. G-W Chen, Z-M Dong, and coworkers, sagittal sections on 14 slides .</p><p>Paratypes: ZMHNU –NJWS 1, 2, 5, 6, ibid., sagittal sections on 32, 51, 14, and 38 slides, respectively; RMNH.VER.22273.1, ibid., sagittal sections on 12 slides; RMNH.VER.22273.2, ibid., sagittal sections on 16 slides; ZMHNU –NJWS 8 and 10, ibid., transverse sections on 32 and 41 slides; ZMHNU –NJWS 7, ibid., horizontal sections on 7 slides .</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet is derived from the Latin adjective posticus, behind or placed after, referring to the diaphragm being displaced towards the terminal part of the penis papilla.</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Dugesia postica is characterized by the following features: symmetrical openings of the oviducts into the bursal canal; comparatively long bursal canal; broad penis papilla; generally with a slightly asymmetrical penis papilla, with a somewhat larger dorsal lip as compared with the ventral one; penis papilla with a small, dorsal bulge; a long connecting duct between the seminal vesicle and diaphragm; small diaphragm displaced towards the tip of the penis papilla; short ejaculatory duct opening subterminally through the ventral wall of the penial papilla; posterior portion of male atrium forming a relatively long and broad duct that connects with the common genital atrium.</p><p>Description.</p><p>Living, sexual animals measured 12.1–14.5 mm in length and 2.3–3.8 mm in width; asexual worms measured 9.7–11.6 mm in length and 1.6–1.9 mm in width. The head is bluntly triangular and provided with two short auricles and two eyes located within pigment-free spots. The dorsal colour is dark charcoal, with the edges being lighter, while the ventral surface is light grey (Fig. 6 B). The pharynx is positioned in the middle of the body, measuring approximately one-sixth of the body length (Fig. 6 B). The outer pharyngeal musculature is composed of a subepithelial layer of longitudinal muscles, followed by a thin layer of circular muscles. The inner pharyngeal musculature consists of a subepithelial and thick layer of circular muscle, followed by a thin layer of longitudinal muscle. The mouth opening is situated at the hind end of the pharyngeal pocket.</p><p>The ovaries are oval, occupying about one-third of the dorso-ventral space. The ovaries are located at a considerable distance behind the brain, i. e., at approximately 1 / 4 th of the distance between the brain and the root of the pharynx. From the ovaries, the infranucleated oviducts originate at the postero-dorsal wall of the ovaries and run ventrally in a caudal direction to the level of the gonopore. Hereafter, the oviducts curve dorso-medially to open symmetrically into the anterior portion of that part of bursal canal where the canal communicates with the common genital atrium (Fig. 7 A). Cyanophil shell glands discharge their secretion into the vaginal region of the bursal canal, immediately ventrally to the oviducal openings.</p><p>A moderately sized, sac-shaped copulatory bursa is situated immediately posterior to the pharynx and usually at some distance anterior to the penis bulb; the bursa occupies the entire dorso-ventral space (Fig. 7 C, E). The bursa is lined by a stratified, columnar, vacuolated epithelium provided with basal nuclei and is devoid of any surrounding musculature.</p><p>This rather anterior position of the bursa, combined with the posterior portion of male atrium that forms a relatively long and broad duct, which connects with the posteriorly displaced common genital atrium, makes the bursal canal comparatively long. It runs backwards, more or less parallel to the body surfaces, while at the level of the gonopore it bends downwards to open into the common atrium. The bursal canal is lined with cylindrical, nucleated, ciliated cells and surrounded by a subepithelial layer of longitudinal muscles, followed by a layer of circular muscle. There is an extra outer layer of longitudinal musculature extending from the atrium to halfway along the bursal canal, forming the ectal reinforcement.</p><p>The mature testes, provided with numerous spermatozoa, are situated dorsally and extend from the rear of the ovaries to the posterior end of the body. At the level of the copulatory bursa, the vasa deferentia expand to form spermiducal vesicles, which are packed with sperm. At the level of the penis bulb, the vasa deferentia curve dorso-medially, decrease considerably in diameter, forming narrow ducts, and, subsequently, penetrate the penis bulb to open symmetrically into the posterior portion of the seminal vesicle (Fig. 7 B). The sperm ducts are lined with nucleated cells and surrounded by a layer of circular muscles.</p><p>The penis bulb occupies about one-half of the dorso-ventral space (Figs 7 D – F, 8, 9) and houses a small, oval-shaped or globular seminal vesicle, which is lined by a flat, nucleated epithelium and surrounded by a layer of irregularly crosswise arranged muscle fibers (Fig. 7 D – F). From the posterior wall of the seminal vesicle arises a comparatively broad and long connecting duct that opens into a rather small and stubby diaphragm (Fig. 7 D). This connecting duct is lined with a nucleated epithelium and surrounded by several layers of thin circular muscles. Seminal vesicle and connecting duct receive the openings of orange-staining penial glands. The diaphragm points into the short ejaculatory duct, which curves abruptly downwards to open subterminally through the ventral wall of the penis papilla. The diaphragm receives the abundant secretion of erythrophil penis glands (Fig. 7 D – F). The ejaculatory duct is lined with a cuboidal, infranucleated epithelium and is devoid of any discernible musculature. Cyanophil penis glands discharge their secretion into the ejaculatory duct (Fig. 7 D, E). A spermatophore is present in the ejaculatory duct and / or the male atrium of the specimens NJWS 1, NJWS 2, NJWS 4, and NJWS 6.</p><p>The penis papilla is a rather broad structure, which is somewhat asymmetrical in that it has a slightly larger dorsal lip as compared with the ventral one. This condition is due to the slightly ventrally displaced position of the seminal vesicle and the equally displaced course of the connecting duct. The asymmetrical condition is only weakly expressed in the paratypes ZMHNU – NJWS 1 and NJWS 2 but more strongly present in holotype NJWS 4 and paratype NJWS 6 (Figs 8, 9). The papilla is characterized by a bulge or bump on its dorsal wall, where erythrophilic glands discharge their secretion to the exterior. The penis papilla is lined with a nucleated epithelium, which is underlain by a subepithelial layer of circular muscle, followed by a layer of longitudinal muscle fibers (Figs 7 D, 8, 9).</p><p>The penis papilla fills almost the entire anterior portion of the male atrium, but the posterior portion of male atrium forms a relatively long and broad duct that connects with the common genital atrium. The male atrium is lined with a cuboidal, nucleated epithelium. The common atrium communicates with the gonoduct, which leads to the ventral gonopore; the gonoduct is lined by a tall, columnar epithelium and receives the openings of abundant cement glands (Figs 7 F, 8, 9).</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>A centrally or ventrally displaced course of the ejaculatory duct and a terminal or subterminal opening of the ejaculatory duct at the tip of the penis papilla form important taxonomic characters in the identification of species of Dugesia and for resolution of phylogenetic relationships within the genus (cf. Sluys et al. 1998; Stocchino et al. 2017). Another important character concerns the absence or presence of a duct intercalated between the seminal vesicle and the diaphragm (character state 5– 1 in Sluys et al. 1998). With respect to these three characters, D. postica exhibits the combination of character states concerning a ventrally displaced ejaculatory duct (i. e., an asymmetrical penis papilla), a subterminal ventral opening of the ejaculatory duct, and a duct (either long or short) connecting the diaphragm with the seminal vesicle. In this context it is important to realize that a subterminal opening of the ejaculatory duct does not necessarily imply that the penis papilla is asymmetrical, since the latter condition is defined by the ventrally or dorsally displaced course of the ejaculatory duct at the level of the root of the penis papilla (cf. Stocchino et al. 2017).</p><p>The combination of these three character states (ventrally displaced ejaculatory duct, subterminal opening ejaculatory duct, and interconnecting duct between diaphragm and seminal vesicle) is also present in the following species: D. adunca Chen &amp; Sluys, 2022; D. ancoraria Zhu &amp; Wang, 2024; D. andamanensis (Kaburaki, 1925); D. austroasiatica Kawakatsu, 1985; D. batuensis Ball, 1970; D. bengalensis; D. deharvengi Kawakatsu &amp; Mitchell, 1989; D. gemmulata; D. japonica Ichikawa &amp; Kawakatsu, 1964; D. lindbergi De Beauchamp, 1959; D. novaguineana Kawakatsu, 1976; D. tamilensis Kawakatsu, 1980; and D. verrucula Chen &amp; Dong, 2021 (Sluys et al. 1998; Wang et al. 2021; Zhu et al. 2024; Chen et al. 2022; Liu et al. 2022 b; Ichikawa and Kawakatsu 1964; Kawakatsu et al. 1985; Kawakatsu and Mitchell 1989). However, D. postica differs from all of these congeners in several respects.</p><p>For example, the symmetrical openings of the oviducts into the bursal canal in D. postica contrast with the asymmetrical openings in D. adunca, D. ancoraria, D. gemmulata, and D. verrucula . Further, in D. andamanensis and D. deharvengi the oviducts fuse to form a common oviduct that opens into the bursal canal, in contrast to the separate openings in D. postica, while in D. lindbergi the oviducts (which open symmetrically into the bursal canal) may sometimes unite to form a very short common oviduct. Dugesia batuensis possesses a penial valve, which is absent in D. postica . In D. japonica, the vaginal region is surrounded by a hump of mesenchymal tissue traversed by several rows of longitudinal and circular muscle fibers, which is absent in D. postica . In D. bengalensis the vasa deferentia open through the roof of the seminal vesicle, while the ectal reinforcement around the bursal canal extends up to the copulatory bursa, both conditions being different in D. postica . The ectal reinforcement layer of D. lanzai also extends up to the bursa, while it also has an elongated seminal vesicle that differs from the small and rounded vesicle in D. postica . Dugesia novaguineana shows the following features, which are all different from the situation in D. postica: (a) large, hemispherical penis bulb; (b) large, ovoid seminal vesicle; (c) stubby penis papilla; and (d) the posterior half of the bursal canal being provided with a thick coat of muscles.</p><p>Interestingly, D. ancoraria, D. austroasiatica, D. tamilensis, and D. verrucula all have a kind of dorsal bump on the penis papilla, as is the case also in D. postica . In the above it was already shown that D. postica anatomically differs from D. ancoraria and D. verrucula, notably with respect to the oviducal openings into the bursal canal, despite the presence of a penial bump in these three species. However, anatomical differences between D. postica on the one hand and D. austroasiatica and D. tamilensis on the other hand are more difficult to discern. In both D. austroasiatica and D. tamilensis the ectal reinforcement muscle layer around the bursal canal does not reach up to the bursa, as is the case also in D. postica . It could be argued that in D. tamilensis (a) the seminal vesicle is considerably larger, (b) the connecting duct between seminal vesicle and diaphragm is shorter (and thus the diaphragm not displaced towards the tip of the penis papilla), and (c) the ejaculatory duct has a much more extremely subterminal opening, situated near the root of the penis papilla, all being conditions that differ from those in D. postica . In D. austroasiatica the seminal vesicle is indeed also rather large, in contrast to the small vesicle in D. postica . A striking similarity between D. postica and D. austroasiatica concerns the fact that in the latter the penial bump or fold also receives the openings of many erythrophilic gland ducts, while its ejaculatory duct also receives abundant secretion of penial glands (cf. Kawakatsu et al. 1985, Fig. 3 A, D; Kawakatsu et al. 1986, Fig. 3). It is noteworthy that Kawakatsu et al. (1985, 1986) presumed that D. austroasiatica was introduced in Japan from some Southeast Asian country. However, none of the species mentioned above in the comparative discussion, including D. austroasiatica, shows the characteristic posteriorly displaced position of the diaphragm, nor the long bursal canal or the long and broad duct connecting male and common atrium, as present in D. postica .</p><p>Unfortunately, for not all of the Dugesia species discussed above is molecular information available, and therefore they could not be incorporated into our analyses. However, D. adunca, D. ancoraria, D. batuensis, D. bengalensis, D. japonica, D. gemmulata, D. verrucula, and D. deharvengi could be included in our phylogenetic and molecular distance analyses, which revealed that none of these species is similar to or genetically closely related to D. postica (Fig. 2; Suppl. materials 2, 3).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EFBAC8BEB43752319023A8353A3F8BB8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Wu, Fan;Wang, Lei;Sluys, Ronald;Sun, Xin-Xin;Liu, De-Zeng;Dong, Zi-Mei;Chen, Guang-Wen	Wu, Fan, Wang, Lei, Sluys, Ronald, Sun, Xin-Xin, Liu, De-Zeng, Dong, Zi-Mei, Chen, Guang-Wen (2025): An integrative analysis and account of two new species of Dugesia (Platyhelminthes, Tricladida, Dugesiidae) from the Hengduan Mountains, southwest China, with reflections on the historical biogeography of Eastern Palearctic / Oriental lineages. Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (4): 1513-1529, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.156742
