identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
113387F12F52D070FEE7DB830DE536DA.text	113387F12F52D070FEE7DB830DE536DA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Caliphyllidae Tiberi 1881	<div><p>Family Caliphyllidae Tiberi, 1881</p><p>Genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870</p><p>Cyerce Bergh, 1870: pl. 1, figs 9, 10; 1871: 98. Type species: Cyerce elegans Bergh, 1870, by subsequent designation by Swennen (1961).</p><p>Lobiancoia Trinchese, 1881: 116 . Type species: Lobiancoia cristallina Trinchese, 1881 [= Cyerce cristallina (Trinchese, 1881)], by monotypy.</p><p>Diagnosis</p><p>Foot divided by transverse groove. Body oval, wider anteriorly, tapering posteriorly. Pericardium elevated, oval, papillate, or smooth. Anal papillae antero-medially situated between right rhinophore and pericardium. Head with bifurcated rhinophores, and ventral, enrolled oral tentacles shorter than rhinophores. Eyespots at base of rhinophores. Several dorsal leaf-like cerata along both sides of body, lacking tubules of the digestive gland; cerata able to autotomize. Cerata morphology variable, from bold to light coloration. Pharyngeal pouch attached to buccal bulb, variable in size. Radula with single row of teeth, constituting a descending and ascending limb, ascus at the base of descending limb. Ascus with several used teeth of variable sizes. Radular teeth morphology variable from elongate and slim to short and moderately wide. Teeth with two rows of denticles along either side. Penis with stylet at opening.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>As indicated by Yonow and Jensen (2018), Bergh (1870) introduced the genus name Cyerce in the legend of a plate (Bergh 1870: pl. 1) and later provided a full description (Bergh 1871). Two new species were originally included in Cyerce: Cyerce nigra Bergh 1870 and Cyerce elegans Bergh 1870, both collected from Palau. Bergh (1870; 1871) did not specify the type species, but Swennen (1961) indicated that C. elegans is the type, and with this act C. elegans became the type by subsequent designation. Bergh (1871) described the genus Cyerce as including specimens with a dorsal anus, armed penis, short ‘crop’ [pharyngeal pouch], elongated radular teeth, a foot with a transverse groove, and cerata without ‘tubules’ [branches] of the digestive gland. A few years earlier, Pease (1866) had described the new species Lobifera nigricans (Pease, 1866) from the Pacific Islands, which resembles the specimen of Cyerce nigra described by Bergh (1870; 1871) but displays some differences. The genus name Lobifera, also described by Pease (1866), is an unnecessary replacement name for Polybranchia Pease, 1860 (see: Swennen 1961 and, Medrano et al. 2019). Although the description of Lobifera nigricans by Pease (1866) was short and lacking details of the internal anatomy, external morphological traits such as the presence of a transverse groove across the foot and the presence of fan-like cerata suggests this species belongs to Cyerce . Comparisons of the external morphology of Cyerce nigricans Pease 1866 and Cyerce nigra Bergh 1870 are further elaborated under the remarks of Cyerce nigricans Pease 1866 (see: below).</p><p>Trinchese (1881) introduced the genus Lobiancoia for the new species, Lobiancoia cristallina collected from the Mediterranean Sea. Trinchese (1881) described Lobiancoia cristallina as having bifid rhinophores, head angled with ‘auriform tentacles’, a transverse groove dividing the foot, compressed dorsal papillae along both sides of the animal without ‘lobes of the liver’ or ‘cnidosacs’, and an anal papilla located to the right and front of the pericardial hump. Pelseneer (1892) reported for the first time the genus Cyerce from the Mediterranean Sea with the description of the new species Cyerce jheringi Pelseneer, 1892 . Pruvot-Fol (1954) regarded Lobiancoia as a valid genus, different from Cyerce which she considered a synonym of Lobifera . Portmann (1958) studied a specimen from the Mediterranean Sea he identified as L. cristallina and suggested that C. jheringi and L. cristallina belonged to the same species, effectively synonymizing Lobiancoia with Cyerce . However, Portmann (1958) maintained this species in the genus Lobifera, following the taxonomic revision by Pruvot-Fol (1954). Swennen (1961) clarified the taxonomic position of Lobifera as a synonym of Polybranchia and corroborated the synonymy of Lobiancoia with Cyerce, which is widely accepted in modern literature. Moreover, the monophyly of Cyerce has been supported by morphological (Jensen 1996) and some molecular (Christa et al. 2015) studies. Other molecular studies that included the closely related genus Sohgenia (which lacks a transverse foot groove) did not resolve whether Cyerce was monophyletic (Krug et al. 2015). Here, Cyerce Bergh 1870 is regarded as a valid name for species of Sacoglossa with a transverse groove ventrally along the foot, anal papillae antero-medially between the right rhinophore and pericardium, bifurcated rhinophores, enrolled oral tentacles, cerata without tubules of the digestive gland, and a penis with a penial stylet.</p><p>Clade 1</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F52D070FEE7DB830DE536DA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F44D066FE91DDA20D013249.text	113387F12F44D066FE91DDA20D013249.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce basi Moreno & Medrano & Gosliner & Wilson & Krug & Valdés 2025	<div><p>Cyerce basi sp.nov.</p><p>(Figs 15C, 17B, 18)</p><p>LSID: zoobank.org:act: 7633C78B-DFA6-49BC-80A8- 2A8262D8E6D6.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype: Koumac, New Caledonia, 11 Sep 2018, leg. Koumac 2.1 Expedition (stn. KM202), 14 mm preserved length (isolate AV251, MNHN IM-2013-86242).</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>Wongat Island, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, 29 Nov 2012, leg. J. Goodheart, 1 specimen 3 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate MM87, CASIZ 191437). Koumac, New Caledonia, 29 Sep 2018, leg. Koumac 2.1 Expedition (stn. KR644), 1 specimen 10 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate AV684, MNHN IM-2013-86241) . Segond Channel, near Maritime College, Espiritu Santo Isl., Vanuatu, 4 Oct 2006, 8 m depth, leg. Y. Camacho and M. Pola, 1 specimen (isolate 06 Van 01, CASIZ 177095) . Near Madang Lighthouse, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 30 m depth, 15 Jan 1988, leg. R.C. Willan, 1 specimen (CASIZ 065775) . Cement Mixer Reef, Madang Papua New Guinea, 23 m depth, 24 Nov 1990, leg. T.M Gosliner and G. Williams, 1 specimen (CASIZ 075849) . ‘ Lago de Oro House Reef ’, south side of reef/lagoon channel, Verde Island Passage coast, Philippines, 13 May 2014, leg. T.M Gosliner, 1 specimen (isolate 14 Cal 04, CASIZ 199270) .</p><p>Range</p><p>Vanuatu, Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia, Philippines (present study).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body translucent, nearly transparent (Fig. 15C). Rhinophores translucent white with white speckling at tips. Cerata leaf-like, inflated, obovate, translucent, with red hue in some specimens, with white vein-like striations throughout; fluorescent green spot at base of each ceras. Several brown structures inside cerata, not part of digestive gland. White vein-like striations connect to infra-marginal white clusters along ceratal margin, white clusters with brown speckles. Cerata margin outlined with minute white specks.</p><p>Internal morphology: Pharynx about 3.5mm in length; pharyngeal pouch larger than buccal bulb. Radula with 10 teeth in a 10 mm preserved length specimen (MNHN IM-2013-86241); 5 teeth on descending limb (leading tooth tip broken off), 5 teeth on ascending limb (Fig. 18A). Teeth narrow, elongate, slightly bent, about 600 µm in length, with pointed tips (Fig. 18B). Two rows of ~15 denticles along either side of active tooth. Denticles short, blunt, triangular. Denticle size varies along tooth, smaller at the base, larger distally. Ascus containing about 5 used teeth (Fig. 18C). Penial stylet embedded in penis, curved inward, extended tip pointed downward, about 100 µm in length (Fig. 17B).</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Diet unknown.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is named in honour of Johan Bas, underwater photographer and naturalist from Nouméa, New Caledonia, in appreciation for the numerous specimens he collected for this and other studies.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Species delimitation and phylogenetic analyses all supported Cyerce basi sp. nov. as a candidate species distinct from other members of the C. elegans species complex (Fig. 1B; Table 3). Cyerce basi sp. nov. was recovered as sister to the clade of C. whaapi sp. nov. and C. elegans (Fig. 1B). Both C. basi sp. nov. and C. whaapi sp. nov. have white vein-like striations throughout the cerata, but C. elegans does not. The white clusters along the cerata margin are also very similar in C. basi sp. nov. and C. whaapi sp. nov., being larger and deeper than in C. elegans . In radular morphology, the teeth of C. basi sp. nov. have a distinct pointed tip that clearly protrudes beyond the most distal pair of denticles, whereas in C. whaapi sp. nov., the tip of the teeth is very inconspicuous, and the distal pair of denticles are located near the end of the teeth.</p><p>Bergh’s (1871) original description of C. elegans did not mention vein-like structures throughout the cerata as observed in our specimens of C. basi sp. nov. However, the specimen of C. elegans described by Bergh (1888) from the Indian Ocean as C. elegans var. did exhibit the white vein-like striations as observed in our specimens. Bergh (1888) also described the penial stylet as being a sharp-angled, tapered hook and refers to the illustration of the penial stylet from his original description of Cyerce elegans, suggesting these two specimens potentially had similar penial stylets. The penial stylet of our specimens of C. basi sp. nov. closely resembles the stylet described by Bergh (1871), as being short, recurved, with an oval opening and pointed tip. Bergh (1888) also described the radular morphology of the specimen from the Indian Ocean as similar to the radula of C. elegans from Palau. The radula of our specimens of C. basi sp. nov. also closely resembles the radula described by Bergh (1871, 1888).</p><p>32 • Moreno et al.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F44D066FE91DDA20D013249	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F4CD06EFC00D9FF086434F0.text	113387F12F4CD06EFC00D9FF086434F0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce blackburnae Moreno & Medrano & Gosliner & Wilson & Krug & Valdés 2025	<div><p>Cyerce blackburnae sp.nov.</p><p>(Figs 9C, 11C, 13)</p><p>LSID: zoobank.org:act: FED3A156-B1AB-406E-A36E-04CCE 0BD361A.</p><p>Cyerce sp. 2 Nakano 2018: 118.</p><p>Cyerce sp. 3 Christa et al. 2014a: suppl. table 1.</p><p>Cyerce sp. 2 Krug et al. 2015: 989, 991.</p><p>Type material Holotype: Barracuda Point, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 8 Dec 2012, 6–9 m depth, leg. J. Goodheart, 20 mm preserved length (isolate MM92, CASIZ 191605).</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>Cement Mixer Reef, WNW of Rasch Pass, in line with Ruo Island, Madang Papua New Guinea, 3–6 m depth, 1 specimen 15 mm preserved length, 11 Jan 1988, leg. T. Gosliner (CASIZ 070412) . Anemone Reef, East of Ruo Island, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 15 Feb 1988, 1 specimen 18 mm preserved, leg. T. Gosliner (CASIZ 070408) . Guam, Aug 2009, 1 specimen 7 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate 09 Gua 01, LACM 186691); Aug 2009, 1 specimen 7 mm preserved length (isolate 09 Gua 10, LACM 186693) . Tirso dive site, north of Three P. Reef, Romblon Island, Philippines, 3 Apr 2017, leg. F. Imhof, 1 specimen 7 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate KM26, CASIZ 222039) . Paliton Wall, Siquijor Island, Viasayas, Philippines, 4 Apr 2016, 1 specimen (isolate KM29, CASIZ 217329) . Rempi, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 19 Nov 2012, 6 m depth, leg. J. Goodheart, 1 specimen 4 mm preserved length (isolate MM86, CASIZ 191324) .</p><p>Range</p><p>Western Pacific Ocean (Christa et al. 2014a, Nakano 2018; present study).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour cream white to greyish (Fig. 9C). Head cream white with reticulated dark brown striations; dark brown spots outlining head margin. Rhinophores long, translucent white, with two rows of reticulated dark brown striations throughout; few light yellowish-cream patches present, concentrated near rhinophoral tips. Cerata bulbous, oblong; colour ranges from beige to translucent white, with reticulated dark brown striations; small white papillose structures scattered throughout cerata. Elevated circular clusters scattered throughout cerata; cluster colour varies from whitish to tan to bright yellow; few clusters outlined by circular brown band. Whitish-fuchsia patch and several minute white specks beneath ceratal margin, located on both sides of cerata. Ceratal margin wavy, outlined with pale yellow spots. Foot colour cream white dorsally, with few brown dots scattered throughout; margin outlined by pale yellow band.</p><p>Living specimens also exhibited a distinctive swimming behaviour when disturbed, contracting the cerata on alternating sides of the body to create a rowing effect that propelled the animal through the water.</p><p>Internal morphology: Radula with 10 teeth in a 7-mm preserved length specimen (CASIZ 222039) and 12 teeth in a 7 mm long specimen (isolate 09Gua01, LACM 186691), the latter with 7 teeth on descending limb (two broken, including tip of leading tooth), 5 teeth on ascending limb (Fig. 13A). Teeth narrow, elongate, about 400 µm long, with blunt tips. Two rows of ~27 denticles along either side of tooth. Denticles rhombus shaped, distributed evenly along teeth (Fig. 13B, D). Ascus with about 11 used teeth (Fig. 13C). Penis with penial stylet at opening. Penial stylet elongated, curved, cylindrical with slanted oval opening, distinct small hook (Fig. 11C).</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Specimens were collected on, and fed upon, Udotea geppiorum Yamada, 1930 in Guam.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is named in honour of Christine Blackburn, friend and colleague of PK, for her lifetime of work on ocean science and climate policy, including the development of marine protected areas during her time as Assistant Secretary for Conservation and Management at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration; and for letting many trips be taken over by the collection of sea slugs.</p><p>Reproduction</p><p>Development of specimens in Guam was planktotrophic. Egg masses lacked extra-capsular yolk. One clutch had a mean egg diameter of 52.9 µm ± 1.8 SE (N = 17), while mean egg diameter for a second clutch was 55.6 µm ± 1.8 SE (N = 25). Mean larval shell width measured across the aperture was 134.3 µm ± 3.0 SE (N = 25) for one clutch.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>All methods of species delimitation analysis distinguished Cyerce blackburnae sp. nov. from the superficially similar Cyerce tutela sp. nov., which were sister taxa in phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1A). Cyerce blackburnae sp. nov. and C. tutela sp. nov. share morphological traits, such as bright yellowwhite pustules scattered across cerata and outlining the ceratal margin. Both species have long and straight teeth with recurved rhomboidal denticles. The penial stylet is also long and curved in both species, with a distinct small hook at the tip of the stylet. The species are differentiated by rhinophores that are much more elongated in C. blackburnae sp. nov., and translucent white to beige cerata with reticulated brown spots in C. blackburnae sp. nov. not observed in C. tutela sp. nov. The cerata of C. tutela sp. nov. have a distinct infra-marginal banding pattern of black, fuchsia, and orange that is not observed in specimens of C. blackburnae sp. nov., which have a single fuchsia infra-marginal band on the cerata.</p><p>Cyerce blackburnae sp. nov. and C. trowbridgeae sp. nov. both have the reticulated brown striations across the cerata and yellow spots outlining the ceratal margin. However, the cerata in C. trowbridgeae sp. nov. are much darker and lack the fuchsia infra-marginal band that is present in C. blackburnae sp. nov. Cyerce blackburnae sp. nov. is morphologically distinct from all other species of Cyerce, as the only species that has translucent white cerata with reticulated dark brown striations, elevated white pustules and circular clusters, an infra-marginal band of fuchsia, and white overlaying white specks.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F4CD06EFC00D9FF086434F0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F48D06AFED6DB640C8634AC.text	113387F12F48D06AFED6DB640C8634AC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce bourbonica Yonow 2012	<div><p>Cyerce bourbonica Yonow, 2012</p><p>(Figs 9B, 10, 11A)</p><p>Cyerce sp. 1 Händeler and Wägele 2007: 249; Christa et al. 2014a: suppl. table 1.</p><p>Cyerce sp. 2 Wägele et al 2006: 49; Händeler and Wägele 2007: 249; Christa et al. 2014a: suppl. table 1.</p><p>Cyerce bourbonica Yonow 2012: 16–19, pl. 14, pl. 15. Type locality: L’Étang Salé, Réunion, Indian Ocean.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Cyerce bourbonica — holotype at SMF (337104), L’Étang Salé, Réunion, 14 Dec 2009, 1 m depth, not examined .</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Hekili Point, Maui, Hawaiian Islands, USA, 1 Apr 2010, 1 m depth, leg. C. Pittman, 1 specimen 3 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate MM77, CASIZ 182729). Village, Ka‘anapali, Maui, Hawaiian Islands, USA, 27 Nov 2008, 3–12 m depth, leg. C. Pittman, 1 specimen (isolate MM75, CASIZ 180338). Ennubuj-Ennylabegan Reef, Ennubuj Isl., Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, 12 Apr 2010, leg. S. Johnson, 2 specimens 3–4 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate MM78 A, CASIZ 185099). In front of Sheraton Nusa Indah, Bali, Indonesia, 25 Oct 2000, leg. T.M. Gosliner, 2 specimens (isolate MM71, CASIZ 142130). Barracuda Point, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, Nov–Dec 2012, 6 m depth, leg. T.M. Gosliner, 1 specimen (isolate MM83, CASIZ 190808) .</p><p>Range</p><p>Widespread in the Indo-Pacific, from the Hawaiian Islands (present study) to the western Indian Ocean (Yonow 2012).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour light cream to pale green (Fig. 9B). Head light cream to pale green, with white pustules throughout. Tentacles and rhinophores light cream with pale green irregular patching; white pustules with translucent halo at base scattered throughout; few bright yellow spots at tips; small black dots on rhinophores. Cerata lobate, inflated, translucent white to light cream, with pale green irregular patches; white pustules and specks scattered throughout, white specks concentrated below ceratal margin. Ceratal margin outlined with cream band and uniformly distributed bright yellow spots; few black dots sub-marginally on both sides of each ceras. Translucent (probably defensive) gland sacs embedded in tissue beneath cerata margin. Ceratal peduncle greyish, darker than rest of cerata. Foot colour light cream dorsally, with white pustules and bright yellow spots scattered throughout.</p><p>Internal morphology: Pharynx about 1 mm, buccal bulb and pharyngeal pouch similar in size. Radula with more than 7 teeth in a 3-mm preserved length specimen (CASIZ 182729) (Fig. 10A). Teeth somewhat narrow with blunt tips slightly curved downward (Fig. 10B). Leading tooth about 100 µm in length, with two rows of ~13 blunt and rhomboidal denticles along either side; denticles distributed evenly across tooth. Size of denticles differ along tooth, smaller near base, larger distally. Penis with embedded penial stylet (Fig. 11A), penial stylet cylindrical, hollow with oval opening.</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Associated with the green algae Halimeda spp. Typically found beneath rocks.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Cyerce bourbonica Yonow, 2012 was described from several specimens collected from La Réunion and illustrated alive. The original description referenced morphological traits, including semi-translucent beige to green ‘angular’ cerata, minute papillae on surface of cerata, and ceratal margin pigmented with orange and sub-marginal black spots, all observed in our specimens. Yonow (2012) also described basal dark globular patches inside the cerata that were observed in our preserved specimens. The radular teeth described by Yonow (2012) are slightly curved, slender, closely resembling those from our specimens. Although not mentioned in the description, images of the radula in Yonow (2012: fig. 3C, D) show teeth possessing square-shaped denticles similar to those observed in our specimens. Yonow (2012) described the penis as lacking a stylet, whereas our specimens had a deeply embedded stylet, potentially explaining whyYonow (2012) was unable to view a stylet in her specimens.</p><p>In phylogenetic analyses, C. bourbonica formed a clade with three new species: C. trowbridgeae sp. nov., C. blackburnae sp. nov., and C. tutela sp. nov. (Fig. 1A). All these species shared traits, including a small pharyngeal pouch approximately the same size as the buccal bulb, and yellow spots along the ceratal margin. However, C. bourbonica differs from C. blackburnae sp. nov. in having smaller and wider radular teeth with less denticles. The radular teeth of C. bourbonica are much shorter and wider than the teeth of C. tutela sp. nov., and the teeth of C. bourbonica have blunt denticles, whereas sharp triangular denticles are present on the teeth of C. tutela sp. nov. Morphological differences between C. bourbonica and its sister species C. trowbridgeae sp. nov. are described below under the remarks of C. trowbridgeae sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F48D06AFED6DB640C8634AC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F43D064FC11DE7C08C431FB.text	113387F12F43D064FC11DE7C08C431FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce elegans Bergh 1870	<div><p>Cyerce elegans Bergh, 1870</p><p>(Figs 15A, 16, 17A)</p><p>Cyerce elegans Bergh, 1870: pl. 1, fig. 9; 1871: 99–113, pl. 9, figs 13–17, pls. 13–15, pl. 16, figs 23–25. Type locality: Palau.? Cyerce elegans var. Bergh 1888: 769–771, pl. 77, figs 6, 7, pl. 78, figs 8, 9.</p><p>Cyerce sp. 3 Gosliner et al. 2018: 402 middle left photo.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Cyerce elegans — one syntype at NHMD (GAS-002149), Palau, Sep 1859, not examined .</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Riwo Island, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, 27 Nov 2012, leg. T.M. Gosliner, 1 specimen 6.5 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate MM89, CASIZ 191446). Verde Island Passage, Luzon Island, Batangas Province, Philippines, 12 May 2014, leg. T.M. Gosliner, 1 specimen 18 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate MM20, CASIZ 199264). Maricaban Strait, Mabini (Calumpan Peninsula), Luzon Island, Philippines, 2.5 m depth, 30 Mar 2017, leg. T.M. Gosliner, 1 specimen, dissected (isolate KM27, CASIZ 222101). Bohol Island, Philippines, 0–5 m depth, Sept. 2003, leg., J. Hinterkircher, 1 specimen (CASIZ 173751) .</p><p>Range</p><p>Widespread in the Indo-West Pacific, from the Maldives to the Hawaiian Isl. (Rudman 1999 a, Gosliner et al. 2018; present paper).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour pale green to cream, with white speckling (Fig. 15A). Pericardium elevated, smooth, oval, cream; clear tubules extending from pericardium throughout body; tubules do not enter cerata. Anal papillae anterior to pericardium, cream. Head cream. Rhinophores, tentacles elongated, translucent white. Cerata inflated, obovate, translucent white, with minute white speckling throughout. Cerata peduncle cream to pink. One to two fluorescent blue to green spots on each ceras, one spot nearer to base and second above. Ceratal margin outlined by reddish-brown band; triangular clusters of white specks distributed throughout. Foot colour pale yellowish-cream, greyish hue.</p><p>Internal morphology: Radula from an 18 mm (preserved length) specimen (CASIZ 199264) with 11 teeth, 6 on descending limb, 5 on ascending limb (Fig. 16A). Teeth narrow, slightly bent, elongate, about 700 µm in length; tips concave, blunt (Fig. 16B). Two rows of ~23 triangular denticles along either side; denticles smaller near base and tip. Ascus with about 15 used teeth (Fig. 16C). Penis with no stylet visible (Fig. 17A) in several specimens examined.</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Diet unknown.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Bergh (1870; 1871) described Cyerce elegans Bergh, 1870 based on 10 specimens collected in Palau. The animals were described based on an illustration by Semper [reproduced by Bergh 1870: pl. 1, fig. 9 and herein (Fig. 5D)] as having ‘water-clear, faintly yellowish-white, translucent’ cerata with ‘one or more green dots formed by peculiar yellowish bodies’ at the base and ‘reddish-brown’ margin with large spots. All these external morphological traits were also observed in specimens from Papua New Guinea and the Philippines assigned to this species, but in the specimens examined herein there was only a single fluorescent green or blue spot at the base of each ceras. Bergh (1871) also described the presence of an ‘elongated horseshoe-shaped arch’ on the dorsum from which branches extend to the base of each ceras. Bergh (1871) was most likely describing the pericardium, with tubules extending across the body as observed in our specimens. Regarding the internal anatomy, Bergh (1871) described the radular teeth as having a blunt tip, wide base, ‘slightly bent, tapered’, and denticles ‘directed backwards’ that became smaller and ‘crowded’ at the tip. These radular traits are also observed in our specimens assigned to this species. Because of the consistencies between the characteristics of the material here examined and the original description, we confidently assigned these specimens to C. elegans . Finally, Bergh (1871) described the penis of C. elegans as having a ‘sharply curved hook, which tapers very sharply’. This was also confirmed by Yonow and Jensen (2018). Although the penis was dissected from several of our specimens, we were unable to observe any penial stylet and therefore could not verify the presence of a hookshaped stylet in the male reproductive system as described and illustrated by Bergh (1871: pl. 15, figs 12–14) and Yonow and Jensen (2018: fig. 20G, H).</p><p>Bergh (1888) reported a single specimen of a variety (or colour form) of C. elegans from Mauritius, with descriptions of the live animal based on notes and a drawing of a ceras by [Karl August] Moebius [Möbius] reproduced by Bergh (1888: pl. 77, fig. 6) and herein (Fig. 5E). The specimen was described as light brown in colour, with white spots on the rhinophores and oral tentacles, and translucent light brown cerata with yellowish-white triangular spots along the margin; from these spots are connecting ‘white veins’ and lines throughout; green to blue ‘cells’ at the base. Our specimens assigned to C. elegans also have the triangular spots along the margin of the cerata as described by Bergh (1888) but lack the radiating ‘veins’ and lines from these spots; however, these lines are present in other species of the same clade described below, including C. sp., which is also reported from the Indian Ocean. It is, therefore, likely that the specimen described by Bergh (1888) belongs to a different species of the C. elegans species complex. Other specimens assigned to C. elegans in the literature (e.g. Rudman 1999a, Yonow 2008, Gosliner et al. 2018, Nakano 2018) probably belong to other species of the C. elegans species complex as well.</p><p>Species delimitation analyses supported specimens preliminarily identified as Cyerce elegans as four separate entities, which were also recovered in phylogenetic analyses, collectively termed here as the C. elegans complex. In addition to the material identified as C. elegans, our analyses differentiated three pseudocryptic taxa: Cyerce sp. from the Red Sea; Cyerce basi sp. nov. from Papua New Guinea, the Philippines, and New Caledonia; and Cyerce whaapi sp. nov. from the Philippines and New Caledonia (Fig. 1B; Table 3). Members of the C. elegans complex share clear, thickened cerata with triangular clusters of small white specks along the margin and a fluorescent spot at the base of each ceras varying from green to blue or light brown. However, the specimens of C. elegans sensu stricto all exhibit a reddish-brown ceratal margin as described by Bergh (1870; 1871), a trait not observed in Cyerce sp., Cyerce basi sp. nov., or Cyerce whaapi sp. nov. Cyerce elegans was sister to C. whaapi sp. nov., which had more inflated and translucent cerata with faint vein-like striations extending from larger, deeper triangular clusters along the margin compared to C. elegans; additionally, the fluorescent spot at the ceratal base was green to light brown in Cyerce whaapi sp. nov. but blue to green in C. elegans . Radular morphology was similar between Cyerce whaapi sp. nov. and C. elegans; teeth were elongate, slightly bent, with concave tips and short, conical denticles.</p><p>Cyerce basi sp. nov., which overlapped with C. elegans in Papua New Guinea, was recovered as sister to C. whaapi sp. nov. and C. elegans . Cyerce basi sp. nov. had white vein-like striations throughout the cerata, observed in Cyerce whaapi sp.nov. but not in C. elegans . The triangular clusters along the cerata margin of C. basi sp. nov. have brown specks and are much deeper and larger than in C. elegans . The cerata of C. basi sp. nov. are also more inflated and translucent than in C. elegans . The radular morphology of C. basi sp. nov. is similar to that of C. elegans but the teeth of C. basi sp. nov. have a pointed tip between the first pair of denticles, not observed in C. elegans . We could not obtain specimens of Cyerce sp. for morphological analysis; therefore, we could not compare the internal morphology to our specimens of Cyerce elegans .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F43D064FC11DE7C08C431FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F7FD05FFC11D87C09F830D5.text	113387F12F7FD05FFC11D87C09F830D5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce goodheartae Moreno & Medrano & Gosliner & Wilson & Krug & Valdés 2025	<div><p>Cyerce goodheartae sp.nov.</p><p>(Figs 20C, 22B, 24)</p><p>LSID: zoobank.org:act: 8A6F0679-FFB0-4863-A480-A19676D 679D3.</p><p>Cyerce sp. 1 Gosliner et al. 2018: 70 uppermost photo; Gosliner et al. 2018, 402: upper left photo.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype: Wongat Island, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, 26 Nov 2012, 5 mm preserved length, leg. J. Goodheart (isolate</p><p>MM 88, CASIZ 191438).</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>Cement Mixer Reef, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, 11 Dec 2012, leg. J. Goodheart, 1 specimen 4.5 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate MM82, CASIZ 190784). Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, 17 Nov 2012, leg. T.M. Gosliner, 1 specimen, dissected (isolate MM85, CASIZ 191278). South-east of Tab Island, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, 30 Nov 2012, leg. V. Knutson, 1 specimen (isolate MM90, CASIZ 191487). Anemone Reef, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 15 m depth, 10 Jan 1988, leg. T. Gosliner, 1 specimen (CASIZ 070407) . Hole in the Wall, near Hussein Village, Madang, Papua New Guinea, 20 m depth, 3 Feb 1988, leg. T. Gosliner, 1 specimen (CASIZ 070411) .</p><p>Range</p><p>Papua New Guinea (present study).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour olive green with reddish brown markings (Fig. 20C). Pericardium oval-shaped, white, with small, elevated bumps. Anus anterior to pericardium, white. Head cream with light brown markings outlining eyes, extending into rhinophores. Rhinophores translucent white, with small white clusters concentrated at tips. Oral tentacles translucent white with white specks scattered throughout. Cerata inflated, oblong, translucent white with small white specs scattered throughout; one light dorso-medial brown spot on both sides of each ceras. Ceratal margin outlined with faint reddish band; elevated small opaque white clusters give cerata frosted, dentate-like appearance. Several small white clusters concentrated beneath ceratal margin. Foot longer than body, translucent dorsally with several white specks and light brown striations.</p><p>Internal morphology: Pharynx about 2.5 mm in length, pharyngeal pouch larger than buccal bulb. Radula with 16 teeth in a 4.5-mm preserved length specimen (CASIZ 190784); 8 on descending limb, 8 on ascending limb (Fig. 24A) and 16 teeth in a 4.5-mm preserved length specimen (CASIZ 191278); 7 on descending limb, 9 on ascending limb (Fig. 24C). Leading tooth elongate, about 150 µm in length, slightly curved near tip; two rows of ~18 rhomboidal denticles along either side of tooth (Fig. 24B, E). Ascus containing several used teeth of various sizes (Fig. 24D). Denticle shape varies along tooth, from triangular to square; denticle size smaller near base. Penis with small stylet at opening (Fig. 22B). Penial stylet short, about 200 µm in length, cylindrically shaped, hollow with oval opening.</p><p>Ecology Diet unknown.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is named in honour of our friend and colleague Jessica Goodheart, who collected the holotype of this species as well as many other specimens here examined.</p><p>Remarks Threemethodsofspeciesdelimitationsupported C. goodheartae sp. nov. as a distinct candidate species that was sister to C. pavonina in phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1B). Cyerce goodheartae sp. nov. is morphologically distinct from all other species in possessing translucent light brown cerata with white speckling, a dorso-medial brown spot, and elevated white clusters outlining the margin. Both C. goodheartae sp. nov. and C. pavonina share a similar penial stylet and similar external morphology of their rhinophores and cerata. However, in Cyerce goodheartae sp. nov. the cerata are a lighter transluscent brown and lack the translucent tubercles found throughout the darker cerata in C. pavonina . Radular morphology also distinguishes the species: teeth in Cyerce goodheartae sp. nov. are slightly curved and moderately wide with larger denticles compared to teeth in C. pavonina which are long and narrow with reduced denticles. The tooth tip is also bent downward with several reduced denticles in C. pavonina, whereas the tooth tip is blunt in C. goodheartae sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F7FD05FFC11D87C09F830D5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F55D06BFBF0D9B80DD5360F.text	113387F12F55D06BFBF0D9B80DD5360F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce katiae Moreno & Medrano & Gosliner & Wilson & Krug & Valdés 2025	<div><p>Cyerce katiae sp.nov.</p><p>(Figs 2F, 4C, 8)</p><p>LSID: zoobank.org:act: A7A6A023-F563-4F07-8A75- 7A09800DF236.</p><p>Cyerce sp. 4 Gosliner et al. 2018: 402; Nakano 2018: 119.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype: House reef, 3 P Resort, Romblon Province, Philippines, 3 Apr 2017, leg. F. Imhof, 12 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate KM28, CASIZ 222096).</p><p>Range</p><p>West Pacific Ocean (Gosliner et al. 2018, Nakano 2018; present paper).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour light grey to cream, with dark grey lines creating geometric pattern throughout dorsum (Fig. 2F). Head colour light grey with dark grey web-like striations throughout; two gold patches near base; small gold spots at forehead. Rhinophores long, bifurcated with minute white specks scattered along margins, translucent light grey. Oral tentacles with similar colour pattern to rhinophores, ventrally located. Pericardium near center of dorsum, with anal papilla located anteriorly. Cerata lobate, inflated, translucent light grey with dark grey web-like striations forming polygons; silvery small white pustules at center of each grey polygon and clustered near the margins of cerata; small gold to dark yellow spots randomly scattered across surface. Cerata increase in size towards posterior end of body; anteriormost cerata lack grey lines. Cerata margin outlined with grey margin and gold spots; conspicuous (probably defensive) glands beneath margin.</p><p>Internal morphology: Pharynx about 2 mm in length, buccal bulb and pharyngeal pouch similar in size. Radula with 16 teeth in a 12-mm preserved length specimen (CASIZ 222096); 8 on descending limb, 8 on ascending limb (Fig. 8A). Leading tooth about 95 µm in length, elongate, nearly straight, slightly bent, with two rows of ~9 denticles along either side of tooth (Fig. 8B). Denticles nearly square, curved inwards, with pointed ends. Ascus with about 18 used teeth (Fig. 8C). Penial opening directly beneath right rhinophore. Penis with penial stylet at opening (Fig. 4C). Penial stylet hollow, approximately 400 µm long, elongate, slightly curved near the apex, wider at the base.</p><p>Ecology Diet unknown.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is named in honour of Kati Eschweiler who first found this species in Romblon and brought it to the attention of TG.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>All methods of species delimitation and phylogenetic analyses supported Cyerce katiae sp. nov. as a distinct candidate species (Fig. 1A; Table 3). Cyerce katiae sp. nov. was recovered as sister to a clade comprising C. nigricans and C. takanoi sp. nov. (Fig. 1) and shares with C. nigricans and C. takanoi sp. nov. yellow gold spots scattered across the cerata. Internally, specimens of C. takanoi sp. nov. have different radular teeth from those of C. katiae sp. nov. The tip of the teeth cusps in C. takanoi sp. nov. are rounded, whereas they are pointed in C. katiae sp. nov. Moreover the teeth of C. takanoi sp. nov. are much longer and fewer in number than in C. katiae sp. nov. Externally, C. takanoi sp. nov. and C. katiae sp. nov. are also distinct; the cerata of C. takanoi sp. nov. are black with an orange inframarginal band and a white marginal band, whereas the cerata of C. katiae sp. nov. are translucent grey lacking the orange and white bands but instead having a grey margin and gold spots.</p><p>Cyerce katiae sp. nov. is also internally and externally morphologically distinct from C. nigricans; the cerata of C. nigricans are black with a yellow-orange inframarginal band and a white band along the margin, differing from C. katiae sp. nov. The penial stylet in C. katiae sp. nov. is wider at the base, slightly curved, with a blunted tip, whereas the penial stylet in C. nigricans is straight with a pointed triangular tip. The radular morphology of C. katiae sp. nov. also differs from that of C. nigricans, as the tooth cusps are flatter with denticles that have a wider edge than the base; the denticles are also more square-shaped in C. katiae sp. nov. than in C. nigricans, which are more triangular. The cerata of C. katiae sp. nov. are more oval than the fan-shaped cerata observed in C. nigricans and C. takanoi sp. nov. Lastly, the head of C. katiae sp. nov. does not have any of the orange-yellow banding across the rhinophores or head as observed in C. nigricans or in C. takanoi sp. nov. Cyerce katiae sp. nov. is morphologically distinct from all other Cyerce species, as this is the only species to have web-like grey striations forming polygons throughout the body, and cerata with scattered white pustules and gold spots throughout, as well as two distinct gold patches at the base of the head. Therefore, Cyerce katiae sp. nov. is here described as a new species.</p><p>Clade 2</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F55D06BFBF0D9B80DD5360F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F73D052FF07DD420FFD3478.text	113387F12F73D052FF07DD420FFD3478.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce kikutarobabai Hamatani 1976	<div><p>Cyerce kikutarobabai Hamatani, 1976</p><p>(Figs 26–28)</p><p>Cyerce kikutarobabai Hamatani 1976: 283–286, pl. 1, figs 1A–C, 2A–C. Type locality: Yoron Island, Amami Islands, Japan.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Cyerce kikutarobabai — holotype untraceable (see: remarks), 1 Apr 1975, 9 mm in length.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Okinawa, Ryūkyū Islands, Japan, 23 Apr 1992, 3 m depth, leg. B. Bolland, 1 specimen 5 mm preserved length (CASIZ 086574) . Tulumben, Bali, Indonesia, 1 Oct 2001, leg. M. Miller, 2 specimens (CASIZ 172614) . Nouméa, New Caledonia, 16 Sep 2022, 1 specimen 7 mm preserved length, leg. Luc Bourdil, dissected (MNHN IM-2019-26210) ; 18 Sep 2022, 1 specimen, leg. Luc Bourdil (isolate 22 NC102) . Nouméa, New Caledonia, 10 m depth, 14 Oct 2019, leg. A. Doulas, 1 specimen 10 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate KM71, MNHN IM-201926193) .</p><p>Range</p><p>Western Pacific Ocean (Hamatani 1976, Rudman 2001, Nakano 2018, Gosliner et al. 2018; present study).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour ochre, margin translucent white (Fig. 26). Pericardium inflated, antero-dorsal, opaque white. Anal papilla located between right rhinophore and pericardium. Head colour translucent, with burgundy hue; darker burgundy mask-like patch surrounding eyes. Rhinophores long, translucent with burgundy hue, with few white spots concentrated near tips. Tentacles translucent with burgundy hue. Cerata inflated, obovate; pale cream, with dorso-medial reddish-brown patch; circular pale yellow to cream spots, irregularly sized, covering reddish-brown patch. Cerata margin outlined with yellow-orange band.</p><p>Internal morphology: Pharynx about 2.5 mm in length, buccal bulb smaller than pharyngeal pouch. Radula with 11 teeth in a 10-mm preserved length specimen (MNHN IM- 201926193); 5 teeth on descending limb, 7 teeth on ascending limb (Fig. 27A). Teeth moderately wide, slightly curved, about 200 µm in length, with blunt tips (Fig. 27B). Two rows of ~20 rhomboidal denticles along either side of tooth. Size of denticles varies along tooth, smaller towards base and tip. Penial stylet short, about 100 µm in length, slightly curved, with oval opening, curved blunt tip (cup-like), located at opening of penis (Fig. 28).</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Associated with green algae of the genus Halimeda .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Hamatani’s (1976) original description of Cyerce kikutarobabai Hamatani, 1976 includes details of the external and internal morphology that closely resemble the specimens examined herein. Hamatani (1976) described the cerata of C. kikutarobabai as having a reddish-purple coloration (more intense towards the cerata margin), yellow-orange irregular round patches on each side of the cerata, and a yellow-orange band outlining the ceratal margin, all consistent with the cerata of specimens examined here. Moreover, Hamatani (1976) described the colour of the rhinophores and tentacles as reddish-purple, similarly observed in our specimens. However, Hamatani (1976) did not describe white spots on the rhinophores as observed in the material here examined. A reddish-purple pattern surrounding the eyes was also described by Hamatani (1976) and resembles the ‘masklike’ pattern on the head of our specimens. Hamatani (1976) did not describe a penial stylet for his specimens. However, our specimens possess a stylet, suggesting this trait could be variable or that the stylet was retracted into the tissue examined by Hamatani (1976). By internal and external morphology, C. kikutarobabai is distinct from all other Cyerce spp.</p><p>The holotype of C. kikutarobabai is untraceable and probably lost. It could not be found in the zoological collection of the Seto Marine Biological Laboratory (Tomoyuki Nakano, pers. comm.). According to Kazunori Hasegawa (pers. comm.), most of Hamatani’s type specimens were donated by his family to the Osaka Museum of Natural History. Currently the Hamatani collection is in the process of being fully transferred to the Osaka Museum, curated, and re-organized, but the holotype of Cyerce kikutarobabai has yet to be located at the time of the publication of the present paper.</p><p>In molecular phylogenetic analyses, C. kikutarobabai was recovered in a clade with the Mediterranean species C. graeca and C. cristallina (known also from the Western Atlantic). Notably, the external morphology of C. kikutarobabai and C. cristallina display some similarities: both species have maroon to purple rhinophores and heads with large white oval patches around the eyes, and translucent cerata edged in white with a prominent medial stripe or patch the same maroon to purple colour as the head. Cerata of both species are also flecked with small lightcoloured spots.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F73D052FF07DD420FFD3478	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F7CD050FC19DDBA0DE533EA.text	113387F12F7CD050FC19DDBA0DE533EA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce liliuokalaniae Moreno & Medrano & Gosliner & Wilson & Krug & Valdés 2025	<div><p>Cyerce liliuokalaniae sp.nov.</p><p>(Figs 20D, 22C, 25)</p><p>LSID: zoobank.org:act: C1416ACA-BE38-49CD-8971- 1A9243926FEF.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype: Waikiki, Honolulu, Oʻahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA, 24 Jun 2018, leg. K. García, 11 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate KG02, LACM 3859).</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>Maliko Bay, Maui, Hawaiian Islands, USA, 28 Jun 2016, 1 specimen 9 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate 16Mau69, LACM 187259) .</p><p>Range</p><p>Hawaiian Islands (present study).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour light cream to pale green, with white specks throughout (Fig. 20D). Pericardium creamy-white, irregularly shaped, located dorso-medially. Head light cream with few white specks scattered throughout; dark burgundy patch covering rhinophores, surrounding eyes. Rhinophores bifurcated, cream with small white specks scattered sparsely throughout. Oral tentacles translucent white with white specks scattered throughout. Cerata bulbous, obovate, translucent white, with web-like burgundy striations forming hexagonal patterns, white specks scattered throughout. Cerata margin covered with white specks, forming elevated clusters. Newly formed cerata translucent clear with light burgundy striations. Foot wider than body, with elongated posterior end; foot light cream to translucent white dorsally, with burgundy hue along the edges.</p><p>Internal morphology: Pharynx about 3 mm in length, buccal bulb smaller than pharyngeal pouch. Radula with 10 teeth in an 11-mm preserved length specimen (CPIC 02301); 6 teeth on descending limb (leading tooth broken), 4 teeth on ascending limb (Fig. 25A). Teeth narrow, elongated, with small triangular, denticles spaced broadly along tooth (Fig. 25B). Leading tooth about 600 µm in length. Size of denticles varies along radula, smaller near base, larger towards middle of the tooth, irregularly sized near tooth tip. Ascus contains about 6 used teeth (Fig. 25C). Penial stylet deeply embedded into penis, short, cylindrical (Fig. 22C).</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Diet unknown. Found beneath rocks.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is named in honour of Lydia Liliʻu Loloku Walania Kamakaʻeha, Queen Liliʻuokalani, the last sovereign monarch of Ke Aupuni Hawaiʻi (the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi) until her overthrow by the US Government on January 17, 1893 .</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Species delimitation analyses supported Cyerce liliuokalaniae sp. nov. as a candidate species, with one method further splitting the two sequenced samples into distinct entities. Phylogenetic analyses recovered Cyerce liliuokalaniae sp. nov. sister to C. orteai from the Eastern Pacific Ocean (Fig. 1B). Cyerce liliuokalaniae sp. nov. was distinct from C. orteai by not having tubercles throughout the cerata, rhinophores, or tentacles and by lacking the two brown spots located dorso-medially in the cerata. The thick yellow-orange band outlining the cerata margin in C. orteai was also not observed in Cyerce liliuokalaniae sp. nov. Denticles were also more densely arranged along the teeth of C. orteai compared to Cyerce liliuokalaniae sp. nov. The juvenile specimen of C. orteai described by Valdés and Camacho (2000) closely resembles C. liliuokalaniae sp. nov. However, the juvenile specimen was also described as having several tubercles covering the rhinophores and oral tentacles, whereas there are no tubercles on the rhinophores or oral tentacles of C. liliuokalaniae sp. nov. Moreover, the burgundy web-like striations on the cerata of Cyerce liliuokalaniae sp. nov. are not present in C. pavonina or C. goodheartae sp. nov. Overall, Cyerce liliuokalaniae sp. nov. is morphologically distinct from all other species of Cyerce by having white specks present over the entirety of the animal and translucent cerata with web-like burgundy striations that lack tubercles.</p><p>Clade 5</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F7CD050FC19DDBA0DE533EA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F56D076FC09D9CB0E483685.text	113387F12F56D076FC09D9CB0E483685.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce nigra Bergh 1870	<div><p>Cyerce nigra Bergh, 1870</p><p>(Figs 2C, D, 4B, 6)</p><p>Cyerce nigra Bergh 1870: pl. 1, fig. 10; Bergh 1871: 113–118 [in part], pl. 16, figs 1–22, 24–25. Type locality: Palau.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Cyerce nigra — holotype at NHMD (GAS-002150), Palau, Jun 1862, not examined .</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Inner side of Tabat Island, North of Nagada Harbor, near Madang, 11 Aug 1990, leg. T. Gosliner and D. Mack, 1 specimen, (CASIZ 75866) . Kanaman, Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, 13 Nov 2012, leg. H.H. Tan, 5 specimens 11 mm preserved length (isolates MM84 A–E, CASIZ 191170). Madang Province, Papua New Guinea, 3 Dec 2012, leg. C.-W. Lin, 1 specimen 2 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate MM91, CASIZ 191510). Guam, Sep 2009, leg. P. Krug, 1 specimen 10 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate 09Gua07, LACM 187260) ; 20 Jun 2009, leg. A. Valdés and E. Ornelas, 1 specimen 2 mm preserved length (isolate MM110, CPIC 00624) .</p><p>Range</p><p>Western Pacific Ocean (Wells and Bryce 1993, Rudman 1999b, Nakano 2018, Gosliner et al. 2018; present study).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour black, with scattered orange spots, outlinedwithorange-yellowbandalongmargin (Fig.2C,D). Pericardium oval, black, slightly elevated. Head orange with black line running medially between eyes. Eyes covered by thick dermal tissue.Two or three black lines from eyes extending to rhinophores. Rhinophores long, pointed; colour semi-translucent with orange patching, speckled with minute white dots; longitudinal black line running length of rhinophores.Forehead outlined with alternating orange and black transverse striations. Tentacles with similar pattern as rhinophores. Cerata inflated, fan-shaped, semi-translucent black; one side of each ceras with scattered elevated orange-yellow spots; opposite side with horizontal black striations and minute white to fluorescent green specks forming striations. Both sides of cerata with infra-marginal light orange band, covering several scattered white specks. Ceratal margin outlined by black band. Foot dorsally outlined with orange-yellow band.</p><p>Internal morphology: Pharynx about 2 mm in length, buccal bulb and pharyngeal pouch similar in size. Radula with 17 teeth in a 2-mm preserved length specimen (CASIZ 191510); 9 teeth on descending limb, 8 teeth on ascending limb (Fig. 6A). Radular teeth moderately narrow, with wide bases, sharp tips. Leading tooth about 65 µm in length, with two rows of ~9 denticles along either side of tooth (Fig. 6B). Denticles rhomboidal, some blunt; varying in size along tooth, becoming larger towards tip. Ascus with about 11 used teeth (Fig. 6C). Penis covered with tissue, with penial stylet at opening, about 200 µm in length (Fig. 4B). Penial stylet cylindrical, thin, curved, hollow with oval opening; pointed triangular tip (Fig. 4B).</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Feeds on the green algae Udotea geppiorum Yamada, 1930 and potentially other Udotea spp. (Gosliner et al. 2018; present study).</p><p>Reproduction</p><p>Development of specimens in Guam was planktotrophic. Egg masses lacked extra-capsular yolk. One clutch had a mean egg diameter of 57.2 µm ± 1.6 SE (N = 18). Larval shell size was measured across the aperture to estimate mean size for two clutches at hatching; mean larval shell width was 126.2 µm ± 5.7 SE (N = 25) for one egg mass, and 132.5 µm ± 3.6 SE (N = 25) for a second egg mass.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Phylogenetic analyses recovered Cyerce nigra as a monophyletic group represented in the Western Pacific (Fig. 1), also supported by all methods of species delimitation analysis (Table 3). Cyerce nigra was recovered within a clade containing C. nigricans and other black and yellow species, but anatomically C. nigra shares a long, curved penial stylet with several species from clade 2 such as Cyerce blackburnae sp. nov., Cyerce tutela sp. nov., and Cyerce trowbridgeae sp. nov.</p><p>Bergh’s (1870; 1871) original description of Cyerce nigra was based on a single specimen collected in Palau and illustrated alive by Semper; the colour drawing was later reproduced by Bergh (1870: pl. 1, fig. 10) and herein (Fig. 5C). Bergh (1871) also illustrated some anatomical traits of a second specimen examined by Semper, which most likely belongs to C. nigricans (see: above). The current usage of the name C. nigra in the literature (Rudman 1999b, Gosliner et al. 2018, Nakano 2018) is consistent with the original description and the specimens examined herein. For example, Bergh (1871) mentioned the presence of an infra-marginal yellow band, orange yellow spots on one side and black horizontal stripes on the opposite side of the cerata, both present in the specimens here examined. Bergh (1871) also mentioned the presence of several yellow transverse bands on the forehead of C. nigra similarly seen in our specimens. All evidence supports the material studied herein as C. nigra .</p><p>Specimens of C. nigra have been collected from, and observed to feed on, Udotea spp. However, DNA barcoding identified several green algal plastids excluding Udotea within C.nigra (Christa et al. 2014b), including specimens we recovered within C. nigra in our analyses (Fig. 1A). This raises the possibility that C. nigra has a broader host range but all of our collections and other reports to date confirm an association with Udotea (Gosliner et al. 2018) . Methodological concerns over how accurately the barcoding approach used by Christa et al. (2014b) can identify ecologically relevant host algae for sacoglossans have been previously noted (Krug et al. 2016, Moreno et al. 2023).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F56D076FC09D9CB0E483685	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F53D075FEEEDBB808303474.text	113387F12F53D075FEEEDBB808303474.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce nigricans (Pease 1866)	<div><p>Cyerce nigricans (Pease, 1866)</p><p>(Figs 2A, B, 3, 4A)</p><p>Lobifera nigricans Pease 1866: 206–207 . Type locality: Pacific Islands.</p><p>Cyerce nigra Bergh 1871: 113–118 [in part], pl. 16, figs 23, 26–28 [non C. nigra Bergh 1870: pl. 1, fig. 10].</p><p>Cyerce nigra var. ocellata Bergh 1873: 155–158 [83–86], pl. 9, figs 8, 9, pl. 11, figs 13–26, pl. 12, figs 2, 3. Type locality: Samoa.</p><p>Type material Lobifera nigricans Pease, 1866 —no type material known to exist, not found at MCZ. Cyerce nigra var. ocellata Bergh, 1873 —no type material known to exist, it was originally deposited at the Museum Godeffroy.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Heron Island, Queensland, Australia, 13 Dec 1984, 17 m depth, leg. T. Gosliner, 1 specimen 20 mm preserved length (CASIZ 071449) . Pandane Beach, Jangamo, Inhambane Province, Mozambique, 6 Feb 2008, 0–1.5 m depth, leg. M. Pola and J. Reis, 1 specimen 12 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate MM72, CASIZ 176993); 1 specimen 14 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate MM73, CASIZ 176994); 1 specimen 7 mm preserved length (isolate MM74, CASIZ 176995) . Pointe Evatra, Toliara, Madagascar, 30 Apr–6 May 2010, 38 m depth, leg. Atimo Vatae, South Madagascar Expedition, 1 specimen (isolate MM93, CASIZ 194048); 1 specimen 15 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate MM94, CASIZ 194049); 1 specimen (CASIZ 194083) .</p><p>Range</p><p>Widespread in the Indian and Western Pacific oceans (Rudman 1999c, Nimbs and Smith 2017, Nakano 2018, Gosliner et al. 2018; present study).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour black, with light banding running along both sides; black line down the middle of the body (Fig. 2A, B). Pericardium oval, elevated, black spotted in orange. Head black with orange band running down medially between eyes. Rhinophores black, outlined with two orange striations. Tentacles black with similar pattern to rhinophores. Cerata inflated, fan-shaped, black, covered with elevated orange-yellow dots on both sides. Cerata margin outlined by white band. Orange band situated infra-marginally of cerata.</p><p>Internal morphology: Pharynx about 5 mm in length, buccal bulb and pharyngeal pouch similar in size. Radula with 24 teeth in a 12-mm preserved length specimen (CASIZ 176993). Radular teeth moderately narrow, with wide bases, and sharp tips (Fig. 3A). Tips with small, sharp projections, located medially between first pair of denticles. Leading tooth about 250 µm in length, with two rows of ~20 denticles along either side of tooth, followed by ~15 smaller lateral notches (Fig. 3B). Denticles recurved, triangle shaped. Denticle size varies along tooth, smaller near base, larger towards middle of tooth, smaller at tip. Ascus with about 25 used teeth (Fig. 3C). Penis surrounded by thick dark tissue. Penial stylet at opening of penis, about 200 µm (Fig. 4A). Penial stylet cylindrical, straight, hollow with oval opening, pointed triangular tip; wide base.</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Feeds on the green algae Chlorodesmis spp. (Gosliner et al. 2018), typically diurnal.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Pease (1866) originally described Lobifera nigricans Pease, 1866 based on an undetermined number of specimens collected from the ‘Pacific Islands’ (no specific locality was provided). Pease (1866) did not include details of the internal morphology; thus, it is not possible to compare the anatomy of the original specimen/s to that of similar specimens subsequently described by Bergh (1871, 1873), or the specimens examined herein and assigned to this species. Pease (1866) described L. nigricans as being deep velvet black in colour, having cerata with a yellow infra-marginal band and covered with yellow dots, which is consistent with the modern usage of the name (Rudman 1999c, Gosliner et al. 2018). Bergh (1877) regarded the genus Lobifera as ‘partially identical’ to Cyerce and for the first time treated L. nigricans as a member of Cyerce .</p><p>Bergh (1870; 1871) described the new species Cyerce nigra Bergh, 1870 based on a single specimen collected from Palau. Bergh (1871) indicated that the specimen, which was illustrated alive by (Carl Gottfried) Semper [colour drawing reproduced by Bergh 1870: pl. 1, fig. 10 and herein (Fig. 5C)] was hardened due to preservation, and the internal organs were accidentally lost while ‘being softened in aqueous fluid’. Bergh (1871) also indicated there was a second specimen belonging to a different ‘form’ also from Palau, which was examined in the field by Semper. Semper made drawings of the radula and the penis of this second specimen (also reproduced by: Bergh 1871: pl. 16, fig. 23, and Bergh 1871: pl. 16, figs 26–28, respectively). Bergh (1871) provided a comprehensive description of the external morphology of the first specimen (holotype), which is currently deposited at the NHMD (GAS-002150) and it is consistent with the current usage of the name C. nigra (Rudman 1999b, Gosliner et al. 2018, Nakano 2018). For example, Bergh (1871) mentioned that the dorsum of the specimen was black and the cerata were also black above, with a yellow border, yellow spots, and numerous black transverse stripes. Two years later Bergh (1873) re-emphasized the fact that the two specimens collected by Semper in Palau belong to different species, and that the animal that was examined more closely by Semper deviated from the typical C. nigra by showing only a few yellow spots on the black cerata, instead of the yellow stripes typical of C. nigra . Bergh (1873) examined a third specimen collected from Samoa that according to him was consistent morphologically with the animal examined by Semper in the field. Bergh (1873) described this latter specimen under the new name Cyerce nigra var. ocellata Bergh, 1873 and reproduced the original drawing of the live animal collected by Graeffe (Bergh 1873: pl. 9, figs 8, 9) also reproduced herein (Fig. 5A, B), which is consistent with the modern usage of the name C. nigricans (see: Rudman 1999c, Gosliner et al. 2018). Moreover, the illustrations of the male reproductive system made by Semper, reproduced by Bergh (1871: pl. 16, figs 26–28), show a short penial stylet with an oval opening and pointed tip; the penial stylet of this specimen closely resembles the specimens of C. nigricans here examined. On the contrary, the penial stylet of the specimens of Cyerce nigra studied herein is long and curved with a pointed tip (see: description of C. nigra below). Thus, the specimen examined by Semper in the field clearly belongs to C. nigricans, as well as the animal from the Museum Godeffroy (Hamburg) that Bergh (1873) described as Cyerce nigra var. ocellata . This was later confirmed by Bergh (1877), who mentioned that he received one of Pease’s specimens of C. nigricans (collected by Garrett) for examination and verified that it was the same species as Cyerce nigra var. ocellata . Bergh (1877: pl. 10, figs 10, 11) also illustrated the penis of the specimen of Cyerce nigra var. ocellata, which is also short and straight, consistent with the drawings by Semper and different from the true C. nigra .</p><p>A specimen from Lizard and Eagle islands (Australia) identified as Cyerce nigricans by Klussman and Dinapoli (2006) and Händeler and Wägele (2007) was recovered as a member of this species (Fig. 1). Moreover, images of live specimens identified as C. nigricans obtained from the Lizard Island research station of Australia closely resemble our specimens of Cyerce nigricans from the Indian Ocean (see: Australian Museum Lizard Island Research Station 2022) confirming they are conspecific. However, phylogenetic analyses recovered two specimens from New Caledonia originally identified as C. nigricans in a distinct clade, named Cyerce takanoi sp. nov. herein (Fig. 1A). The species delimitation analyses further supported this clade as a distinct candidate species (Table 3). Morphological examination of specimens of C. takanoi sp. nov. and C. nigricans reveal these species share several external morphological traits such as the black cerata with orange spots and yellow-orange band along the margin. However, the colour pattern of the head of C. takanoi sp. nov. differs from the pattern observed in C. nigricans, which has a medial orange line along the head of the animal (consistent with the original description), whereas C. takanoi sp. nov. has two orange transverse patches on the head. Also, the presence of scattered orange spots along the margin of the rhinophores of C. takanoi sp. nov. rather than a solid orange line in C. nigricans seems like a distinction. Moreover, Bergh (1873) mentioned and illustrated yellow longitudinal striations along the body of Cyerce nigra var. ocellata (= C. nigricans) (Fig. 5A,B), which are present in the specimens here examined but are absent in C. takanoi sp. nov.</p><p>Phylogenetic analyses recovered all specimens of C. nigricans in an unsupported clade. This could be due to the inclusion in the analyses of short sequences from GenBank. But all species delimitation analyses confirmed C. nigricans is a distinct species as mentioned above.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F53D075FEEEDBB808303474	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F79D05CFC82D9AF08BD34E1.text	113387F12F79D05CFC82D9AF08BD34E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce orteai Valdes and Camacho-Garcia 2000	<div><p>Cyerce orteai Valdés and Camacho-García, 2000</p><p>(Figs 20B, 23)</p><p>Cyerce orteai Valdés and Camacho, 2000: 445–456, figs 1–5. Type locality: Playa Cabuya, Cóbano, Puntarenas Prov., Costa Rica,</p><p>Type material</p><p>Cyerce orteai — holotype at the Universidad de Costa Rica (INBio CRI001500521) [formerly at the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad], Playa Cabuya, Cóbano, Puntarenas Prov., Costa Rica, 29 Jan 1999, not examined .</p><p>Material examined</p><p>Punta Mita, Nayarit, Mexico, Jan 1976, leg. F. and R. Poorman, 5 specimens 12–14 mm preserved length, dissected (isolates MM104 A–E, LACM 153499). El Anclote, Nayarit, Mexico, 17 Feb 2008, leg. A. Hermosillo, 1 specimen 13 mm preserved length (isolate MM107, LACM 175024). Playa Cabuya, Cóbano, Puntarenas, Costa Rica, 29 Jan 1999, leg. Y. Camacho, 2 specimens 12–14 mm preserved length (isolates MM43 A–B, CASIZ 115230, paratypes) .</p><p>Range</p><p>Tropical Eastern Pacific, from Nayarit, Mexico (present study) to Costa Rica (Valdés and Camacho-García 2000).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour light cream to olive green (Fig. 20B). Pericardium white, with light brown striations forming web-like pattern. Head colour light cream, covered by dark reddish-brown, mask-like band around eyes, with few white specks. Rhinophores light cream with dark reddish-brown markings, white specks scattered throughout. Cerata inflated, obovate, translucent white, with dark brown striations forming weblike pattern around translucent tubercles; tubercles scattered throughout cerata, with minute white spots at centers. Cerata colour varies by specimen size; bolder dark reddish-brown striations in larger specimens. Ceratal margin outlined with dark yellow thick band and pronounced white spots dorsally. Dense white specks beneath ceratal margin. Ceratal peduncle light cream. Foot colour white with white specks.</p><p>Internal morphology: Radula with 10 teeth in a 14-mm preserved length specimen (LACM 153499); 6 teeth on descending limb, 4 teeth on ascending limb (Fig. 23A). Teeth very narrow, elongated, slightly curved with concaved tip. Leading tooth about 500 µm in length, with two rows of ~20 conical denticles along either side (Fig. 23B). Denticles blunt, short, varying in size along tooth, smaller near base and tip, slightly enlarged towards middle of tooth. Ascus contains about 12 used teeth (Fig. 23C). A penial stylet was not observed in any of the specimens dissected but it was described by Valdés and Camacho-García (2000).</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Diet unknown. Found beneath rocks.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Valdés and Camacho-García (2000) described Cyerce orteai Valdés and Camacho-García, 2000 based on several live specimens collected from the Pacific coast of Costa Rica and illustrated the external and internal morphology. Subsequent records extended the geographic range of this species as far north as Baja California, Mexico (Angulo-Campillo 2002). The specimens here examined from Nayarit, Mexico are within the known range of the species and closely resemble the original description, as well as several paratypes from Costa Rica also studied herein. Valdés and Camacho-García (2000) described external characteristics such a dark brown mask-like pattern on the head; dark brown cerata with elevated translucent tubercles; and white spots along the cerata margin that are also present in the specimens from Nayarit. The radula described by Valdés and Camacho-García (2000) also closely resembles the radula dissected from the specimens from Nayarit, sharing similar elongated teeth with recurved conical denticles. Although not mentioned by Valdés and Camacho-García (2000), the images of the radular teeth have a distinct tip very similar to what we observed in the specimens from Nayarit. However, Valdés and Camacho-García (2000) describe tubercles along the rhinophores and tentacles, not observed in our specimens. Regardless, phylogenetic analyses recovered our specimens and the specimens described by Valdés and Camacho-García (2000) in a single clade with COI distances &lt;0.5% (Fig. 1B). Therefore, the material here examined belongs to C. orteai .</p><p>Cyerce orteai shares several internal and external morphological characteristics with C. pavonina, despite being found on opposite sides of the Pacific Ocean. For instance, the radular teeth of both C. pavonina and C. orteai are long and narrow, with concave tips and short triangular denticles. The cerata of C. orteai have similar translucent tubercles to those observed in C. pavonina, although the tubercles are larger and more pronounced in C. orteai . Cyerce pavonina also has two dorso-medial brown spots on the inner side of the cerata, while C. orteai does not possess brown spots on either side of the cerata. Finally, the orange-yellowish band with white tubercles along the margin of the cerata is present in both species. Because of these similarities, some authors (e.g. Pittman and Fiene 2000) suggested that C. orteai could be a synonym of C. pavonina . However, species delimitation analyses all supported C. orteai as a distinct taxon, and in phylogenetic analyses, C. orteai was not sister to C. pavonina despite their superficial similarity in appearance. Thus, C. orteai is regarded herein as a valid species restricted to the Eastern-Pacific, while records of C. orteai from the tropical Indo-Pacific likely represent C. pavonina, C. goodheartae sp. nov., or C. liliuokalaniae sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F79D05CFC82D9AF08BD34E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F7AD05AFC1CDF97083D34C0.text	113387F12F7AD05AFC1CDF97083D34C0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce pavonina Bergh 1888	<div><p>Cyerce pavonina Bergh, 1888</p><p>(Figs 20A, 21, 22A)</p><p>Cyerce pavonina Bergh 1888: 764–769, pl. 77, figs 3–5, pl. 78, figs 10–18, pl. 79, figs 22–25. Type locality: Mauritius.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Cyerce pavonina — no type material known to exist, not found at NHMD.</p><p>Material examined</p><p>‘ <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.6039&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.91763" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.6039/lat 13.91763)">The Deep Blue’</a>, 13.91763ºN 120.6039ºE, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.6039&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.91763" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.6039/lat 13.91763)">Verde Island Passage</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.6039&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.91763" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.6039/lat 13.91763)">Calatagan</a>, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.6039&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.91763" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.6039/lat 13.91763)">Luzon Island</a>, Philippines, 18 May 2014, leg. VIP <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.6039&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.91763" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.6039/lat 13.91763)">Team</a>, 1 specimen 11 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate MM42, CASIZ 202132). <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.6039&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.91763" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.6039/lat 13.91763)">Diamond Head</a>, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, USA, 1 Oct 2000, 1 m depth, leg. C. Pittman, 1 specimen (CASIZ 163778) .</p><p>Range</p><p>Western and Central Pacific, and Indian Ocean (Rudman 2008, Gosliner et al. 2018).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour light brown (Fig. 20A). Pericardium elevated, circularly shaped, lighter than rest of body. Rhinophores light brown, covered with white flecks scattered throughout. Cerata inflated, obovate; outer side dark brown with translucent tubercles and white flecks; inner side lighter brown with cream patch, two dark dorso-medial brown spots, one brown spot located below ceratal margin, another spot located beneath first. Cerata margin outlined with dark yellowish to orange band, with white tubercles appearing to give cerata dentate-like structure. Dorsal side of the foot light brown, foot sole greenish grey.</p><p>Internal morphology: Pharynx about 3 mm in length; pharyngeal pouch much larger than buccal bulb. Radula with 10 teeth in an 11-mm preserved length specimen (CASIZ 202132); 6 on descending limb, 4 on ascending limb (Fig. 21A). Teeth elongate, with wide bases. Leading tooth about 500 µm in length, with two rows of ~24 triangular denticles along either side (Fig. 21B). Size of denticles varies along tooth, smaller near base and tip. Ascus not observed. Penis with penial stylet at opening (Fig. 22A). Penial stylet cylindrical, hollow with oval opening, about 200 µm in length.</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Associated with the green algae Halimeda spp.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Bergh’s (1888) original description of Cyerce pavonina Bergh, 1888 was based on a single preserved specimen from Mauritius and field notes provided by [Karl August] Moebius [Möbius]. The main diagnostic characteristics of this species as described by Bergh (1888) included a yellow-brown head colour, dorsal yellow-brown cerata covered with whitish warts, and a grey foot sole. Bergh (1888) further described the cerata of C. pavonina as being leaf-shaped with both sides covered by tubercles and a brown tip and white base. Bergh (1888) also described the outer side of the cerata as having a brown colour darker than the inner side, which was described as white or lighter in colour. The colour illustration of C. pavonina by Möbius, reproduced by Bergh (1888: pl. 77, fig. 3) and herein (Fig. 5F) also shows two dorso-medial brown spots, a trait that along with the brown cerata covered with whitish tubercles closely resembles the characteristics of our specimens. The radular morphology of C. pavonina was also described and illustrated by Bergh (1888: pl. 78, figs 16, 17), which closely resembles that of our specimens; both have very narrow and elongate teeth with numerous denticles and wide bases. All these morphological traits described by Bergh (1888) closely resembles the specimens studied herein and therefore we confidently assign our specimens to C. pavonina .</p><p>Kay (1979) described a specimen from the Hawaiian Islands as C. nigricans that closely resembles C. pavonina . The description of the cerata colour by Kay (1979) is very similar to our specimen of C. pavonina, as being translucent brown with an orange yellow band along the margin. Kay (1979) also mentioned the cerata as dark brown with white spots on one side of the cerata and white pustules with blue spots on the other, a trait that we did not observe in our specimens. The identity of Kay’s (1979) specimens remains unclear as additional species with similar external morphology are present in the Hawaiian Islands; see description of C. liliuokalaniae sp. nov.</p><p>Rudman’s (2008) morphological description of a specimen of Cyerce pavonina from Tanzania closely resembles the specimen studied herein. However, Rudman’s (2008) specimen appeared to have a light brown band across the head of the animal, a trait we could not verify in our specimens. Whether the specimen described by Rudman (2008) and our specimens belongs to the same species would require further investigation. Moreover, examination of online images of C. pavonina from the Philippines indicated that they have a light brown band across the head. Therefore, multiple pseudocryptic species may be currently identified as C. pavonina .</p><p>Cyerce pavonina was recovered in the phylogenetic analyses as sister to C. goodheartae sp. nov. (Fig. 1B), but differed in colour and radular morphology. Compared to C. pavonina, the cerata of C. goodheartae sp. nov. were more translucent, light brown, and lacked tubercles throughout. The radular teeth of C. goodheartae sp. nov. are shorter and wider than those of C. pavonina . The radular and penial morphology of C. pavonina are also similar to those of C. liliuokalaniae sp. nov. in several respects. For example, both species have very elongate, slender radular teeth with triangular denticles, and short, cylindrical penial stylets.</p><p>Bergh (1888) mentioned the penial stylet of Cyerce pavonina appeared to be similar morphologically to that of C. nigricans, but shorter in length. The penial stylet of C. nigra is cylindrical with an oval opening, but it has a sharp, pointed tip, clearly differing from Cyerce pavonina .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F7AD05AFC1CDF97083D34C0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F55D076FEB7DBEB083F34D7.text	113387F12F55D076FEB7DBEB083F34D7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce takanoi Moreno & Medrano & Gosliner & Wilson & Krug & Valdés 2025	<div><p>Cyerce takanoi sp.nov.</p><p>(Figs 2E, 7)</p><p>LSID: zoobank.org:act: 8B5B7295-12BE-4BB2-9266- F5D560A39721.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype: Pouebo, New Caledonia, 23 Sep 2018, leg. T. Takano, 1.5 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate AV487, MNHN IM-2013-86235).</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>Pouebo, New Caledonia, 23 Sep 2018, leg. T. Takano, 1 specimen 2 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate AV484, MNHN IM-2013-86234) .</p><p>Range</p><p>New Caledonia (present study).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour olive green to black. Pericardium elevated, oval, light orange with white speckling (Fig. 2E). Head light grey, with black Y-shaped band extending from base of head to rhinophoral tips; two dark orange patches along sides of head, another at forehead. Rhinophores long, dark grey to black with two striations formed by green to fluorescent orange dots. Tentacles with similar pattern as rhinophores. Cerata inflated, fan-shaped, black, scattered with few elevated bright orange spots; few white and fluorescent specks. Cerata sub-marginally outlined with red-orange to bright orange band on both sides; sub-marginal band covering several small white clusters. Cerata margin outlined with white band and several minute white specks; bordered by two black bands. Foot wider than body. Dorsally, foot black with greyish margin; margin with white speckling. Posterior end of foot extends further than body, pointed.</p><p>Internal morphology: Radula with 10 teeth in a 2-mm preserved length specimen (MNHN IM-2013-86234); 5 teeth on descending limb, 5 teeth on ascending limb (Fig. 7A). Radular teeth moderately elongate with rounded tips. Leading tooth about 150 µm in length, with two rows of ~8 denticles visible along either side of tooth (Fig. 7B). Denticles recurved, triangular in shape; all about same size (those visible). Ascus small, with few teeth. Penis not observed.</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Specimens found in association with the green algae Chlorodesmis spp.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is named in honour of Tsuyoshi Takano who collected the algae in which this species was found and in appreciation for his help and friendship to AV during the Koumac expeditions.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Specimens of Cyerce takanoi sp. nov. from New Caledonia were originally identified as C. nigricans . However, these specimens were distinct from C. nigricans in all species delimitation methods (Fig. 1A). As noted, C. takanoi sp. nov. and C. nigricans share similar external morphological characteristics, such as having black cerata with elevated orange spots, an infra-marginal yellow-orange band on the cerata, and white band outlining the margin of the cerata. However, the head pattern is different between these two species: C. nigricans has a bold medial longitudinal orange band on the head with two bold orange striations extending across the rhinophores, traits not observed in C. takanoi sp. nov. Bergh (1873) also described yellow longitudinal striations along the dorsum of the holotype, observed in our specimens of C. nigricans but not in C. takanoi sp. nov. The radula of Cyerce takanoi sp. nov. is very similar to that of C. nigricans but the teeth are considerably smaller. The number of teeth was not considered directly comparable due to the size differences of the specimens examined.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F55D076FEB7DBEB083F34D7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F49D06FFEDDD9BA0DA035AF.text	113387F12F49D06FFEDDD9BA0DA035AF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce trowbridgeae Moreno & Medrano & Gosliner & Wilson & Krug & Valdés 2025	<div><p>Cyerce trowbridgeae sp.nov.</p><p>(Figs 9A, 11B, 12)</p><p>LSID: zoobank.org:act: 06B7161E-69C2-46F7-B955-0632D 533657F.</p><p>Cyerce sp. 2 Gosliner et al. 2018: 402 upper right photo.</p><p>Cyerce sp. 6 Nakano 2018: 119.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype: Bigej-Meck Reef, Kwajalein Atoll, Marshall Islands, 6 Aug 2007, leg. S. Johnson, 7 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate MM76, CASIZ 181975).</p><p>Range</p><p>Marshall Islands (present study) and Japan (Nakano 2018).</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour greyish-brown (Fig. 9A). Head beige with light brown striations; light grey banding outlining eyes, extending to rhinophores. Rhinophores beige with light brown to burgundy reticulated striations throughout; scattered yellow spots at tips. Cerata flat, slightly inflated, obovate; colour greyish-brown with vein-like light brown striations throughout; outer side of cerata scattered with small elevated white minute specks; inner side of cerata scattered with black to dark brown elevated spots. Ceratal margin outlined with several elevated bright yellow spots creating dentate-like structure; two dark grey bands along either side. Foot beige dorsally with light brown vein-like striations; foot margin with light grey and scattered bright yellow spots.</p><p>Internal morphology: Pharynx about 1 mm in length; buccal bulb similar in size as pharyngeal pouch. Radula with more than 11 teeth in a 7-mm preserved length specimen (CASIZ 222039) (Fig. 12A). Teeth very elongated, about 600 µm long, with small triangular tips. Two rows of ~26 short triangular denticles (Fig. 12B). Penial stylet elongate, curved, about 200 µm in length, cylindrically shaped, hollow with oval opening (Fig. 11B).</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Found on the green algae Halimeda spp.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is named in honour of Cynthia Trowbridge in recognition of her long career and outstanding contributions to the biology and ecology of sacoglossans.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>All species delimitation analyses supported Cyerce trowbridgeae sp. nov. as distinct from C. bourbonica, which was its sister taxon in phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1A). External characteristics shared between Cyerce trowbridgeae sp. nov. and C. bourbonica include yellow spots outlining the margin of the cerata and small white pustules throughout the cerata observed in both species. However, Cyerce trowbridgeae sp. nov. was morphologically distinct from all other Cyerce spp. examined, possessing greyish cerata with light-brown reticulated striations, white elevated specks on the outer ceratal surface, and black to dark brown elevated spots on the inner ceratal surface. The cerata of C. bourbonica are lobate and light cream to greyish (depending on locality), whereas cerata of C. trowbridgeae sp. nov. are fan-shaped and a much darker shade of brown. Moreover, C. trowbridgeae sp. nov. has dark brown reticulated striations across the cerata, head, and rhinophores that are not present in C. bourbonica . A dark grey band outlines the margin of the cerata, foot, and head in C. trowbridgeae sp. nov. that is only faintly observed along the ceratal margin of C. bourbonica . The radular teeth of C. bourbonica are much shorter and wider than those of C. trowbridgeae sp. nov. The denticles along the radular teeth of C. trowbridgeae sp. nov. are also more numerous and more triangular in shape than of the denticles in C. bourbonica . Also, C. bourbonica appears to have a short straight penial spine whereas that of C. trowbridgeae sp. nov. is elongate and curved.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F49D06FFEDDD9BA0DA035AF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F4DD060FBF3D85C08AC3317.text	113387F12F4DD060FBF3D85C08AC3317.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce tutela Moreno & Medrano & Gosliner & Wilson & Krug & Valdés 2025	<div><p>Cyerce tutela sp.nov.</p><p>(Figs 9D, E, 11D, 14)</p><p>LSID: zoobank.org:act: F8E3445B-C187-40A0-AFDB-F5E8D 88ACA90.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype: SW end of West Lewis Island, Dampier Archipelago, Western Australia, Australia, 29 Mar 2017, 10 m depth, leg. L. Kirkendale, N.G. Wilson, and M. Condy, 3 mm preserved length (isolate AU2, WAM S110017).</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>Port Hedland, Western Australia, Australia, 20 Oct 2017, intertidal, leg. D. Koehler-Teufel, 1 specimen, dissected (isolate AU1, WAM S71546). Port Hedland, Western Australia, Australia, 1 Sep 2021, intertidal, leg. D. Koehler-Teufel, 1 specimen, dissected (isolate AU3, WAM S58153) .</p><p>Range</p><p>Mid to northern Western Australia (present study), from Exmouth to Port Hedland.</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body white with scattered black dots throughout (Fig. 9D, E). Head white, scattered with black spots throughout; base of head with greyish black patch; small greyish patch at forehead. Rhinophores white with black spotting, black patches at tips. Tentacles short, white, with scattered black dots throughout. Cerata inflated, obovate, translucent white, with scattered black spots, few elevated pale yellow, white pustules throughout. Cerata with infra-marginal banding of fuchsia, orange; black spots clustering beneath orange band. Cerata margin slightly undulating, outlined with pale yellow to black to pale yellow band, translucent defensive glands present. Foot white dorsally with scattered black spots throughout.</p><p>Internal morphology: Pharynx approximately 4 mm in length, buccal bulb similar in size to pharyngeal pouch. Teeth moderately narrow, slightly bent, about 600 µm in length; tips blunt (Fig. 14A, B). Two rows of ~34 rhomboidal denticles, recurved backward. Ascus with more than six used teeth (Fig. 14C). Penial stylet at opening of penis (Fig. 11D). Penial stylet cylindrical, curved, about 100 µm in length, hollow with oval opening at tip; tip pointed, with small distinct hook.</p><p>Ecology</p><p>Associated with the green algae Udotea spp.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is named in honour of the traditional owners and first peoples of Australia who continue to work to protect the lands and sea. The Latin noun ‘tutela’ means protection and care, and alludes to the Roman concept of guardianship.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>All methods of species delimitation analysis distinguished Cyerce tutela sp. nov. from Cyerce blackburnae sp. nov., which were sister taxa in phylogenetic analyses (Fig. 1A). Cyerce tutela sp. nov. is morphologically distinct from all other species of Cyerce, including Cyerce blackburnae sp. nov. as detailed in the remarks for Cyerce blackburnae sp. nov. Like C. blackburnae sp. nov., living C. tutela also exhibited distinctive swimming behaviour when disturbed (Alex Hoschke and Glenn Whisson pers. comm.). This species has been found intertidally in Port Hedland, and subtidally off Exmouth and Dampier.</p><p>Clade 3</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F4DD060FBF3D85C08AC3317	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
113387F12F45D059FEB1D9C9089D32BC.text	113387F12F45D059FEB1D9C9089D32BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyerce whaapi Moreno & Medrano & Gosliner & Wilson & Krug & Valdés 2025	<div><p>Cyerce whaapi sp.nov.</p><p>(Figs 15D, 17C, 19)</p><p>LSID: zoobank.org:act: 678AB90A-3A15-44B6-AA6B-EDCBB 6BA8CE7.</p><p>Type material</p><p>Holotype: Koumac, New Caledonia, 8 Sep 2018, leg. Koumac 2.1 Expedition (stn. KM301), 11 mm preserved length (isolate AV162, MNHN IM-2013-86238).</p><p>Other material examined</p><p>Koumac, New Caledonia, 4 Sep 2018, leg. Koumac 2.1 Expedition (stn. KM200), 1 specimen 7 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate AV016, MNHN IM-2013-86240); 1 specimen 7 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate AV017, MNHN IM-2013-86239) ; 8 Sep 2018, leg. Koumac 2.1 Expedition (stn. KM301), 1 specimen 7 mm preserved length, dissected (isolate AV163, MNHN IM-2013-86237); 1 specimen 3 mm preserved length (isolate AV165, MNHN IM-2013-86236) .</p><p>Range</p><p>Based on available evidence this species could be endemic to New Caledonia.</p><p>Description</p><p>External morphology: Body colour beige to light cream (Fig. 15D). Pericardium elevated, oval, light brown. Anal papillae light brown. Head colour beige with greyish tint. Rhinophores long, translucent white, with white speckling at tips. Cerata inflated, obovate, translucent brown, with faint white vein-like striations throughout; small single white to fluorescent green spot at base of each ceras. Ceratal margin outlined with white specks, faint thin light brown band; submarginally, several large clusters of white specks evenly distributed along margin; margin wavy.</p><p>Internal morphology: Pharynx about 4 mm in length; pharyngeal pouch much larger than buccal bulb. Radula with 10 teeth in a 7-mm preserved length specimen (MNHN IM-2013-86239); 3 on descending limb, 7 on ascending limb (Fig. 19A). Teeth narrow, elongate, slightly bent, about 400 µm in length (Fig. 19C). Two rows of ~17 short, triangular denticles. Denticle size varies along tooth, smaller at the base, larger as they ascend, significantly smaller at tooth tip. Ascus with about 12 used teeth (Fig. 19B). Penial stylet embedded in penis (Fig. 17C), short, curved inward; tip pointed.</p><p>Etymology</p><p>This species is named in honour of Rocky Whaap of the Tribu de Wanap, Koumac, New Caledonia who participated in various research expeditions and collected important specimens for this study.</p><p>Ecology Diet unknown.</p><p>Remarks</p><p>Species delimitation and phylogenetic analyses all supported Cyerce whaapi sp. nov. as a candidate species sister to C. elegans and distinct from other complex members (Fig. 1B; Table 3). Morphologically, C. whaapi sp. nov. could be distinguished from C. elegans by having cerata that were slightly more inflated and with faint white vein-like striations extending from the white clusters along the ceratal margin. The colour of the spot at the base in C. whaapi sp. nov. ranges from fluorescent green to light brown but was fluorescent blue to green in C. elegans .</p><p>The description of C. elegans var. by Bergh (1888) closely resembles C. whaapi sp. nov., having translucent light-brown cerata with white vein-like striations and white clusters along the margin. However, the vein-like striations in C. whaapi sp. nov. are fainter and do not extend towards the middle of the cerata as observed in the illustration by Bergh (1888: pl. 77, fig. 6) and the specimens of Cyerce basi sp. nov. here examined. The penial stylet and radular morphology of our specimens of C. whaapi sp. nov. also closely resembles the specimen described by Bergh (1888).</p><p>Phylogenetic analyses recovered all specimens of C. whaapi sp. nov. in an unsupported clade, but all species delimitation analyses confirmed C. nigricans is a distinct species as indicated above.</p><p>Clade 4</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/113387F12F45D059FEB1D9C9089D32BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Moreno, Karina;Medrano, Sabrina;Gosliner, Terrence M.;Wilson, Nerida G.;Krug, Patrick J.;Valdés, Ángel	Moreno, Karina, Medrano, Sabrina, Gosliner, Terrence M., Wilson, Nerida G., Krug, Patrick J., Valdés, Ángel (2025): Phylogenetic systematics of the genus Cyerce Bergh, 1870 (Mollusca: Heterobranchia: Sacoglossa: Caliphyllidae) from the Pacific and Indian oceans with descriptions of nine new species. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 204 (1), DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030, URL: https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaf030
