identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
1016F124277FFFF4FF5AF8D44CC50765.text	1016F124277FFFF4FF5AF8D44CC50765.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axiagastus Dallas 1851	<div><p>Axiagastus Dallas, 1851</p><p>Axiagastus Dallas, 1851: 194 (key to genera), 221–222 (description of genus and type species). Type species:  Axiagastus Rosmarus Dallas, 1851, by monotypy.</p><p>Axiagastus: Walker (1867): 268 –269 (list of species); Stål (1868): 511 (redescription, key to genera); Stål (1876): 64 (key to genera), 94 (catalogue, distribution); Atkinson (1888): 128 –129 (catalogue, redescription); Lethierry &amp; Severin (1893): 170 (catalogue, distribution); Distant (1902): 174 (key to genera), 179, fig. 107 (redescription, illustrations); Bergroth (1908): 172 (catalogue); Kirkaldy (1909): 126 (catalogue, distribution); Distant (1911a): 344 (list); China (1928): 191 (comparison with  Indrapura); Hoffmann (1932a): 8 (list); Tang (1935): 334 (catalogue); Stichel (1961): 764 (checklist); Stichel (1962): 244 (checklist); Gross (1976): 427 (discussion on relationship with  Antestia group [= Antestiini]); Hsiao &amp; Zheng (1977): 90 (key to genera), 132 (type species mentioned); Lin &amp; Zhang (1993): 117 (key to genera); Cassis &amp; Gross (2002): 458 (catalogue, distribution); Rider (2006): 259 –260 (catalogue, tribal classification); Arnold (2011): 42 (distribution); Fan (2011): 14 (key to genera), 71 (diagnosis, key to Chinese species); Arnold (2012): 55 –56 (taxonomy, distribution); Grazia &amp; Schwertner (2017): 14 (plant association); Rider et al. (2018): 67 (mentioned in key to tribes), 74–75, 86 (comments on tribal placement), 97 (comparison with  Critheus).</p><p>Axagastus (incorrect subsequent spelling): Su et al. (1993): 282 (distribution).</p><p>Axiagaster (incorrect subsequent spelling): Arnold (2003): 24 (comparison with  Indrapura).</p><p>Axiasgastus (incorrect subsequent spelling): Lever (1934a): 2 (parasitoid, distribution).</p><p>Axigastus (incorrect subsequent spellings): Johns (1941): 4 (parasitoid).</p><p>Indrapura  China, 1928: 190–191 (original description). Type species:  Indrapura klossi China, 1928, by original designation. New junior subjective synonym.</p><p>Indrapura: Arnold (2003): 24 (comment on generic status); Arnold (2012): 55 (list).</p><p>Diagnosis (letters within parentheses correspond to those in the plates for each species). Medium-sized pentatomids (body length 10.62–15.39 mm) distinguished by the following set of characters:integument usually black or chocolate brown, with the exception of an orange colouration in  A. mitescens and  A. klossi comb. nov., with coarse, brown punctation, moderately large, white to stramineous spot of variable size on apex of scutellum; males with anterior apex of each buccula strongly produced into “tusk-like”, moderately elongate denticle (Figs 3, 4, 50, 86, 120, 162, 203, 237, [d]); scutellum extending beyond two-thirds of abdominal length, postfrenal region slightly narrower than frenal region, with broadly rounded apex; mesosternum with low median carina (mc); ostiolar peritreme (Figs 7, 8, 51, 87, 122, 139, 163, 204, 238 [p]) of external scent efferent system of metathoracic scent glands ruga-shaped, elongate, nearly of uniform width, with narrowly truncate, long apex reaching anterolateral area of metapleuron; abdominal segment III without projection or groove.</p><p>Redescription. Body of medium size, slightly longer than wide, convex dorsally.</p><p>Integument and vestiture. Integument coarsely and densely punctured, especially on scutellum, corium and connexivum, head and pronotum sometimes sparsely punctured; body glabrous dorsally and moderately pilose ventrally, particularly abdomen, labium and legs.</p><p>Structure. Head (Figs 1–3, 49, 50, 85, 86, 119, 120, 138, 161, 162, 202, 203, 236, 237) slightly broader than long, rounded apically, more or less flat dorsally; mandibular plates as long as, or slightly longer than clypeus, broader than clypeus throughout their lengths, lateral margins, smooth and concave; apex of clypeus free; compound eyes globose; postocular portion short, situated in concave emargination of anterior margin of pronotum; ocelli placed in close proximity to posterolateral margins of compound eyes; antenniferous tubercles short, sessile near bases of antennae, completely visible in dorsal view; bucculae basally very narrow, gradually elevated anteriad, in females, about rectangular, without denticles anteriorly, in males, produced into a pair of elongate, strong, “tusk-like”, posteriorly curved denticles (Figs 3, 4, 50, 86, 120, 162, 203, 237 [d]). Antennae with five antennomeres: scape (I) short, stout, extending to approximately apex of head, basipedicellite (IIa) shorter than distipedicellite (IIb), basiflagellum (III) shorter than distiflagellum (IV). Labium with length variable among species, labiomere I approximately as long as bucculae, labiomere III longest, length of labiomeres from shortest to longest: I&lt;II&lt;IV&lt;III.</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>Thorax. Pronotum broad, anterior margin moderately emarginate around postocular portion of head, concave dorsally; anterior angles, each with a minute denticle, directed laterally; anterolateral margins obliquely straight; humeri rounded, not surpassing base of costal margins of forewings; posterolateral angles broadly rounded; posterior margin weakly concave. Scutellum elongate, distinctly longer than basal width, extending beyond two-thirds of abdomen; frenal portion as long as postfrenal portion, postfrenal portion narrower than frenal portion, tongueshaped. Thoracic pleuron and sternum. Prosternum impressed; mesosternum with low, obtuse median carina (Figs 5, 239), terminating between mesothoracic acetabula; metasternum rather flat. External scent efferent system of metathoracic scent gland with large, oval ostiole (Figs 51, 87, 122, 139, 163, 204, 238 [o]) directed posterolaterad, and elongate ruga-shaped peritreme (Figs 7, 8, 51, 87, 122, 130, 139, 163, 204, 238 [p]) protruding beyond two-thirds of metapleuron laterally, nearly of uniform width throughout its length, with apex narrowly blunt or truncate; evaporatoria extensive on meso- and metapleura; each mesopleural evaporatorium covering most of posterior and lateral areas of mesopleuron (except oval polish spot near lateral margin); each metapleural evaporatorium large, anterolaterally bordered with an oblique, sinuate ridge, posterolaterally extending laterad, therefore metapleural evaporatorium appearing forked laterally. Forewings. Coria slightly surpassing apex of scutellum in resting position, with narrowly rounded posterolateral angles, each membrane with 8–10 longitudinal veins. Legs with femora unarmed, dorsal surface of each tibia with two longitudinal ridges enclosing a more or less flat surface; tarsi 3-segmented.</p><p>Pregenital abdomen. Ventrite III without median spine or tubercle; posterolateral angles of ventrites obtuse, unarmed; connexivum weakly exposed. Abdominal venter convex, neither grooved nor keeled.</p><p>Male genitalia. Genital capsule (Figs 13–15, 23–26, 30‒33, 54‒57, 61–64, 79–82, 90–93, 97‒100, 123–126, 142–145, 166–169, 173–176, 180–183, 187‒190, 207–210, 214–217, 242–245, 249–252) subquadrate in dorsal view; dorsal rim more deeply incised than ventral rim; dorsal rim laterally slightly concave or obliquely straight, sometimes with indistinct serrations (Figs 13, 23, 30, 97, 142, 166, 180, 187 [sr]), usually continuous in moderately angular projection contiguous with moderately deep and transverse emargination (Figs 13, 30, 54, 61, 90, 97, 123, 142, 166, 187, 207, 214, 249 [te]) in middle of dorsal rim; ventral rim (Figs 14, 31, 62, 91, 98, 143, 250 [vr]) broadly V-shaped in middle, infoldings of ventral rim deeply impressed on either side of moderately pronounced distension or small flap-like projection (Figs 14, 31, 32, 52, 88, 125, 126, 140, 143, 164, 168, 189, 215, 251 [dn]) in middle, distension emarginated in middle; infoldings of ventral rim sometimes laterally (mesad to posterolateral lobes) with a narrow sclerotized black ridge with sawtooth-like projections (Figs 13, 30, 187 [sp]), ending in a moderately pronounced, blunt denticle (Figs 15, 32, 56, 63, 81, 99, 125, 144, 189 [dt]) or acuminate (Fig. 216 [dt]), short, spine-like denticle (Fig. 251 [dt]). Paramere (Figs 16, 17, 27–29, 34‒36, 58–60, 65–67, 94–96, 101‒103, 127–129, 146–148, 170–172, 177–179, 184–186, 191‒193, 211‒213, 218, 219, 246–248, 253–255). Simple, crown with an upright finger-like process (flp) forming an acute angle with a laminate disc (ld), dorsal margin (dm) of parameral crown variable, apex acute or blunt/rounded in lateral view; stem (st) moderately elongate; apodeme (am) disc-like. Phallus (Figs 18–20, 38–40, 68–70, 104–106, 131–133, 149–151, 194–196, 220–222, 256–258). Phallotheca weakly sclerotized, with a ventral convex projection (vcp) in close proximity with inner margin of processes of aedeagus (pa); 1–2 pairs of conjunctival processes (cp); aedeagus (ad) short, deflected dorsad, apex swollen, drop-like, transparent, with embedded phallotreme and a pair of elongate processes of aedeagus (pa), with shape varying among species.</p><p>Female genitalia. Terminalia (Figs 41, 42, 71, 72, 107, 108, 152, 153, 197, 198, 223, 224, 259, 260). Valvifers VIII large, nearly quadrangular, with straight inner (mesial) margins and truncate or obtusely angulate inner posterolateral angles; valvifers IX short, narrow, transverse plate; laterotergites IX elongate, apically rounded; laterotergites VIII short, subtriangular, with convex outer margins, smooth caudal margins, without denticles or sometimes each with one short denticle. Gynatrium. Orifice of spermathecal duct surrounded by narrow, inverted U-shaped sclerite (us); ring sclerites (rs) rounded, with slightly pigmented brown outline. Spermatheca (Figs 43, 73, 109, 154, 199, 225, 261). Spermathecal dilation long, regularly fluted; proximal spermathecal duct tubular, distal spermathecal duct gradually widened towards proximal flange; apical receptacle orbicular, with three ductules; length of ductules variable.</p><p>Etymology. Neither the etymology nor the gender of the names  Axiagastus and  Indrapura was provided in their original descriptions. The name  Axiagastus is derived from the Ancient Greek adjective αΞΙΆγασΤΟΣ (= axiágastos), meaning “worthy of admiration, admirable”. The name  Axiagastus should be treated as masculine according to Article 30.1.3 (ICZN 1999).  Indrapura is an old name for Mount Kerinci, a volcano located on Sumatra (Anonymus 2024c) as well as a small city, Inderapura, situated east of the type locality Pasir Ganting (Arnold 2003); the name should be treated as feminine according to Article 30.2.4 (ICZN 1999).</p><p>Plant associations. The only species with well-known bionomics is  Axiagastus cambelli, trophically associated with the coconut palm ( Cocos nucifera) ( Arecaceae) (for references, see the Biology section under  A. cambelli).  Axiagastus cambelli has also been recorded on  Areca ( Arecaceae) in the Solomon Islands (Lever 1933a, b, 1969; Cochereau 1964), although feeding on this plant has not been confirmed under laboratory conditions (O’Sullivan 1973). In the laboratory, adult  A. cambelli fed on the fruits of the cluster palm  Ptychosperma sp. (Baloch 1973). One paratype of  A. votypkai sp. nov. from New Britain was also collected on a cluster palm (?  Ptychosperma sp.) (this paper). In the Ryukyu Islands, adults of  A. yeshwanthi sp. nov. were frequently attracted to the seeds of  Arenga tremula Becc. var. engleri Hatsusima ( Arecaceae) (e.g., Yasunaga et al. 1993; Aoyagi 2014; in both studies, the species is referred to as  A. rosmarus). In addition, all the specimens of  Axiagastus from the Philippines, in MRCC collection, were collected on unknown palm species. These records suggest that other  Axiagastus species may also be associated with palms ( Arecaceae). The record of  A. mitescens from  Fagaceae (Zhang 1995, Hua 2000) requires further investigation.</p><p>Notes. Arnold (2003) wrote on the generic status of  Indrapura: “Due to a number of characters it is so close to this genus [ Axiagastus] that it could easily be inserted into it as a subgenus. Other characters, such as the shape of the female tergite VI (deep bulge on the posterior edge), suggest its position as an independent genus as justified. To clarify this question, however, significantly more material must be available, especially the males.” Reasons for the proposed synonymization: China (1928) described several distinguishing characters when he proposed the genus  Indrapura, such as the length of the mandibular plates in relation to the clypeus (the clypeus is as long as the mandibular plates), the presence of a strong denticle at the apex of each buccula (a sexually dimorphic character), the elongate rostrum (reaching the base of the sixth ventrite), the pronotal width that is two and a half times the median pronotal length, the rounded humeri, the elongate ostiolar peritreme, the ventrites without a median furrow, the basal abdominal ventrite without a spine or tubercle, the unarmed legs etc. These characters, however, are not unique to  Indrapura, but are instead shared with members of  Axiagastus . The narrow and slightly elevated median longitudinal carina on the mesosternum, extending anteriorly between the forecoxae, is also found in  A. yeshwanthi sp. nov. (described in this paper). Therefore, none of the characters listed by China (1928) is unique to  Indrapura; instead, the characters and their variability fall within the generic limits of  Axiagastus . Consequently, based on the available evidence, the name  Indrapura is here synonymized with that of  Axiagastus .</p><p>For details on generic and specific synonymy within  Axiagastini and a list of the included species, see Table 1.</p><p>Key to species of  Axiagastus</p><p>1 Dorsum with ground colour reddish-orange to reddish-yellow with distinct black spots (Figs 114, 134, 136)............. 2</p><p>– Dorsum with ground colour either coffee-brown to black with luteous spots or pale luteous or olivaceous yellow with black spots (Figs 9, 21, 45, 47, 74, 83, 110, 117, 155–159, 200, 226, 229, 232, 234, 235).................................. 3</p><p>2 Labium long, reaching abdominal ventrite VII; yellowish-brown bugs with two submedian, divergent black fasciae on anterior area of pronotal disc; scutellum dark brown with six large, round, yellowish-orange spots (three basal spots, two located laterally before apex, and one at apex; Figs 114, 116)............  A. klossi (China, 1928) comb. nov. (Indonesia: Sumatra)</p><p>– Labium short, reaching metacoxae; yellowish-orange bugs with four small black spots arranged in transverse series on anterior area of pronotal disc; scutellum yellowish-orange with three large black spots (two rounded spots on scutellar disc anteriorly and one sublunate or arc-like spot before apex; apex of scutellum lacking pale spot (Figs 134, 136)............................................................................................  A. mitescens Distant, 1901 (China)</p><p>3 Dorsum uniformly coffee-brown with a distinct circular pale white spot at apex of scutellum (Fig. 110)..................................................................................  A. dubius Jensen-Haarup, 1937 (? Singapore)</p><p>– Dorsum either coffee-brown to black with luteous spots or pale luteous or yellowish-olivaceous with black spots......... 4</p><p>4 Parameral crown with apex gradually narrowed distally (apex of crown narrowly rounded in lateral view), and lateral margin with distinct obtuse angle in lateral view (Figs 102, 103, 246, 253, 254).......................................... 5</p><p>– Parameral crown with apex abruptly narrowed distally (apex of crown needle-like or acuminate in lateral view), and rounded lateral margin in lateral view (Figs 17, 27, 34, 58, 60, 65, 67, 127, 171, 172, 178, 179, 185, 186, 192, 193, 211, 213, 218)... 6</p><p>5 Apical margins of mandibular plates obliquely truncate (appearing angulate) (Fig. 85); posterior margin of pronotal disc with more or less long black transverse band; mesosternal carina low, narrow; apex of scutellum bearing transversely oval white spot (Fig. 83); median distension on infoldings of ventral rim of genital capsule emarginated into broad and shallow concavity (Figs 91, 98)............................  A. chandrashekarai Salini, Kment &amp; Roca-Cusachs sp. nov. (Indonesia: Sulawesi)</p><p>– Apical margins of mandibular plates convex or rounded (Fig. 236); pronotal disc uniformly coloured, black band on posterior margin of pronotal disc usually absent; mesosternal carina robust, high and wide (Fig. 239); scutellar disc anteriorly with dark-brown to black round spots (sometimes confluent); apex of scutellum with transverse, anteriorly trilobate, whitish spot (Figs 226, 229, 232, 234, 235); median distension on infoldings of ventral rim of genital capsule well pronounced, with narrow Vshaped emargination (Figs 243, 250)....................................................................................  A. yeshwanthi Salini, Kment &amp; Webb sp. nov. (China, Japan, Taiwan, India, Cambodia, Thailand, Vietnam)</p><p>6 Anterior pronotal disc with roughly round black spots arranged equidistantly in one or two rows (Figs 9, 21, 155–159); narrow, sclerotized, black ridge possessing sawtooth-like projections inner to posterolateral angles of genital capsule (Figs 13, 30, 187)................................................................................................ 7</p><p>– Anterior pronotal disc uniformly coloured and devoid of rows of black spots (Figs 45, 47, 74, 117, 200); sclerotized, black ridge possessing sawtooth-like projections absent inner to posterolateral lobes.......................................... 8</p><p>7 Pronotal disc anteriorly with more or less fine, black punctures and four small, roughly round spots equidistantly positioned in a single row (Figs 9, 21); dorsal margin of parameral crown not uniformly convex (Figs 17, 27, 34)..........................................................................................  A. rosmarus Dallas, 1851 (Philippines)</p><p>– Pronotal disc anteriorly with coarse, black punctures and two rows each with four small, more or less well-defined roughly round spots positioned approximately equidistantly (Figs 155–159); dorsal margin of parameral crown uniformly convex (Figs 171, 172, 178, 185, 186, 192, 193).........................................................................................................  A. prathapani Salini &amp; Kment sp. nov. (India, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Singapore)</p><p>8 Scutellum with frenal disc bearing moderately large, transverse, oval black spot in middle, and with more or less round, bright yellow spot at apex (Fig. 117); median distension on infoldings of ventral rim of genital capsule well pronounced, tongue-like (Figs 123‒126)...........................................  A. luteipes Salini &amp; Roca-Cusachs sp. nov. (Myanmar)</p><p>– Scutellum with either uniformly black frenal disc except for basal margin (Figs 45, 47), or with two quadrate spots sublaterally and narrowly or broadly crescent-shaped spot at apex (Fig. 200; median distension on infoldings of ventral rim of genital capsule with narrow U- (Figs 54, 55, 61, 62) or V-shaped (Figs 207, 208, 214, 215) median emargination............... 9</p><p>9 Ground colour of dorsum mostly shining black with well-expressed bright yellow markings on pronotum and scutellum (Figs 45, 47); apex of scutellum with only narrow, lunulate whitish spot; dorsal margin of paramere arc-like or uniformly convex in lateral view (Figs 58, 60, 65, 67); median distension on infoldings of ventral rim of genital capsule sunken, emarginate with narrow U-shaped median emargination (Figs 54, 55, 61, 62)..............................................................  A. cambelli Distant, 1911 (Papua New Guinea,? Australia [Queensland], Solomon Islands, Fiji, Samoa, Vanuatu)</p><p>– Ground colour of dorsum mostly ochraceous or bright yellow with well-expressed black markings on pronotum, scutellum and corium (Fig. 200); apex of scutellum with whitish spot having approximately M-shaped anterior margin; dorsal margin of paramere not arc-like, rather convex or with broad angulation in lateral view (Figs 211, 213, 218); median distension on infoldings of ventral rim of genital capsule with narrow V-shaped median emargination (Figs 207, 208, 214, 215).............................  A. votypkai Salini &amp; Kment sp. nov. (Indonesia: Papua, Papua New Guinea, Australia [Queensland])</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1016F124277FFFF4FF5AF8D44CC50765	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kment, Petr;Lemaître, Valérie A.;Webb, Michael D.;Roca-Cusachs, Marcos	Kment, Petr, Lemaître, Valérie A., Webb, Michael D., Roca-Cusachs, Marcos (2025): Revision of the Austro-Oriental shield-bug genus Axiagastus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with the description of five new species, and taxonomic notes on related genera. Zootaxa 5603 (1): 1-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1
1016F1242777FFECFF5AFFAE4B8D042F.text	1016F1242777FFECFF5AFFAE4B8D042F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axiagastus rosmarus Dallas 1851	<div><p>Axiagastus rosmarus Dallas, 1851</p><p>(Figs 9–43)</p><p>Axiagastus Rosmarus 
Dallas, 1851: 222, pl. VIII: figs 5, 5a, 5b, 5c (original description and illustrations). Syntype (s): ♂, Philippines (BMNH).</p><p>Axiagastus Rosmarus: Walker (1867): 268 –269 (morphological variability, distribution; partim); Stål (1876): 94 (catalogue, distribution); Lethierry &amp; Severin (1893): 170 (catalogue, distribution; partim); Breddin (1905): 210 (distribution; partim).</p><p>Axiagastus rosmarus: Dohrn (1859): 14 (checklist); Atkinson (1888): 129 (catalogue, redescription, distribution; partim); Distant (1901): 586 (comparison with  A. mitescens); Kirkaldy (1909): 126, 381 (catalogue, distribution; partim); Hoffmann (1935a): 149 (catalogue, distribution; partim); Black (1968): 563 (distribution, partim; record from Balabac); Takara &amp; Azuma (1972): 102 (distribution; partim); Hua (2000): 171 (checklist, distribution; partim); Cassis &amp; Gross (2002): 458 – 459 (catalogue, distribution; partim); Rider et al. (2002): 137 (checklist, distribution; partim); Rider (2006): 260 (catalogue, distribution; partim); Hayashi et al. (2016): 496 (distribution; partim).</p><p>Axiagastus rosmaus (incorrect subsequent spelling; misidentification): Zhang (1985): 85 (diagnosis, distribution).</p><p>Axiagastus rosmanus (incorrect subsequent spelling; misidentification): Zhang (1995): 42 (comparison with  A. mitescens).</p><p>Axiagastus rosmarius (incorrect subsequent spelling, misidentification): Arnold (2011): 43 (variability, distribution; Indonesia: Sumatra, Taiwan, Thailand).</p><p>Axiagastus Rosmarus (misidentification): Breddin (1901): 12 (distribution); Breddin (1905): 210 (distribution, partim; Sulawesi, Sumatra); Hoffmann (1935b): 59 (catalogue, distribution).</p><p>Axiagastus rosmarus (misidentification): Jensen-Haarup (1937): 322 (comparison with  A. dubius); Takara &amp; Hidaka (1960): 183 –184, fig. 2 (distribution; Japan:  Ryukyus); Miyamoto (1965): 228 (distribution; Taiwan); Takara &amp; Azuma (1972): 102 (distribution; Japan:  Ryukyus); Takara &amp;Azuma (1973): 162 (checklist); Hsiao &amp; Zheng (1977): 132 [footnote] (distribution; Taiwan); Zhang et al. (1980): 25 (distribution; China: Jiangxi); Zhang (1985): pl. XLVIII: fig. 176 (habitus drawing); Zhang et al. (1985): 10 (distribution; China: Hainan); Zhang &amp; Lin (1986): 61 (distribution; China: Jiangxi); Miyamoto &amp; Yasunaga (1989): 184 (checklist; Japan); Zhang &amp; Lin (1990): 2 (distribution; China: Yunnan); Lin &amp; Zhang (1993): 123, fig. 34 (redescription, habitus illustration, distribution; China: Fujian); Yasunaga et al. (1993): 228, pl. 110: figs 304a,b (diagnosis, habitus photos of adult and last instar larva, plant association, distribution); Zhang (1994): 33 (distribution; China: Jiangxi); Bu et al. (1995): 122 (distribution; China: Zhejiang); Zhang (1995): 42 (comparison with  A. mitescens); Hayashi (2002): 147 (checklist; Japan:  Ryukyus); Chandra &amp; Rajan (2004): 31 (distribution; India: South Andaman); Arnold (2012): 55 (distribution; Indonesia: Sumatra, Malaysia: Sabah); Hoàng &amp; Ðặng (2013): 789 (distribution; Vietnam); Aoyagi (2014): 65 –66 (plant association, distribution); Hayashi et al. (2016): 496 (checklist; Japan:  Ryukyus).</p><p>Axagastus rosmorus (incorrect subsequent spelling, misidentification): Su et al. (1993): 282 (distribution; China: Guangdong).</p><p>Aeschrocoris rosmarus (incorrect subsequent spelling; misidentification): Hua (1989): 43 (list).</p><p>Type locality. Philippines .</p><p>Type material.   Lectotype (here designated): ♂ (Figs 9–20), “  Phil / Isla [p, obverse]; 42 22 [hw, reverse] //  Axiagastus [hw] / Rhaphigaster [p, hw crossing] / rosmarus [hw] / Walker’s catal. [p] // SYN- /TYPE [p, blue-margined disc] // ♂ [p] // [QR code] / NHMUK 013589093 [p] // LECTOTYPUS /  AXIAGASTUS /  ROSMARUS / Dallas, 1851 / des. SALINI et al. 2024 [p, red label]” (BMNH). The specimen is pinned through the scutellum, left antennomeres IIb–IV, right antennomeres III–IV, left pro- and mesotarsomeres II–III, and complete left hind leg are missing; the dissected male genitalia are preserved in a glass microvial with a drop of glycerin, attached to the same pin.</p><p>Additional material examined.   PHILIPPINES: Mindanao: Central Mindanao University Campus, 27.vii.2019, 7♂, 11♀ (1♀, dissected female genitalia preserved in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin, dissected and illustrated by S. Salini; 1♂, dissected male genitalia preserved in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=125.015&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=8.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 125.015/lat 8.7)">Roca-Cusachs</a> lgt. [collected on palm, Roca-Cusachs com. pers.], dissected and illustrated by Salini. S. (2♂, 2♀ NIM; 4♂, 6♀ MRCC; 2♂, 2♀ NMPC); Misamis Oriental, 2.5 km SW of Civoleg, 0.5 km S Haze Kaffe, 8°42.0′N 125°0.9′E, 1210 m a.s.l., clearing in broadleaved forest, at light, 31.v.2022, 1♀, J. Hájek, L. Sekerka &amp; D. Vondráček lgt., P. Kment det. (NMPC)  .</p><p>Redescription. Colour, integument and vestiture. Body above pale olivaceous green with more or less well-expressed markings as follows: lateral margins of head, two narrow, longitudinal lines along lateral margins of clypeus (extending to posterior margin of head), lateral and posterior margins of pronotum, four small spots placed equidistant to one another on the anterior pronotal disc behind anterior pronotal margin, 1+1 small irregular spot on humeri, anterior margin of scutellum with small spot on each basal angle and 1+1 small spot submedially and, two oblique spots anteromedially to frenal margin, a moderately broad, transverse band outlining the large, pale levigate scutellar apical spot. Coria each with one or two small pale callose spots laterally near middle of endocorium and a moderately large, irregular black spot towards posterior end of corium or with additional black spot in anterolateral angle of corium. Antennae with scape pale yellow with lateral margin black, basipedicellite pale yellow or blackish, remaining antennomeres black with bases narrowly paler; connexivum with anterior and posterior fourth of laterotergites black and median half pale levigate; membrane fuscous. Body punctures black, less coarse, sparsely and uniformly distributed on head, pronotum, and anteromedian portion of scutellum, and coarser and denser posterolaterally on scutellum and corium. Body beneath pale, yellow; head on ventral surface with two narrow, longitudinal stripes on either side of bucculae and two oblique posteriorly diverging stripes on gula black; thoracic sternites with several transverse black stripes alternating with yellow ventral ground colour. Labium concolourous with ventral body colour except labiomere IV black. Ventral surface of abdomen with intersegmental sutures black. Ventrites III–VII laterally with black, transverse muscle scars, posteriad of spiracles and anteriad to a pair of trichobothria; a row of small spots laterally on ventrites III–VII, spiracular outline, moderately large spot coalescing with spiracle anteriorly, small round spot laterad of spiracle, longitudinal band at middle of ventrite VII, broad longitudinal bands outlining inner margins of valvifers VIII, black. Legs concolourous with ventral body colour with coarse, round punctures densely distributed on femora; punctures on tibiae fine, densely distributed; anterior apex of tarsomeres I–III including apical half of claws, black.</p><p>Structure. Labium reaching or surpassing posterior margin of ventrite IV. Other characters as in generic redescription.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 13–20, 23–40). Genital capsule (Figs 13–15, 23–26, 30‒33) subquadrangular; dorsal rim with deeper incision than ventral rim; lateral wall of dorsal rim slightly concave, with indistinct serrations (sr), ending in moderately angular projection contiguous with moderately deep, transverse emargination (te) at middle of dorsal rim; dorsal sinus of posterior aperture broadly U-shaped (ds), ventral margin of posterior aperture semicircular; posterolateral lobes with an angulation (a) in lateral view; ventral rim broadly V-shaped at middle (vr), infoldings of ventral rim deeply impressed on either side of moderately developed distension (dn) at middle, distension (dn) slightly emarginated at middle, and visible on ventral side of genital capsule as narrow roughly U-shaped concavity; infoldings of ventral rim laterally (inner to posterolateral lobes) with a narrow sclerotized, black ridge with sawtooth-like projections ending in a moderately developed, blunt denticle (dt). Paramere (Figs 16–17, 27–29, 34‒36) simple, crown with an upright finger-like process (flp) forming an acute angle with a laminate disc (ld), dorsal margin (dm) convex, but with broad angulation, and abruptly narrowed towards apex, appearing as acute apex in lateral view (Figs 17, 27, 34); numerous fine, elongate setae on finger-like crown and along periphery of laminate disc (ld); stem (st) moderately elongate, apodeme (am) disc-like. Phallus (Figs 18–20, 38–40). Articulatory apparatus (ap) as in Fig. 37; phallotheca nearly as long as endophallus, less sclerotized, distal part transparent with ventral convex projection (vcp) in close proximity with inner margin of processes of aedeagus (pa); a pair of conjunctival processes (cp), sclerotized, elongate, ribbon-like with rounded apex, located dorsally; aedeagus (ad) short, deflected dorsad, apex swollen, drop-like, transparent, with embedded phallotreme and a pair of elongate processes of aedeagus as in Figs 20, 40.</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 41–43). Terminalia (Figs 41, 42). Valvifers VIII (vlf 8) large, nearly quadrate with inner (mesial) margins straight, inner posterolateral angles truncate; valvifers IX (vlf 9) short, narrow, transverse plate with anterior margin biconcave and angulate at middle, posterior margin slightly concave; laterotergites IX (lt 9) elongate, apically rounded, reaching caudal margin of abdomen; laterotergites VIII (lt 8) short, subtriangular, outer margins convex, caudal margins smooth without denticle. Gynatrium. Orifice of spermathecal duct surrounded by narrow, inverted U-shaped sclerite (us); ring sclerites (rs) rounded with outline slightly pigmented brown. Spermatheca (Fig. 43). Spermathecal dilation long, regularly fluted; proximal spermathecal duct tubular, distal spermathecal duct (dsd) gradually widened towards proximal flange; proximal flange slightly shorter than distal flange; apical receptacle orbicular with three ductules; a pair of short, subequal ones, and third one longest with apex twisted hook-like.</p><p>Differential diagnosis.  Axiagastus rosmarus can usually be recognized by the luteous to olivaceous colouration with four small black spots nearly equidistant to one another on the anterior disc of the pronotum, and the characteristic structure of the genital capsule and parameres (parameral crown with abruptly narrowed apex and convex dorsal margin).</p><p>Etymology. Neither the etymology nor the gender of the name  Rosmarus (originally spelled with an initial capital letter) was explicitly given in the original description. It is presumably a New Latin word, latinized from the Old Norse rosmhvalr, meaning “walrus” (Anonymus 2024a,b), viz.  Odobenus rosmarus (Linnaeus, 1758); noun in apposition. The name evidently refers to the long, “tusk-like” spines that originate from the anterior angles of the bucculae of  Axiagastus, resembling the long tusks (elongated canines), which are present in both sexes but sexually dimorphic in walruses.</p><p>Plant association. The specimens from Central Mindanao University Campus were collected on an unknown palm species (M. Roca-Cusachs, pers. observ.).</p><p>Distribution. At present, the species is known only from the Philippines (Dallas 1851, Walker 1867): Mindanao (this paper).</p><p>The following published records refer to the new species described in the current work: Indonesia: Sulawesi (Walker 1867), Indonesia: Sumatra (Payakumbuh) and Malaysia: Sabah (Arnold 2012) to  A. prathapani sp. nov.; Australia: Queensland (Cassis &amp; Gross 2002) and New Guinea (Walker 1867) probably to  A. votypkai sp. nov.; China (Zhang 1985), China: Fujian (Lin &amp; Zhang 1993), Guangdong (Fan 2011) and Jiangxi (Fan 2011), India: Meghalaya (Distant 1879, 1902) and Assam (Atkinson 1888), Japan:  Ryukyus (Yasunaga et al. 1993, Aoyagi 2014), Taiwan (Arnold 2011, as  A. rosmarius; Arnold 2012, as  A. rosmarus), and Thailand (Walker 1867) to  A. yeshwanthi sp. nov.</p><p>Specimens based on the following other records require further study to ascertain their identity: China: Guangdong (Su et al. 1993, Lin &amp; Zhang 1993, Hua 2000, Rider et al. 2002), Guangxi (Fan 2011, no exact record), Hainan (Zhang et al. 1985), Jiangxi (Zhang et al. 1980, Zhang &amp; Lin 1986, Lin &amp; Zhang 1993, Zhang 1994, Hua 2000, Rider et al. 2002), Yunnan (Zhang &amp; Lin 1990, Hua 2000), Zhejiang (Bu et al. 1995, Rider et al. 2002, Fan 2011); India: South Andaman (Chandra &amp; Rajan 2004); Indonesia: Sulawesi (Breddin 1901, 1905, as  A. rosmarus), Sumatra (Breddin 1905, as  A. rosmarus; Arnold 2011, as  A. rosmarius; Arnold 2012, as  A. rosmarus); Philippines: Balabac (Black 1968); Thailand: Bankau (Arnold 2011, as  A. rosmarius); Vietnam (Hoàng &amp; Ðặng 2013).</p><p>Remarks. Based on the examination of a diverse array of specimens in BMNH (many of which were assigned to  A. rosmarus by various researchers), it was determined that the true  A. rosmarus was found only from the Philippines (the type locality). Other specimens previously identified as  A. rosmarus at BMNH, originating from various other localities, were found to belong to other species, which will be described herein, including a misidentified type of  A. rosmarus (see  A. yeshwanthi sp. nov.).</p><p>Axiagastus rosmarus was originally described from an unspecified number of male specimens (syntypic) with the following data: “a. Philippine Islands. From Mr. Cuming’s Collection”. The use of the letter “a” in Dallas (1851) indicates a provenance rather than a specimen (see below). A single specimen “a” with the type data was listed in Walker’s (1867) catalogue together with four other specimens from Siam, Celebes and New Guinea (“b–e”).A single specimen from the Philippines was found in the BMNH collection (presumed to be the one listed by Walker above) with the following (unusually small and easily overlooked) label: “Phil Isla ” [printed] and “42 22” [handwritten] on reverse (see Fig. 12). The number “[18]42-22”, in the Entomology acquisitions registers of the BMNH corresponds to a collection of 282  Hemiptera from the Philippines, which was purchased from Mr. Cuming. This specimen, when found, was not labelled as type, but another specimen from “ Siam ” in the same tray, presumably the specimen “d” listed above by Walker (see the Additional material examined section for  A. yeshwanthi sp. nov.), was mislabelled with a green Walker’s type disc and a long printed name label for  A. rosmarus (Fig. 230). Similarly to other types attributed to Dallas and Walker in the BMNH, the printed name label was cut from the proof sheet by Walker and initially placed beneath the type series. It was later affixed to the type specimen by W.L. Distant (following his appointment in 1899), together with a red-margined disc for the types of Dallas and those of other authors and a green-margined one for Walker’s types; the word “ Type ” is printed at the centre of these early discs. Only one specimen of the species was identified as a type, regardless of the presence of a type series. Finally, a printed label, bearing the name of the species and the phrase “Walker’s catal.” was affixed to all specimens listed in Walker’s catalogue (see Fig. 12). For further information, see Smith (1893:7–8) and Roell et al. (2023: 17). It appears that, concerning the type of  A. rosmarus, Distant (unaccountably) not only selected the incorrect type specimen but also affixed the wrong green-margined disc to it, mistakenly treating the specimen as the type of a species described by Walker.</p><p>In the present study, when assessing the type status of specimens used by William S. Dallas and Francis Walker to describe new species, the following statement by Roell et al. (2023) was taken into account: “Assessing type status—Information from original descriptions. Early authors did not (or only erratically) mention the number of individuals on which they were basing their descriptions. The type status of the species described by F. Walker in his various catalogues, however, is easily defined as he indicated the different listed specimens of each species with letters (a, b, c …), followed by the localities and the donors/sellers, when applicable (see Gray 1867a, 1867b, 1868). Although this pattern had previously been suggested for W. S. Dallas’s (1851) Catalogue (see Gray 1851), Dallas did not follow it (except, apparently, at the very beginning, see  Solenosthedium attenuatum in Dallas (1851: 7)), and used the letters (a, b, c …) to indicate the full provenance (both locality and donor/seller, see Early type labels (last paragraph below). It is, thus, usually not possible to know how many specimens Dallas had in front of him when describing his new species.”</p><p>The possibility that the original description of  A. rosmarus was based on a single specimen, the holotype fixed by monotypy (ICZN 1999: Art. 73.1.2), was considered. However, although the original description (including figures) presents only a single value for the body length, notes that the two distal antennal segments are missing and states that the studied material was sourced from a single collection (Mr. Cuming’s collection) in a single locality (Philippine Islands), this in itself does not preclude the possibility that there were more than one specimen, all of the same length, with the two distal antennal segments missing, and originating from the same provenance. Even the fact that Walker (1867) listed one specimen of  A. rosmarus with the original data does not mean that Dallas had only one. Here are some examples to illustrate the above four points (only references to Walker’s catalogue are added as the reference to Dallas’s is indicated there): 1) Dallas mentions only one provenance (a), while Walker lists two, three, or even five specimens from it (e.g.,  Aelia americana,  Homoeocerus chinensis,  Pentatoma basalis and  Mictis gallina; Walker 1867: 271, 300 and Walker 1871: 22, 93, respectively); 2) A single value for the body length does not necessarily indicate the presence of only one specimen, as Dallas states that he has both male and female, and Walker lists two specimens with the same provenance (e.g.,  Nematopus affinis, as  Notobitus affinis in Walker 1871: 79, and  Metapodius granulosus, Walker 1871: 49); 3) Antennae (or any part thereof, or any structure) “wanting” does not necessarily indicate the presence of only one specimen as Dallas, even so, states that he has both male and female, while Walker lists two specimens (e.g.,  Pachylis tenuicornis, Walker 1871: 53); 4) Specimens went missing between Dallas’s and Walker’s re-curations of the collection (either due to deterioration or because Walker determined them otherwise; for a possible example of the former, see the entry for  Arma cornuta and for an example of the latter, see the entry for  Asopus leprosus, both in Roell et al. (2023). Therefore, the number of specimens that Dallas had when describing species remains unknown unless he clearly specified it (which he occasionally did, as indicated in the entry for  Canthecona grandis in Roell et al. 2023). In contrast, the specimens that Walker had are always clearly documented; however, this does not necessarily reflect what Dallas had. Consequently, all of Dallas’s types are best assessed as syntypes, even if only one is found in the BMNH collection. For the above reasons, the single syntype specimen from the Philippines in the BMNH, NHMUK 013589093, is designated here as the lectotype (see ICZN 1999: Recommendation 73A).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1016F1242777FFECFF5AFFAE4B8D042F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kment, Petr;Lemaître, Valérie A.;Webb, Michael D.;Roca-Cusachs, Marcos	Kment, Petr, Lemaître, Valérie A., Webb, Michael D., Roca-Cusachs, Marcos (2025): Revision of the Austro-Oriental shield-bug genus Axiagastus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with the description of five new species, and taxonomic notes on related genera. Zootaxa 5603 (1): 1-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1
1016F124276CFFDBFF5AFBB44BCE00FB.text	1016F124276CFFDBFF5AFBB44BCE00FB.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axiagastus cambelli Distant 1911	<div><p>Axiagastus cambelli Distant, 1911 and  A. marmoratus (Montrouzier, 1855)</p><p>(Figs 44–82)</p><p>Pentatoma Marmoratum 
Montrouzier, 1855: 97 (original description, distribution). Syntypes: Papua New Guinea:  Woodlark Island (lectotype in NHMW, see Remarks). New senior subjective synonym.</p><p>Axiagastus marmoratus: Stål (1864): 52 –53 (diagnosis, new combination, distribution); Walker (1867): 269 (list, distribution); Stål (1876): 94 (catalogue, distribution); Lethierry &amp; Severin (1893): 170 (catalogue, distribution); Kirkaldy (1909): 126 (catalogue, distribution); Arnold (2011): 42 –43, Fig. 9 (habitus photograph, distribution).</p><p>Axiagastus cambelli 
Distant, 1911a: 345 (original description, plant association, distribution). Syntypes: “ Solomon Islands (W. H. Cambell);  Duke of York Island; Aignan Island (Brit. Mus.)” (BMNH). New junior subjective synonym.</p><p>Axiagastus cambelli: Distant (1911b): 384 (list); Wester (1918): 53 (listed as pest); Simmonds (1924): 7, 12 (biology, plant association, distribution); Simmonds (1925): 23, 31 (plant association, distribution); Ferrière (1933): 90, 108 (parasitoids, distribution); Dwyer (1937): 62, 64 (plant association, pest status, distribution); Phillips (1940): 295 –296, 302, 306, 310, 313–315 (biology, plant injury, pest status, distribution); Phillips (1941): 141 (parasitoids); Nixon (1943): 142 (parasitoid); Lepesme (1947): 162 –163 (habitus of adult and larva, biology, plant association, parasitoids, distribution); O’Connor (1950): 68 –69 (parasitoid); Thompson (1950): 21 (parasitoids); Evans (1952): 43, 107 (plant association, pest status, parasitoid, predator); Thompson (1954): 313 (parasitoids, distribution); Phillips (1956): 575 –576 (parasitoid); Cochereau (1964): 1 –23 (egg, larva, biology, plant association, parasitoids, predators, distribution); Tercinier et al. (1964): 9, 11–18, 21–23 (biology, pest status, control, plant association, distribution); Cochereau (1965): 1 –43 (biology, plant association, distribution); Smee (1965): 51, 62: pl. XIII, 64 (habitus drawing of mature larva and adult, biology, plant associations, distribution); Lever (1969): 43 –44, fig. 37 (biology, plant association, pest control, parasitoids, distribution); Cochereau (1972): 91, 97 (plant association, distribution); Baloch (1973): 41 –45 (biology, plant associations, parasitoids, predators, distribution); O’Sullivan (1973): 78 –86 (biology, plant associations, parasitoids, predators, distribution); Stapley (1973): 127 (pest status, associated plant); Stapley (1979): 4 (biological control, predators); Stapley (1980): 5 (biological control, predators); Gagné (1982): 239 (plant associations, pest status, parasitoids, predators); Young (1982): 108 (plant associations, pest status, parasitoids, predators, distribution); Way &amp; Khoo (1992): 484 (predators); Waterhouse (1997): 12, 19, 29 (list of pest species, distribution); Mariau (1998): 270, 274 (biology, plant association, predation); Ikin &amp; Batugal (2004): 40 –41, 47, 100–102 (listed as quarantine pest); Grissell &amp; Smith (2006): 924 (parasitoid); Kakul et al. (2006): 146 (plant association); Grazia &amp; Schwertner (2017): 14 (list of pest species); Rider et al. (2018): 75 (listed as pest), 197, fig. 2.28.I (habitus photograph); Sabbatini Peverieri et al. (2019): 126 (parasitoids); Beattie &amp; Holford (2022): 4 (predators); Exélis et al. (2023): 8 (predators).</p><p>Axigastus  cambelli (incorrect subsequent spellings): Johns (1941): 4 (parasitoid).</p><p>Axiagastus campbelli (incorrect subsequent spelling): Tothill (1929): 9 –15 (descriptions of egg, larva and adult, biology, pest status, control, associated plant, parasitoids, predators, distribution); Lever (1933a): 4 –6 (pest status, plant associations, parasitoids, distribution); Lever (1933b): 3 –4, 6 (descriptions and figures of eggs and larval instars I–V, habitus drawing of adult, biology, plant associations, parasitoids, distribution); Lever (1934b): 139 –141 (parasitoids, distribution); Nixon (1938): 135 (parasitoid, distribution); Lever (1941): 46 (parasitoid); Dumbleton (1957): 22, 27, 35, 39 (plant association, parasitoids); Tercinier et al. (1964): 1, 3, 4, 7 (biology, pest status, control, plant association, distribution); Herting (1971): 82 (parasitoids, predators); Papp (1974): 443, 445 (parasitoid, distribution); Gross (1975): 415 (distribution); Gross (1976): 427 (pest status); Johnson (1991): 232 (parasitoid); Waterhouse (1998): 226, 483, 486, 534 (parasitoid).</p><p>Axiasgastus  campbelli (incorrect subsequent spellings): Lever (1934a): 2 –3 (parasitoid, distribution).</p><p>Axiagastus [no species]: Lever (1933c): 13 (predators).</p><p>Coconut Flower-bug: Froggatt (1912): 35: pl. VII, figs 4, 5, 36 (habitus of adult and larva, plant association, distribution).</p><p>Type localities.  Pentatoma Marmoratum: Papua New Guinea , <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=152.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.116667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 152.8/lat -9.116667)">Woodlark Island</a>, [9°7′S 152°48′E].  Axiagastus cambelli: Solomon Islands  .</p><p>Type material examined.  Pentatoma Marmoratum: Lectotype (here designated) (Figs 67–70): ♂, “  P. marmoratum (m.) [for “mihi”, meaning “mine”] / Woodlark [hw] // marmorat. [hw] / det. Signoret. [p] // Woodlark. [hw] / Coll. Signoret. [p] // ♂ [p] // LECTOTYPUS /  PENTATOMA /  MARMORATUM / Montrouzier, 1855 / des. SALINI et al. 2024 [p, red rectangular label] (NHMW).” The specimen is pinned through the scutellum; left antennomeres III–IV, right antennomere IV, and left metatarsomeres II–III are missing; the detached genital capsule is glued on a separate piece of card attached to the same pin.</p><p>Axiagastus cambelli:   Lectotype (here designated) (Figs 37–39): ♂, “Solomon Is. / W. H. Cambell / 1908 [hw] //  Axiagastus /  cambelli / type Dist. [hw] // Destructive / on Cocoa nuts [sic, hw] // Type [p, red-margined disc] // ♂ [p] / [QR code] / NHMUK010582893 [p] // LECTOTYPUS /  AXIAGASTUS / CAMBELLI / Distant, 1911 / des. SALINI et al. 2024 [p, red rectangular label]” (BMNH). The specimen is pinned through the scutellum; left mesotarsomeres II–III and complete metatarsus, right protarsus, mesotarsomeres II–III and complete hind leg are missing  .— Paralectotypes (3♀):  1♀, “Solomon Is. / (W.H. Cambell) / 1908 // destructive to cocoa [sic] nuts // 65 // Distant Coll. / 1911– 383 // syntype [p, blue-margined disc]” (BMNH);  1♀, “Duke York / Isld // Distant Coll. 1911– 383 // syntype [p, blue-margined disc]” (BMNH);   1♀, “ axiagastus  cambelli Dist. // 89/89 // syntype [p, blue-margined disc]” (BMNH)  . All the paralectotypes are pinned through the scutellum, and bear the following label: “ PARALECTOTYPUS /  AXIAGASTUS / CAMBELLI / Distant, 1911 / des. SALINI et al. 2024 [p, red rectangular label]”.</p><p>Additional material examined:   AUSTRALIA: Queensland:  Queensland, 1♀, no collector, D. Leston det., as  Axiagastus cambelli, Salini revid. (BMNH)  .   PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Bougainville: Bougainville, H. W.  Simmonds, 1♂, 1♀, Pres. By Imp. Bur. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1926-279, B. Uvarov det., as  Axiagastus cambelli, Salini revid. (BMNH) ;   Bougainville,  Numa Numa, 5223, 1.vi.1956, 1♀, E. S. Brown lgt. (BMNH) ;   Bougainville, 15.vi.1967, 1♀, R.E &amp; R.M. Blackith lgt., B.M.1967-623, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Buin, 1930, 2♂, 2♀, H. Hediger lgt., P. Kment det. (NHMB) ;   Hill, Soroken,  Terr.,  Kiety Dist. [= Kieta env.], coconut flower spathe, 1931, 3♂, J.L. E., Pres. by Imp. Inst. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1931-579, Salini det. (BMNH) ;  Kito-Orowa-Plant, 22.vii.1969, 1♂, P. Jolivet lgt., P. Kment det. (MNHN);   Numa Numa, 1.vi.1956, 1♂, 4♀, E.S. Brown lgt., Salini det. (BMNH)  .   SAMOA: West Samoa, Upolu,  Apia (SAMO 1a), 30.vii.–7.viii.2017, 1♂, Wewalka lgt., P. Kment det. (NHMW)  .   SOLOMON ISLANDS:  Solomo. Ins., 1♂, ex coll. Holler, P. Kment det. (NHMW)  .   Central Province: Savo:  Isle of Savo, 27.iv.1922., 1♂, E.A. Armytage lgt., B.M. 1947-284, Salini det. (BMNH)  .   Tulagi:  Tulagi, 20.iv.1922, 1 ♀ 1 spec. (abdomen missing), E.A. Armytage lgt., B.M. 1947-284, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Tulagi, male flowers coconut, 25.viii.1933, 6♀, no collector, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Tulagi, on  Hibiscus, not feeding, 2.vii.1933, 1♀, H.T. Pagden, Pres. by P.J.M Greenslade, B.M. 1966-477, Salini det. (BMNH)  .   Guadalcanal Province: Guadalcanal: 11 km NW of Honiara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=159.87&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.38" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 159.87/lat -9.38)">Bonegi</a> beach, 9°22.8′S 159°52.2′E, 0 m a.s.l., 12.xii.2013, 1♂, 3♀, J. Hájek lgt., P. Kment det. (NMPC) ;   ca. 3.5 km <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=159.99167&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-9.496667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 159.99167/lat -9.496667)">SE of Barana</a> vill., 9°29.8′S, 159°59.5′E, 190 m a.s.l., clearing in secondary forest, at light, 24.xi.–14.xii.2013, 4♂, 2♀, J. Horák lgt., P. Kment det. (2♂, 1♀ NMPC; 1♂ MMBC; 1♂, 1♀ NIM); same locality, 24.xi.–14.xii.2013, 1♂, 2♀, J. Hájek lgt., P. Kment det. (NMPC) ;   Guadalcanar [sic].  Aola, 5.x.1928, 2♂, 1♀, E. Paravicini lgt., P. Kment det. (NHMB) ;   Guadalcanar [sic],  Aloa [sic], ix.1928, 1♀, no collector, P. Kment det. (NHMB) ;   Honiara, at light, 17.ix.1965, 1♀, Roy. Soc. Exped., Salini det., B.M. 1966-1 (BMNH) ;   Honiara (gardens), 19.xi.–13.xii.2013, 2♂, 2♀, J. Hájek lgt., P. Kment det. (NMPC) ;   Honiara District,  Kukum, 20.vii.1954, 4♂, 2♀, E.S. Brown lgt., Salini det., Brit. Mus, 1957-201 (BMNH) ;   Kukum, at light, xii.1965, 1♀, Ezikel lgt., Salini det., B.M. 1966-1 (BMNH) ;   Luvnga, 18.viii.1954, 1♂, no collector, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Popomanasiu,  Nuhu, low vegetation around village, 23.x.1965, 1♀, Roy. Soc. Exped., Salini det., B.M. 1966-1 (BMNH) ;   Rere, 23.v.1922, 1♀, E.A. Armytage lgt., B.M. 1947-284, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Rere, 1928, 1♀, R.W. Paine lgt., Pres. by Imp. Inst. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1931-588, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Rere, feeding on coconut spathe, 19.viii.1928, 1♀, R.W. Paine lgt., Uvarov 1929 det. as  Axiagastus cambelli, Salini revid. (BMNH) ;   Rere, 19.viii.1928, feeding on coconut spathe, 4♂, R.W. Paine lgt., Pres. by Imp. Inst. Ent. Brit. Mus. 1931-588, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Ruavalu, 20.xi.1954, 1♂, E.S. Brown lgt., Salini det. (BMNH) ;   West Guadalcanal, Ciri env., 400–600 m a.s.l., xi.–xii.2018, 2♂, 2♀,  St. Jakl lgt., P. Kment det. (BMNH) ;   Ru Avatu [= Ruavatu], x.1928, 2♂, no collector, P. Kment det. (NHMB) ;.   Isabel Province: Santa Isabel:  Nagolau, 29.iv.1963, 1♀, M. Mcquillan lgt., Pres. by P.J.M. Greenslade lgt., B.M. 1966-477, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Tatamba, 3.i.1963, 1♀, 24.ii.1963, 1♀, M. Mcquillan lgt., Pres. by P.J.M. Greenslade, B.M. 1966-477, Salini det. (BMNH)  .   Makira-Ulawa Province: Makira:  San Cristobal, 14.x.1955, 4♀, E.S. Brown, by P.J.M. Greenslade lgt., B.M. 1966-477, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   San Cristoval, camp 2,  Tilley lamp, during heavy rain, 25.vii.1965, 1♂, Roy. Soc. Exped., B.M. 1966-1, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   San Cristoval,  Wainoni Mission, black light, coconut plantation, 20.– 21.vii.1965, 1♂, Roy. Soc. Exped., B.M. 1966-1, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   San Cristoval,  Wainoni Mission, black light, coconut plantation, 20.–21.vii.1965, 3♂ 3♀, Roy. Soc. Exped., B.M. 1966-1, G.M. Black 1969 det., Salini revid. (BMNH) ;  R.J.A.W. Lever, 26.ii.1934, 1♀, Pres. by P.J.M. Greenslade lgt., B. M. 1966-477, Salini det. (BMNH) .   Malaita Province: Malaita:  Auki, 4.x.1964, 1♂, P. Greenslade lgt., Pres. by P.J.M. Greenslade lgt., B.M. 1966-477, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Auki harbour, at wharf lights, 24.xi.1965, 2♂, 1♀, Roy. Soc. Exped., B.M. 1966-1, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Baunani, 10.ix.1954, 1♂, no collector, Salini det. (BMNH)  .   Rennell and Bellona Province: Bellona:  Angailio, 20.xi.1955, 1♂ 5♀ 1 spec. (abdomen missing), E.S. Brown lgt., Brit. Mus. 1956-419, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Henagotu, 28.v.1965, 1♂, no collector, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Ngotokaanava, 30.x.1963, 1♀, P.J.M. Greenslade lgt., B.M. 1966-20, Salini det. (BMNH)  .   Rennell:  Hutinpal, 28.xi.1955, 1♂, E.S. Brown lgt., Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Hutuna, 17.x.1953, 1♀, 13.xi.1953, 3♀, 2.xi.1953, 3♀, 20.xi.1953, 1♀, J.D. Bradley lgt., Rennel I. expedition, B.M. 1954-222, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Lavanggu, 23.xi.1955, 2♂, 4♀, E.S. Brown lgt., Brit. Mus. 1956-419, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Marange, 30.xi.1955, 1♀, E.S. Brown lgt., Brit. Mus. 1956-419, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Niupani, 22.xi.1953, 1♀, J.D. Bradley lgt., Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Tigoa, 9.–11.xi.1953, 2♀, J.D. Bradley lgt., Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Rennell I., July–Aug. 1909, 1♂, W.W. Froggatt lgt., Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Rennell Is., 4.xi.1964, 1♀, P.J.M. Greenslade lgt., B.M. 1966-20, Salini det. (BMNH) ;  Rennell Is., 4.x.1964, 1♂, Pres. by P.J.M. Greenslade lgt., B.M. 1966-477, P. Greenslade lgt., Salini det. (BMNH) .   Temotu Province: Santa Cruz:  Nimetuo viii GR 980226, iii.–viii.1983, 3♂ 1♀, M.J. Gaywood lgt., B. M. 1984-112, Salini det. (BMNH)  .   Western Province: Gizo:  Gizo, 25.viii.1955, 3♀, 1♂, E.S. Brown lgt., Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Gizo, 21.viii.1963, 1♂, 1♀, M. Mcquillan lgt., Pres. by P.J.M Greenslade, B.M. 1966-477, Salini det. (BMNH)  .   Kolombangara:  Kulambangra, 14.vi.1922, 2♂, 9♀, E.A. Armytage lgt., B.M. 1947-284, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Kulombongara Is.,  Karikana Estate, 2.x.1933, 1♀, H.T. Pagden, presented by Com. Inst. Ent. B.M. 1948-536, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Karikana Estate, 2.x.1933, 1♂, H.T. Pagden, presented by Com. Inst. Ent. B.M. 1948-536, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Salomonen,  Vila, 1932, 3♀, C. Malcher lgt., P. Kment det. (NHMB)  .   New Georgia:  Munda, sweeping coastal vegetation near mission, 29.viii.1965, 2♀, Roy. Soc. Exped., B.M, 1966- 1, Salini det. (BMNH)  .   Rendova:  Mgeli, 17.x.1954, 1♀, E.S. Brown lgt., Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Ugali, 17.x.1954, 1♂, E.S. Brown lgt., Salini det. (BMNH)  .   VANUATU: Espiritu Santo,  Luganville, IHRO, coconut inflorescence, 30.xi.1983, 1♂, M.J.W. Cock lgt., 83-424, C.I.E Coll., A15654, M.S.K. Ghauri 1984 det., as  Axiagastus cambelli, Pres. by Comm. Inst. Ent., B.M. 1984-1, Salini det. (BMNH) ;   New Hebrides:  Malekula, i.1930, 1♂, L.E. Cheesman lgt., Salini det. (BMNH) ;   Santo Isl., New Hebrides, I.A.H.O., iv.1974, 2♂, 1♀, P. Cochereau lgt., P. Kment det. (MNHN)  .   FIJI: Vanua Levu Isl., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=179.51701&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-16.798653" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 179.51701/lat -16.798653)">Salt lake</a> Env., 16°47′55.15″S 179°31′1.29 ″ E, 7.–8.viii.2014, 1♂, A. Zubov lgt., ex Roca-Cusachs Personal Collection, M. Roca-Cusachs det. 2021 (NIM)  .</p><p>Redescription. Colour, integument and vestiture (Figs 45–51). Body above black with the following well-expressed yellowish to orange-yellow markings:longitudinal stripes on disc of head, anterior margin of pronotum, one sublateral transverse stripe on anterior margin of pronotum, 1+1 obliquely straight stripes sublateral to anterolateral margins of pronotum, few irregular transverselly arranged patches on anterior disc of pronotum (sometimes absent), thick or sometimes thin, transverse stripe along basal margin of scutellum; thin or moderately thick, irregular lateral patch at middle of lateral margins of scutellum, moderately broad, crescent-shaped spot on scutellar apex; anterolateral margins of coria and lateral margins of abdomen, and a few small, scattered spots on coria. Antennae ochraceous or smoky brown, devoid of punctures; membrane smoky brown; antero- and posterolateral angles of connexival segments black; punctures black, distributed uniformly over entire dorsum, including head; lateral yellowish spots on connexival segments devoid of punctures, remaining areas of connexival segments with fine, concolourous punctures. Ventral surface, pale yellow with black transverse stripes as follows: head with one longitudinal stripe on either side of bucculae, diverging from posterior end of bucculae towards compound eye, one broken stripe above base of each antenna, alternate transverse stripes on thoracic pleura, thick transverse stripe on intersegmental sutures of ventrites joining another thick longitudinal stripe on middle of abdominal ventrites and to thick longitudinal stripe submedial to abdominal ventrites; thick submedial stripe to abdominal ventrites laterally joining to black transverse muscle scars; apices of buccular denticles, a moderately large spot coalescing with spiracle anteriorly, apex of labium, apex of each ostiolar peritreme, and tarsal claws, anterior and posterolateral angles of abdominal ventrites III–VII, black; black punctures concentrated along longitudinal, black stripe on either side of bucculae and remaining region of ventral surface of head impunctate; thorax and abdomen on ventral surface with brown, coarse punctures, more concentrated towards lateral region. Legs concolourous with ventral body colour, with coarse, round punctures, densely distributed on femora and tibiae.</p><p>Structure. Labium surpassing posterior margin of ventrite IV. Other characters as in generic redescription.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 52, 54–70, 79–82). Genital capsule (Figs 54–57, 61–64, 79‒82) subquadrate, dorsal rim more deeply incised than ventral rim; lateral wall of dorsal rim concave, more or less smooth, sclerotized black, ending in a well-developed denticle contiguous with deep, transverse emargination (te) at middle of dorsal rim; dorsal sinus of posterior aperture broadly U-shaped (ds), ventral margin of posterior aperture semiovate; ventral rim including posterolateral angles bordered with a row of moderately elongate, dark brown setae; ventral rim broadly, shallowly concave (vr) at middle; posterolateral lobes rounded in lateral view (Figs 57, 64, 82); infoldings of ventral rim deeply impressed on either side of moderately developed distension at middle, distension sunken, emarginate short U-shaped at middle, visible on dorsal view of genital capsule; infoldings of ventral rim laterally (inner to posterolateral lobes) with a prominent, apically rounded or blunt, sclerotized, black denticle (dt). Paramere simple, crown finger-like (flp), apex slightly deflected towards dorsal margin of genital capsule (Figs 59, 66), dorsal margin (dm) uniformly convex in lateral view, numerous fine, short hairs on lateral margins of finger-like crown, elongate setae along periphery of laminate disc (ld); crown abruptly narrowed towards apex, ending in acuminate apex in lateral view; stem (st) elongate, apodeme (am) disc-like. Phallus (Figs 68–70). Articulatory apparatus as in Figs 68‒70; phallotheca less sclerotized, distal part transparent with ventral convex projection in close proximity with inner margin of processes of aedeagus; two pairs of dorsal conjunctival processes (Fig. 70: dp1 and dp2); lower one (dp2) sclerotized, ribbon-like, apically rounded, upper one (dp1) much shorter than dp2, completely membranous; aedeagus short, deflected dorsad, apex swollen, drop-like, transparent, with embedded phallotreme, processes of aedeagus elongate, as shown in Figs 68‒70.</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 53, 71‒73). Terminalia (Figs 71, 72). Valvifers VIII almost as in  A. rosmarus with inner posterolateral angles obtusangulate, posterior margins convex; valvifers IX, laterotergites IX, and laterotergites VIII as in  A. rosmarus . Gynatrium. Orifice of spermathecal duct surrounded by narrow, inverted, U-shaped sclerite; ring sclerites indistinct. Spermatheca (Fig. 73). Spermathecal dilation as in  A. rosmarus, proximal spermathecal duct tubular, distal spermathecal duct (dsd) gradually widened towards proximal flange, wider than intermediate part of spermatheca; apical receptacle orbicular with three ductules, with longest one surpassing proximal flange, apically not twisted, hook-like.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. This species is usually shining black with well-expressed bright yellowish or ochraceous spots and pale antennae as explained above in the colouration section. This species is distinct in having a slightly deflected apex of the parameral crown (Figs 59, 66), a uniformly convex dorsal margin (dm) of the parameral crown in lateral view, and also in the shape of the processes of the aedeagus (pa).</p><p>Etymology. The species name  Axiagastus cambelli was presumably dedicated to William Howard Campbell (1859–1910), an Irish Presbyterian missionary who worked with the London Missionary Society in southern India, a naturalist and collector of the type series (Anonymus 2024d). Although the collector’s surname was Campbell, it was spelled without a “p” in the original description, as was the species name derived from it. Therefore, it is unclear whether this was a typographical error or not; it is possible that Distant himself believed this to be the correct spelling, as it also appears on the locality data label. Consequently, the name of this species,  cambelli, is not an incorrect original spelling that needs to be corrected (ICZN 1999: Arts: 32.5.1 and 32.3). The specific epithet  marmoratus (- a, - um) is a Latin adjective meaning “marbled”, referring to the colouration pattern of the species.</p><p>Biology and plant association. This species, also known as the coconut spathe bug or coconut flower bug, is often found in abundance on the newly opened spadices of  Cocos nucifera ( Arecaceae), feeding on both male and female flowers (e.g., Phillips 1940, Lever 1969). It was regarded as an important pest of the coconuts in some parts of its distribution area, causing immature nutfall (e.g., Tothill 1929, Simmonds 1925, Dwyer 1937). However, Phillips (1940) provided evidence that the serious immature nutfall was instead caused by  Amblypelta cocophaga China, 1934 ( Heteroptera:  Coreidae). It can cause some fall of immature nuts, but its economic status is difficult to assess, since the damage done by it appears to be much less than the number of insects present would suggest. The nutfall is probably due to the loss of sap rather than to the injection of toxic saliva, as found in the  Coreidae (Phillips 1940, Lever 1969). However, O’Sullivan (1973) observed that under sustained, heavy attack by  A. cambelli the young inflorescences showed premature necrosis, most of the nuts failed to develop and eventually dropped. Feeding also occurred on older inflorescences, but usually with lesser intensity. Nuts over four months appeared to be little affected by  A. cambelli feeding (O’Sullivan 1973). Cochereau (1965) and Stapley (1973) also confirmed that the species was harmful only in very high abundances.  Axiagastus cambelli was also recorded from  Areca ( Arecaceae) in the Solomon Islands (Lever 1933a, b, 1969; Cochereau 1964), but intensive search in the Bismarck Archipelago has not revealed any  A. cambelli on  Areca spp., nor would it feed on it under laboratory conditions (O’Sullivan 1973). In the laboratory, adult  A. cambelli fed on fruits of the cluster palm  Ptychosperma sp. (Baloch 1973). Finally, Lever (1933b) reported egg masses of  A. cambelli being found also on the leaves of  Casuarina sp. ( Casuarinaceae) in the Solomon Islands, but he considered that the eggs were a chance occurrence (cf. O’Sullivan 1973). The mention of “cocoa nuts” on the labels of type specimens is clearly a mistake for coconuts (see Distant 1911a).</p><p>Various aspects of the biology of  A. cambelli have been studied (e.g., Tothill 1929, Lever 1933b, Baloch 1973 and O’Sullivan 1973), including mating, oviposition, egg hatching, larval development, the longevity of adult bugs, and feeding and damage caused to the injured plants. Considerable attention was paid to parasitoids as potential control agents of this species. Eggs are parasitised by  Trissolcus painei (Ferrière, 1933) (Ferrière 1933; Lever 1934b; Nixon 1938, 1943; Cochereau 1964, all as  Microphanurus painei; Baloch 1973, O’Sullivan 1973, Johnson 1991) and  Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston, 1858) (Johns 1941, Lever 1941, Cochereau 1964, as  Microphanurus basalis) ( Hymenoptera:  Scelionidae),  Anastatus axiagasti Ferrière, 1933 (Ferrière 1933; Lever 1934a, b; Phillips 1956; Cochereau 1964),  Anastatus ? dasyni Ferrière, 1935 and  Anastatus sp. (Baloch 1973, O’Sullivan 1973) ( Hymenoptera:  Eupelmidae),  Ooencyrtus papilionis Ashmead, 1905 (Phillips 1941, as  Ooencyrtus malayensis Ferrière, 1931) ( Hymenoptera:  Encyrtidae), and  Acroclisoides megacephalus Girault &amp; Dodd, 1915 (Baloch 1973, O’Sullivan 1973, Sabbatini Peverieri et al. 2019) ( Hymenoptera:  Pteromalidae). The adults of  Aridelus niger (Papp, 1974) ( Hymenoptera:  Braconidae: Euphorinae) were reared from larvae of this species (Baloch 1973, O’Sullivan 1973, both as  Aridelus sp.; Papp 1974, as  Arideloides niger). Two species of tachinid flies  Pentatomophaga bicincta Meijere, 1917 (introduced from Australia),  Trichopoda pennipes (Fabricius, 1781) (introduced from Florida) and an unidentified species ( Diptera:  Tachinidae) were observed to oviposit on  A. cambelli (Phillips 1956 and O’Connor 1950, respectively). According to Phillips (1956), larvae of  P. bicincta failed to develop in it (Phillips 1956). Later, Baloch (1973) reported successful development of  P. bicincta in  A. cambelli . O’Sullivan (1973) succeeded to breed  T. pennipes from both adults and larvae collected in Bougainville and another tachinid (gen. et sp. indet.) from  A. cambelli on New Ireland.An unidentified strepsipteran was found on adult  A. cambelli in the Bismarck Archipelago by O’Sullivan (1973).</p><p>The ants  Oecophylla smaragdina (Fabricius, 1775) ( Hymenoptera:  Formicidae) (Tothill 1929, Lever 1933c, Baloch 1973, O’Sullivan 1973, Stapley 1980; Mariau 1998, as  O. longinoda) are very active predators of the larvae and adults of  A. cambelli, and due to this the coconut spathe bug only rarely occurs on the palms inhabited by the weaver ants.</p><p>Distribution. Australia: Queensland (this paper); Papua New Guinea (Lever 1969, Papua New Guinea and Bismarck Archipelago, no exact records): East New Britain Province: Duke of York Island (Distant 1911a), New Britain: Napapar (Papp 1974), Gazelle Peninsula (Baloch 1973, O’Sullivan 1973, Arnold 2011); West New Britain Province: Lolobau Island (O’Sullivan 1973); Milne Bay Province: Misima Island (Distant 1911a, as Aignan I.), Woodlark Island (Montrouzier 1855, Stål 1864); New Ireland Province: Feni Islands (O’Sullivan 1973, as Anir Island), Lihir group: Lihir Island (Baloch 1973, O’Sullivan 1973) and Masahet Island (O’Sullivan 1973), New Hanover Island (Dwyer 1937, O’Sullivan 1973), New Ireland (O’Sullivan 1973), Tanga Islands (O’Sullivan 1973, as Tangar Island); Autonomous Region of Bougainville: Bougainville (O’Sullivan 1973), Buka Island (O’Sullivan 1973); Fiji (new record), Samoa (new record); Solomon Islands (Distant 1911a, b; Froggatt 1912; Ferrière 1933; Lever 1934b; Phillips 1940; Arnold 2011), Vanuatu (Cochereau 1964, 1965; Tercinier et al. 1964; Gross 1975).</p><p>The species appears to be common on the islands east of the New Guinea mainland, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu (see references above). However, we have not encountered any collection specimens or exact published records from the Indonesian part of New Guinea, the Papua New Guinea mainland, or New Caledonia. Despite past searches for this species, it has not previously been found in Fiji (e.g., Simmonds 1925). During the current study, we examined a single specimen each from Queensland (exact location not specified), Fiji, and West Samoa; however, the presence of the species in these remote areas requires further confirmation. We cannot exclude the possibility of  A. cambelli becoming an invasive species in some regions outside of its native distribution area.</p><p>Remarks. Montrouzier (1855) provided only a brief description of his  Pentatoma Marmoratum [translated from the French]: “Length 7 lig. [= 15.79 mm]. Dark yellow, dotted with black. A dark band at the posterior edge of the pronotum. Two brown spots on the sides of the scutellum, and a third of the same colour preceding the apex, which is a beautiful yellow. Elytra brown, mottled with yellow. Underside of the abdomen and legs dark yellow, finely dotted with black. Antennae brown. There are individuals in whom the spots on the scutellum are coalescent, and the general colour of the body is darkened. Found in Woodlark.” As the original description indicates the variability in colouration, it is evident that the species was described based on an unspecified number of specimens (syntypic). However, prior to the current study, no syntypes have been recognized. Therefore, we searched the whereabouts of Montrouzier’s collection, yielding the following results.</p><p>Reverendus Pater Jean Xavier Hyacinthe Montrouzier (1820–1897) was a Marist priest and a Sorbonne-trained naturalist, born in Montpellier (France), who spent most of his life as a missionary in Oceania and died there. Prior to Secondy (2012) ’s detailed biography (see below), what little was known of Montrouzier was the information that could be gathered from administrative documents, the prefaces to his major works (The fauna of Woodlark Island and The fauna of New Caledonia), brief obituaries (Grouvelle 1897, Trimen 1898), and studies or volumes mentioning him (O’Reilly 1931; Laracy 1976, 2010; Gouillard 2004). Laracy (1976, 2010) had used some letters of the Marist fathers, including some by Father Montrouzier, to document their mission in Melanesia, as Duffy would do later (Duffy 2013 –2015), but their purpose was not to dive into Xavier Montrouzier’s life, as was the focus of Secondy’s (2012) publication. Through 453 letters written to members of his family and of his congregation by Xavier Montrouzier over a 50 year period (1845–1895), Secondy (2012) unveiled details of Montrouzier’s life in Oceania, as well as his inner thoughts. The book tells, among many other things, of the risks taken by the missionaries in those uncharted territories (Bishop Epalle’s murder, Montrouzier’s injury which took months to heal, the loss of his conchological collection in a revolt in 1862, etc.), of Montrouzier’s needs for supplies (insect boxes and pins, sheets for his herbarium, some alcohol to preserve his fishes, molluscs and reptiles, etc.), of his desire to publish his work quickly (not out of vanity but for it to be a credit to his religious congregation and to the French scientific community), and of the fate of his collections sent to Paris, Bordeaux, Lyon, and Montpellier, including those which were lost on the way (either the ship sank or they were thrown overboard, as Montrouzier seemed to believe), but very little was written about his entomological collections.</p><p>We thus turned to the works of our German colleagues (Horn &amp; Kahle 1935 –1937, Horn et al. 1990, Groll 2017) which explained that some of Montrouzier’s collection was lost, some of it was destroyed by  Anthrenus, and some of it was auctioned by Deyrolle (although that part may have included only  Coleoptera), while his  Hemiptera specimens reached Henri Schouteden (1881–1972) via the son of the coleopterist Benoît-Philibert Perroud (1796–1878). The main collection of H. Schouteden is now deposited in the Musée Royal de l’Afrique Centrale, Tervuren, Belgium (MRAC), but this includes only his African material (Stéphane Hanot, pers. comm.). The small non-African part of Schouteden’s collection is now deposited in the Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles de Belgique, Belgium (ISNB), as confirmed by Jérome Constant who works on the taxonomy and phylogeny of the  Hemiptera there. Schouteden (1907) listed 36 of Montrouzier’s species, including types, as being in his hands, but  Axiagastus marmoratus was not included. However, other depositories are mentioned (such as the Staatliches Museum für Tierkund in Dresden, Germany (SMTD) and the Hungarian Natural History Museum in Budapest, Hungary (HNHM)).</p><p>In his entry on Montrouzier, Rider (2022) mentions most of the above but he also adds an important piece of information: “Occasionally, Stål indicated examining type specimens for various Montrouzier species, and indicated that the specimens were deposited in the Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Sweden (NHRS) or the Signoret collection which is now in the Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, Austria (NHMW)”. Indeed, Carl Stål (1833–1878) made use, in various works (Stål 1864, 1866, 1870, for instance), of such expressions as “Sec. ex. typ.” or, in full, “Secundum exemplum typicum” (“According to -the/a- type specimen”) or simply “exemplum typicum” and often acknowledged Victor Signoret (1816–1889) for sending type specimens (of Montrouzier’s species, or of those of Guérin-Méneville, Amyot &amp; Serville…). This certainly agrees with the quotations by Strickland (1845) reported in Webb et al. (2013), that expressed the need to fix a type for a group to which other specimens could be compared. As Latin does not use definite articles, it is arguable whether the specimens Stål referred to as “exemplum typicum” have been designated as lectotypes or not (according to ICZN 1999: Arts 74.5 and 74.6), their mention nevertheless gives us a clue as to their whereabouts, either NHMW or NHRS (depending on whether these were returned to Signoret or not and, in the latter case, Signoret might have donated them to Stål).</p><p>Stål (1864) transferred  Pentatoma marmoratum to  Axiagastus, yet according to Gustafsson (2006), there is no type or even material of this species in NHRS. In this 1864 paper, Stål makes no mention of knowing the whereabouts of the/an “exemplum typicum” of this species (as he does for  Ploeogaster mammosus) or that one was sent to him by Signoret (as he does for Passaleutes geniculatus). He mentions, however, the presence of some material of  P. marmoratum in Signoret’s collection (now mostly in NHMW). One of us (Petr Kment) found and imaged a historical specimen in NHMW. The specimen bears three labels (two by Signoret) and an original determination label in Montrouzier’s handwriting. The latter could be verified thanks to a page of one of Montrouzier’s letter, given as a sample of his handwriting by Secondy (2012), the label of  Pentatoma Reyana (currently  Anaxarchus reyi, Pentatominae) provided by Horn &amp; Kahle (1937), a label of the type of  Tingis australis (Fig. 78), given by Schouteden to Drake (Drake 1954) and currently in the National Museum of Natural History, Washington D.C., USA (USNM) (Drake &amp; Ruhoff 1965; Tom Henry, pers. comm.), as well as through direct comparison with the determination label of  Hyparete boitardii (Pentatominae), currently on loan from ISNB to NMPC (P. Kment, pers. observ.).</p><p>After the end of his mission on Woodlark Island, from August 1851 to January 1853, Montrouzier stayed in Sydney (Australia) where a “Mr MacLeay” let him use his vast library and 77,000 specimen-rich collection and encouraged him to publish his Fauna of Woodlark Island (Secondy 2012). “Mr MacLeay” can only refer to William Sharp Macleay (1792–1865) as, in 1851–1853, he was the only member of his family settled there. Upon his death, his cousin, William John Macleay (1820–1891), inherited his entomological collection, enriched it, turned into a natural history collection and donated it to the nation in 1888 (Holland 1988; Holland &amp; Stanbury 1988). The Macleay collection is now part of the Chau Chak Wing Museum, University of Sydney (Anonymus 2025). In 1962, Elizabeth Hahn finalized a preliminary list of the insect types in the collection (Hahn 1962, Hahn 1988). “In 1969 an agreement was reached which enabled recognized type-specimens of insects lodged in the Macleay Museum, University of Sydney, to be transferred to the Australian National Insect Collection (A.N.I.C.), Canberra, on a ‘permanent loan’ basis” (Stevens &amp; Carver 1986). Overall, more than 9000 Australian and exotic insect types had been identified (Horning 1988). Ensued several publications listing the types that had been discovered and were now preserved at the ANIC; all stressed the possibility of there being still unrecognized types (Whitley &amp; Stanbury 1976, Britton &amp; Stanbury 1981, Stevens &amp; Carver 1986, Naumann et al. 1994). While the  Hemiptera type specimens transferred to the ANIC were all of Australian provenance (Stevens &amp; Carver 1986), among the  Coleoptera type specimens was listed a syntype of  Onthobium macleayi Montrouzier, 1860 ( Scarabeidae), from New Caledonia, although Montrouzier was not mentioned in the list of authors (Britton &amp; Stanbury 1981). Hence the Chau Chak Wing Museum could yet be housing unrecognized types, including some of Montrouzier’s species, especially if Montrouzier had dedicated them to Macleay.</p><p>Despite the fact that Montrouzier had been able to benefit from the Macleay collection while in Sydney, both A. Doué (in the preface to Montrouzier 1860) and E.D. [= Eugène Desmarest?] (in a note to Montrouzier 1861) expressed how, away from all scientific centres, from the literature and means of comparison, it was difficult for Montrouzier to identify species and to give them correct generic placements. Therefore, the greatest expert of their groups was enlisted to examine Montrouzier’s specimens and to revise his descriptions. Signoret kindly accepted these tasks for the  Hemiptera part of Montrouzier’s work and, probably, obtained some types as a reward.</p><p>Owing to the aforementioned facts, accepting that Stål might not have been aware that what could only have been material recently acquired by Signoret was part of Montrouzier’s type series and according to ICZN (1999: Art. 72.4.1.1), the aforementioned historical specimen located in NHMW is recognized as a syntype and, in order to fix the identity of the species, is hereby designated as its lectotype ICZN 1999: Art. 74).</p><p>Axiagastus cambelli was described by Distant (1911) from an unspecified number of specimens (syntypic) with the following data: “ Solomon Islands (W.H. Cambell); Duke of York Island; Aignan Island (Brit. Mus.). On Solomon Islands “destructive to coconuts” (W.H. Cambell).”.</p><p>One male from the original type series of  Axiagastus cambelli (see Type material examined above) is here designated as lectotype (Figs 67–70) to fix the identity of the species in the present sense (viz ICZN 1999: Article 74.7). This specimen is clearly conspecific with the lectotype of  A. marmoratus in NHMW and the two species are therefore considered synonyms. The arguments for retaining the junior species name, as the valid name for the species, are as follows:</p><p>Pentatoma marmoratum has been known for a long time only from its original description by Montrouzier (1855) and the subsequent paper by Stål (1864) transferring the species to the genus  Axiagastus . Later it has been cited only in lists and catalogues referring to the preceding two papers (see Walker 1867, Stål 1876, Lethierry &amp; Severin 1893, Kirkaldy 1909). In the last hundred years, the species was mentioned in a regular paper only once by Arnold (2011), who provided photograph of its habitus along with records of two females, one from Papua New Guinea (New Britain: Gazelle Peninsula) and one from the Solomon Islands (Rennell Island). On the other hand,  Axiagastus cambelli (partly under its incorrect subsequent spelling  A. campbelli) has been recognized as a pest of coconuts, since Froggatt (1912), and has been the subject of numerous papers on its life cycle, the damage caused to the coconuts, as well as the associated fauna of parasitoids and predators as the possible means of its biological control. We have collected a sample of 55 papers published by 39 different first authors, and distributed more or less regularly within the period delimited by Distant (1911a,b) and Exélis et al. (2023) (for complete list see catalogue part above). The Article 23.9.1 of the ICZN (1999), dealing with the reversal of precedence, says: “prevailing usage must be maintained when the following conditions are both met: 23.9.1.1. the senior synonym or homonym has not been used as a valid name after 1899, and 23.9.1.2. the junior synonym or homonym has been used for a particular taxon, as its presumed valid name, in at least 25 works, published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years.” While the condition 23.9.1.2 is met for the name  Axiagastus cambelli, the condition 23.9.1.1. does not apply due to the use of  A. marmoratus as valid species in the paper by Arnold (2011). However, as the name  A. cambelli is in the prevailing usage and it is the only name of the taxon occurring in the papers dealing with it as a pest, we propose to continue using  A. cambelli as the valid name (viz ICZN 1999: Article 82.1). The Case will be submitted to the Commission for a ruling under the plenary power to fix the prevailing usage of  A. cambelli Distant and conditionally suppress  Pentatoma marmoratum Montrouzier (viz ICZN 1999: Article 81.2.3).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1016F124276CFFDBFF5AFBB44BCE00FB	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kment, Petr;Lemaître, Valérie A.;Webb, Michael D.;Roca-Cusachs, Marcos	Kment, Petr, Lemaître, Valérie A., Webb, Michael D., Roca-Cusachs, Marcos (2025): Revision of the Austro-Oriental shield-bug genus Axiagastus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with the description of five new species, and taxonomic notes on related genera. Zootaxa 5603 (1): 1-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1
1016F1242758FFDFFF5AF8CC4838043B.text	1016F1242758FFDFFF5AF8CC4838043B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axiagastus chandrashekarai Salini, Kment & Roca-Cusachs 2025	<div><p>Axiagastus chandrashekarai Salini, Kment &amp; Roca-Cusachs sp. nov.</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 8B4331DD-57D7-4F4C-9A2E-3D81E401C447</p><p>(Figs 83–109)</p><p>Axiagastus sp. 002-ARN: Arnold (2012): 56 (distribution; Indonesia: Sulawesi)</p><p>Type locality.  Indonesia: Sulawesi Utara, Dumoga-Bone N.P [0.5634° N, 123.7071° E] .</p><p>Type material.   Holotype: ♂, “ INDONESIA / SULAWESI UTARA / Dumoga-Bone N.P. / 27 April, 1985 [p] // R. Ent. Soc. Lond. / PROJECT WALLACE / B. M. 1985–10 [p] // At / light // dissected and illustrated Salini. S. // HOLOTYPUS /  Axiagastus chandrashekarai / Salini, Kment &amp; Roca-Cusachs  sp. nov. // det. Salini. S., 2024 [p, red label]” (BMNH). The holotype is pinned through the scutellum. The dissected male genitalia are preserved in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin. Right antennomeres III–IV and right metatarsomeres broken and glued on a card.</p><p>Paratypes (15♂ 21♀): INDONESIA: Sulawesi:   13♂ 16♀, “INDONESIA / SULAWESI TENGAH / Nr. Morowali / Ranu River Area / 27.i.–20.iv.1980 [p] // M. J. D. Brendell / B. M. 1980–280 [p] // Lowland / rain / forest //  At / light” (10♂ 13♀ BMNH, 2♂ 2♀ NMPC, 1♂ 1♀ NIM) , one male dissected, male genitalia are placed in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin.—  1♀, “ SULAWESI UTARA / Dumoga-Bone N.P. / 1–8 May, 1985 [p] // R. Ent. Soc. Lond. / PROJECT WALLACE / B. M. 1985–10 [p] // At / light // Edward’s Camp / 664 m // dissected and illustrated Salini. S.” (BMNH) . The dissected female genitalia are preserved in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin, terga and sterna (after extraction of terminalia and spermatheca), glued on a card. Right antennomeres IIa–IV broken off and glued on a card, left antennomeres III–IV and right metatarsomere II–III lost.—   1♂, “INDONESIA: / SULAWESI UTARA, / Dumoga-Bone N.P. / February 1985. [p] // Sites 10 &amp; 11, / 1040 m, 19.–25. 11. 1985. / Tumpah Transect / J. D. Holloway [p] // R.  Ent. Soc. Lond. / PROJECT WALLACE / B. M. 1985–10 [p]” (BMNH)  .—  1♀, “Rothamsted light / trap, site 1, / 200 m. H. Barlow [p] // INDONESIA: / SULAWESI UTARA, / Dumoga-Bone N.P. [p] / 4.-21. [hw] February 1985. [p]” (BMNH) .—  1♀, “Rothamsted light / trap, site 2, / 220 m. H. Barlow [p] // INDONESIA: / SULAWESI UTARA, / Dumoga-Bone N.P. [p] / 9.-20. [hw] November 1985. [p]” (BMNH) .—   1♀, “INDONESIA: / SULAWESI UTARA, / Dumoga-Bone N.P. / May 1985. [p] //  Toraut, nr base / camp, ca 200m. / M. R. Wilson [p] // R. Ent. Soc. Lond. / PROJECT WALLACE / B. M. 1985–10 [p]” (BMNH)  .—   1♀, “INDONESIA: / SULAWESI UTARA, / Dumoga-Bone N.P. / June 1985. [p] //  Toraut, nr</p><p>base / camp, ca 200m. / M. R. Wilson [p] // R. Ent. Soc. Lond. / PROJECT WALLACE / B. M. 1985–10 [p]” (BMNH).— 1♂ 1♀, “ INDONESIA, C-SULAWESI / W coast of lake POSO /  Taipa env., 10.-11. iv. 1999 / Bečvář &amp; Zábranský lgt. [p] // COLLECTIO / PETR BAŇAŘ / Moravian Museum Brno [p]” (MMBC). Both specimens pinned through scutellum, the male genital capsule and one of the parameres detached and glued on a separate piece of card attached to the same pin.—Each specimen bears the following identification label: PARATYPUS /  AXIAGASTUS /  CHANDRASHEKARAI Salini, / Kment &amp; Roca-Cusachs sp. nov. / det. Salini, S. &amp; Kment, P., 2024 [p, yellow label]  .</p><p>Description. Colour, integument and vestiture (Figs 83–87). Body colour luteous to bright yellow with black markings as follows: lateral margins of head, two longitudinal stripes at middle of disc extending from middle of clypeus to base of head, narrow line sublaterally along anterior margin of pronotum, anterolateral margins of pronotum, two small spots on each cicatrix (may be somewhat confluent), pronotal disc posteriorly with narrow to wide transverse stripe, narrow one broken before humeri, wide one extending to humeri (except narrow, oblique, pale yellow band behind humeri), and one fourth of antero- and posterolateral margins of connexival segments; markings and punctation on scutellum variable, scutellar disc anteriorly with more or less prominent yellow callosities and median black spot of variable shape, postfrenal portion with wide black transverse stripe somewhat projecting anteriad along midline; apex of scutellum with yellowish subcordiform spot; antennae bicolourous, impunctate with scape (I), basipedicellite (IIa) and base of distipedicellite (IIb) ochraceous, apex of distipedicellite, basiflagellum (III), and distiflagellum (IV) black; membranes smoky brown; coria variable from prevailing pale to prevailing black, with one small yellowish callose spot laterally near middle of each endocorium; head with punctures fine, black, sparsely scattered on dorsal surface; pronotum with punctures black, sparsely distributed on anterior pronotal disc, concentrated towards posterior disc; scutellum and corium with black, coarse punctures more or less uniformly distributed; punctures fine, black, densely distributed on anterior and posterior fourth of connexival segments, pale region between them with punctures fine, brown, sparsely distributed. Ventral surface pale yellow with coarse, black punctures confluent as transverse stripes on thoracic sternites; head on ventral surface with black punctures restricted along longitudinal black stripe on either side of bucculae; abdomen on ventral surface with coarse, black punctures densely distributed towards lateral area, sparsely distributed at middle; intersegmental sutures of ventrites III–VII marked with black transverse bands; apices of buccular denticles, labium, ostiolar peritreme, and tarsal claws, one short stripe above base of each antenna, one spot each at base of pro-, meso- and metacoxae, a row of small spots on either side sublaterally, one spot each at middle of lateral margin of pro-, meso- and metapleuron, a moderately large spot mesad to each spiracle but coalescing with black spiracular margin, transverse muscle scars, and antero- and posterolateral angles of ventrites III–VII, black. Legs concolourous with ventral surface of abdomen, with dense, coarse, black punctation; femora with punctures appearing as moderately large black spots; punctures on tibiae small, dorsal surface of tibiae with longitudinal ridges black.</p><p>Structure. Head (Figs 85, 86) with apices of mandibular plates appearing obliquely truncate (lateral margins of mandibular plates each with obtuse angle). Length of labium reaching or surpassing posterior margin of ventrite IV. Other characters as in generic redescription.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 88, 90–106). Genital capsule (Figs 90–93, 97–100) subquadrate; lateral wall of dorsal rim obliquely straight, sclerotized black border with minute, distinct serrations (sr) contiguous with shallow, transverse emargination (te) at middle of dorsal rim; dorsal sinus of posterior aperture broadly U-shaped (ds), ventral margin of posterior aperture semispherical; lateral regions of ventral rim and posterolateral angles with a few moderately elongate setae; posterolateral lobes appearing slightly concave in lateral view; ventral rim with moderately broad V-shaped notch at middle (vr), and 1+1 shallow concavity adjacent to posterolateral angles; infoldings of ventral rim deeply impressed on either side of slightly developed distension (dn) at middle, distension sunken, emarginated as shallow concavity at middle; infoldings of ventral rim laterally (inner to posterolateral lobes) with a sclerotized patch with short, blunt, apically rounded denticle (dt). Paramere (Figs 94–96, 101–103) simple, crown finger-like (flp) with dorsal margin slightly obtusangulate at one-third in lateral view (Figs 95, 102, 103), numerous elongate setae along periphery of laminate disc (ld); crown gradually narrowed towards apex; apex angulate, blunt (narrowly rounded) in lateral view (Figs 95, 102, 103); stem moderately elongate, apodeme disc-like. Phallus (Figs 104–106). Articulatory apparatus as in Figs 105, 106; distal one-third of phallotheca transparent with ventral convex projection (vcp) in close proximity with processes of aedeagus (pa); a pair of dorsal conjunctival processes (cp), partly sclerotized throughout length, apically rounded; aedeagus (ad) short, deflected dorsad, apex swollen, drop-like, transparent, with embedded phallotreme, processes of aedeagus as shown in Fig. 106.</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 107–109). Terminalia (Figs 107, 108). Valvifers VIII almost as in  A. cambelli; valvifers IX short, narrow, transverse; anterior margins of valvifers IX slightly angulate at middle, posterior margins slightly concave; laterotergites VIII and IX as in  A. cambelli . Gynatrium as in  A. cambelli . Spermatheca (Fig. 109). Spermathecal dilation as in  A. rosmarus, distal spermathecal duct gradually widened towards proximal flange, roughly funnel-shaped apical receptacle small with three ductules, nearly of equal size.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. This species can be differentiated by the apical margins of the mandibular plates appearing obliquely truncate as compared to the convex or rounded margins in other congeners, as well as the bicolourous antennae. Other distinguishing characters are found in the male genitalia, such as the shape of the genital capsule, parameres and processes of the aedeagus.</p><p>Etymology. This new species is named in honor of the first author’s (SS) mentor and professor, Chandrashekaraswami Adiveyya Viraktamath (University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, Karnataka, India), in recognition of his numerous contributions to the taxonomy of the  Hemiptera and his mentorship of several students in the field of taxonomy (Ramani et al. 2020). The species-group name is a noun in the genitive case.</p><p>Biology. Part of the type series was collected by light traps.</p><p>Distribution. This species is at present restricted to Indonesia (Sulawesi) (Arnold 2012, as  Axiagastus sp. 002- ARN; this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1016F1242758FFDFFF5AF8CC4838043B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kment, Petr;Lemaître, Valérie A.;Webb, Michael D.;Roca-Cusachs, Marcos	Kment, Petr, Lemaître, Valérie A., Webb, Michael D., Roca-Cusachs, Marcos (2025): Revision of the Austro-Oriental shield-bug genus Axiagastus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with the description of five new species, and taxonomic notes on related genera. Zootaxa 5603 (1): 1-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1
1016F124275DFFD0FF5AFE5D4C7906B5.text	1016F124275DFFD0FF5AFE5D4C7906B5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axiagastus dubius Jensen-Haarup 1937	<div><p>Axiagastus dubius Jensen-Haarup, 1937</p><p>(Figs 110–113)</p><p>Axiagastus dubius 
Jensen-Haarup, 1937: 322 (original description). Holotype: ♂, “ Singapore?  Alte Sammlung [= old collection]” (ZMUH).</p><p>Axiagastus dubius: Weidner (1972): 114 (type information).</p><p>Type locality.? Singapore .</p><p>Type material.   Holotype: ♂ (Figs 110–113), “ Singapore. [p]? [hw] /Alte Sammlung. [p] //  Axiagastus / n. spec? / nicht Rosmarus! [Breddin’s hw] // A. C. Jensen-/ Haarup / determ. 1931-32 [p] // Type [p, red label] // Type Coll. J-Hrp [p, label with black submarginal line] //  Axiagastus / dubius J-Hrps / Det. [hw] Jensen-Haarup. [p, label with black submarginal line] // ZMH 81525 [p]” (ZMUH). The specimen is pinned through the scutellum, considerably damaged, both hemelytra, left and right antennomeres IIb–IV, and right metatarsomeres II–III lost. We examined images provided by courtesy of Eileen Nguyen (ZMUH) and  Martin Husemann (University of Hamburg).</p><p>Original description (Jensen-Haarup 1937, translated from the German). “Very similar to  A. rosmarus Dall., but, as Breddin noted on a label placed underneath the animal, not this species. Colouring brownish and yellow. The scutellum is elongate, much longer than wide at the base. It is missing the two large black spots on the anterior part of the scutellum as well as the curved dark spot in front of the tip, which are found in  A. rosmarus; the tip is bearing an almost circular, pale spot. The hemelytra bearing, past its middle, a pale spot next to the main vein. Length of the body (without membrane) 14 mm.”</p><p>Etymology. The specific epithet is the Latin adjective  dubius (- a, - um), meaning “doubtful”.</p><p>Remarks.  Axiagastus dubius was originally described by Jensen-Haarup (1937) based on a male specimen collected from Singapore (as a doubtful locality). The specimen is currently deposited in the Museum of Nature Hamburg—Zoology, Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change (ZMUH).This species is characterized by the chocolate brown colouration, with a more or less pale, circular spot on the apex of the scutellum.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1016F124275DFFD0FF5AFE5D4C7906B5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kment, Petr;Lemaître, Valérie A.;Webb, Michael D.;Roca-Cusachs, Marcos	Kment, Petr, Lemaître, Valérie A., Webb, Michael D., Roca-Cusachs, Marcos (2025): Revision of the Austro-Oriental shield-bug genus Axiagastus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with the description of five new species, and taxonomic notes on related genera. Zootaxa 5603 (1): 1-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1
1016F1242753FFD3FF5AFD1E4A260422.text	1016F1242753FFD3FF5AFD1E4A260422.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axiagastus klossi (Kment & Lemaître & Webb & Roca-Cusachs 2025) Kment & Lemaître & Webb & Roca-Cusachs 2025	<div><p>Axiagastus klossi (China, 1928), comb. nov.</p><p>(Figs 114–116)</p><p>Indrapura klossi China, 1928: 191–192, fig. 2 (original description, habitus illustration, distribution). Holotype: ♀, Indonesia: Sumatra, W. Coast, Pasir Ganting, 2°S (BMNH).</p><p>Indrapura klossi: Arnold (2003): 24 –25 (distribution).</p><p>Type locality. Indonesia: Sumatra, Pasir Ganting, W. Coast, Lat. 2°S .</p><p>Type material.   Holotype: ♀ (Figs 114‒116), “Sumatra. / Pasir Ganting. / W. Coast, Lat. 2° S. / June, 1914. [p] // Type [p, red-margined disc] // ♀ [p] //  Indrapura / klossi China / TYPE [hw] // [QR code] / NHMUK010582894 [p]” (BMNH).  The specimen is pinned through the scutellum; antennae completely and legs mostly lost, only right profemur and left mesofemur and mesotibia present.</p><p>Original description. See China (1928). Only the female is known (China 1928, Arnold 2003).</p><p>Remarks. China (1928) described the genus  Indrapura to accommodate his new species,  I. klossi . He described the species based on a single female (holotype) collected from Sumatra, which is one of Western Indonesia’s Sunda islands. The original description clearly indicates that it aligns with  Axiagastus in all aspects. China (1928) distinguished  Indrapura from  Axiagastus primarily based on the following characters: the longer head, a short tooth on the bucculae, the structure of the pronotum, the apically narrower scutellum and a more regular punctation. The longer head in  Indrapura was described by China (1928) as “head is twice as long as wide between eyes” but in various described species of  Axiagastus, this character is found to be a variable character. Members of the genus  Axiagastus are characterized by a modified anterior apex of each buccula, which is elongate, curved and “tusk-like”. This character is less pronounced in the female, which is the sex of the holotype of  A. klossi . There are no significant differences in the structure of the pronotum in  A. klossi compared to other described species. Although China (1928) noted that  A. klossi had an apically narrower scutellum with regular punctures, we find these characters to be quite variable among species of  Axiagastus . Based on these findings, we conclude that there is insufficient evidence to separate  A. klossi from other  Axiagastus species. Therefore the genus  Indrapura is here synonymized with  Axiagastus syn. nov. and the new combination,  A. klossi comb. nov., is proposed.</p><p>Etymology. The species was named in honor of Cecil Boden Kloss (1877–1949), a zoologist, botanist and explorer known for his work in present-day Malaysia and Indonesia (China 1928, Banks 1950, Anonymus 2024e).</p><p>Distribution. Indonesia: Sumatra (China 1928, Arnold 2003).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1016F1242753FFD3FF5AFD1E4A260422	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kment, Petr;Lemaître, Valérie A.;Webb, Michael D.;Roca-Cusachs, Marcos	Kment, Petr, Lemaître, Valérie A., Webb, Michael D., Roca-Cusachs, Marcos (2025): Revision of the Austro-Oriental shield-bug genus Axiagastus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with the description of five new species, and taxonomic notes on related genera. Zootaxa 5603 (1): 1-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1
1016F1242751FFD4FF5AFBB44A300193.text	1016F1242751FFD4FF5AFBB44A300193.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axiagastus luteipes Salini & Roca-Cusachs 2025	<div><p>Axiagastus luteipes Salini &amp; Roca-Cusachs sp. nov.</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: D116495A-1BC8-487A-B300-599486FC60B9</p><p>(Figs 117–133)</p><p>Type locality. NW Myanmar, Chin State, Chin  Hills, 400–500 m a.s.l., NW of Falam.</p><p>Type material.   Holotype: ♂ (Figs 117‒133), “NW MYANMAR, Chin State / CHIN HILLS, alt. 400–500 m / NW of FALAM / 5.vi.2016, local collector lgt. [p] // dissected and illustrated by Salini. S. [p] // Roca-Cusachs Personal Collection [p] // HOLOTYPUS /  AXIAGASTUS LUTEIPES / Salini &amp; Roca-Cusachs sp. nov. // det. Salini, S., 2024 [p, red label]” (NIM). The holotype is pinned through the scutellum, the dissected male genitalia are placed in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin; antennomeres III and IV of both antennae and one paramere lost.</p><p>Description. Colour, integument and vestiture (Figs 117–120, 122). Dorsum of head, pronotum and scutellum bright yellow; coria appear black due to presence of dense, coarse punctures; coarse, black punctures scattered over disc of pronotum and scutellum (except impunctate scutellar apex), punctures outlining cicatrices on anterior disc of pronotum; disc of head with punctures fine, black, arranged in longitudinal rows; lateral margins of head black; antennae impunctate, with each scape (I) pale yellow, basi- (IIa) and distipedicellite (IIb) black (basi- and distiflagellum (III–IV) missing); pronotum with anterolateral margins including humeri black, disc posterior to imaginary transverse line across humeri, dividing pronotal disc into anterior and posterior parts, black (appears as thick, black transverse band on basal pronotal disc), prefrenal disc of scutellum with moderately large, transverse, oval, undivided black spot; another, thick, transverse inverted U-shaped spot just before scutellar apex, black; scutellar apex appears as yellowish, more or less round spot, narrowly truncate anteriorly, devoid of punctures; thick, coarse, dense punctures on coria except costal margins and major veins of hemelytra; membranes smoky brown; connexiva bright yellow with extreme lateral margins of abdomen, including denticle at posterolateral angle of each abdominal ventrite, black; anterior and posterior fourths of each connexival segment black with black punctures, middle half of each connexival segment bright yellow, with coarse, brown punctures. Ventral surface of body including legs and labium luteous, scattered with black punctures; punctures arranged in a similar pattern as that of previous species; punctures large, scattered on legs; apices of buccular denticles, labium, and tarsal claws, a single spot at apex of each ostiolar peritreme, small round spot laterad to muscle scars on each ventrite from III–VII, moderately large spot mesad to each spiracle coalescing with spiracular outline, anterior and posterolateral angles of ventrites III–VII, black; ventrites with intersegmental sutures reinforced with brown transverse stripes.</p><p>Structure. Labium surpassing posterior margin of ventrite III. Other characters as in generic redescription.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 121, 123–133). Genital capsule (Figs 123–126) subquadrate, dorsal rim more deeply incised than ventral rim, lateral wall of dorsal rim slightly concave, ending in moderately angular projection contiguous with moderately deep, transverse emargination (te) at middle of dorsal rim, dorsal sinus of posterior aperture broadly U-shaped (ds), ventral margin of posterior aperture semiovate, posterolateral lobes narrowly rounded in lateral view, ventral rim broadly V-shaped at middle, infoldings of ventral rim deeply impressed on either side of well-developed distension (dn) at middle, distension (dn) emarginate at middle, visible as tongue-like structure on ventral side of genital capsule, and as globose structure in lateral view, infoldings of ventral rim laterally (inner to posterolateral lobes) with a narrow sclerotized, black, more or less blunt denticle (dt). Paramere (Figs 127–129) simple, crown with an upright finger-like process forming an acute angle with a laminate disc, dorsal margin (dm) convex, abruptly narrowed towards apex, apex appearing acute in lateral view (Fig. 127); numerous fine, elongate setae along periphery of laminate disc (ld); stem moderately elongate, apodeme disc-like. Phallus (Figs 131–133). Articulatory apparatus as in Fig. 130; phallotheca, conjunctival process and aedeagus as in  A. chandrashekarai Salini, Kment &amp; Roca-Cusachs sp. nov.; a pair of elongate processes of aedeagus as in Fig. 133.</p><p>Female genitalia. Unknown.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. Compared to other congeners, this species has a moderately large body size and a shinier luteous body colour with the dorsal surface with shiny black markings on a luteous background. It is very distinct in the shape of the median distension of the male genital capsule, which is emarginate at middle and is visible as a tongue-like structure on the ventral side of the genital capsule, and as a globose structure in lateral view.</p><p>In colouration, this species resembles a dark specimen of  A. yeshwanthi sp. nov. (Fig. 234), but they differ in the shape of the whitish spot on the apex of the scutellum, which is shorter and anteriorly trilobate in  A. yeshwanthi .</p><p>Etymology. The species-group name is a Latin word combining the adjective luteus (- a, - um), meaning “yellow”, and the noun pes, meaning “foot”; noun in apposition. The name refers to the yellowish colouration of the species, including its legs.</p><p>Distribution. Known only from NW Myanmar (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1016F1242751FFD4FF5AFBB44A300193	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kment, Petr;Lemaître, Valérie A.;Webb, Michael D.;Roca-Cusachs, Marcos	Kment, Petr, Lemaître, Valérie A., Webb, Michael D., Roca-Cusachs, Marcos (2025): Revision of the Austro-Oriental shield-bug genus Axiagastus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with the description of five new species, and taxonomic notes on related genera. Zootaxa 5603 (1): 1-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1
1016F1242754FFCAFF5AFE464CD103A6.text	1016F1242754FFCAFF5AFE464CD103A6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axiagastus mitescens Distant 1901	<div><p>Axiagastus mitescens Distant, 1901</p><p>(Figs 134–154)</p><p>Axiagastus mitescens 
Distant, 1901: 586 (original description, distribution). Syntypes: China: Hainan  Island (BMNH).</p><p>Axiagastus mitescens: Bergroth (1908): 172 (catalogue, distribution); Kirkaldy (1909): 126 (catalogue, distribution); Kirkaldy (1910): 106 (checklist, distribution); Hoffmann (1932a): 8 (checklist); Hoffmann (1932b): 139 (listed); Wu (1933): 216 (checklist); Hoffmann (1935a): 75 (catalogue, distribution); Tang (1935): 335 (catalogue); Stichel (1961): 764 (checklist); Stichel (1962): 244 (checklist); Hsiao &amp; Zheng (1977): 90, figs 416–417 (morphological illustrations), 132 (diagnosis), Pl. 17: fig. 234 (habitus photograph); Chen et al. (1985): 47 –48 (distribution); Hua (1989): 43 (list); Zhang (1995): 42, Pl. XII: fig. 114 (redescription, distribution, habitus illustration); Hua (2000): 171 (checklist, plant association, distribution); Rider et al. (2002): 137 (checklist, distribution); Rider (2006): 260 (catalogue, distribution); Fan (2011): 71 –73, figs 2.29 a–g (key to species, redescription, drawings of male and female genitalia, distribution), 559–560, figs 62–63 (habitus photographs in dorsal and ventral view).</p><p>Type locality. China, Hainan  Island .</p><p>Type material.  Syntypes (3♂, 14♀): CHINA: Hainan:   1♀, “ HAINAN / ISLAND [p] // Type [p, red-margined disc // mitescens / Dist. [hw] //  Distant Coll. / 1911–383 [p] // ♀ [p] // [QR code] / NHMUK010582892 [p]” (BMNH) ;   ♀, “ HAINAN / ISLAND [p] // SYNTYPE [p, blue-margined disc] // Distant Coll. / 1911–383 [p]” (BMNH); ♀, HAINAN / ISLAND [p] // SYNTYPE [p, blue-margined disc] //  Axiagastus mitescens Distant //  Distant Coll. / 1911–383 [p] // NHMUK 013589098 [p]” (BMNH) ;   1♀, “ Hainan [hw] //  Distant Coll. / B. M. 1911-383 [p] //  ♀</p><p>[p]” (BMNH);   1♀, “  Hainan / Island [hw] // Distant Coll. / B. M. 1911-383 [p] // ♀ [p]” (BMNH) ;   9♀, “  Distant Coll. / B. M. 1911-383 [p] // ♀ [p]” (BMNH) ;   3♂, “  Distant Coll. / B. M. 1911-383 [p] // ♂ [p]” (BMNH)  .—   Each specimen bears the following identification label: “ SYNTYPUS /  AXIAGASTUS MITESCENS / Distant, 1901 / des. Salini, S. &amp; Kment, P., 2024 [p, red label]  .</p><p>Redescription. Colour, integument and vestiture (Figs 134–139). Body above (except hemelytra) orange yellow, with following well-expressed black markings: longitudinal stripes on disc of head along lateral margins of clypeus, extending to posterior margin of head, anterolateral margins of pronotum, transverse (sometimes broken) stripe posteriorly on pronotal disc, 1+1 moderately large, submedian spots at one-third from base of scutellar disc, broad lunulate median spot at one-third from apex of scutellar disc; disc of head dorsally with fine, black punctures arranged in one or two longitudinal rows, disc of pronotum with coarse, black punctures sparsely distributed, sometimes coalescent to form small, black spots, especially on anterior pronotal disc; ground colour of each clavus and corium yellowish, with dense, coarse, black punctures arranged on each corium, punctures finer on exocorium; scape pale, concolourous with body, remaining antennomeres black; connexiva concolourous with body; membranes smoky brown; ventral surface of body concolourous with dorsum, head on ventral surface impunctate; black, coarse punctures on thoracic sternites; ventrites impunctate; apices of ostiolar peritremes, labium, and tarsal claws, a moderately large spot coalescent with each spiracle anteriorly, a row of small spots mesad to lateral margins of abdomen, small denticle on posterolateral angle of each abdominal segment, black; legs concolourous with ventral surface of body, impunctate, sometimes with one or two small, black, more or less round spots on femora.</p><p>Structure. Labium short, reaching metacoxae. Other characters as in generic redescription.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 140, 142–151). Genital capsule (Figs 142–145) subquadrate, dorsal rim more deeply incised than ventral rim; lateral wall of dorsal rim slightly concave, few minute, indistinct serrations (sr), appearing sclerotized black, ending in moderately developed angulation contiguous, with deep, transverse emargination (te) on middle of dorsal rim; dorsal sinus of posterior aperture broadly U-shaped (ds), ventral margin of posterior aperture semispherical; setae bordering ventral rim absent, unlike in other species, moderately developed setae on posterolateral lobes, and short fine setae mesad to median distension; ventral rim moderately concave at middle (vr), slightly concave sublateral to posterolateral lobes; posterolateral lobes with minute angulations, in lateral view; infoldings of ventral rim deeply impressed on either side of moderately developed distension at middle, distension (dn) sunken, with short emarginate V-shaped incision at middle, visible on dorsal view of genital capsule; infoldings of ventral rim laterally (inner to posterolateral lobes) with a prominent, obtuse or blunt, sclerotized, black denticle (dt). Paramere (Figs 146–148) simple, crown finger-like, as in  A. yeshwanthi sp. nov., with dorsal margin convex at one-third in lateral view (Figs 146, 147); finger-like crown on inner side with numerous fine, short setae, single moderately elongate setae on dorsal side; elongate setae along periphery of laminate disc (ld); crown gradually narrowed towards apex; apex rounded, not acuminate in lateral view (Figs 146, 147); stem moderately elongate, apodeme disc-like. Phallus (Figs 149–151). Articulatory apparatus as in Figs 149‒151; phallotheca less sclerotized, distal part transparent, with ventral convex projection (vcp) in close proximity with processes of aedeagus (pa); a pair of dorsal conjunctival processes (cp), partly sclerotized throughout length, apically rounded; aedeagus (ad) short, deflected dorsad, apex swollen, drop-like, transparent, with embedded phallotreme, processes of aedeagus much elongate and as shown in Fig. 151.</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 141, 152–154). Terminalia (Figs 141, 152, 153). Valvifers VIII as in  A. cambelli; valvifers IX short, narrow, transverse plate, anterior margin of each angulate at middle, posterior margins slightly concave; laterotergites VIII and IX as in  A. rosmarus . Gynatrium as in  A. rosmarus . Spermatheca (Fig. 154) as in  A. rosmarus, distal spermathecal duct gradually widened towards proximal flange, slightly wider than intermediate part of spermatheca; apical receptacle small, with three ductules; a pair of short, subequal (one with short branch before apex), third one slightly longer.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. This robust species is the only known species of  Axiagastus with a unique orange-yellow dorsal body colour with well-expressed black markings, especially on the scutellar disc, and the lack of a yellowish, impunctate spot on the apex of the scutellum. This species can also be distinguished by differences in the male genitalia structures, such as the shape of the paramere and processes of the aedeagus.</p><p>Plant association.  Fagaceae (Zhang 1995, Hua 2000).</p><p>Etymology. Although the original publication did not specify the gender or the etymology, the specific name  “ mitescens ” is the present participle in the nominative singular of the verb “ mitesco ”, meaning “to become mild or mellow”. It is invariable.</p><p>Distribution. China: Fujian (Chen et al. 1985, Hua 2000, Rider et al. 2002, Fan 2011), Guangdong (Wu 1933, Rider et al. 2002, Fan 2011, no exact records), Hainan (Distant 1901, Hsiao &amp; Zheng 1977, Fan 2011).</p><p>The record from Guangdong (Wu 1933) may refer to Hainan, as that island was previously part of Guangdong (cf. Hsiao &amp; Zheng 1977). It has also been reported to be distributed in Myanmar, Philippines and Thailand (Hsiao &amp; Zheng 1977), however, we did not find any specimens or published records to confirm this.</p><p>Remarks. This species was originally described from an unspecified number of specimens (syntypic) with data: “ Hainan Island”. The range of measurements, from “ 13 to 14 mm ”, indicates that more than one specimen was examined, and although the fifth joint was noted as “mutilated”, this condition is consistent across all specimens.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1016F1242754FFCAFF5AFE464CD103A6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kment, Petr;Lemaître, Valérie A.;Webb, Michael D.;Roca-Cusachs, Marcos	Kment, Petr, Lemaître, Valérie A., Webb, Michael D., Roca-Cusachs, Marcos (2025): Revision of the Austro-Oriental shield-bug genus Axiagastus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with the description of five new species, and taxonomic notes on related genera. Zootaxa 5603 (1): 1-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1
1016F1242749FFC2FF5AFA694C3F0003.text	1016F1242749FFC2FF5AFA694C3F0003.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axiagastus prathapani Salini & Kment 2025	<div><p>Axiagastus prathapani Salini &amp; Kment sp. nov.</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: EBD3C7F4-ECF6-4FF7-B9F2-E5F83108AD24</p><p>(Figs 155–199)</p><p>Axiagastus rosmarus (misidentification, partim): Walker (1867): 269 (distribution: Indonesia: Sulawesi); Kirkaldy (1909): 126</p><p>(catalogue, distribution: Indonesia: Sulawesi); Arnold (2012): 55 (distribution; Indonesia: Sumatra, Malaysia: Sabah).  Axiagastus sp. 001-ARN: Arnold (2012): 55–56 (distribution; Indonesia: Sumatra).</p><p>Type locality.   Malaysia: Sarawak, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=110.3595&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=1.5534" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 110.3595/lat 1.5534)">Kuching</a>, 1.5534°N, 110.3595°E  .</p><p>Type material.   Holotype: MALAYSIA: Sarawak: ♂, “Kuching [p] / 12.10 [hw] // axiagastus /  rosmarus / Dallas [hw]; 1915/136 [hw, reverse] // HOLOTYPUS /  Axiagastus prathapani / Salini &amp; Kment  sp. nov. // det. Salini, S. &amp; Kment, P., 2024 [red label] // dissected and illustrated Salini. S.” (BMNH). The specimen is pinned through the scutellum. Antennomeres IIa–IV of both antennae lost, left foreleg broken, protarsus lost, remaining segments (from trochanter to tibia) glued on a card, left mid leg and right hind leg lost except coxae and trochanters, left metatarsus, right protibia and protarsus lost. The dissected male genitalia are placed in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin.</p><p>Paratypes (11♂, 11♀):  INDONESIA: Sulawesi: 1♂,   “ INDONESIA / CELEBES [hw, round label, obverse]; 58/142x [hw, reverse] //  Axiagastus [hw] / Raphigaster [p] /  rosmarus [hw] / Walker’s catal. [p] // dissected and illustrated Salini. S. [p]” (BMNH). The dissected male genitalia are placed in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin.  Right antennomeres IIa–IV lost, left antenna rudimentary and malformed with antennomere I well-developed, and the remaining segments joined to form a short stalk-like structure, one tarsal claw of right foreleg, right metatarsus, left pro- and metatarsus lost, abdomen broken and glued on a card.— 1♀ ,   “ CELEB [hw] / Wallace [p] // SAUNDERS [p] / 65.13 [p] // mak [hw, round label] //  Axiagastus [hw] / Raphigaster [p] / rosmarus [hw] / Walker’s catal. [p]” (BMNH). Antennomeres III and IV of both antennae lost, one tarsal claw of right foreleg lost, right mesotarsomeres II–III, right metatarsus, left mesotarsus, left and right hemelytra (except exocorium), and right membranous hind wing, lost, antennomeres III–IV, tarsomeres II–III and tarsomeres I–III are glued on white card.—  Mentawai Islands: 4♂, 1♀ ,  “INDONESIA 5. 2004 / SIBERUT isl. / Bojakan, 100m / S. Jakl lgt. [p]” (2♂, 1♀ MMBC; 2♂ NMPC). Specimens card-mounted, 1♂ (NMPC) with detached genital capsule and dissected paramere glued on the same piece of card.— 1♂, 1♀,   “ Coll. I.R.Sc.N.B. / Indonesia, Mentawai isl. / N  Siberut Isl., 150 m /  Bojakan vill., v.2004 / leg. St. Jakl / I.G.: 31.127 [p, yellow label]” (ISNB). Specimen is card-mounted, both antennomeres IV lost  .—  INDIA: ♂,   “INDIA: Andaman &amp; Nicobar [p]/ North Andaman: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.97708&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.248306" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.97708/lat 13.248306)">Diglipur</a> [p] / 13°14′53.9″ N 92°58′37.5″ E [p]/ 15 mts, 23.iv.2014, at light [p]/ Yeshwanth. H. M. [p] //  Axiagastus rosmarus Dallas / Det. C. A. Viraktamath [p] // dissected and illustrated by Salini. S. [p]” (UASB). The dissected male genitalia are placed in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin; right antennomere IV glued on a card, left antennomere IV lost. — 1♀ ,   “INDIA: Tripura [p] /  Shanmura [p] / 29.xii. 2006 [p] / J. Das [p] // B. K. Agrawala College [p] / Tripura University [p] // NBAIR/Pent-36/2016 [p] // 36 [p] // Het/Pent 513 [p] / Ex. Mustard. // dissected and illustrated by Salini. S. [p]” (NIM). The dissected female genitalia are placed in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin. Terga and sterna, after extraction of terminalia and spermatheca, glued on a card  .—  LAOS: 1♂,   “LAOS, Salavan prov.,  Xe Xap NPA, / ca. 15km NE of Ta-oy, BAN DOUB env. / 16°08´N /106°40-43´E, 400- 1000 m / 25.-31.V.2012; M. Brancucci, M. Geiser, / K. Phanthavong &amp; S. Xyalath lgt. / NMB Laos Expedition 2012 [p] (NHMB). Specimen card-mounted, detached genital capsule and one paramere glued on the same piece of card.— MALAYSIA: Johor: 1♀, “Gunong Prati / Johore [hw] / Aug. [p] 14. [hw] 19[p]21[hw] / V. / Knight [hw] Coll. [p] // Ex F.M.S. / Museum / B.M. 1955-354 [p] // ♀ [p]” (BMNH).— Selangor: 1♀ ,   “  Malaya [p] / Kuala Lumpur [hw] / 29.ix.1937 [hw] / H. T. Pagden [p] // dissected and illustrated Salini. S. [p] // Brit. Mus. [p] / 1954–706 [p]” (BMNH). The dissected female genitalia are placed in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin, terga and sterna (after extraction of terminalia and spermatheca), glued on a card, left antenna broken and left antennomeres IV lost, left antennomeres I–III glued on a card, right antennomeres III–IV, left mesotarsus and right mesotarsomeres II–III lost.— 1♀ ,   “  Malay Penin: / Ex. Coll. Agr. Dept. / Kuala Lumpur / July 6 th 1918 / C. B. Hunt [hw] // Ex F.M.S. / Museum / B.M. 1955-354 [p] //  Axiagastus / rosmarus / Dall. [hw] // ♀ [p]” (BMNH); 1♀ ,  “MALAY PENIN: / Selangor / Bukit Kutu [p] / at light 3300 [hw] ft [p] / 28. 9. [hw] 19[p]32[hw] H. M. Pendelbury. [p] // Ex F.M.S. / Museum / B.M. 1955-354 [p] // ♀ [p]” (BMNH).— Sabah: 1♂,   “ Malaysia, Sabah, North / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.70528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.0430555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.70528/lat 6.0430555)">Borneo</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.70528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.0430555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.70528/lat 6.0430555)">District Ranau</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.70528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.0430555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.70528/lat 6.0430555)">Poring Hot Spring</a> / LF, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.70528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.0430555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.70528/lat 6.0430555)">Poring Lodge</a> [p] // 06°02′35 N / 116°42′19 E / ca. 650 müNN [= m a.s.l.], / lgt. 14 - 16.V.2002 / T. Kothe [p] //  Axiagastus / rosmarus / DALLAS, 1851 [p] // det. ARNOLD 200[p]6[hw]” (ZSMC). The specimen is pinned through the scutellum, hemelytra partly outstretched, right antennomere IV and right fore leg lost; detached genital capsule and one dissected paramere glued on a piece of card attached to the same pin.— 1♂ ,   “ Malaysia, Sabah, North / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.70528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.0430555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.70528/lat 6.0430555)">Borneo</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.70528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.0430555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.70528/lat 6.0430555)">District Ranau</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.70528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.0430555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.70528/lat 6.0430555)">Poring Hot Spring</a> / LF, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.70528&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=6.0430555" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.70528/lat 6.0430555)">Poring Lodge</a> [p] // 06°02′35 N / 116°42′19 E / ca. 650 müNN [= m a.s.l.], / leg. 14 - 16.V.2002 / T. Kothe [p] //  Axiagastus / rosmarus ♂ / DALLAS, 1851 [p] // det. ARNOLD 200[p]6[hw]” (ZSMC). The specimen is pinned through the scutellum, right antennomeres III and IV lost  .—  Sarawak: 1♀,   “MALAYSIA, Sarawak / 10 - 19 March 1994 /  Kapit distr., Sebong env. / P. Bílek lgt., Baleh riv. [p] // EX COLLECTIO / Z. JINDRA, PRAGUE [p]” (ZJPC). Specimen card-mounted, left mesotarsomere III lost.— 1♂ ,  “ SARAWAK: [p] / Kuching / 12.12 [hw] / J.M.Bryan / B.M.1931-150. [p] // Kuching. [p] / 12.12 [hw] // DISSECTED &amp; / ILLUSTRATED / SALINI. S. 2023 [hw] // ♂ [p]” (BMNH). Dissected male genitalia in glass microvial attached to the same pin .—  SINGAPORE: 1♀,  “ ♀ [p] // Singapore / H. N. Ridley / 1902-205. [p]” (BMNH); 1♀,  “gardens / Singapore [hw] / Nov. 19[p]22[hw] / J.N. [?] / Chasen [hw] Coll. [p] // Ex F.M.S. / Museum / B.M. 1955-354 [p] // ♀ [p]” (BMNH).—Each specimen bears the following identification label: “ PARATYPUS /  AXIAGASTUS PRATHAPANI / Salini &amp; Kment  sp. nov. / det. Salini, S. &amp; Kment, P., 2024 [p, yellow label].</p><p>Additional material examined.   INDONESIA: Sumatra: 1♀, “ 9.–29.X.1991 / W– Sumatra / Payakumbuh /  Harau –Vall., 1000m / leg. A. Riedel [p] //  Axiagastus ♀ / rosmarus / DALLAS, 1851 [hw] / det. ARNOLD 200[p]6[hw]” (ZSMC) ;   1♀, “ Sumatra  Holzweg / 2/ 4, 1150 m, / Simalungun, / leg. 13. X.1996 / E. W. DIEHL [p] //  Axiagastus ♀ [hw] / det. ARNOLD 200[p]6[hw]” (ZSMC; Fig. 158) ;—   Java: 1♀, “ Java: West Java, S. Bantam /  Bajah, 300 ft / M. E. Walsh lgt. // P. Kment det.” (NHMB)  . Due to the existing variation in colouration and lack of associated males the identification of these three females is only tentative.</p><p>Description. Colour, integument and vestiture (Figs 155–163). Body colour appearing black due to dense, coarse, black punctation; head with longitudinal stripes along lateral margins of clypeus black; dense, black punctation arranged as longitudinal rows on dorsum of head; antennae with each scape (I) and basipedicellite (IIa) ochraceous, distipedicellite (IIb) and basiflagellum (III) black with base narrowly ochraceous, distiflagellum (IV) black or sometimes with base and apex black, pale white medially; pronotum variable with coarse, black punctures; anterior pronotal disc with punctures confluent to form small, more or less round black spots arranged equidistantly in two rows (the posterior one sometimes indistinct); black punctation denser, confluent on posterior disc, forming narrow to wide transverse black stripe along posterior margin of pronotum, usually not extending laterad of anterolateral angles of scutellum; markings and punctation on scutellum variable; in palest specimens, ground colour of coria luteous with dark brown to black, coarse, densely distributed punctures, apex of scutellum with dark, wide transverse anteapical stripe, and whitish, impunctate, transversely oval apical spot (slightly notched anteromedially) (Fig. 158); in most specimens, prefrenal portion of scutellar disc with 1+1 small submedial stripes on anterior margin, and 1+1 larger submedial spots in center of disc (Figs 155‒159); in dark specimens, dark spots on prefrenal portion of scutellar disc large, more or less confluent (Fig. 155); connexiva luteous with anterior and posterior fourths of each connexival segment, including posterolateral angles, black; punctures fine, black, densely distributed on anterior and posterior fourths of connexival segments, middle half of connexival segments with punctures fine, brown, densely distributed; coria variable, from mostly pale with scattered black punctures to mostly dark, with one small, pale callose spot laterally on middle of each endocorium; membranes smoky brown. Ventral surface of body with luteous, coarse, dark brown or black punctures densely distributed on ventral surface of thoracic sternites and abdominal ventrites, confluent, forming transverse broken stripes, especially on thoracic sternites; head on ventral surface with black punctures restricted along longitudinal black stripe on either side of bucculae, apices of each buccula or sometimes near base of each antenna; abdomen on ventral surface with coarse, black punctures densely distributed; intersegmental sutures of ventrites III–VII reinforced with black transverse stripes; apices of buccular denticles, labium, ostiolar peritremes and tarsal claws, one spot each at base of pro-, meso-, and metacoxae, and one spot each at lateral ends of muscle scars on ventrites III–VII forming a row sublaterally on either side, one spot each at middle of lateral margin of pro-, meso- and metapleuron, a moderately large spot mesad to each spiracle but coalescing with spiracular margin anteriorly, short, narrow, transverse stripe at antero- and posterolateral angles, black. Legs concolourous with ventral surface of abdomen with dense, coarse, black punctation; femora with punctures appearing as moderately large black spots and punctures on tibiae small, dorsal surface of tibiae with longitudinal ridges black.</p><p>Structure. Labium long, length variable, reaching ventrite IV to VI. Other characters as in generic redescription.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 164, 166–196). Genital capsule (Figs 166–169, 173–176, 180–183, 187–190) subquadrate, dorsal rim more deeply incised than ventral rim; lateral wall of dorsal rim obliquely straight, sclerotized black border with minute, distinct serrations (sr) contiguous with shallow, transverse emargination (te) at middle of dorsal rim; dorsal sinus of posterior aperture broadly U-shaped (ds), ventral margin of posterior aperture semiovate; ventral rim including posterolateral angles bordered with moderately developed setae on posterolateral lobes; posterolateral lobes with a broad angulation (a) in lateral view (Figs 169, 176, 183, 190); ventral rim wavy, moderately concave at middle (Fig. 187); infoldings of ventral rim deeply impressed on either side of the moderately developed distension (dn) at middle, distension (dn) sunken, emarginated with shallow, V-shaped incision at middle; infoldings of ventral rim laterally (mesad to posterolateral lobes) with a narrow sclerotized, black ridge with distinct sawtooth-like projections (sp) ending in short, blunt, apically rounded denticles (dt). Paramere (Figs 170–172, 177–179, 184–186, 191–193) simple, crown lanceolate with apex abruptly narrowed, acuminate in lateral view (Figs 172, 178, 179, 185, 186, 192, 193), dorsal margin (dm) uniformly convex, inner side of crown cushion-like with fine, minute setae; elongate setae along periphery of laminate disc (ld); stem moderately elongate, apodeme disc-like. Phallus (Figs 194–196) nearly as in  Axiagastus chandrashekarai Salini, Kment &amp; Roca-Cusachs sp. nov., with articulatory apparatus as in Figs 194‒196; processes of aedeagus elongate, as shown in Fig. 196.</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 197–199). Terminalia (Figs 197, 198). Valvifers VIII as in  A. chandrashekarai Salini, Kment &amp; Roca-Cusachs sp. nov.; valvifers IX short, narrow, transverse plate, anterior and posterior margins nearly straight; laterotergites IX elongate, apically rounded, reaching caudal margin of abdomen; laterotergites VIII short, subtriangular, lateral margins convex, caudal margins, each with a minute sclerotized denticle. Gynatrium and spermatheca (Fig. 199) as in  A. chandrashekarai .</p><p>Differential diagnosis. This species can be differentiated by the two rows of black spots which are arranged equidistantly on the anterior pronotal disc (the posterior row sometimes obscure), the broadly oval whitish spot on the apex of the scutellum, and the antennae bicolourous, scape (I) and basipedicellite (IIa) mostly pale, distipedicellite (IIb) to distiflagellum (IV) black. Also, the male genitalia offer distinguishing characters, such as the shape of the parameres and the processes of the aedeagus.  Axiagastus prathapani sp. nov. is similar in colouration to  A. votypkai sp. nov., especially in the pattern of the scutellar spots, but differs from the latter in having darker antennae (mainly pale antennae in  A. votypkai).</p><p>Etymology. This new species is named in honor of the first author’s (SS) professor, Kaniyarikkal Divakaran Prathapan (College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala Agricultural University, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India) in recognition of his numerous contributions to the taxonomy of the  Coleoptera and for guiding the first author on several occasions. The species-group name is a noun in the genitive case.</p><p>Distribution. India: Andaman and Nicobar Islands (this paper), Tripura (this paper); Indonesia: Java (this paper), Mentawai Islands (this paper), Siberut (this paper), Sulawesi (Walker 1867, as  A. rosmarus), Sumatra (Arnold 2012, as  A. rosmarus and  Axiagastus sp. 001-ARN; this paper); Laos (this paper); Malaysia: Johor (this paper), Sabah (Arnold 2012, as  A. rosmarus; this paper), Sarawak (this paper), Selangor (this paper); Singapore (this paper).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1016F1242749FFC2FF5AFA694C3F0003	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kment, Petr;Lemaître, Valérie A.;Webb, Michael D.;Roca-Cusachs, Marcos	Kment, Petr, Lemaître, Valérie A., Webb, Michael D., Roca-Cusachs, Marcos (2025): Revision of the Austro-Oriental shield-bug genus Axiagastus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with the description of five new species, and taxonomic notes on related genera. Zootaxa 5603 (1): 1-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1
1016F1242746FFB9FF5AFBB44B4404A4.text	1016F1242746FFB9FF5AFBB44B4404A4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axiagastus votypkai Salini & Kment 2025	<div><p>Axiagastus votypkai Salini &amp; Kment sp. nov.</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 90C35996-B2DE-4336-9174-BDF584B0114F</p><p>(Figs 200–225)</p><p>?  Axiagastus rosmarus (misidentification, partim): Walker (1867): 269 (distribution: New Guinea); Cassis &amp; Gross (2002):</p><p>458–459 (catalogue, distribution: Australia: Queensland).</p><p>Type locality.   Indonesia, Papua, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=138.71666&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-3.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 138.71666/lat -3.3)">Buare River</a>, 3°18′S 138°43′E  .</p><p>Type material.   Holotype: ♂, “ PAPUA NEW GUINEA:  Irian, Buare River [p] / (S 3, 18 E 138, 43) 5.I- [p] / 16.i.2009, A. Zamesov lgt. [p] //  A. rosmarus [hw] / Roca-Cusachs det. 2021 // dissected and illustrated by Salini. S. [p] // Roca-Cusachs Personal Collection [p] // HOLOTYPUS /  AXIAGASTUS VOTYPKAI / Salini &amp; Kment  sp. nov. // det. Salini, S. &amp; Kment, P., 2024 [red label]” (NIM). The holotype is pinned through the scutellum, the detached left hind leg, right antennomere IV and left antennomeres IIa, IIb and III are glued on a card and the dissected male genitalia are preserved in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin; right mesotarsomere III along with claws and right antennomere IV lost.</p><p>Paratypes (10♂, 10♀): AUSTRALIA: Queensland:   1♂, “ Australia [hw] / Queensland [hw] /  Kuranda [hw] / rain forest [hw] / 04.xii.1996 [hw] / M. Shaffer [hw]” (BMNH)  .   Left antennomere IV lost  .—   1♀, “AUSTRALIA. N.Q.: /  Cairns / 18.i.1962. / E.B.Britton. / B.M. 1962-153. [p] // From light / trap [p] // ♀ [p]” (BMNH)  .—   INDONESIA: Papua: 2♀, “DUTCH NEW GUINEA: /  Humboldt Bay Dist. / 1937. / W. Stüber / B.M. 1938-177. [p] // ♀ [p] // NHMUK 013589097 [p]” (BMNH)  .   Detached abdomen glued on a piece of card  .—   2♀, “DUTCH NEW GUINEA: / Humboldt Bay Dist. / Pukusam Dist. /  West of Tami River. / vi.1937 [p] // W. Stüber. / B.M. 1938- 177. [p] // ♀ [p]” (BMNH)  .—   1♂, “DUTCH NEW GUINEA: / Humboldt Bay Dist. /  Bewani Mts. / 400 metres. / vii.1937 [p] // W. Stüber. / B.M. 1938-177. [p] // ♂ [p]” (BMNH)  .—   1♀, “ PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Irian,  Buare River [p] / (S 3, 18 E 138, 43) 5.I- [p] / 16.i.2009, A. Zamesov lgt. [p] // dissected and illustrated by Salini. S. [p]” (NIM)  . Dissected female genitalia are placed in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin, terga and sterna, after extraction of terminalia and spermatheca, glued on a card, left foreleg and antennomere IV are glued to the card.   PAPUA NEW GUINEA: Madang: 1♂, “PAPUA NG, Madang, NAGADA / Binatang Research Center / 5°9′23″S 145°47′41″E, 20 m / gardens and ruderal vegetation / 6.v.2011, Votýpka &amp; Lukeš lgt. [p] // Department of Parasitology / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.79472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.1563888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.79472/lat -5.1563888)">Charles University in Prague</a> / DISSECTION <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.79472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.1563888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.79472/lat -5.1563888)">No.</a> 141 / NEGATIVE [p in green] (NMPC); 1♂, 2♀, PAPUA NG, Madang, NAGADA / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.79472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.1563888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.79472/lat -5.1563888)">Binatang Research Center</a> / 5°9′23″S 145°47′41″E, 20 m / gardens and ruderal vegetation / 9.v.2011, Votýpka &amp; Lukeš lgt. [p] // <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.79472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.1563888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.79472/lat -5.1563888)">Department of Parasitology</a> / <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.79472&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.1563888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.79472/lat -5.1563888)">Charles University in Prague</a> / DISSECTION No. 442, 443, 448 [respectively] / NEGATIVE [p in green] (NMPC). All four specimens pinned, more or less damaged due to the dissection of the abdomen, detached body parts glued on separate piece of card pinned under the particular specimen.— 1♀, “PAPUA NEW GUINEA. / Imino (S 2 37 E 140 10) 25.I-31.I.2009 / A. Zamesov lgt. // Roca-Cusachs Personal Collection [p] // PARATYPUS /  AXIAGASTUS VOTYPKAI / Salini &amp; Kment  sp. nov. // det. Roca-Cusachs 2024 [red label]” (MRCC)  .—  1♂, “ Coll. I.R.Sc. N.B. / Canopy Mission Papua / New Guinea (Madang / prov.): Baiteta 25.V. / 1995 Fogging AR8 / Leg. Olivier Missa [p, orange label] // ♂ [p]” (ISNB) .—   Morobe: 1♂, “attracted to house [hw] / light 9.00 PM,  Bulolo [hw] / B. Gray, 30.iv.1968 [hw] // 279 [hw] // 141 [hw] // C. I.E Coll. [p] / A. [p] 5556 [hw] //  Axiagastus [hw] / sp. [hw] / M.S.K. Ghauri, det. 197 [p] 3 [hw] // dissected and illustrated by Salini. S. [p]” (BMNH)  . The dissected male genitalia are placed in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin, right antennomeres III and IV and left protarsomeres II and III lost, both hemelytra along with hindwings dislocated and spread laterally, exposing the dorsum of the abdomen, beyond the scutellum.—   1♂, “ Bubia. LAE.NG. [p] / 23/5/61. /  By Light Trapping. [hw] / Coll. J H Ardley [p] // B. 1315 [hw, pink label] // C.I.E. COLL. / NO. [p] 17721 [hw] //  Axiagastus / sp. [hw] / M.S.K. Ghauri det. [p] // ♂ [p]” (BMNH)  .—   Ori:   2♂, “PAPUA:  Kokoda. / 1.200 ft. ix.1933. / L. E. Cheesman. / B.M. 1934-321 [p] / NHMUK 013589094 [p]”— New Britain :   1♂, “L.A.E.S. [hw] / KERAVAT [hw] / 5.iii.70 [hw] // K.790 [hw] //. Ex. Coll. Dept. [p] / Agr. P. M. [p] / No.: [p] 13326 [hw] // G. M. Baloch [hw] // C. I. E COLL. [p] / A. [p] 3841 [hw] // Ex. Cluster palm [hw] /?  Ptychosperma sp. [hw] //  Axiagastus [hw] / sp. [hw] / M.S.K. Ghauri, det. 197 [p] 0 [hw]” (BMNH)  . Both right pro- and mesotarsus lost, both antennae except antennomere I, all left legs except coxae and trochanters, and right hind leg except coxa lost, left hemelytron glued to card.—   1♀, “ NEW BRITAIN /  Bainings / 3. ix. 1940 / J. L. Froggatt. / with “borers” / in cocoa stem [sic, hw] // H.545 [hw] //  Axiagastus /  rosmarus Dall. [hw] / det. W.E.China 194[p]1[hw] // ♀ [p]” (BMNH)  .—   Each specimen bears the following identification label : “ PARATYPUS /  AXIAGASTUS VOTYPKAI / Salini &amp; Kment  sp. nov. / det. Salini, S. &amp; Kment, P., 2024 [p, yellow label], unless stated otherwise.</p><p>Additional material examined.—   PAPUA NEW GUINEA: East Sepik: 1♀, “  On leaf  Eucalyptus sp. / Kinjingini, E. S. D. / 16.1.1969. N. Gough [hw] // 603 [hw] // 171 [hw] // C.I.E. COLL. / A. [p] 5556 [hw] // ♀ [p]” (BMNH). Due to its small size, slightly aberrant colouration and lack of associated males the identification of this female is only tentative  .</p><p>Description. Colour, integument and vestiture (Figs 200–204). Ground colour stramineous, but body appearing black due to dense, coarse black punctation confluent on various parts of body (especially on scutellum and coria), forming extensive dark area intermixed with impunctate bright yellow areas; disc of head bright yellow, bordered laterally with black outline, basal half of disc with coarse black punctures, gradually becoming finer towards apex, more or less appearing as a longitudinal row of punctures on middle of mandibular plates, lateral margins of clypeus bordered by black lines; ventral surface of head, including denticles on bucculae (except black apices) bright yellow; each scape (I) and both pedicellites (IIa, IIb) stramineous (IIb sometimes darker on apical half), flagellomeres (III and IV) brown to dark brown, basally paler; labium concolourous with ventral body surface except for black apex of labiomere IV; disc of pronotum bright yellow except for black anterolateral margins, and narrow to thick, black transverse band along posterior margins sometimes extending to humeri, sometimes interrupted with isolated spot on humeri; coarse, black punctation scattered uniformly over rest of yellowish disc of pronotum; ground colour of scutellar disc bright yellow with distinct black markings as follows: 1+1 small to moderately sized, roughly round spots submedially on basal margin of scutellum, and 1+1 large, roughly quadrate spots at frenal regions of scutellar disc, and a large, transverse, roughly crescent-shaped anteapical spot (somewhat nebulous in one specimen); bright yellow regions of scutellar disc scattered with black punctation; apex of scutellum with pale impunctate spot, with anterior margin medially incised, appearing similar to letter M; endocorium with dense, coarse, black punctation, confluent into two poorly delimited dark spots (anteriorly and posterocentrally) alternating with two paler spots (anterocentrally and posteriorly), a pale callose spot more or less apparent laterally in middle of each endocorium; connexiva pale yellow except black anterior and posterior third of each segment; fine, dense, concolourous punctures on connexiva. Ventral surface of body including legs and labium pale yellow, scattered with coarse, brown punctures confluent, mostly forming transverse broken rows especially on thorax and lateral region of abdomen; punctures more concentrated towards lateral regions of thorax and ventrites; legs with punctures round, coarse, brown, sparse on tibiae and femora; head on ventral surface with two narrow, longitudinal stripes on either side of bucculae, from their apices to base of head, black; one roughly round, moderately-sized spot lateral to base of pro-, meso- and metacoxae, one spot each on middle of lateral margins of metapleura, apex of ostiolar peritremes and antero- and posterolateral angles of ventrites III–VII, and one longitudinal, median stripe on ventrites V–VII, black; apices of buccular denticles, labium and tarsal claws, a sublateral row of small spots mesad to each spiracle coalescing with spiracular outline, black; ventrites with intersegmental sutures marked with brown, transverse stripe.</p><p>Structure. Labium reaching or surpassing posterior margin of ventrite III, sometimes reaching posterior margin of ventrite IV. Other characters as in generic redescription.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 205, 207–222). Genital capsule (Figs 207–210, 214–217) subquadrate; dorsal rim more deeply incised than ventral rim; lateral wall of dorsal rim slightly concave, smooth, sclerotized black, ending in moderately developed denticle contiguous with moderately deep, transverse emargination (te) at middle of dorsal rim; dorsal sinus of posterior aperture broadly U-shaped (ds), ventral margin of posterior aperture semicircular; ventral rim including posterolateral angles bordered with a row of moderately elongate, golden setae; posterolateral lobes in lateral view as shown in Figs 210, 217; ventral rim broadly V-shaped at middle, infoldings of ventral rim deeply impressed on either side of moderately developed distension (dn) at middle, distension (dn) emarginated with short V-shaped incision at middle, visible on ventral view of genital capsule; infoldings of ventral rim laterally (inner to posterolateral lobes) and lateral to base of median distension with a prominent, apically acuminate, sclerotized, black denticle (dt). Paramere (Figs 211–213, 218, 219) simple, nearly as in  A. rosmarus, numerous fine, elongate setae along periphery of laminate disc (ld); crown narrowed abruptly towards apex, acuminate in lateral view (Figs 211, 213, 218), dorsal margin (dm) of upright finger-like crown convex in lateral view (Fig. 218); stem moderately elongate, apodeme disc-like. Phallus (Figs 220–222). Articulatory apparatus as in Figs 220‒222; phallus as in  A. rosmarus and processes of aedeagus as in Fig. 222.</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 206, 223–225). Terminalia (Figs 223, 224) as in  A. rosmarus with inner posterolateral angles of valvifers VIII obtusangulate; valvifers IX short, narrow, transverse plate with anterior margin biconcave, posterior margin more or less straight; laterotergites VIII and IX as in  A. rosmarus except caudal margins of laterotergites VIII with 1+1 indistinct, minute sclerotized, black denticle. Gynatrium as in  A. cambelli . Spermatheca (Fig. 225) as in  A. cambelli .</p><p>Variation. The specimen from Kinjingini is considerably smaller and paler than the remaining specimens.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. This species is very similar to  A. rosmarus from the Philippines but can be distinguished from that species by the darker or black body colour with large, black quadrate spots anteriorly on the scutellar disc. On the other hand, this scutellar pattern resembles that of  A. prathapani Salini &amp; Kment sp. nov., but differs by the lack of two rows of four spots anteriorly on the pronotal disc. It differs from both the species by the prevailingly pale antennae and by the male genital capsule with a distinct shape of the ventral rim, and the presence of a prominent, apically acuminate, sclerotized, black denticle within the posterolateral angles.</p><p>Etymology. This species is named in honor of the eminent Czech parasitologist Jan Votýpka (Department of Parasitology, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic), who collected a part of the type series and contributed other noteworthy heteropteran samples donated to the NMPC.</p><p>Biology and plant association. In New Britain, one of the paratypes was collected on a cluster palm (?  Ptychosperma sp.) ( Arecaceae), and another one “with ‘borers’ in cocoa stem’ which probably refers to coconut palm instead (see the same mistake above regarding  A. cambelli). Another specimen from Papuan mainland was collected on leaf of  Eucalyptus sp. ( Myrtaceae). Some of the paratypes were collected by light traps (this paper).</p><p>Distribution. Australia (Queensland) (this paper), Indonesia (Papua) (this paper), Papua New Guinea (mainland, New Britain) (this paper).</p><p>Remarks. The holotype locality label is slightly ambiguous as the GPS co-ordinates mentioned in the label indicates the collection locality as Papua in Indonesia instead of Papua New Guinea as stated on the label. Besides, a part of the type series was unambiguously collected from Papua, Indonesia. Therefore, the type locality is considered as Buare River, Papua, Indonesia. This is also applicable to a female paratype, which bears the same locality label as the holotype, deposited in NIM.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1016F1242746FFB9FF5AFBB44B4404A4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kment, Petr;Lemaître, Valérie A.;Webb, Michael D.;Roca-Cusachs, Marcos	Kment, Petr, Lemaître, Valérie A., Webb, Michael D., Roca-Cusachs, Marcos (2025): Revision of the Austro-Oriental shield-bug genus Axiagastus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with the description of five new species, and taxonomic notes on related genera. Zootaxa 5603 (1): 1-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1
1016F124273BFFB0FF5AFE26485E0067.text	1016F124273BFFB0FF5AFE26485E0067.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Axiagastus yeshwanthi Salini, Kment & Webb 2025	<div><p>Axiagastus yeshwanthi Salini, Kment &amp; Webb sp. nov.</p><p>http://zoobank.org/ urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 82391F64-363C-49EA-B9C7-BB23F06C66F6</p><p>(Figs 226–261)</p><p>Axiagastus rosmarus (misidentification, partim): Walker (1867): 269 (distribution: Thailand); Atkinson (1888): 129 (catalogue, redescription, distribution; partim; India: Assam); Kirkaldy (1909): 126 (catalogue, distribution; partim; India: Assam, Thailand).</p><p>Axiagastus rosmarus (misidentification): Distant (1879): 44 –45 (distribution); Distant (1902): 179, fig. 107 (figures of dorsal habitus, mesothorax, metathorax and abdomen in ventral view), 181 (redescription, distribution); Takara &amp; Hidaka (1960): 183 –184, fig. 2 (distribution; Japan:  Ryukyus); Miyamoto (1965): 228 (distribution; Taiwan); Takara &amp; Azuma (1972): 102 (distribution; Japan:  Ryukyus); Takara &amp;Azuma (1973): 162 (checklist); Hsiao &amp; Zheng (1977): 132 [footnote] (distribution; Taiwan); Zhang (1985): pl. XLVIII: fig. 176 (habitus drawing); Miyamoto &amp; Yasunaga (1989): 184 (checklist; Japan); Lin &amp; Zhang (1993): 123, fig. 34 (redescription, habitus illustration, distribution; China: Fujian); Yasunaga et al. (1993): 228, pl. 110: figs 304a,b (diagnosis, habitus photos of adult and last instar larva, plant association, distribution); Hayashi (2002): 147 (checklist; Japan:  Ryukyus); Fan (2011): 71 (key to species), 73–74, figs 2.30 a–g (redescription, drawings of male and female genitalia, distribution: China: Guangdong, Jiangxi), 559–560, figs 64–65 (habitus photos in dorsal and ventral view); Aoyagi (2014): 65 –66 (plant association, distribution); Hayashi et al. (2016): 496 (checklist; Japan:  Ryukyus).</p><p>Axiagastus Rosmarus (misidentification): Atkinson (1884): 167 (checklist).</p><p>Axiagastus Rosmarus (misidentification, partim): Lethierry &amp; Severin (1893): 170 (catalogue, distribution; partim; India, Thailand).</p><p>Axiagastus rosmarius (incorrect subsequent spelling, misidentification): Arnold (2011): 43 (variability, distribution; Taiwan,? Thailand).</p><p>Axiagastus sp. 003-ARN: Arnold (2012): 56 (distribution; Taiwan).</p><p>Type locality. India, Degro, N Lak Limpur [?= North Lakhimpur, Assam].</p><p>Type material.   Holotype: ♂ (Figs 226‒228, 240), “ INDIA: [p] /  Degro, N Lak Limpur. [p] / 23.viii.1911. [hw] / H. Stevens. [p] / B. M. 1962–489. [p] // Dapla Hills [p] / Upper Assam. [p] // Holotype [p, red-margined disc] // NHMUK 013590073 [p] // HOLOTYPUS /  AXIAGASTUS YESHWANTHI / Salini, Kment &amp; Webb  sp. nov. / det. Salini. S &amp; Kment, P., 2024 [p, red label]” (BMNH). The holotype is pinned through the scutellum, left antennomeres IIb–IV and right antennomeres III–IV lost, left pro- and metatarsomeres II and III, whole right protarsus and right midleg lost; large hole in ventral side of meso- and metathorax.</p><p>Paratypes (10♂ 8♀): INDIA: Assam:   1♂, “ Assam // Atkinson /  Coll. / 92–6 [p]” (BMNH)  .— Meghalaya:   1♂, “ Meghalaya // Khasia / 4500 [p] //  Rosmarus Dall. [?] //  Distant Coll. / 1911–383 [p] // dissected and illustrated Salini. S. [p]” (BMNH)  .   The dissected male genitalia are placed in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin.  Antennomeres III–IV of both antennae lost, tarsi and tibiae of right foreleg broken and glued on a card, right mesotarsus, left metatarsomeres II–III lost, hemelytra and hindwings damaged.— Andaman and Nicobar :   1♀, “Andaman &amp; Nicobar / Middle Andaman: <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=93.918304&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.505389" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 93.918304/lat 12.505389)">Rangat</a> / 12° 30′ 19.4″ N 93° 55′ 05. 9″ E / 17.2 mts, 20.iv.2014, light trap / Yeshwanth. H. M. [p] // dissected and illustrated by Salini. S. [p] //  Axiagastus rosmarus Dallas / Det. C. A. Viraktamath [p]” (UASB)  . The dissected female genitalia are placed in a glass microvial with glycerol attached to the same pin, terga and sterna (after extraction of terminalia and spermatheca), glued on a card, antennomeres III and IV glued on a card, right mesotarsi and claws lost.— JAPAN:  Ryukyus:   1♂, “[two lines in Japanese script] / [JAPAN]: the  Ryukyus / Okinawa Isls.,  Tokashiki Is., / near  Tokashiku beach. / 27. IV. 2019. H. Shigetoh leg. [p] // SIHU Collection [p] //  Axiagastus rosmarus / Dallas, 1851 / Det. J. Souma, 2023” (SIHU)  .—   TAIWAN: 1♀, “20110402 / Shan Ping / Kaohsiung / Liu L. Y. [hw] // Taiwan / Kaohsiung Coun- / ty,  Shan Ping / 02. April 2011 / leg. L.-Y. Liu (♀) [hw] //  Axiagastus ♀ / rosmarus / DALLAS, 1852 [hw] / det. ARNOLD 20.[p]12[hw]” (ZSMC) ;—   1♂, “TAIWAN: Nantou Prov. /  Sun Moon lake env. / N 23.82° E 102.94°, 800m / J. Halada, 25.5.2012 [p]” (NMPC) ;—   1♂, “TAIWAN: Taitung Prov. / Schouchia env., 315 m / N22°207′ E120°860′ / J.  Halada, 18.5.2012 [p]” (NMPC) ;—  1♂, “TAIWAN: Taipei / 1997 / COL. [ñĕē: Dai Weiyu] [p] // coll. NCHU [hw, yellowish label] // ♂ [p]” (NCHU);—   1♂, “TAIWAN: Taichung City. / NCHU ([中®大*:  Chung Hsing University]) / 2010. VII. 30. leg. [唐DZ廸: Tang Changdi] [p] // 2019.VII.30 / NCHU [DZ廸: Changdi] [p, pencil] // coll. NCHU [hw, yellowish label] // ♂ [p]” (NCHU) ;—   1♀, “TAIWAN: Taichung City. / NCHU ([中®大*:  Chung Hsing University]) / 2010. XI. 4. leg. [öëü: Lin Yuzhe] [p] // 2010.II.4 / [台中: Taichung] NCHU / [āạ: A Jiao] [p, pencil] // please deposit / in NMNS [hw, yellowish label] // ♀ [p]” (NMNS) ;—   1♂, “TAIWAN: Taichung Co. / Dasyueshan logging  Rd. / [大ĪƜöDz:  Dasyueshan logging  Rd.] by light. / 2010. VI. 7. leg. [侯ẅĕ: Hou Shunwei] [p] // 2010.VI.7 / [大ĪƜöDz 侯: Dasyueshan logging  Rd. Hou] / by light [hw, pencil] // please deposit / in NMNS [hw, yellow label] // ♂ [p]” (NMNS)  —  [New Taipei City]: 1♀, “ V-29-2004. [坪ö: Pinglin] / ♀ [hw] // please deposit / in NMNS [hw, yellow label] // ♀ [p]” (NMNS) .—   THAILAND: 1♂, “ Siam [hw] // Saunders. [p] / 65.13 [p] //  Type [p, green-margined disc] // NHMUK010582891 [p] // 1.  AXIAGASTUS ROSMARUS, [p]// mislabelled [hw] / as type of [hw] /  A. rosmarus . [hw] / det. M. D. Webb [hw] / 2023 [hw]” (BMNH) ;—  1♂, “S THAILAND / PHUKET / S. &amp; M. MURZIN lgt.” (NMPC);—   1♀, “THAILAND: Chaiyaphum, / Province, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=101.64222&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=16.534445" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 101.64222/lat 16.534445)">Chulabhorn Dam</a> / 16°32′04″N 101°38′32″E, 785 / m alt., light trap, 16 Apr 2013, / A. Wolski A. &amp; M. A. Mazur [p]” (NMPC).—   VIETNAM: 1♀, S.VIETNAM, Phan-Rang, / Nha-Ho, 16.IV.–4.V. / 82, Soldán [p] // COLLECTIO /  Moravské muzeum /  Brno [p]” (MMBC) ;—  1♀, “Vietnam, Yên Bái. / 4/2023. Local / Collector [p] // Roca-Cusachs / collection [p]” (MRCC); 1♀, Vietnam, Yên Bái. / 8/2023. Local / Collector [p] // Roca-Cusachs / collection [p]” (MRCC);—   1♀, Vietnam (mer.),  Nam Cat Tien NP, 1.– 15.5.1994, P. Pacholátko &amp; L. Dembický lgt. (NHMW)  .—   Each specimen bears the following identification label: “ PARATYPUS /  AXIAGASTUS YESHWANTHI / Salini, Kment &amp; Webb  sp. nov. // det. Salini, S. &amp; Kment, P., 2024 [p, yellow label]”  .</p><p>Additional material examined:   CAMBODIA: 1♀, “CAMBODIA SW, 3 - 19 May 2005 / 20 km SE <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=103.11667&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=11.566667" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 103.11667/lat 11.566667)">Koh</a> - Kong / Tatai riv. env., 11°34´N; 103°07´E / E. Jendek et O. Sauša lgt. [p] // EX COLLECTIO / Z. JINDRA, PRAGUE [p]” (ZJPC). Due to the very small size, unusually dark colouration and lack of associated male the identification of this female is only tentative  .</p><p>Description. Colour, integument and vestiture (Figs 226, 228, 229, 232–235, 236‒239). Ground colour of head, pronotum, and scutellum yellowish to light-orange yellow with coarse, black punctures scattered over disc of pronotum and scutellum (except scutellar apex devoid of punctures); disc of head with punctures fine, black, arranged in longitudinal rows; lateral margins of head including apices of mandibular plates black; antennae: each scape (I) concolourous with body surface, basipedicellite (IIa) either concolourous, pale or black, distipedicellite (IIb) brown with pale base or black, flagellomeres (III and IV) dark brown to black; lateral margins of pronotum (including part of humeral margins) black; pronotal disc usually luteous with uniformly distributed punctation, less usually pronotal disc posteriorly with dark brown transverse stripe (either ending at anterolateral angles of scutellum or extending continuously to humeral angles); prefrenal disc of scutellum anteriorly with pale transverse callose stripe, posteriad of it with moderately large, transverse, oval, black, medially divided spot (either partly or completely); another, thick, transverse inverted U-shaped spot anteapically, brown or black; scutellar apex with whitish to yellow spot devoid of punctures, anterior margin of the spot bisinuous, shape of spot unique within the genus; punctation on scutellum more concentrated on lateral and postfrenal region of disc; coria variable, from luteous with coarse, black, uniformly scattered punctures, to chocolate brown with scattered minute yellow callosities; membranes smoky brown; connexiva with extreme lateral margins including anterior and posterolateral angles of abdominal ventrites III–VII black; narrow lateral marginal stripe of connexiva, mesad of extreme lateral margin, luteous, devoid of punctures; narrow transverse stripe on anterior and posterior margins of connexival segments black, median region with dark brown, fine punctures. Ventral surface of body bright orange yellow with sparse punctures; head on ventral surface with a row of brown punctures on either side of bucculae; fine brown punctures arranged as broken transverse stripes especially on anterior and posterior margins of pro-, meso- and metapleura; punctures on abdomen sparse, mostly arranged as transverse rows anterior to intersegmental sutures of abdominal ventrites; femora with round, coarse, brown punctures arranged as longitudinal rows, tibiae with dense, coarse brown punctures arranged in rows; apices of buccular denticles, labium, and tarsal claws, one spot at apex of each ostiolar peritreme, one row of small spots sublaterally on ventrites III–VII, antero- and posterolateral angles of ventrites III–VII; a sublateral row of small spots mesad to spiracles coalescing spiracular outline, black.</p><p>Structure. Labium reaching ventrites III–IV. Prosternum impressed, mesosternum with more or less well-developed,keel-like carina;mesosternal carina with anterior apex rounded,terminating between prothoracic acetabula, posteriorly contiguous with more or less flat metasternal carina. Other characters as in generic redescription.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs 231, 240, 242–258). Genital capsule (Figs 242–245, 249–252) subquadrate, as in  Axiagastus luteipes Salini &amp; Roca-Cusachs sp. nov., especially dorsal rim, and moderately developed, tongue-like distension (dn) visible on ventral rim of genital capsule; dorsal sinus of posterior aperture broadly U-shaped, ventral margin of posterior aperture semicircular; ventral rim including posterolateral angles bordered with a row of short, golden setae; posterolateral lobes in lateral view as shown in Figs 245, 252; ventral rim (vr) broadly, shallowly concave at middle, narrowly concave shallow sublateral to posterolateral lobes; infoldings of ventral rim deeply impressed on either side of moderately developed distension at middle, distension emarginated with shallow, V-shaped incision at middle, visible on ventral and dorsal views of genital capsule; infoldings of ventral rim laterally (mesad of posterolateral lobes) and laterally to base of median distension with a prominent, apically acuminate, sclerotized, black denticle (dt). Paramere (Figs 246–248, 253–255) simple, crown finger-like with dorsal margin (dm) obtusely angulate at one-third in lateral view (Figs 246, 253, 254), numerous fine, short setae on finger-like process (flp) of crown, elongate setae along periphery of laminate disc; crown gradually narrowed towards apex; apex rounded, not acuminate in lateral view; stem moderately elongate, apodeme disc-like. Phallus (Figs 256–258). Articulatory apparatus (ap) as in Figs 256‒258; phallotheca nearly as long as endophallus, less sclerotized, distal part transparent with ventral convex projection (vcp) in close proximity with inner margin of processes of aedeagus; two pairs of dorsal conjunctival processes: dp1 and dp2 placed one above other; lower one (dp2) partly sclerotized throughout its length, apically rounded, upper one (dp1) completely membranous, shorter than dp2; aedeagus (ad) short, deflected dorsad, apex swollen, drop-like, transparent, with embedded phallotreme, processes of aedeagus elongate as in Fig. 258.</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs 241, 259–261). Terminalia (Figs 259, 260) as in  A. rosmarus with inner posterolateral angles of valvifers VIII obtusangulate; valvifers VIII and IX as in  A. rosmarus . Laterotergites VIII and IX as in  A. rosmarus except for a minute, sclerotized, black denticle on outer margin of each laterotergite VIII. Gynatrium as in  A. rosmarus . Spermatheca (Fig. 261) as in  A. cambelli; apical receptacle orbicular with three ductules; a pair of short, subequal tubules nearly half as long as third one.</p><p>Differential diagnosis. This species can be differentiated by the presence of a more or less well-developed, keel-like carina on the mesosternum, apical margins of the mandibular plates convex or rounded, the scutellar disc anteriorly with a dark-brown to black round spot, usually medially divided, and the apex of the scutellum with a transverse, anteriorly bisinuate whitish spot, and also by the distinct male genitalia characters, such as the shape of the dorsal and ventral rims of the male genital capsule, the shape of the parameres and the shape of the processes of the aedeagus.</p><p>Etymology. This new species is named in honor of our colleague H. M. Yeshwanth (Hesaraghatta, Bangalore, Karnataka, India), for his exceptional collecting skills, which enable him to find rare specimens during insect surveys. The species-group name is a noun in the genitive case.</p><p>Plant association. In the Ryukyu Islands, adults of  A. yeshwanthi sp. nov. are frequently attracted to the seeds of  Arenga tremula Becc. var. engleri Hatsusima ( Arecaceae) (e.g., Yasunaga et al. 1993, Aoyagi 2014, both as  A. rosmarus).</p><p>Distribution. This species is known from Cambodia (this paper); China: Fujian (Lin &amp; Zhang 1993, as  A. rosmarus), Guangdong (Fan 2011, as  A. rosmarus), Jiangxi (Fan 2011, as  A. rosmarus); India: Assam (Atkinson 1884, 1888, as  A. rosmarus), Meghalaya (Distant 1879, 1902, as  A. rosmarus), and Andaman &amp; Nicobar Is. (Rangat, this paper); Japan:  Ryukyus (Takara &amp; Hidaka 1960; Takara &amp; Azuma 1972, 1973; Miyamoto &amp; Yasunaga 1989; Yasunaga et al. 1993; Hayashi 2002; Aoyagi 2014; Hayashi et al. 2016, as  A. rosmarus); Taiwan (Hoffmann 1935b, Miyamoto 1965, Arnold 2011, all as  A. rosmarius; Arnold 2012, as  Axiagastus sp. 003-ARN; this paper); Thailand (Walker 1867, as  A. rosmarus); Vietnam (this paper).</p><p>Nomenclatural note</p><p>During the course of this study, another genus of  Axiagastini was examined, and the following synonymy is proposed.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1016F124273BFFB0FF5AFE26485E0067	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kment, Petr;Lemaître, Valérie A.;Webb, Michael D.;Roca-Cusachs, Marcos	Kment, Petr, Lemaître, Valérie A., Webb, Michael D., Roca-Cusachs, Marcos (2025): Revision of the Austro-Oriental shield-bug genus Axiagastus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with the description of five new species, and taxonomic notes on related genera. Zootaxa 5603 (1): 1-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1
1016F1242733FFB0FF5AF8A84D340592.text	1016F1242733FFB0FF5AF8A84D340592.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acesines breviceps Stal 1876	<div><p>Acesines breviceps Stål, 1876</p><p>Acesines breviceps 
Stål, 1876: 94–95 (original description). Holotype: ♀, “ India Orientalis”,  Boucard, Type, Typus [red label, outlined black], NHRS-GULI000067472 (NHRS).</p><p>Acesines bambusana Distant, 1918: 144 (original description).  Syntypes: India: Karnataka: Chikkaballapura (T.V. Campbell coll., BMNH), on bamboo. New junior subjective synonym .</p><p>Material examined.   INDIA: Goa: Goa, 30 km S of Margao (= Madgaon), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=74.02634&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=15.0078335" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 74.02634/lat 15.0078335)">Palolem</a> env. (15°00.47′N 74°01.58′E), 0–20 m a.s.l., 14.–22.viii.2002, 1♀, P. Šípek &amp; M. Fikáček M. lgt., P. Kment det. (NMPC)  .</p><p>Distribution. India: Goa (new record), Karnataka (Distant 1918, Salini et al. 2023a, both as  A. bambusana), Tamil Nadu (Salini et al. 2023a, as  A. bambusana).</p><p>Remarks.  Acesines breviceps was originally described by Stål (1876) based on a female specimen from “ India Orientalis”, which is currently housed in the Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden (NHRS).  Acesines bambusana was originally described by Distant (1918) based on a series of specimens from “South India: Chikkaballapura” collected by T. V. Campbell, which is currently housed in the BMNH.</p><p>According to Salini et al. (2023a), it was likely that  A. breviceps was conspecific with  A. bambusana due to the similarities in the colouration and the structural morphology of their types, as noticed from the images received of the former species. Differences between the two species, such as the punctures on the scutellum, the colouration on the outer margins of the abdominal venter, and a small spinous projection at the caudal margins of laterotergites VIII, were considered insignificant. However, the synonymy was deferred at that time until it could be confirmed through the examination of the male genitalia structures of both species. Unfortunately, there is no way to match the male to the type of  A. breviceps by locality, as no precise locality is known for its type, and comparing DNA sequences may not be feasible for such an old specimen. Therefore, based on the evidence presented above, it is prudent to consider the name  Acesines bambusana as a junior synonym of  A. breviceps .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1016F1242733FFB0FF5AF8A84D340592	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Kment, Petr;Lemaître, Valérie A.;Webb, Michael D.;Roca-Cusachs, Marcos	Kment, Petr, Lemaître, Valérie A., Webb, Michael D., Roca-Cusachs, Marcos (2025): Revision of the Austro-Oriental shield-bug genus Axiagastus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Pentatomidae), with the description of five new species, and taxonomic notes on related genera. Zootaxa 5603 (1): 1-82, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5603.1.1
