taxonID	type	description	language	source
4A0A87AFFF83620882582A364F07FA13.taxon	description	Prior to Cusimano et al. (2010) Typhonium numbers were higher because of the inclusion of the genera Sauromatum Schott and Lazarum A. Hay, which are since recognized as separate from Typhonium. Typhonium is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical Asia; Indochina is one of the most important centers of diversity: 34 species are recorded for Thailand, 21 for Vietnam, while the aroid floras of Laos and Cambodia remain poorly known. The genus comprises small seasonal geophytic herbs; under- ground part a (sub) globose tuber or a very short rhizome; leaves one or several; lamina simple, cordate, hastate, elliptic or lan- ceolate, or decompound, with few to many leaflets, variable in shape; inflorescence usually appearing after leaf development; peduncle short or long; spathe ovate, elliptic-ovate, narrow or broadly triangular or lanceolate, base and limb separated by a more or less conspicuous constriction just below the staminate zone of the spadix, limb often with a pale or deep purple inside, more rarely whitish or pinkish; spadix with a small basal pistillate zone, then a sterile zone with a staminode-bearing lower part and a smooth upper part (rarely with vestigial staminodes) and then a staminate zone topped by a sterile appendix; appendix short or very long, erect, oblique or pendulous, elongate, nar- rowly conical or long, thin tail-like. The genus was revised by Sriboonma et al. (1994; with 40 species treated), but quite a number of species have been discovered since that publication, see Hetterscheid et al. 2001, Hetterscheid & Nguyen 2001, Hetterscheid & Galloway 2006, Nguyen 2008, Nguyen & Croat 2010, Galloway 2012, Hetterscheid & Sookchaloem 2012, Hetterscheid 2013, Van et al. 2017, 2021, Naive et al. 2020, Naive & Hein 2021, Hein & Naive 2021, Nguyen et al. 2022.	en	Serebryanyi, M., Trinh, T., Hetterscheid, W. (2023): New tuberous Araceae from Binh Thuan Province (South Vietnam). Blumea 68 (1): 39-48, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.03, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.03
4A0A87AFFF83620D81172BBE4E0AFEEA.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet ‘ praelongum ’ refers to the extremely long sterile appendix of the spadix. Typhonium praelongum is diagnosed by a tuber of blunt cone shape, a very long (about 30 cm) sterile appendix of the spadix with filiform upper part, rod-shaped, horizontal yellow-orange staminodes with tops turning upwards, swollen at the apex and a glossy entirely papillate upper surface of the leaf blade with impressed veins. — Type: Tan Trinh s. n. (holo MHA), South Vietnam, Nui Ong Nature Reserve, Tanh Linh District, Binh Thu ận Province, prepared from a cultivated plant originally collected in the type locality. Seasonally dormant, small tuberous herb, flowering with leaves, up to 30 (– 35) cm high. Tubers of almost perfect blunt cone shape, up to 4 cm high, bottom diam 3 – 4 cm, top diam 1 – 1.5 cm, rootmassformingatthetop, offsetdevelopmentscatteredthroughout the length of the tuber (Fig. 3 f). Petiole whitish green in basal part, changing to light-green at the top, with circular horizontal whitish stripes, the ones at the base part of the petiole sometimes dark green in mature leaves, smooth, 20 – 25 (– 30) cm long, c. 4 mm diam at the base, gradually and slightly tapering towards the apex. Leaf blade ovate to oblong-ovate, up to 20 by 12 – 13 cm, base deeply cordate, apex long acuminate (acumen to 2.5 cm long), margin somewhat undulate (especially the ba- sal lobes); upper surface lucid glossy green, entirely papillate, lower surface paler, also papillate, with all the veins impressed adaxially; venation reticulate, with primary lateral veins (to 12 in total; half of them in basal lobes, half in the anterior lobe) not in perfect pairs, their ends running upwards and forming an inner collective vein 0.5 – 0.7 cm from the margin, outer collective vein obscure and located closer than 1 mm from the margin, veins of lower orders anastomosing; midrib and posterior costa strong, especially at the base, becoming distinctly thinner towards the apex; posterior costa naked / free at least for 0.5 cm from the petiole junction (forming open sinus). Posterior lobes up to 6 by 4 – 5.5 cm, slightly to strongly introrse (rarely slightly overlapping). Inflorescence appearing after leaf development. Peduncle 6 – 7 cm long, as thick as a petiole, white. Spathe up to 17 (– 19) cm long, erect, completely white outside; base and limb separated by a constriction; base / lower spathe convolute, nearly globose, c. 2 by 1.5 cm diam, intensively pink inside, spathe-limb linear-oblong, open almost to the base, up to 15 (– 17) cm by c. 1 cm wide at the base, becoming slightly nar- rower towards the acute apex, completely white. Spadix at least twice as long as the spathe, up to 35 cm long, sessile; female zone subglobose to conical, c. 3 mm high by up to 4 mm diam at the base, 2.5 – 3 mm diam at the top; pistils semi-erect, up to 35 in total; sterile zone 1.3 – 1.4 cm long, lower 7 – 8 mm carrying staminodes; male zone broadly fusiform (rarely subcylindric), c. 7 by 5 mm diam at the middle, congested; appendix on a white stipe c. 5 mm long and same diameter as interstice, up to 30 (– 32) cm by 3 mm diam at the base, cylindric, gradually tapering to the filiform upper part (up to 5 cm from the apex), coiling while drying, pale greenish yellow, with numerous longitudinal shallow grooves throughout. Ovary elongate-ovoid, up to 1 by 0.6 (– 0.7) mm diam, white, one basal ovule; style absent; stigma discoid / orbicular (slightly irregular in outline), 0.3 (– 0.4) mm diam, c. 0.3 mm high, translucent white, surface minutely echinate. Stamens bright yellow-orange, pores apical, pollen yellow. Staminodes simple, rod-shaped, horizontally orientated with tops turning upwards, 2 – 4 by 0.8 – 1 mm diam, terete, yellow-orange; top swollen, globose, broader than the axis, colour more intense than in rest of the staminode, upper surface verruculose. Infructescence with persistent inflated saucer-shaped lower spathe. Berries ellipsoid, 4 – 6 by c. 2 mm diam, dirty white, crested by the old stigma remnant (brownish dot), one-seeded. Seed remarkably hard, ovoid-conical with attenuate apex, c. 3 by 2 – 2.5 mm diam in the thickest basal part, olive to olive-brown when mature, testa more or less smooth. Distribution — Typhonium praelongum is so far only known from the type locality (Fig. 1 b). Recently, the second author received photos from Da Huoai district, Lam Dong Province, probably representing another locality of T. praelongum. This remains to be confirmed. Habitat & Ecology — Typhonium praelongum grows in dense populations, occurring within full-shade parcels between granite rocks in polydominant leafy ever green low mountain forest of complex vertical structure (2 – 3 strata within the tree-layer) on a steep SE slope (c. 40 °); Lithocarpus spp. (Fagaceae) predominant in the 1 st tree-stratum of 20 – 25 m high). The dense populations of T. praelongum on a steep slope make a strong impression of Dioscorea - like vine. Phenology — Flowering: end of May to beginning of June; fruiting: beginning to mid-June. Provisional conservation status — Typhonium praelongum is so far only known from the single locality in Nui Ong Nature Reserve. Thus, we herein propose this species to be treated as ‘ Endangered’ (EN B 2 ab (iii )) following the Red List criteria of the IUCN (2019). It is to be hoped that Nui Ong Nature Reserve will take measures to protect this species. Note — Typhonium praelongum possesses a unique combination of diagnostic characters: tuber having a blunt cone shape, an extremely long sterile appendix with filiform upper part, rod-shaped, horizontally orientated yellow-orange staminodes with tops turning upwards, swollen at the apex and a peculiar glossy upper surface of the leaf blade with impressed veins. There are two species comparable to T. praelongum but only in a very limited number of characters, e. g., T. albispathum Bogner from Peninsular Thailand has a relatively long spathe outside pure white up to 4.5 cm long vs up to 19 cm long in T. praelongum and a long filiform sterile violet appendix up to 13.5 cm long vs up to 32 cm long pale greenish yellow appendix in T. praelongum. The most similar staminodes could be ob- served in T. ramosum Hett. (Tak province, Thailand) but these are mostly branched and are pink or orange with a dirty yellow truncate, not or only very slightly swollen top vs always simple yellow-orange staminodes with a globose swollen (capitate) top in T. praelongum. The only other species of Typhonium, having appendix of similar length (25 – 26 cm) is T. digitatum Hett. & Sookch. from East Thailand, but rest of inflorescence being completely different and incomparable.	en	Serebryanyi, M., Trinh, T., Hetterscheid, W. (2023): New tuberous Araceae from Binh Thuan Province (South Vietnam). Blumea 68 (1): 39-48, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.03, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.03
4A0A87AFFF86620D81172FE44FEEF9BF.taxon	description	The genus comprises small to giant, seasonal geophytic herbs; underground part usually a (sub) globose or vertically elongate tuber, more rarely a rhizome; leaf usually solitary, more rarely several, rising from the tuber, with a decompound, horizontal lamina; leaflets few to numerous, variable; inflorescence mostly solitary, rarely accompanied by leaves; peduncle short or elongate; spathe folded around the spadix, with or without a con- striction between base and limb, orbicular to narrowly elongate, variously coloured inside and outside; spadix with lower pistillate zone, contiguous or not with an upper staminal zone and above that a sterile appendix (rarely missing); staminodes (when present) between both fertile zones, or within one or both of them; appendix very variable, from subglobose to elongate, erect, horizontal or rarely pendulous; infructescence consisting of sessile berries, these globose or elliptical, red, blue, white, yellow, green or orange at maturity. With this newly described species included, 37 species of the genus are recorded for the Vietnamese flora, which makes Amorphophallus an irrefutable leader in genus size within the Araceae (31 species were recorded by Nguyen in 2017). Due to active field work of botanists and enthusiasts, knowledge of geo- graphic distribution, ecology and species’ variation is constantly improving. The current number of species will definitely increase due to new findings, including undescribed species. Important to mention, two inter-species spontaneous hybrids are newly recorded for Vietnam, all from the former genus Pseudodracontium, namely Amorphophallus pseudoharmandii (Engl.) Hett. & Claudel × A. fallax, A. pseudoharmandii × A. macrophyllus (Gagnep. ex Serebryanyi) Hett. & Claudel.	en	Serebryanyi, M., Trinh, T., Hetterscheid, W. (2023): New tuberous Araceae from Binh Thuan Province (South Vietnam). Blumea 68 (1): 39-48, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.03, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.03
4A0A87AFFF8662018117282C4E06FC47.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The epithet ‘ opalinus ’ alludes to the colour of the unique stigmas of the species. Amorphophallus opalinus is diagnosed by a narrow rhizome-like tuber with enlarged basal part, staminodes at the base of the male zone of the spadix, a narrow spathe, large, broadly-conical with rounded apex, opalescent stigmas and white, one-seed berries. — Type: Tan Trinh s. n. (holo MHA), South Vietnam, Tanh Linh District, Binh Thu ận Province, prepared from a cultivated plant originally collected in the type locality. Seasonally dormant tuberous herb flowering before the leaf. Tuber narrowly elongate, vertically growing, flexible, usually deformed as a result of growing around barriers or through very narrow holes, up to 9 (– 10) cm long, 2 – 2.5 cm diam at the top, less than 1 cm diam in the narrowest part, light yellow-brownish when mature, whitish when juvenile, basal part occasionally enlarged. Cataphylls narrowly triangular in outline, acute at the apex, up to 5 cm long, drying pale brown, remaining intact. Leaves 1 – 2 per tuber (when 2, one leaf always bigger); petiole 35 – 40 cm long, 5 – 7 mm diam, smooth, green (or olive-green) with irregular brown (or khaki-brown) blotches up to above the middle (sometimes the upper blotches dark green) and numerous tiny whitish and blackish green stripes and spots throughout; lamina up to 35 (– 40) cm diam, each of the 3 principal segments consists of 5 (rarely 7) leaflets arranged as 2 (or 3) pairs of lateral and one terminal; lateral leaflets often not opposite, especially the basal ones; rhachises narrowly canaliculate, only winged (sometimes broadly so) in their distal parts; leaflets linear- to elliptic-lanceolate (rarely ovate), c. 9 by 2 (– 2.5) cm long, thin-coriaceous, base more or less broadly cuneate, sometimes shortly decurrent, apex long acuminate, margins undulate, upper surface dull green to green, matte, lower surface paler; primary lateral veins (c. 10 pairs) together with the midrib significantly impressed adaxially, raised abaxi- ally, as well as a prominent collective vein, 3 – 4 mm remote from the margin. Inflorescence solitary, long-pedunculate; cataphyll similar to those appearing with the petiole but longer, up to 7 cm long; peduncle up to 30 cm long, 5 – 7 mm diam, smooth, olivebrownish with irregular whitish blotches throughout, paler in the upper 1 / 3. Spathe ovate-oblong, 7 – 9 by c. 6 cm diam, erect, apex obtuse to rounded (sometimes shortly apiculate), only the basal 1.5 cm convolute, lower spathe / base and limb not differentiated, outside uniformly pale green with slightly darker veins, inside as outside, but with numerous tiny whitish green warts arranged longitudinally in the central part and with a metal-greyish area at the base, 2 – 3 cm long; margin whitish. Spadix sessile, up to 2.5 times longer than the spathe, 21 – 22 cm long; female zone cylindric, c. 2 by 0.8 cm diam, pistils not congested; male zone elongated, cylindric to slightly obconic, 4.5 – 5 by 7 – 8 mm diam at the base, about 1 cm diam at the top, flowers congested, the lowest row (s) consisting of sterile staminodes somewhat bigger than regular male flowers, decaying when the pollen is released; appendix elongate, to 15 cm long, c. 1.1 cm diam at the base, the thickest part c. 1.4 cm at c. 4 cm from the base, from there tapering to the obtuse or slightly rounded apex, base not constricted, surface with irregular shallow grooves and depressions, ivory-white to creamy pale yellow, developing sewer-like smell at female anthesis, lasting 8 – 10 hours. Pistils c. 30 per spadix, often not adjacent to each other, leaving open axis areas c. 1 mm 2; ovaries of irregular shape, depressed, bluntly angulate in crosssection, c. 1 by 2 mm diam, dark green, unilocular, one basal ovule. Style prominent, 0.7 – 0.8 by 0.6 – 0.7 mm diam, white; stigma large, broadly conical, rounded at the top (mushroom cap-shaped), c. 1.5 mm diam, opaline / pearl-coloured, glossy, surface smooth. Male flowers consisting of 3 – 4 stamens; sta- men 3 – 3.5 mm long, filaments 2 – 2.5 mm long, base connate; anthers c. 1 by 1.2 – 1.5 mm diam, truncate, pores apical. Pollen released in strings, coarsely striate, yellow. Fruiting peduncle same size as the flowering one but somewhat thicker; infructes- cence 5 by 2 cm diam. Berries slightly depressed-globose or globose, c. 7 mm diam, milky-white when ripe (green while maturing), crested by the old stigma remnant (a brownish dot), one-seeded. Distribution — Amorphophallus opalinus is only known so far from the close vicinity of the type location (Fig. 1 b). Four populations of A. opalinus (including that from which the type was derived) were found near each other along the stream near the Dau Trau waterfall. Habitat & Ecology — All the studied populations were found on a flat slope basis in polydominant leafy evergreen low mountain forest of complex vertical structure (2 strata within the tree-layer). Altitude 450 – 600 m. Castanopsis dongnaiensis Son & Ngoc, Lithocarpus dahuoaiensis Ngoc & L. V. Dung (both Fagaceae), Anisoptera sp. (Dipterocarpaceae) predominant in the 1 st tree-stratum (20 – 25 m high). Phenology — Flowering: June; fruiting: November. Provisional conservation status — Amorphophallus opalinus is known from four closely situated localities only, with a type population of several individuals around the top of the Dau Trau waterfall which is visited by many tourists. This place will possibly change due to the development of tourism in the future, which will negatively affect the habitat of the species. We herein propose this species to be treated as ‘ Endangered’ (EN B 2 ab (iii )) following the Red List criteria of the IUCN (2019). Notes — Amorphophallus opalinus demonstrates a combination of characters suggesting it belongs to a white-berried clade of subg. Metandrium Stapf (Claudel et al. 2017): narrow rhizome-like tuber, staminodes at the base of male zone of the spadix, narrow spathe, large, broadly-conical with rounded apex (almost semi-globose) stigmas. Amorphophallus linearis Gagnep. and A. napiger Gagnep. share that combination of characters, although the latter has yellowish berries. However, the stigmas of those species are strikingly different in comparison to those of A. opalinus (Fig. 7). Amorphophallus sinuatus Hett. & V. D. Nguyen (having blue berries) shares a relatively rare pattern with A. opalinus, the peculiar loose arrangement of pistils, often not adjacent to each other, leaving open axis areas about 1 mm 2. However, the unique pistil of A. opalinus with its glossy opaline stigma with large, broadly conical, rounded top and smooth surface, on a prominent thick style (up to 0.8 mm long) differs from the pistil of A. sinuatus, the latter being depressed, shallowly three-lobed and sitting on a short style 0.2 – 0.4 mm long.	en	Serebryanyi, M., Trinh, T., Hetterscheid, W. (2023): New tuberous Araceae from Binh Thuan Province (South Vietnam). Blumea 68 (1): 39-48, DOI: 10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.03, URL: https://doi.org/10.3767/blumea.2023.68.01.03
