identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
5E47CA08FFB009123CE4FB2F9EE3FB76.text	5E47CA08FFB009123CE4FB2F9EE3FB76.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius (Skuse 1889)	<div><p>Delimitation of  Procladius from other  Tanypodinae</p><p>The family  Chironomidae is usually divided into eleven subfamilies:  Aphroteniinae,  Buchonomyiinae, Chilenomyinae,  Chironominae,  Diamesinae, Orthocladiinae,  Podonominae,  Prodiamesinae,  Tanypodinae,  Telmatogetoninae, and  Usambaromyiinae (Saether 2000; Bánki et al. 2024).  Procladius is placed among the  Tanypodinae .</p><p>The phylogenetic relationship of  Tanypodinae worldwide outlined by Silva &amp; Ekrem (2016) recognized the tribe  Procladiini containing the genera  Procladius,  Djalmabatista,  Laurotanypus,  Lepidopelopia and  Saetheromyia . The study was based on DNA barcodes and morphology of adults, pupae and larvae. Only  Procladius is present in Europe.</p><p>Djalmabatista is the closest relative to  Procladius according to Silva &amp; Ekrem (2016). Krosch et al. (2022) arrived at the same conclusion but suggested that  Djalmabatista, based on barcodes mainly from Australia, might be a subgenus of  Procladius . This has been suggested before e.g. by Saether &amp;Andersen (2000) who made morphological studies of adult males, adult females, pupae and larvae of a species in Africa assigned to  Djalmabatista . This species should be named  Procladius reidi (Freeman, 1955) based on the description in Saether &amp; Andersen (2000) and barcoding results of  P. reidi from China and Pakistan gained from BOLD (Ratnasingham et al. 2024). Barcode sequences place  P. reidi closer to several specimens of  Procladius than those of  Djalmabatista . In the key to adult males below,  Djalmabatista is kept as a genus as more studies are needed to reveal its status as a genus or a subgenus of  Procladius .  Djalmabatista includes about 15 species found in Africa, Asia, Australia, North America and South America according to BOLD and Systema Dipterorum (Evenhuis &amp; Pape 2024). Findings closest to Europe are from Saudi Arabia.</p><p>Laurotanypus, containing one species from Brazil, is regarded as a synonym of  Procladius . Dantas &amp; Hamada (2018) placed  L. travassosi (Oliveira, Messias &amp; Silva-Vasconcelos, 1992) in  Procladius . Silva (2019) regarded  Procladius travassosi to be a junior synonym of  Procladius stroudi Roback, 1982 .  Laurotanypus is considered to be a subgenus of  Procladius in the key to adult males below.</p><p>Lepidopelopia includes only one species which has been recorded from several countries in tropical Africa (Harrison 1970; Saether &amp; Andersen 2000).  Saetheromyia includes one species in Japan (Niitsuma 2007) and one undescribed species in China with barcoding results in BOLD.</p><p>The following key can be used to distinguish males of the tribe  Procladiini from other tribes and subfamilies of  Chironomidae, and further to separate the genus  Procladius from other  Procladiini .</p><p>1. Wing crossvein MCu absent. Subfamilies  Aphroteniinae,  Chironominae, Orthocladiinae,  Telmatogetoninae and  Usambaromyiinae - Wing crossvein MCu present (Fig. 5)..................................................................... 2. 2. Wing vein R2+3 absent. Subfamilies  Buchonomyiinae, Chilenomyinae,  Podonominae, some  Tanypodinae - Wing vein R2+3 present (Fig. 5).......................................................................... 3. 3. Antenna with 5‒13 flagellomeres, last flagellomere longer than penultimate flagellomere. Subfamilies  Diamesinae and</p><p>Prodiamesinae - Antenna with 14 flagellomeres, last flagellomere more than three times shorter than penultimate flagellomere (Fig. 1). Subfamily</p><p>Tanypodinae ......................................................................................... 4. 4. Leg fourth tarsomere broadened from base to end and shorter than fifth tarsomere. Hind leg tibial comb double.  Coelopynia,</p><p>Clinotanypus,  Coelotanypus and  Naelotanypus - Leg fourth tarsomere cylindrical and longer to slightly shorter than fifth tarsomere. Hind leg tibial comb simple (Fig. 10) or absent............................................................................................... 5. 5. Wing vein Cu fork FCu (division into M3+4 and CuA) proximal to opposite MCu. - Wing vein Cu fork FCu distal MCu (Figs. 5 and 6)........................................................... 6. 6. Distance between MCu and FCu much less than half as long as M3+4. - Distance between MCu and FCu at least half as long as M3+4 (Figs. 5 and 6).  Procladiini ........................... 7. 7. Wing with more the 20 macrotrichia. Gonostylus with or without inner lobe....................................... 8. - Wing without or less than 5 macrotrichia. Gonostylus with distinct convex inner lobe with strong setae.  Procladius subgenus</p><p>Psilotanypus 8. Gonostylus with protruding convex inner lobe with strong setae................................................. 9. - Gonostylus without distinct inner lobe, inner margin straight or concave (rarely slightly convex) without strong setae..... 10. 9. Scutal tubercle absent. Abdomen tergites light and mostly with darker median longitudinal band.  Djalmabatista - Scutal tubercle present. Abdomen tergites not with darker median longitudinal band.  Procladius subgenus  Laurotanypus 10. Scale-like setae on thorax, legs and wings. Wing vein R2+3 not divided. Gonostylus without indication of outer process.</p><p>Lepidopelopia - No scale-like setae. Wing vein R2+3 divided into R2 and R3 (Fig. 5). Gonostylus with or without outer process......... 11. 11. Gonostylus without indication of outer process. Scutal tubercle present.  Saetheromyia</p><p>Gonostylus with indicated to very long outer process (Figs. 17 and 18). Scutal tubercle absent.  Procladius subgenus</p><p>Holotanypus and  Procladius</p><p>Species delimitation and identification of European  Procladius</p><p>The iterative process comparing morphological data and barcoded data resulted in a list of 27 species of  Procladius present in Europe (Table 6) of which four are new species to science, namely  P. exilis Brodin,  P. gemma Brodin,  P. saeticubitus Brodin and  P. tenebricosus Brodin &amp; Hellberg.</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>Barcodes are available for 25 of the species. Table 6 shows that BOLD contained barcodes and BINs for 23 species.  P. clavus Roback, 1971 and  P. tatrensis have a few good barcodes of more than 550 base pars not yet incorporated into BOLD or GenBank.  P. fimbriatus Wülker, 1959 and  P. gemma lack known barcodes, but they are readily identified species based on several unique morphological characters.</p><p>Each of the 42 BINs in Table 6 contains only one species of  Procladius, but several species have more than one BIN. Several other studies of  Chironomidae (Song et al. 2016; Chimeno et al. 2023) and other insects have shown that it is common that species have several BINs. The BINs for  Procladius are constructed by barcodes of 6 414 specimens, ranging from 1 for  P. clavus to 2 336 for  P. dentus . The BINs contain specimens from 35 countries or autonomous regions. About 75% of the barcoded specimens are from Canada.  P. culiciformis and  P. lugens Kieffer, 1915 have four BINs each, while the others have tree to one BIN each.</p><p>Intraspecific distance ranges from 0 to 3.3% (Table 6). Only  P. ferrugineus (Kieffer, 1918) has an intraspecific distance exceeding that of the interspecific distance. Interspecific distance, expressed as distance to nearest neighbour in BOLD, ranges from 2.0 to 8.8%. Six species have an interspecific distance below 3.3%. Notably, five of these are among those most easily identified morphologically. The BIN distance between the sixth species  P. tenebricosus and its nearest neighbour  P. ferrugineus is only 2.0%. The species are readily distinguished from each other by the form of the phallapodeme. Some species have BINs with the closest neighbour BIN not of morphologically very similar species but of species with very different morphology. The most striking example is  P. appropinquatus (Lundström, 1916) . with almost no gonostylus process and  P. dentus with a very long gonostylus process.</p><p>In addition to the 42 BINs thoroughly studied, there are 6 more BINs of  Procladius in BOLD which contain at least one specimen from Europe. These BINs (BOLD:ABX4068, BOLD:ACQ5869, BOLD: ADA 6883, BOLD: ADA 8287, BOLD:AEE2525, BOLD:AEE7861) were not included in the analyses of the present study as they contain morphologically deformed males, contain no adult males, or lack adult males available for studies. Whether or not these BINs represent valid species of  Procladius is an open question.</p><p>Measurement data of the analyses of one hundred morphological characters (Supplement 1: https://doi.org/10.6084/ m9.figshare.28189610) showed that nine of the Procadius species can be identified by at least one non-overlapping character. Seven species can be identified by one or more non-overlapping genitalia characters, viz. the unique form of the gonocoxite ( P. dentus), gonostylus ( P. clavus and  P. crassinervis), phallapodeme ( P. ferrugineus) or medioapodeme ( P. gemma,  P. signatus and  P. dentus).  P. flavifrons Edwards, 1929 can be distinguished by the numerous setae on the katepisternum.  P. fimbriatus is effortlessly identified by its femalized head and an antenna with a much lower AR than that of all other species. Reliable identification of each of the other eighteen species mostly requires measurements of several morphological characters.</p><p>The most useful character for species identification is GspR, a ratio constructed as the gonostylus outer length divided by the gonostylus process length (Table 2 item G22, Fig. 17). GspR is always one of the characters when more than one character is needed for species identification. An advantage is that GspR is usually easily measured for specimens prepared on slides or kept in alcohol.</p><p>Other frequently useful morphological characters for separation of morphologically similar species are antenna AR (Table 2, item H2, Fig. 1), macrotrichia on the median anepisternum (Table 2, item T10, Fig. 4), front leg beard ratio (Table 2, item L10, Fig. 9), wing length (Table 2, item W1, Fig. 5), and thickness of the gonostylus measured as GsmR (Table 2, item G23, Fig. 18).</p><p>Species key to adult males of European  Procladius</p><p>Each step (couplet) in a key for morphological species identification should preferably be dichotomous and give two options for one morphological character. This approach is often not sufficient for distinguishing species of  Procladius because of frequent and sometimes considerable overlaps in male characters.</p><p>In the key below one to three characters are provided for major divisions, while three characters are always available for species separation. The characters of each division are ranked according to importance (I‒III) for species identification. Taking all three characters and the drawings of male genitalia (Figs. 20‒127) into account is often needed to achieve reliable species identification. Most characters have a code within parenthesis, e.g. (A1), that is explained in Table 2 and illustrated in Figs. 1‒19.</p><p>The key contains 28 of the 100 characters chosen for the present study. Before using the key, measurement of GspR, gonostylus process length divided by gonostylus outer length (G22, Fig. 17) is recommended as this character forms the base of species identification.</p><p>If the key does not result in satisfactory species identification, two additional instruments can be consulted. The helpdesk (heading below, Table 7) contains an overview of 21 morphological characters important for species separation. The subheadings “Diagnostical characters” and “Geographical distribution and ecology” for each species (below under heading “The species; systematics, distribution and ecology”) contains information particularly useful to separate morphologically similar species. The helpdesk and diagnostical characters are also useful for quality assurance of species determinations.</p><p>characters of a species are marked in bold. The characters are explained in Table 2 and illustrated in Fig. 1‒19.</p><p>......continued on the next page characters of a species are marked in bold. Characters are explained in Table 2 and illustrated in Fig. 1‒19.</p><p>......continue on the next page</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>1. I) Wing; membrane with more than 20 macrotrichia (W3, Fig. 6). II) Genitalia; gonostylus inner margin slightly concave to slightly convex without strong setae (G28, Fig. 17)........................................................... 2.</p><p>- I) Wing; membrane without macrotrichia or rarely 1‒5 at wing apex (W3). II) Genitalia; gonostylus inner margin distinctly convex with strong setae (G28, Fig. 113).................................................................. 23.</p><p>2. I) Head; antenna AR 0.3‒0.6 (H2). II) Genitalia; gonostylus process long GspR 0.34‒0.40 (G22, Fig. 47). III) Genitalia; gonocoxite width 264‒311 µm (G11, Fig. 16). Figs. 20, 47‒49.  P . fimbriatus Wülker, 1959</p><p>- I) Head; antenna AR 1.3‒3.2 (H2, Fig. 1). II. Genitalia; gonostylus process very short to very long GspR 0.02‒0.48 (G22, Figs. 56 and 65). III) Genitalia; gonocoxite width 185‒532 µm (G11, Fig. 16)......................................... 3.</p><p>3. I) Genitalia; medioapodeme long and inner section strongly curved backwards 30‒105° (G3, Fig. 14).................. 4.</p><p>- I) Genitalia; medioapodeme short and inner section not or slightly curved backwards 0‒10° (G3, Fig. 15)............... 7.</p><p>4. I) Genitalia; gonostylus process short GspR 0.10‒0.22 (G22, Fig. 18)............................................ 5.</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonostylus process long to very long GspR 0.36‒0.48 (G22, Fig. 17).................................. 6.</p><p>5. I) Genitalia; medioapodeme anterior margin undulating (Fig. 21). II) Abdomen; tergite IX hind mid margin with a ball-formed projection (A7, Fig. 21). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process length/width 0.8‒1.1 (G21, Fig. 50). Figs. 21, 50‒52.  P . gemma Brodin,  new species</p><p>- I) Genitalia; medioapodeme anterior margin straight (Fig. 22). II) Abdomen; tergite IX hind mid margin with a semicircular projection (A7, Fig. 22). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process length/width 0.5‒0.8 (G21, Fig. 53). Figs. 22, 53‒55.  P . clavus Roback, 1971</p><p>6. I) Genitalia; gonocoxite with a marked dorsal ridge (Fig. 23). II) Genitalia; medioapodeme mid with long anteriorly directed process (Fig. 23). III) Head; antenna AR 2.5‒3.0 (H2). Figs. 14, 23, 56‒58.  P . dentus Roback, 1971</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonocoxite without a marked dorsal ridge (Fig. 24). II) Genitalia; medioapodeme mid without anteriorly directed process (Fig. 24). III) Head; antenna AR 1.9‒2.5 (H2). Figs. 17, 24, 59‒61.  P . signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850)</p><p>7. I) Genitalia; gonostylus process long GspR 0.35‒0.43 (G22, Fig. 63). II) Wing; length 3.5‒4.5 mm (W1). III) Thorax; median anepisternum with 7‒21 setae on each side (T10). Figs. 11, 25, 62‒64.  P . tatrensis Gowin, 1944</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonostylus process very short to long GspR 0.02‒0.39 (G22), if&gt;0.34 then II) Wing; length &lt;3.5 mm (W1) and III) Thorax; median anepisternum with 0‒6 setae on each side (T10, Fig. 4)....................................... 8.</p><p>8. I) Genitalia; gonostylus process slightly indicated to short GspR 0.02‒0.10 (G22, Figs. 66 and 69). II) Genitalia; gonostylus process length/base width 0.1‒0.5 (G21, Fig. 66). III) Genitalia; gonocoxite width 282‒451 µm (G11, Fig. 16)........... 9.</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonostylus process short to very long GspR 0.10‒0.39 (G22). II) Genitalia; if gonostylus process length/base width &lt;0.6 (G21, Fig. 17) then III) Genitalia; gonocoxite width &lt;265 µm (G11, Fig. 16)............................ 10.</p><p>9. I) Genitalia; gonocoxite width 377‒451 µm (G11). II) Leg; hind leg each tibial comb with 8‒10 spines (L18). III) Wing; length 3.7‒4.6 mm (W1). Figs. 9, 26, 65‒67.  P . simplicistilus Freeman, 1948</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonocoxite width 282‒350 µm (G11). II) Leg; hind leg each tibial comb with 11‒16 spines (L18, Fig. 10). III) Wing; length 2.5‒3.7 mm (W1). Figs. 27, 68‒70.  P . appropinquatus (Lundström, 1916)</p><p>10. I) Leg; hind leg tibial comb with 6‒9 spines (L18). II) Leg; tarsi of front leg with very long setae BRI 5.5‒8 (L10, Fig. 9). III) Thorax; median anepisternum with 10‒18 setae on each side (T10)............................................. 11.</p><p>- I) Leg; hind leg tibial comb with 9‒14 spines (L18, Fig. 10), if &lt;10 spines then II) Leg; tarsi of front leg with BRI &lt;5 (L10, Fig. 9). III) Thorax; median anepisternum with 0‒26 setae on each side (T10, Fig. 4).................................. 12.</p><p>11. I) Genitalia; gonostylus process GspR 0.23‒0.31 (G22, Fig. 28). II) Wing; Cu stem vein before MCu without setae (W11, Fig. 5). III) Head; palpomere five length/width 7.2‒8.5 (H9). Figs. 28, 71‒73.  P . lugubris (Zetterstedt, 1850)</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonostylus process GspR 0.14‒0.19 (G22, Fig. 29). II) Wing; Cu stem vein before MCu with 4‒11 setae (W11). III) Head; palpomere five length/width 10.7‒11.3 (H9, Fig. 2). Figs. 29, 74‒76.  P . exilis Brodin,  new species</p><p>12. I) Genitalia; phallapodeme inner section about as dark and basally as broad as outer section (G6, G7, Fig. 30). II) Genitalia; phallapodeme mid not to moderately angled 0‒30° (G5, Fig. 30). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process moderately long GspR 0.27‒0.33 (G22, Fig. 77). Figs. 30, 77‒79.  P . ferrugineus (Kieffer, 1918)</p><p>- I) Genitalia; phallapodeme inner section lighter to much lighter and basally distinctly thinner than outer section (G6, G7, Fig. 15). II) Genitalia; phallapodeme mid moderately to strongly angled 25‒90° (G5, Fig. 15). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process short to long GspR 0.10‒0.39 (G22)...................................................................... 13.</p><p>13. I) Genitalia, gonostylus process strongly oriented upwards 30‒60° (G33, Fig. 19). II) Genitalia; gonostylus process strongly diverging 40‒75° (G31, Fig. 80). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process long GspR 0.32‒0.39 (G22, Fig. 80). Figs. 19, 31, 80‒82.  P . crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838)</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonostylus process not to moderately oriented upwards 0‒25° (G33, Fig. 19). II) Genitalia; gonostylus process not to strongly diverging 0‒50° (G31, Fig. 83). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process short to long GspR 0.10‒0.37 (G22)....... 14.</p><p>14. I) Thorax; median anepisternum with 5‒26 setae (T10). II) Head; palpomere five length/width 8.0‒9.3 (H9). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process moderately long GspR 0.25‒0.33 (G22, Fig. 83). Figs. 32, 83‒85.  P . frigidus (Holmgren, 1869)</p><p>- I) Thorax; median anepisternum with 0‒6 setae (T10, Fig. 4). II) Head; palpomere five length/width 9.1‒12.3 (H9, Fig. 2), if &lt;9,4 then median anepisternum with &lt;4 setae (T10). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process short to long GspR 0.10‒0.37 (G22).</p><p>.................................................................................................. 15.</p><p>15. I) Genitalia; gonostylus process moderately to strongly diverging 30‒50° (G31, Fig. 86). II) Body; length 3.6‒4.4 mm (B1). III). Genitalia; gonostylus process rather long to long GspR 0.28‒0.37 (G22, Fig. 86). Figs. 33, 86‒88.  P . floralis Kieffer, 1915</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonostylus process not to moderately diverging 0‒30° (G31, Fig. 89), if&gt;25° then II) Body; length&gt; 4.4 mm (B1). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process short to long GspR 0.10‒0.34 (G22).......................................... 16.</p><p>16. I) Genitalia; gonostylus process medium long to long GspR 0.23‒0.34 (G22, Fig. 89). II) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/ mid width GsmR 5.2‒6.9 (G23, Fig. 89). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process length/width 1.2‒1.9 (G21, Figs. 17 and 89)... 17.</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonostylus process short to medium long GspR 0.10‒0.25 (G22, Fig. 18), if&gt;0.23 then II) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/mid width GsmR &lt;5.2 (G23, Fig. 107) and III) Genitalia; gonostylus process length/width &lt;1.4 (G21, Figs. 17 and 18)................................................................................................ 19.</p><p>17. I) Wing; with distinct to very distinct dark patch in anal cell (W7, Fig. 6). II) Leg; hind leg tibia length 0.84‒1.17 mm (L16). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process medium to rather long GspR 0.23‒0.29 (G22, Fig. 89). Figs. 6, 12, 34, 89‒91.  P . tenebricosus Brodin &amp; Hellberg,  new species</p><p>- I) Wing; with no or faint dark patch in anal cell (W7, Fig. 5). II) Leg; hind leg tibia length 1.21‒1.71 mm (L16). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process medium to long GspR 0.23‒0.34 (G22)................................................... 18.</p><p>18. I) Genitalia; outer section length/gonocoxite base width 0.34‒0.46 (G10, Fig. 13). II) Genitalia; gonostylus process medium to long GspR 0.25‒0.34 (G22, Fig. 92). III) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/mid width GsmR 5.5‒6.9 (G23, Fig. 92). Figs. 19, 35, 92‒94.  P . longistilus (Kieffer, 1916)</p><p>- I) Genitalia; phallapodeme outer section length/gonocoxite base width 0.27‒0.36 (G10, Fig. 13). II) Genitalia; gonostylus process medium long to rather long GspR 0.23‒0.30 (G22, Fig. 95). III) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/mid width GsmR 5.2‒6.3 (G23, Fig. 95). Figs. 5, 8, 16, 36, 95‒97.  P . pruinosus (Kieffer, 1924)</p><p>19. I) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/mid width GsmR 5.9‒6.9 (G23, Figs. 18 and 98). II) Wing; Cu stem vein before MCu with 5‒33 setae (W11). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process short to rather short GspR 0.14‒0.20 (G22, Fig. 98). Figs. 37, 98‒100.  P . saeticubitus Brodin,  new species</p><p>- II) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/mid width GsmR 4.2‒6.4 (G23, Figs. 18 and 101), if&gt;5.8 then II) Wing; Cu stem vein before MCu with 0‒4 setae (W11, Fig. 5) and/or III) Genitalia; gonostylus process GspR&gt;0.20 (G22, Fig. 101)......... 20.</p><p>20. I) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/mid width GsmR 5.3‒6.4 (G23, Figs. 18 and 101). II) Leg; front leg BR 3‒6.5 (L10, Fig. 9). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process rather short GspR 0.18‒0.24 (G22, Fig. 101). Figs. 7, 15, 38, 101‒103.  P . islandicus (Goetghebuer, 1931)</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/mid width GsmR 4.2‒5.7 (G23, Figs. 18 and 104), if&gt;5.2 then II) Leg; front leg BR &lt;3 (L10, Fig. 9) and/or III) Genitalia; gonostylus process GspR &lt;0.18 (G22, Fig. 104)................................ 21.</p><p>21. I) Genitalia; gonostylus process short GspR 0.10‒0.16 (G22, Fig. 104). II) Leg; mid leg tibia length 1.05‒1.26 mm (L13). III) Genitalia; gonostylus process length/width 0.5‒0.8 (G21, Figs. 18 and 104). Figs. 39, 104‒106.  P . breviatus Remmert, 1953.</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonostylus process short to medium long GspR 0.13‒0.25 (G22, Fig. 107), if &lt;0.16 then II) Leg; mid leg tibia length &lt;1.05 mm (L13) and/or III) Genitalia; gonostylus process length/width&gt;0.8 (G21, Figs. 17 and 107)............ 22.</p><p>22. I) Genitalia; gonostylus process rather short to medium long GspR 0.18‒0.24 (G22, Fig. 107). II) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/mid width GsmR 4.2‒5.2 (G23, Figs. 18 and 107). III) Body; length 4.4‒5.7 mm (B1). Figs. 1, 3, 13, 40, 107‒109.  P . culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767)</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonostylus process short to rather short GspR 0.13‒0.20 (G22, Fig. 110). II) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/ mid width GsmR 4.9‒5.6 (G23, Figs. 18 and 110). III) Body; length 2.9‒4.4 mm (B1). Figs. 2, 18, 41, 110‒112.  P . choreus (Meigen, 1804)</p><p>23. I) Genitalia; gonostylus process short GspR 0.10‒0.19 (G22, Fig. 113). II) Genitalia; gonostylus process length/width 0.4‒0.9 (G21, Fig. 113)...................................................................................... 24.</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonostylus process absent to very short GspR 0‒0.06 (G22, Fig. 119). II) Genitalia; gonostylus process length/ width 0‒0.4 (G21, Fig. 119)............................................................................ 25.</p><p>24. I) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/mid width GsmR 2.6‒3.3 (G23, Figs. 18 and 113). II) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/ gonocoxite length 0.42‒0.50 (G25, Figs. 16 and 113). IIII) Genitalia; gonocoxite base width 206‒285 µm (G11, Fig. 16). Figs. 42, 113‒115.  P . bellus (Loew, 1866).......................................................................</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/mid width GsmR 3.2‒3.9 (G23, Figs. 18 and 116). II) Genitalia; gonostylus outer length/ gonocoxite length 0.50‒0.59 (G25, Fig. 16). IIII) Genitalia; gonocoxite base width 178‒216 µm (G11, Fig. 16). Figs. 43, 116‒118.  P . nudipennis Brundin, 1947</p><p>25. I) Thorax; katepisternum with 9‒18 setae on each side (T11, Fig. 4). II) Head; antenna AR 1.3‒1.7 (H2, Fig. 1). III) Wing; length 1.7‒2.3 mm (W1, Fig. 5). Figs. 4, 44, 119‒121.  P . flavifrons Edwards, 1929</p><p>- I) Thorax; katepisternum without setae (T11). II) Head; antenna AR 1.7‒2.6 (H2, Fig. 1). III) Wing; length 2.1‒3.4 mm (W1, Fig. 5)............................................................................................. 26.</p><p>26. I) Genitalia; gonostylus outer margin smoothly curved in basal section (Fig. 122). II) Leg; front leg tibia length 0.83‒1.17 mm (L1). III) Head; antenna AR 1.7‒2.3 (H2, Fig. 1). Figs. 45, 122‒124.  P . lugens Kieffer, 1915</p><p>- I) Genitalia; gonostylus outer margin abruptly angled in basal section (Fig. 125). II) Leg; front leg tibia length 1.21‒1.39 mm (L1). III) Head; antenna AR 2.2‒2.6 (H2, Fig. 1). Figs. 10, 46, 125‒127.  P . imicola Kieffer, 1922</p><p>Species identification helpdesk</p><p>Consulting the key above might not always result in unambiguous species identification of European  Procladius . Cases where two, or more rarely even three, species are possible may occur because of overlaps in measurements of morphological characters. The key might also have a limited functionality if diagnostic species characters of a specimen studied are obscured, deformed or completely lost, such as antennae or tarsomere setae for measurement of leg BR (Tabel 2, L10).</p><p>Table 7 functions as a helpdesk for species identification if the key is not sufficient. The helpdesk contains 21 important diagnostic characters, of which two are not in the key. The fictive example in Table 8 shows how Table 7 by adopting a stepwise procedure can be used for species identification of a difficult specimen. Usually 7‒10 steps may be enough, but in a few cases it might be necessary to go through all 21 steps to reach a conclusion. Table 7 may also serve as a general quality assurance tool for reliable species identification.</p><p>A test including a hundred specimens indicates that the most problematic species separation issues are those of the “species pairs”  P. choreus /  P. culiciformis,  P. choreus /  P. islandicus,  P. culiciformis /  P. pruinosus,  P. pruinosus /  P. tenebricosus and  P. imicola /  P. lugens .</p><p>TABLE 8. Stepwise procedure to reveal species identity of a fictive  Procladius male. Step 1a: Measure GspR of the fictive male, e.g. 0.20. Step 1b: Mark all species in Table 7A 1 with a GspR-interval covering 0.20. Step 2‒7: Mark agreement with fictive male e.g. with green and disagreement e.g. with red figures. Step 8‒21: Continue to Table 7B‒C if necessary for reliable species identification. Here,  P. islandicus is the most likely species as it is the only one with all figures marked green.</p><p>Species Character</p><p>G22) W3) wing G23) A2) tergite G31) gonostylus W1) wing T10)</p><p>gonostylus membrane gonostylus II‒IV posterior process length, mm anepisternum</p><p>GspR setae GsmR colour divergence ° setae</p><p>Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7</p><p>fictive male 0.20 3 5.5 2 10 3.1 2</p><p>P. choreus 0.13‒0.20 2‒3 4.9‒5.6 0‒1 0‒15 1.8‒2.8 0‒2</p><p>P. saeticubitus 0.14‒0.20 3 5.9‒6.9 0.5‒2.5 0‒15 2.6‒3.4 0‒3</p><p>P. gemma 0.17‒0.22 2 5.4‒5.7 2‒2.5 25‒45 3.7‒4.3 0</p><p>P. islandicus 0.18‒0.24 2.5‒3 5.3‒6.4 1‒2.5 0‒15 2.6‒3.5 0‒3</p><p>P. culiciformis 0.18‒0.25 2‒3 4.2‒5.2 0.5‒2 0‒25 2.4‒3.5 0</p><p>Species identification of other than European  Procladius</p><p>Twelve species not known from Europe, but might be found there in the future, have also been studied using several characters of the 100-character analysis (Supplement 1). The most important characteristics to identify these species are presented in Table 9.</p><p>from Europe but possibly found there in the future. Characters are explained in Table 2 and illustrated in Fig. 1‒19.</p><p>Procladius barbatulus Sublette, 1964 (Sublette 1964; Roback 1971; Murray &amp; Fittkau 1989 as  P. bellus) found in the United States appears at couplet 22 in the key above.  P. barbatulus is similar to  P. choreus and  P. culiciformis but has a broader gonostylus process expressed as process width divided by gonostylus stem base width (1.4‒1.6 versus 0.7‒1.2) and the front leg tarsomere 4 is much longer than tarsomere 5 (ratio 1.9‒2.1 versus 1.2‒1.6).</p><p>Procladius curtus Roback, 1971 (Roback 1971) found in the United States appears at couplet 22 in the key.  P. curtus can be distinguished from the similar  P. choreus and  P. culiciformis by a shorter gonostylus process (GspR 0.07‒0.09 versus 0.13‒0.25) and short front leg tibia compared with the first tarsomere (LRI 0.83‒0.85 versus 0.68‒0.78).</p><p>Procladius deltaensis Roback, 1987 (Wrubleski &amp; Roback 1987) found in Canada appears at couplet 24 in the key.  P. deltaensis can be separated from the similar  P. bellus and  P. nudipennis by a shorter antenna (AR 0.9‒1.1 versus 1.4‒2.1) and shorter gonostylus length in relation to the gonocoxite length (0.35‒0.39 versus 0.42‒0.59).</p><p>Procladius desis Roback, 1971 (Roback 1971) found in Canada and the United States will appear at couplet 9 or 14 in the key.  P. desis can be distinguished from all species of  Procladius in Europe by measurements of three gonostylus characters (GspR 0.09‒0.16, process length/width 0.3‒0.6, GsmR 4.8‒5.3) Measurement data of three studied specimens from Canada are available in Supplement 1. BIN BOLD:AAG3919 is  P. desis .</p><p>Procladius jeris Roback, 1971 (Roback 1971) found in Alaska in the United States will appear at couplet 7 in the key. The gonostylus of  P. jeris is similar of that of  P. tatrensis (GspR 0.40‒0.42 versus 0.35‒0.43), but the body of  P. jeris is smaller (wing length 3.5‒4.5 mm versus 2.9‒3.1 mm) and the caudolateral ends of the nine tergite much more produced. The status of the species is uncertain as only one specimen is known, and the holotype is probably lost. It might be a form of  P. tatrensis .</p><p>Procladius paragretis Roback, 1971 (Roback 1971; Roback 1980) found on Greenland and Alaska in the United Sates will appear at couplet 7 in the key.  P. paragretis can be distinguished from the rather similar  P. tatrensis by a longer (GspR 0.46‒0.48 versus 0.35‒0.43) and more divergent gonostylus process (50‒60° versus 25‒50°), and broader gonostylus (GsmR 5.0‒5.2 versus 5.5‒6.5). The holotype has been studied within the present project, cf. measurement data in Supplement 1. The drawing of  P. paragetis in Roback (1980) shows a defect gonostylus process. BIN BOLD:AAG5430 is probably  P. paragretis .</p><p>Procladius prolongatus Roback, 1971 (Roback 1971; Roback 1980) found in Canada, will appear at couplet 4 in the key.  P. prolongatus is easily separated from the European species with long medioapodeme by several characters including its comparatively thin, strongly diverging (70°) and moderately long gonostylus process (GspR 0.27‒0.29). The only specimen, assigned as holotype (CNCC), has been studied within the present project, cf. measurement data in Supplement 1.</p><p>Procladius reidi (Freeman, 1955) (Freeman 1955; Cranston &amp; Judd 1989; Saether &amp; Andersen 2000), found in Guinea, Sudan and Ghana in Africa and Saudia Arabia in Asia appears at couplet 24 in the key.  P. reidi agrees with  P. nudipennis in the key but can be distinguished by the pattern of the abdominal tergites II‒VII (dark median longitudinal band versus longitudinal band absent), shorter wing (1.5‒1.6 mm versus 1.8‒2.4 mm) and shorter mid leg tibia (0.62 mm versus 0.82‒1.04 mm).</p><p>Procladius sublettei Roback, 1971 (Sublette 1964; Roback 1971; Roback 1980; Murray &amp; Fittkau 1989; Saether 2010) found in the United States and Canada will appear at couplet 6 in the key.  P. sublettei is very similar to  P. signatus but lacks a basal inner lobe (inferior volsella) of the gonocoxite. It is usually smaller (wing length 2.3‒2.9 mm versus 2.8‒3.9 mm) and mostly with a lower antennal ratio (AR 1.7‒2.0 versus 1.9‒2.5 mm).</p><p>Procladius tridentus Sanyal &amp; Hazra, 2016 (Sanyal &amp; Hazra 2016) found in India, will appear at couplet 21 in the key.  P. tridentus is distinguished from all European  Procladius by its small size (wing length 1.4‒1.5 mm, body length 2.6‒2.7 mm), and from the rather similar  P. choreus also by a shorter gonostylus process (GspR 0.05‒0.07 versus 0.13‒0.20).</p><p>Procladius wilhmi Roback, 1966 (Roback 1966a; Roback 1971; Roback 1980) found in the United States appears at couplet 6 in the key.  P. wilhmi is easily separated from the European species that also have a long medioapodeme by several characters including its short gonostylus process (GspR 0.11‒0.14).</p><p>Procladius sp. 8 XL, collected in China is probably a new species to science. There are ten good genitalia photos in BOLD. The wing length of males is shorter than that of all studied  Procladius in Europe. P. sp. 8XL will appear at couplet 19 in the key and can be distinguished from its probably closest relative  P. choreus by its very slender gonostylus (GsmR 6.8‒8.1 versus 4.9‒5.6), short wing length (1.4‒1.7 mm versus 1.8‒2.8 mm) and gonostylus/ gonocoxite length (0.55‒0.60 versus 0.45‒0.55). BIN BOLD:ACB4698 with  Procladius sp. 8 XL contains specimens from China, Japan, South Korea and easternmost Russia.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology</p><p>The literature search identified about 3 560 papers with adequate information on  Procladius . The search included comprehensive information in databases, particularly BOLD (Ratnasingham et al. 2024). Loans and contacts with museums, scientists and hobby collectors provided additional unpublished geographical and ecological information, as also information on slide labels, alcohol sample notes, and in computer files.</p><p>Procladius is reported from 135 of the about 200 countries or autonomous regions of the world (Table 10). Canada, the United States, Finland, England, Scotland, Norway and Spain had most localities with findings. Records of  Procladius could not be found from six (Afghanistan, Libya, Mali, Mauretania, Mozambique and Venezuela) of the 42 countries with land area exceeding 640 000 km 2. There are very few studies of  Chironomidae species in these countries.</p><p>Recent findings of  Procladius are from New Zealand (Krosch et al. 2022), New Caledonia (Moubayed-Breil et al. 2021) and Vanuatu (Strandberg et al. 2023). The possibly most isolated findings are from the Azores (Murray et al. 2004; Raposeiro et al. 2009) in the Atlantic Ocean and Réunion (Freeman 1958) in the Indian Ocean.</p><p>The northernmost findings of a  Procladius species are from 82°N latitude on Ellesmere Island in Canada (Oliver 1963) and the southernmost findings seems to be from 46°S in southern Argentina (Massaferro et al. 2014).</p><p>The geographical range of  Procladius choreus stands out among the European  Procladius species with reports from 58 countries or autonomous regions (Table 11), mostly from Europe including the remote Azores, but also a wide geographical belt stretching from the Canary Islands, to Egypt, Iran, India, Mongolia, Japan and the United States.  P. choreus is the only of the European  Procladius with quality assured findings in Africa. Other European species with wide geographical range covering Europe, Asia and North America are  P. culiciformis and  P. ferrugineus reported from 37 and 30 countries or autonomous regions, respectively. As much as 20 of the 27 European species of  Procladius are also found in Asia and/or North America.</p><p>Table 11 furthermore shows that six of the  Procladius species of Europe reach above 2 000 meters altitude.  P. tatrensis has the highest record of 2 670 m and might reach 2 800 m in the Alps (Heiri &amp; Lotter 2008). Worldwide it is surpassed by  P. brevipetiolatus which reaches altitude 3 500 m in Uganda (Eggermont &amp; Verschuren 2007) and an unknown species of  Procladius at 4 730 m in Himalayan China (Echeverría-Galindo et al. 2023). None of the European  Procladius species is only confined to high altitude. All, but for  P. fimbriatus with lowest record at 410 m, occur at altitudes of less than 80 m.</p><p>The coldest conditions with findings of  Procladius are on Ellesmere Island of northernmost Canada (Oliver 1963) and the New Siberian Islands of Russia (Lundström 1915; Krasheninnikov 2013; Nazarova et al. 2015) with mean annual temperature of about ‒14 to ‒18 °C. Coldest conditions known for  Procladius in Europe is ‒8 °C mean annual temperature prevailing during the 1920s on the Svalbard islands of northernmost Norway (Edwards 1924; Stur &amp; Ekrem 2020).</p><p>As many as 8 of the 27 identified species of  Procladius in Europe have been found in areas with annual mean annual temperature as low as ‒10 to ‒18 °C (Table 11).  P. clavus (Roback 1971),  P. exilis and  P. frigidus (Lundström 1915; Oliver 1963; Saether 2004) reach the coldest records. Four other species of  Procladius ( P. desis,  P. jeris,  P. paragretis and  P. prolongatus), all from North America, have also been found at sites with mean annual temperature from ‒10 °C or colder. This means that  Procladius, with 12 species, is one of the most species-rich genera of aquatic insects in extremely cold conditions, such as in Canada (Oliver 1963; Danks 1992; Pentinsaari et al. 2020), Greenland (Edwards 1931; Böcher et al. 2015), Russia (Lundström 1915; Saether 2004; Coulson et al. 2014) and Alaska of the United States (Butler et al. 1980; Butler 1982; Lougheed et al. 2011). All species in Europe can thrive in areas with a mean annual temperature below +6 °C and are thus able to withstand ice cover on lakes or smaller water bodies.</p><p>Warmest conditions with records of  Procladius worldwide are in  Niger (Alhou et al. 2012) and the United Arab Emirates (Reeves &amp; Epler 2016) with mean annual temperature about +29 °C. Table 11 shows that only  P. choreus of the European species reach mean annual temperature above +20 °C, with the highest record at +25 °C in Saudi Arabia (Cranston &amp; Judd 1989).</p><p>Six species of  Procladius species found in Europe have temperature ranges of more than 20 °C, with the most extended range noted for  P. lugens (Table 11). All species but four have ranges of 10‒20 °C. Among these, three species,  P. fimbriatus,  P. gemma and  P. saeticubitus, might be rare as they have been recorded from less than eleven localities each.</p><p>Most reports of  Procladius species are from lentic freshwater bodies of 0.01 km 2 or more, thus lakes and reservoirs. Records are rather frequent from other standing freshwater such as springs, ponds, puddles, marshes, swamps, bogs and human constructions such as rice fields, sewage water treatment plants, sewage ponds and rainwater barrels. Larvae of  Procladius also frequently inhabit salty conditions such as estuaries, brackish sea water and even salt lakes with salinity higher than that of the sea. They are, however, not known from true marine environments.</p><p>All 27 European  Procladius species have been found in lakes and reservoirs, most of them also in other kinds of water (Table 12). Brackish and slightly marine water have representatives of nine species of European  Procladius, while moderately fast running water only three.</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>All 25 species with water depth notes have been found in shallow water between 0 to 2 m, while findings beyond 100 m are only reported for  P. lugubris and  P. culiciformis, of which the latter has a probable record from 206 m in Lake Vierwaldstätter in Switzerland (Zschokke 1905).</p><p>Table 12 furthermore shows that most  Procladius species, as most other species of  Chironomidae, have a wide adaptability to different trophic levels in lakes and reservoirs encompassing oligotrophic, mesotrophic and eutrophic conditions (Saether 1979; Ruse 2010). No  Procladius species is, however, noted for all five categories of trophic conditions. Five species which mainly or solely inhabit lakes in northern Europe are only found in ultraoligotrophic or oligotrophic conditions, thus with low levels of available nutrient for primary production.</p><p>Species of  Procladius have proven useful as indicators of environmental problems caused by human activity, including eutrophication (Zinchenko 1992; Ruse 2015; Takamura et al. 2021), contamination by heavy metals or toxic organic compounds (Pettigrove 1989; Warwick 1991; Aliyev et al. 2013), climate-change effects (Engels et al. 2019; Rigterink et al. 2022, Brodin &amp; Hellberg 2023) or biological diversity changes (Alhou et al. 2012; Bista et al. 2017; Gadawski et al. 2022). Indicator usefulness of  Procladius is however often hampered by the fact that identification could only be achieved to the genus level.</p><p>Species of  Procladius are generally not among those reported to cause trouble for humans, e.g. because of mass-development or allergy problems. An unidentified species of  Procladius is suspected to be a vector of cholera (Maheshwari et al. 2010).</p><p>The species; systematics, distribution and ecology</p><p>The 27 European species are presented in alphabetical order. After the heading with the species name and author follows in chronological order a list of Latin names, including synonyms, with pertinent information on literature, countries or autonomous regions with findings, life stages and available keys, illustrations and photos. At the end of the list, a question mark in front of the name indicates questionable synonym.</p><p>Material examined is presented in the following way and order; 1) in alphabetic order, country or autonomous region in capital letters, 2) numbers and life stage, 3) within parentheses (type-status if it is a type, if another name is assigned to the specimen, code of four letters of the museum or institution where the specimen is deposited) (Table 13), 4) site with WGS84 geographic coordinates, 5) altitude in meters above sea level abbreviated m a.s.l., 6) mean annual temperature abbreviated m.a.t. of the locality of the year of sampling, 7) date of sampling, 8) leg. collector name, 9) within brackets [barcode code]. Several specimens, sometimes also types, are in private collections and don’t have a museum or institution code.</p><p>......continued on the next page</p><p>Diagnostic characters: Reference to figures of the species and couplet of appearance in the key above are given. The most important morphological information to distinguish the species in question from those most similar ones is highlighted. Notes on taxonomy and the existence of barcodes are also provided. The helpdesk above contains twenty-one characters useful to distinguish the species from other species. Supplement 1 serves as a comprehensive description of the species based on one hundred characters.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology: A synthesis based on important information from published literature and other sources including unpublished works and information only on slides, pins or of alcohol samples is given. Most of the information is also available in Table 11 and 12. Only information from sources where the species in question can be reliably identified is considered.</p><p>References: This part contains a list of published scientific literature or other works with important information about the species in question, provided that species identification can be regarded as reliable, e.g. done be an expert on  Chironomidae taxonomy. The species in question is identified with another name or only as  Procladius sp. in several works, but the species identity is revealed by drawings, photos, specimen loans or correspondence by email.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FFB009123CE4FB2F9EE3FB76	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FF9909133CE4FAEF9CCBF88D.text	5E47CA08FF9909133CE4FAEF9CCBF88D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius appropinquatus (Lundstrom 1916)	<div><p>Procladius appropinquatus (Lundström, 1916)</p><p>Trichotanypus appropinquatus Lundström, 1916 — Poppius et al. (1916), Sweden, adult male, description.</p><p>Procladius appropinquatus (Lundström, 1916) — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius ruris Roback, 1971 — Roback (1971), Canada and United States, adult male, adult female, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius ruris Roback, 1971 — Roback (1980), Canada and United States, adult male, pupa, larva, keys, descriptions, photos, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius sp. A — Halvorsen et al. (1982), Norway, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius sp. B — Halvorsen et al. (1982), Norway, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius appropinquatus (Lundström, 1916) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland, Norway and Sweden, adult males, photos, barcodes.</p><p>Procladius cf. ruris Roback, 1971 — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Norway and Canada, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Norway, Poland, Slovakia and Canada, adult males, adult females, larvae, photo.</p><p>?  Procladius karahutoensis Tokunaga, 1940 — Tokunaga (1940), Japan, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>?  Procladius karahutoensis Tokunaga, 1940 —Sasa &amp; Kikushi (1995), Japan, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>?  Procladius ruris Roback, 1971 — Saether (2010), Canada, larva, key.</p><p>Material examined (n = 29).   CANADA, 1 adult male (Paratype of  P. ruris, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.56&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.24" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.56/lat 51.24)">Banff Alta</a>, 51.24°N 115.56°W, 1 383 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 25.vii.1922, leg. C.B.D. Garrett ;   1 adult male (Paratype of  P. ruris, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-113.01&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=53.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -113.01/lat 53.43)">Lake Cooking</a>, 53.43°N 113.01°W, 732 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 24.v.1937, leg. F.O. Morrison ;   1 adult male (Paratype of  P. ruris, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.84&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.36" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.84/lat 45.36)">Ottawa</a>, 45.36°N 75.84°W, 70 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 2.v.1952, leg. J.E. Mitchell ;   1 adult male (Holotype of  P. ruris, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-110.17&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.39" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -110.17/lat 49.39)">Lake Elkwater</a>, 49.39°N 110.17°W, 1 234 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 2.vi.1955 ,  leg. V. R. Vockeroth;   1 adult male (Paratype of  P. ruris, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-105.99&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.36" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -105.99/lat 49.36)">Lake Scout</a>, 49.36°N 105.99°W, 830 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.1955 ,  leg. V. R. Vockeroth;   1 adult male (as  P. cf. ruris, NTNU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-94.16&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -94.16/lat 58.77)">Churchill town</a>, 58.77°N 94.16°W, 8 m a.s.l., ‒6 °C m.a.t., 21.vii.2007, leg. J. McGovan   [ Barcode CHURC487-08] ;   1 adult male (as  P. cf. ruris, NTNU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-94.17&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.68" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -94.17/lat 58.68)">River Churchill</a>, 58.68°N 94.17°W, 1 m a.s.l., ‒6 °C m.a.t., 25.vii.2007 ,   leg. T.  Ekrem [Barcode CHURC507-08]  .—   FINLAND, 1 adult male, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.88&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.04" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.88/lat 69.04)">Lake Saanajärveniompolo</a>, 69.04°N 20.88°E, 659 m a.s.l., ‒4 °C m.a.t., viii.1956, leg. P. Virtanen ;   4 adult males (MZHF), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.83" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.3/lat 59.83)">Tvärminne</a>, rockpools, 59.83°N 23.30°E, 0‒1 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., vii.1957, leg. B. Lindeberg ;   1 adult male (ZMUO), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.19" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.44/lat 69.19)">Enontekiö</a>, Lake Toskaljärvi, 69.19°N 21.44°E, 704 m a.s.l., ‒5 °C m.a.t., 1.viii.2014, leg. L. Paasivirta ;   2 adult males (ZMUO), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.33&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=64.83" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.33/lat 64.83)">Liminka</a>, Liminganlahti, Liminka, 64.83°N 25.33°E, 1 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 4.viii.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta   [ Barcode CHIFI412-16 and CHIFI413-16] ;   1 adult male (ZMUO), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=68.69" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.73/lat 68.69)">Termislehto</a>, Enontekiö, 68.69°N 23.73°E, 436 m a.s.l., ‒2 °C m.a.t., 15.vi.2016, leg. L. Paasivirta.  —   NORWAY, 2 adult males (as P. sp. A and P. sp. B, ZMBM), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.52" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.15/lat 60.52)">River Ekse</a>, 60.52°N 6.15°E, 580 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 10‒23.viii.1976, leg. G.A. Halvorsen ;   1 adult male (as  P. cf. ruris, NTNU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.83&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=62.69" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.83/lat 62.69)">Sølandet</a>, Kildebeck springbrook, 62.69°N 11.83°E, 785 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 11‒22.vi.2006, leg. O. Hanssen   [ Barcode MIDGE701-08]  .—   RUSSIA, 3 adult males (IANR), tundra ponds, east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=67.62" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.7/lat 67.62)">Naryan-Mar</a>, Yarey-shor, 67.62°N 53.70°E, 18 m a.s.l., ‒3 °C m.a.t., 29.vii.1990, leg. A. Rybakova.  —   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (Holotype of  P. appropinquatus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=67.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.0/lat 67.0)">Sarek valley</a>, Pelajauratjah, 67°N 18°E, 810 m a.s.l., ‒5 °C m.a.t., 2.viii.1907, leg. B. Poppius ;   1 adult male (as  P. simplicistilis, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.5/lat 63.3)">Norrby</a> archipelago, Ängerån stream, 63.3°N 19.5°E, 1‒3 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 1‒10.viii.1981, leg. K. Müller ;   1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.76" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.46/lat 63.76)">Baltic Sea</a>, Sillviksskatan Bay, 63.76°N 20.46°E, 0 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 27.vii.2011, leg. N. Ericson   [ Barcode BSCHI390-17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.99&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=66.14" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.99/lat 66.14)">Lake Kåbdalisjaure</a>, Kåbdalis, 66.14°N 19.99°E, 330 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., vii.1993, leg. B. Viklund ;   1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=68.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.0/lat 68.0)">Torne</a> lappmark, 68°N 19°E, 650 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 1.vii.2016, leg. H. Vårdal   [ Barcoded] ;   2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.23&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.23/lat 63.61)">Lake Stor-Björsjön</a>, 63.61°N 12.23°E, 566 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 16‒23.vi.2019, leg. S. Persson   [ Barcoded]  .</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 27, 68‒70, key couplet 9. Male  P. appropinquatus and  P. simplicistilus have an only slightly indicated gonostylus process which separates them from all other European  Procladius species with wing macrotrichia.</p><p>The gonostylus process of  P. appropinquatus is on average somewhat longer than that of  P. simplicistilus (GspR 0.04‒0.10 versus 0.02‒0.06).  P. appropinquatus is smaller than  P. simplicistilus exemplified by wing length (2.5‒3.7 mm versus 3.7‒4.6 mm), body length (4.3‒6.0 mm versus 6.5‒8.1 mm) and gonocoxite width (282‒350 µm versus 377‒451 µm). The antenna AR-ratio of  P. appropinquatus is mostly lower than that of  P. simplicistilus (AR 1.8‒2.6 versus 2.5‒3.2). Hairiness is often also useful to distinguish  P. appropinquatus from  P. simplicistilus (scutellum 40‒73 setae versus 74‒117 setae, wing vein Cu stem 4‒36 setae versus 0‒4 setae).</p><p>P. appropinquatus has often been identified as  P. ruris in Canada. Studied males including types, both with and without barcodes, shows that  P. ruris is a synonym. The adult female, pupa and larva have been described as  P. ruris . Barcodes of adult males, adult females and larvae are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.  P. appropinquatus  has been found in  northern Europe from Slovakia  at latitude 49°N to northern Finland and Russia  at latitude 69°N. It has been found from 45°N to 59°N in  North America. The species has records from sites in boreal coniferous forests, subalpine mountain birch forests, taiga and completely treeless tundra.  The 34 sites with findings have a mean annual temperature ranging from +7 to ‒6 °C, with the highest temperature at sea level in the Baltic Sea and the coldest in the arctic tundra. Highest altitude is at about 1 900 m above sea level in a high plain above the tree limit in northern Slovakia  .</p><p>Larvae of  P. appropinquatus have been collected at water depth from 0 to 5 m in oligohaline to mesohaline brackish water of bays and rockpools in the Baltic Sea. In freshwater, findings have been reported from ponds, bog systems, shallow lakes, tarns and small streams with low velocity. All findings are from ultraoligotrophic to mesotrophic conditions. Adults have been caught from late May to mid-August.</p><p>Countries with records of  P. appropinquatus in Europe are Finland, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia and Sweden. It is also known from Canada, Japan and the United States.</p><p>References. Brundin 1949; Ekrem et al. 2018; Ekrem &amp; Majaneva 2019; Halvorsen et al. 1982; Lindeberg 1958; Paasivirta 2012; Paasivirta 2014; Poppius et al. 1916; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Roback 1971; Saether 2010; Sasa &amp; Kikushi 1995; Säwedal 1977; Tokunaga 1940.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FF9909133CE4FAEF9CCBF88D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FF97091E3CE4FF709CC7FC2D.text	5E47CA08FF97091E3CE4FF709CC7FC2D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius bellus (Loew 1866)	<div><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866)</p><p>Tanypus bellus Loew, 1866 — Loew (1866), United States, adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Tanypus pusillus Loew, 1866 — Loew (1866), United States, adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Tanypus rufovittatus van der Wulp, 1874 —Wulp van der (1874), Netherlands, adult female, description.</p><p>Procladius adumbratus Johannsen, 1905 — Johannsen (1905), United States, adult female, pupa, larva, key, description.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Johannsen (1905), United States, adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Procladius pusillus (Loew, 1866) — Johannsen (1905), United States, adult male, adult female, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Protenthes bellus (Loew, 1866) — Malloch (1915), United States, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, key, description.</p><p>Procladius concinnus (Coquillett, 1895) — Malloch (1915), United States, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, key, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) —Kieffer (1918), Lithuania, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Procladius latifrons Kieffer, 1922 — Kieffer (1922), Poland and Germany, adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Procladius leucocoma Kieffer, 1922 — Kieffer (1922), Poland, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Procladius flavidus Kieffer, 1923 — Kieffer (1923b), United States, adult female, description.</p><p>Procladius profundorum Kieffer, 1923 — Kieffer (1923b), Germany, adult male, description.</p><p>Procladius malifero Garrett, 1925 — Garrett (1925), Canada, adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Procladius rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) — Goetghebuer (1927), England and Netherlands, adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Procladius rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) — Edwards (1929), England and Ireland, adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Psilotanypus rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Netherlands and England, adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Procladius adumbratus Johannsen, 1905 — Johannsen (1937), United States, pupa, larva, description.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Johannsen (1937), United States, larva, description.</p><p>Procladius rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) — Coe (1950), England and Ireland, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius adumbratus Johannsen, 1905 — Johannsen &amp; Townes (1952), United States, adult female, key.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Johannsen &amp; Townes (1952), United States, adult male, adult female, key.</p><p>Procladius pusillus (Loew, 1866) — Johannsen &amp; Townes (1952), United States, adult male, key.</p><p>Procladius riparius (Malloch, 1915) — Johannsen &amp; Townes (1952), United States, adult male, key.</p><p>Psilotanypus rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) — Muragina-Koreneva (1957), Russia, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, descriptions, keys, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Roback (1957), United States, pupa, larva, key.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Sublette (1964), United States, adult male, adult female, descriptions.</p><p>Procladius rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) — Shilova (1969), Russia, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Roback (1971), Canada and United States, adult male, key, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) — Pankratova (1977), Russia, pupa, larva, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Saether (1977), Canada, adult female, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Moore &amp; Moore (1978), Canada, larva, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) — Pinder (1978), adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Roback (1980), United States and Canada, adult male, pupa, larva, keys, descriptions, photos, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Fittkau &amp; Murray (1986), pupa, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) — Langton (1991), pupa, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) — Langton &amp; Visser (2003), pupa, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) — Langton &amp; Pinder (2007), adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Jacobsen (2008), United States, pupa, key, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Saether (2010), Canada, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, keys, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Cranston &amp; Epler (2013), larva, illustration.</p><p>Procladius rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland, Germany, Netherlands, Canada and United States, adult males, adult females, larvae, photos.</p><p>?  Procladius anomalus Kieffer, 1906 — Kieffer (1906a), France, adult female, description.</p><p>?  Procladius anomalus Kieffer, 1906 — Kieffer (1918a), Lithuania, adult female, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius anomalus Kieffer, 1906 — Goetghebuer (1927), France, adult female, key, description.</p><p>?  Psilotanypus anomalus Kieffer, 1906 — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), France, adult female, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius adumbratus Johannsen, 1905 — Roback (1957), United States, larva, key.</p><p>?  Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Fittkau &amp; Roback (1983), larva, illustration.</p><p>?  Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Cranston &amp; Epler (2013), larva, illustration.</p><p>Material examined (n = 29).   AUSTRIA, 1 adult male (as  P. rufovittatus, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.97&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.64" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.97/lat 48.64)">Stift Schlägl</a>, Böhmer Wald, Glashüttenteich pond, 48.64°N 13.97°E, 552 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 2.vi.1982, leg. H. Malicky.  —   CANADA, 1 adult male (Holotype of  P. malifero, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.79&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.79/lat 49.5)">Cranbrook</a>, 49.50°N 115.79°W, 919 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 20.v.1925, leg. C.B.D. Garrett ;   2 adult males (Paratypes of  P. malifero, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-115.79&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -115.79/lat 49.5)">Cranbrook</a>, 49.50°N 115.79°W, 919 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 20.v.1925, leg. C.B.D. Garrett.  —   CZECHIA, 4 adult males (as  P. rufovittatus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.31&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.11" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.31/lat 49.11)">Divcice</a>, Lake Blatec, 49.11°N 14.31°E, 397 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 19.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   ENGLAND, 1 adult male (as  P. rufovittatus, BMNH), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-0.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.59" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -0.43/lat 51.59)">Ruislip Lido Reservoir</a>, 51.59°N 0.43°W, 50 m a.s.l., +11 °C m.a.t., 1948  .—   FINLAND, 2 adult males (as  P. nudipennis, MZHF), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.74" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.35/lat 61.74)">Lake Puruvesi</a>, Punkasalmi, Akonniemi, 61.74°N 29.35°E, 75 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 10.viii.1974, leg. B. Lindeberg ;   2 adult males (as  P. rufovittatus, ZMUO), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.61&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.61/lat 61.55)">Pihlava</a>, Lake Enäjärvi, 61.55°N 21.61°E, 5 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 4.vi.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta   [ Barcode LEFIJ3499-16 and LEFIJ3500- 16]  .—   GERMANY, 1 adult male (as  P. crassinervis, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.62&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.62/lat 54.15)">Plön</a>, Eutinerstrasse, 54.15°N 10.62°E, 18 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., vi.1964, leg. E.J. Fittkau.  —   NETHERLANDS, 1 adult male (as  P. rufovittatus), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.24&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.37" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.24/lat 52.37)">Almere-Verzetswijk</a>, 52.37°N 5.24°E, ‒ 3 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 14.v.2022, leg. P. Hoekstra.  —   RUSSIA, 1 adult male (as  P. rufovittatus, IBIB), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.6/lat 58.1)">Rybinsk Reservoir</a>, 58.1°N 38.6°E, 97 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., viii.1972, leg. A.I. Shilova.  —   SLOVAKIA, 5 adult males (as  P. rufovittatus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.57/lat 49.1)">Lake Liptovska Mara</a>, Liptovsky Mikulas, 49.10°N 19.57°E, 555 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 19.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (as  P. rufovittatus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.13&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.58" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.13/lat 58.58)">Lake Boren</a>, 58.58°N 15.13°E, 74 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 10‒11.vi.1980, leg. Y. Brodin ;   1 adult male (as  P. rufovittatus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.87&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.33" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.87/lat 59.33)">Lake Mälaren</a>, Drottningholm, 59.33°N 17.87°E, 3 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 26‒29.v.1989 ,  leg. T. Sandberg;   3 adult males (as  P. rufovittatus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.52&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.59" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.52/lat 58.59)">Lake Grytsjö</a>, 58.59°N 15.52°E, 96 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 28.v.1990, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   UNITED STATES, 2 adult males (Paratypes of  P. riparius, INHS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-49.99&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.37" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -49.99/lat 40.37)">Havana</a>, Chautauqua Lake, 40.37°N 49.99°W, 147 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 24.iv.1914 ,  leg. J. R. Malloch;   1 adult male (USNM), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.86" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.0/lat 42.86)">Edgerton</a>, Lake Koshkanong, 42.86°N 89.00°W, 312 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 9.viii.1947, leg. H.S. Dybas.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 42, 113‒115, key couplet 24. The gonostylus with its distinctly convex inner margin in combination with a distinct outer process readily separates  P. bellus and  P. nudipennis from all other European  Procladius .</p><p>The gonostylus of  P. bellus is comparatively broader (gonostylus GsmR 2.6‒3.3 versus 3.2‒3.9), more bulging and usually with more strong setae (6‒12 versus 4‒8) than that of  P. nudipennis, while the gonostylus process is on average slightly shorter (gonostylus GspR 0.10‒0.17 versus 0.13‒0.19).  P. bellus can usually also be separated from  P. nudipennis by the relatively short gonostylus in relation to the length of the gonocoxite (0.42‒0.50 versus 0.50‒0.59).</p><p>P. bellus is on average somewhat larger than  P. nudipennis exemplified by an often broader gonocoxite base (206‒285 µm versus 178‒216 µm), wing length (2.0‒ 2.7 mm versus 1.8‒2.4 mm) and body length (3.5‒4.5 mm versus 3.1‒3.8 mm).</p><p>Some light-coloured specimens of  P. bellus are, as its name applies, regarded as nice-looking owing to a whitish to light yellowish scutellum, mid-section of tibia and abdomen tergites I‒ V, contrasting with darker parts of the body. Oher specimens of  P. bellus are as  P. nudipennis more uniformly brownish.</p><p>P. bellus has since about one hundred and fifty years been referred to as  P. rufovittatus in Europe. Studied specimens from North America and Europe, in some cases also barcoded, reveals that  P. rufovittatus is a synonym. The adult female, pupa and larva of  P. bellus have been described in several papers. Barcodes of adult males, adult females and larvae are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.   The southernmost finding of  P. bellus in  Europe is at latitude 47°N in France and the most northern at 63°N in Finland.  Climate conditions in  Europe range from +11 °C mean annual temperature in the south and to +2 °C in the north.  It has a wider geographical range in the United States and Canada, namely from 39°N to 68°N, and with a temperature span from +12° to ‒8 °C on the Arctic coast of northern Canada. Findings in Europe are from altitude 3 m  below to 560 m above sea level.   The highest altitude records are from a lake in Canada at 1570 m  and one in Mongolia at about 1 650 m.</p><p>P. bellus larvae are mostly found in lakes and lake-like reservoirs. They are also reported from smaller stagnant water bodies such as ponds or puddles in peatlands, fens, gravel pits or sand dunes along the sea. A few records are from slow running water. In Europe and North America most findings are from mesotrophic to eutrophic conditions where the larvae can be among the dominant benthic species in terms of abundance and biomass, e.g. 1 600 individuals and 2 g dry weight per m 2. Larvae have less frequently been recorded from oligotrophic lakes and hypereutrophic lakes or reservoirs.</p><p>P. bellus larvae have been found in the littoral zone at 0‒4 m in lakes with vegetation dominated by plants such as  Elodea and  Myriophyllum . They have been frequently found in the profundal and emerging from 3 to 15 m. The larvae have been reported to have a diapaus during summer stagnation with strong oxygen shortage in deeper zones of eutrophic or hypereutrophic lakes and reservoirs. A kind of diapause with very little growth is also reported to occur during cold winter months when the larvae mostly are at their 3 rd stage, but some also in their 2 nd or last 4 th stage. Gut content studies of  P. bellus indicate that the larvae are detritivore or omnivore and consume algae, bacteria and animals. The amount of animals remains increases in the final fourth instar.</p><p>Adult  P. bellus are known from late April to August and sometimes also until late September. One to three generations per year have been reported in Europe. Emergence may sometimes take place during daytime but mainly during night with a peak at dawn. Ascending pupae can emerge to adults immediately after they reached the water surface. Adult  P. bellus have been found to feed on honeydew from aphids.</p><p>Countries or autonomous regions with records of  P. bellus in Europe are Austria, Czechia, Denmark, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Latvia, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Poland, Russia, Scotland, Slovakia, Sweden and Wales. The species has also been found in Canada, Mongolia and the United States.</p><p>References. Anikina 2009b; Bitušík &amp; Langton 1994; Burtt et al. 1986; Charles et al. 1974; Charles et al. 1976; Coe 1950; Coquillett 1895; Cranston &amp; Epler 2013; Edwards 1929; Erbaeva &amp; Safronov 2016; Fittkau &amp; Murray 1986; Fittkau &amp; Roback 1983; Garrett 1925; Goetghebuer 1927; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Jacobsen 2008; Janeċek 1985; Johannsen 1905; Johannsen 1937; Johannsen &amp; Townes 1952; Kieffer 1906a; Kieffer 1906b; Kieffer 1918a; Kieffer 1922; Kieffer 1923b; Langton 1991; Langton 1993; Langton &amp; Pinder 2007; Langton &amp; Visser 2003; Lindegaard &amp; Brodersen 2000; Loew 1866; Malloch 1915; Mol 1984; Moore &amp; Moore 1978; Moubayed-Breil 2007; Mundie 1957; Muragina-Koreneva 1957; Murray et al. 2018; Orendt 1991; Orendt 1993; Paasivirta 2012; Pankratova 1977; Pinder 1978; Płóciennik et al. 2018; Potter &amp; Learner 1974; Ratnasingham &amp; Hebert 2007; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Roback 1971; Roback 1980; Saether 1977; Saether 2010; Sephton 1987; Sephton &amp; Paterson 1986; Shcherbina 1989; Shilova 1969; Shilova 1976; Smukalla &amp; Meyer 1988; Sokolowa 1968a; Sokolowa 1968b; Sublette 1964; Timm et al. 1996a; Timm et al. 1996b; Titmus 1979; Tomlin et al. 2024; Wulp van der 1874; Vallenduuk &amp; Moller Pillot 2007; Vasques et al. 2022.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FF97091E3CE4FF709CC7FC2D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FF9509183CE4FBD99C75FD45.text	5E47CA08FF9509183CE4FBD99C75FD45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius breviatus Remmert 1953	<div><p>Procladius breviatus Remmert, 1953</p><p>Procladius breviatus Remmert, 1953 — Remmert (1953), Germany, adult male, adult female, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Pinder (1978), adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Omoku &amp; Murray (1987), pupa, photo.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Sasa (1988), Japan, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Langton (1991), pupal exuvia, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) —Sasa &amp; Kikushi (1995), Japan, adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Langton &amp; Visser (2003), pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Langton &amp; Pinder (2007), adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Langton et al. (2013), pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Quintana et al. (2018), Spain, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Albania, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway and Sweden, adult males, adult females, larvae, photos.</p><p>Material examined (n = 27).   ENGLAND, 1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-3.24&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.16" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -3.24/lat 54.16)">Sandscale Haws</a>, 54.16°N 3.24°W, 0 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 18.iv.1964  .—   FINLAND, 1 adult male, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.07/lat 63.43)">Baltic Sea</a>, Storskär Island, Lake Käringsund, 63.43°N 21.07°E, 0 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 30.v‒13.vi.2017, leg. L. Paasivirta.  —   GERMANY, 1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=53.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.4/lat 53.8)">Odesloe</a>, Brenner Moor mire and saline ponds, 53.8°N 10.4°E, 7 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 14.vi.1923, leg. A. Thienemann ;   2 adult males (Paratypes of  P. breviatus, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.67&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.32" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.67/lat 54.32)">Baltic Sea</a>, Howacht Bay, 54.32°N 10.67°E, 0 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 23.iv.1952, leg. H. Remmert.  —   IRELAND, 5 adult males (as  P. sagittalis, NMID), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-9.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -9.45/lat 51.7)">Lake Reenydonegan</a>, 51.70°N 9.45°W, 3 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 19.v.1969, leg. J. Bracken.  —   MONTENEGRO, 1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis, LUIZ), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.11&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.36" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.11/lat 42.36)">Karuc</a> springs at Lake Skadar, 42.36°N 19.11°E, 8 m a.s.l., +15 °C m.a.t., 1.vi.2018, leg. P. Gadawski   [ Barcode BIOUG56531 -FO4] ;   1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis, LUIZ), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.48" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.15/lat 42.48)">Vrijesko Vrelo</a>, at spring, 42.48°N 19.15°E, 31 m a.s.l., +14 °C m.a.t., 30.v.2018, leg. A. Zawal   et al. [ Barcode BIOUG56221 -AO8] ;   1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis, LUIZ), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.18&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.18/lat 42.35)">Malo Blato</a>, 42.35°N 19.18°E, 6 m a.s.l., +15 °C m.a.t., 6.vi.2018, leg. P. Gadawski   [ Barcode BIOUG57312 -D12]  .—   NETHERLANDS, 3 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=4.39&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 4.39/lat 52.2)">Atlantic Sea</a>, Katwijk aan Zee, 52.20°N 4.39°E, 0 m a.s.l., +11 °C m.a.t., 19.vi.1993, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   SPAIN, 1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis, UBCL), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.99&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=43.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.99/lat 43.3)">Galindo</a>, Sestao, Atlantic coast, 43.30°N 2.99°W, 2 m a.s.l., + 15 m  .a.t., vii.2014,  leg. R. Quintana .—   SWEDEN, 2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.67&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.42" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.67/lat 57.42)">Baltic Sea</a>, Hamnefjärden Bay, Simpevarp, 57.42°N 16.67°E, 0 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 5.v.1978, leg. Y. Brodin ;   2 adult males (as  P. sagittalis, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.9/lat 59.7)">Baltic Sea</a>, Furusundsfjärden islands, 59.70°N 18.90°E, 0‒1 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.viii.2008, leg. C. Essenberg   [ Barcode BSCHI081-11 and BSCHI082-11] ;   1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.12&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.47" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.12/lat 59.47)">Baltic Sea</a>, Rödkobbehamnskär Island, 59.47°N 19.12°E, 1 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 4.ix.2010, leg. G. Hjertstrand   [ Barcode BSCHI098-11] ;   3 adult males (as  P. sagittalis, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.14" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.75/lat 59.14)">Baltic Sea</a>, Södra Skräplen island, 59.14°N 18.75°E, 0 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 28.vii.2011, leg. G. Hjertstrand   [ Barcode BSCHI363-17, BSCHI364-17 and BSCHI421-17] ;   1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.92" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.43/lat 56.92)">Baltic Sea</a> coast, Pataholm, 56.92°N 16.43°E, 0 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 2.vi.2012, leg. Y. Brodin   [ Barcode BSCHI683-17] ;   1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.21&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=62.84" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.21/lat 62.84)">Baltic Sea</a> coast, Orrvarp, Gaviksfjärden Bay, 62.84°N 18.21°E, 0 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 13.viii.2013, leg. Y. Brodin   [ Barcode BSCHI819-17]  .</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 39, 104‒106, key couplet 21.  P. breviatus has a short gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of seven other species of  Procladius in Europe. Of these,  P. appropinquatus,  P. bellus,  P. nudipennis and  P. clavus are easily morphologically separated from  P. breviatus as evident from the illustrations of genitalia and several characters in the key and the helpdesk.</p><p>The GspR of  P. breviatus to some degree overlaps that of  P. saeticubitus (0.10‒0.16 versus 0.14‒0.20).  P. breviatus can be distinguished from  P. saeticubitus by the less slender gonostylus (GsmR 4.6‒5.7 versus 5.9‒6.9), wing vein Cu stem setae numbers (0 versus 5‒33) and the gonostylus process length compared to width (0.5‒0.8 versus 0.8‒1.1).</p><p>The GspR of  P. breviatus to some degree overlaps that of  P. exilis (0.10‒0.16 versus 0.14‒0.19).  P. breviatus can be distinguished from  P. exilis by the less slender gonostylus (GsmR 4.6‒5.7 versus 5.9‒6.9), median anepisternum setae numbers (0 versus 10‒18) and antenna AR (1.7‒2.1 versus 2.6‒2.7).</p><p>P. breviatus is sometimes very difficult to distinguish from  P. choreus in cases where the GspR is overlapping (0.10‒0.16 versus 0.13‒0.20). When overlapping, the species can almost always be separated by a combination of characters related to size.  P. breviatus is often bigger than  P. choreus expressed as wing length wing length (2.3‒3.2 versus 1.8‒2.8), mid leg tibia length (1.05‒1.26 mm versus 0.72‒1.14) and body length (3.9‒5.0 mm versus 2.9‒4.4). In addition,  P. breviatus has an on average broader gonostylus process relative to length compared with  P. choreu s (0.5‒0.8 versus 0.7‒1.2).</p><p>P. breviatus has almost only been found in brackish or saline water of the sea or water bodies within 30 km of the seacoast.  P. choreus is also found in brackish water of the sea, but more often in inland waters far from the seacoast.</p><p>P. breviatus Remmert, 1953, has for more than fifty years been regarded as a synonym of  P. sagittalis Kieffer, 1909 . The drawing of Kieffer’s  P. sagittalis and other information in Remmert (1953) reveals that it is a synonym of  P. culiciformis . The adult female of  P. breviatus has been briefly described, the pupa in detail, whereas the larva is undescribed. Barcodes of adult males, adult females and larvae are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology. In Europe,  P. breviatus has been found from latitude 41°N in North Macedonia to 63°N in Finland. The southernmost findings of the species are from the Mediterranean coast of Morocco at 35°N. A great majority of the 42 sites with findings are in the sea near the coast, stagnant water bodies connected to the sea or inland water within 30 km from the sea. Confirmed findings are from altitude ‒ 1 to 40 m above sea level, which means that  P. breviatus has the most limited altitude range of all European  Procladius, except for  P. clavus . Mean annual temperature of localities with findings of  P. breviatus range from +18 °C in northern Morocco to +3 °C in Finland.</p><p>Larvae of  P. breviatus inhabit shallow parts of sea bays, estuaries or nearshore zones of the Atlantic Ocean, the Baltic Sea and the Mediterranean Sea. Near the sea, findings are from lakes, ponds, permanent or temporary pools, springs, man-made ditches and in a few cases slow-flowing sections in rivers. Most of these waters have a salinity ranging from slightly brackish conditions to somewhat higher than on average in the Mediterranean Sea (38‰) and the Atlantic Ocean (35‰).  P. breviatus can be considered the best adapted to saline and marine conditions of all  Procladius species in Europe.</p><p>Most findings of  P. breviatus are from the littoral zone with eutrophic to hypereutrophic conditions at water depth 0‒4 m, sometimes with very low oxygen concentration. No confirmed records from the profundal are known. Some findings are from mesotrophic conditions and a few from oligotrophic ones. Larvae of  P. breviatus are usually found in waters with pH above 7, but there are a few findings from acid conditions including a very acid peat pool with pH 4.2. Larvae inhabit mud bottoms with dense to sparse vegetation of e.g.  Phragmites,  Juncus and  Scirpus . It is not known what kind of food items the larvae consume. Adults have been caught from late April to mid-September.</p><p>Countries or autonomous regions with records of  P. breviatus in Europe are Albania, Denmark, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Montenegro, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Scotland, Spain, Sweden and Wales. The species is also known to occur in Morocco, Japan and Asian Russia.</p><p>References. Anikina 2009b; Brodin 1980; Brodin et al. 2013; Cobo et al. 1993; Dowling &amp; Murray 1981; Essenberg 2009; Gadawski 2020; Gadawski et al. 2022; Goetghebuer 1927; Jiménez 1984; Kettani &amp; Moubayed-Breil 2018; Kettani et al. 2022; Kieffer 1918a; Krebs 1979; Krebs 1988; Langton 1991; Langton 1993; Langton &amp; Pinder 2007; Langton &amp; Visser 2003; Moller Pillot &amp; Buskens 1990; Moubayed-Breil et al. 2013; Murray et al. 2018; Nicol 1935; Orendt et al. 2012; Parma &amp; Krebs 1977; Petrova &amp; Zhirov 2014; Pinder 1978; Quintana et al. 2018; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Remmert 1953; Sasa 1988; Sasa &amp; Kikushi 1995; Shcherbina 1989; Thienemann 1954; Thiery 1982; Tomlin et al. 2024.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FF9509183CE4FBD99C75FD45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FF93091B3CE4FD319C25F8B1.text	5E47CA08FF93091B3CE4FD319C25F8B1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius choreus (Meigen 1804)	<div><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804)</p><p>Tanypus choreus Meigen, 1804 — Meigen (1804), adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Tanypus choreus Meigen, 1804 — Meigen (1818), adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Chironomus incomptus Walker, 1856 — Walker (1856), England, adult male, description.</p><p>Procladius albinervis Kieffer, 1918 — Goetghebuer (1922), Belgium, adult male, description, illustration.</p><p>Trichotanypus sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Goetghebuer (1927), France, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Edwards (1929), England, adult male, description.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Edwards (1929), England, adult male, description.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), adult male, key, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, key.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Coe (1950), England, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Morrissey (1950), United States, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Roback (1971), Germany, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius freemani Sublette, 1964 — Roback (1971), United States, adult male in part, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Pankratova (1977), Russia, pupa, larva, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Pinder (1978), England, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius freemani Sublette, 1964 var. 3— Roback (1980), United States, adult male in part, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Bíró (1981), Hungary, larva, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius freemani Sublette, 1964 — Oliver (1981), United States, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius brevipetiolatus (Goetghebuer, 1935) — Cranston &amp; Judd (1989), Saudi Arabia, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Jiménez &amp; Herrera (1988), Spain, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Langton (1991), England, pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Sergeeva (1995), Russia, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Kobayashi (1998), Japan, adult male in part, description, photos.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Langton &amp; Visser (2003), England, pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Langton &amp; Pinder (2007), England, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Langton et al. (2013), England, pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Mohammadi et al. (2021), Iran, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Sweden, Israel and Lebanon, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Albania, Austria, Malta, Montenegro, Portugal, Egypt, Lebanon and Jordan, adult males, adult females, larvae, photos.</p><p>?  Tanypus choreus Meigen, 1804 — Zetterstedt (1850) Sweden, adult male, description.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus horticola Kieffer, 1911 — Kieffer (1911), adult female, description.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus rivulorum Kieffer, 1913 — Kieffer (1913), Germany, adult male, description.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus rivulorum (Kieffer, 1913) — Kieffer (1918a), Lithuania, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus dimidiatus Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus rivulorum (Kieffer, 1913) — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius dimidiatus (Kieffer, 1924) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius rivulorum (Kieffer, 1913) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius freemani Sublette, 1964 — Sublette (1964), United States, adult male in part, description, illustrations.</p><p>?  Procladius freemani Sublette, 1964 — Roback (1980), United States, pupa in part, larva in part, key, description, photos, illustrations.</p><p>?  Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Vallenduuk &amp; Moller Pillot (2007), Netherlands, larva, description.</p><p>?  Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), China, Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, Philippines and Thailand, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>Material examined (n = 47).   BELGIUM, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., RBNS), Mol, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.19&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.29" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.19/lat 51.29)">Postel</a>, 51.29°N 5.19°E, 40 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., vii.1925, leg. G. Severin.  —   CYPRUS, 2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., LUIZ), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.42&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.03" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.42/lat 35.03)">Polis town</a>, 35.03°N 32.42°E, 20 m a.s.l., +19 °C m.a.t., 23.vii.2007, leg. J. Kazimierczak.  —   CZECHIA, 1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Blatec, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.31&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.11" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.31/lat 49.11)">Divcice</a>, 49.11°N 14.31°E, 397 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 19.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin and M. Gransberg.  —   EGYPT, 2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., CBGG), Alexandria, Smouha, Antoniades Gardens, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=31.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.95/lat 31.2)">Lake Farm</a>, 31.20°N 29.95°E, ‒ 4 m a.s.l., +21 °C m.a.t., 22‒29.v.2013, leg. O. El-Ansary   [ Barcode GMESA103-14 and GMEEO10040- 21]  .—   ENGLAND, 1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.01&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.01/lat 50.87)">Lewes</a>, 50.87°N 0.01°E, 2 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 1948 ;   4 adult males (UUZM), South Chingford, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-0.03&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -0.03/lat 51.6)">Banbury Reservoir</a>, 51.60°N 0.03°W, 10 m a.s.l., +11 °C m.a.t., 18.vii.1982, leg. T. Samman ;   2 adult males (UUZM), South Hanningfield, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.51&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.51/lat 51.65)">Hanningfield Reservoir</a>, 51.65°N 0.51°E, 53 m a.s.l., +11 °C m.a.t., 23.vii.1982, leg. T. Samman and Y. Brodin ;   2 adult males (WIFE), London, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-0.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.42" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -0.44/lat 51.42)">Ashford Common</a>, 51.42°N 0.44°W, 12 m a.s.l., +11 °C m.a.t, 3.ix.1989, leg. R.S. Wotton  .—   FRANCE, 1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.0/lat 49.0)">La Guiel</a> stream, 49°N 0°E, circa 1 m a.s.l., +11 °C m.a.t., 6.vi.2007, leg. J. Moubayed-Breil   [ Barcoded]  .—   GERMANY, 1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis, ZSMG), Berlin, pond at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.57" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.28/lat 52.57)">Tegel</a>, 52.57°N 13.28°E, 38 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 1932 ;   2 adult males (ZMLU), Lake Grosser Plönen See, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.14" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.44/lat 54.14)">Plön</a>, 54.14°N 10.44°E, 18 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 1947, leg. A. Thienemann.  —   IRAN, 1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis, UKSI), Qeshlagh reservoir, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=47.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 47.0/lat 35.43)">River Qeshlagh</a>, 35.43°N 47.00°E, 1 394 m a.s.l., +12 °C m.a.t., 16.vii.2018, leg. H. Mohammadi and E. Ghaderi.  —   ITALY, 1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Lago di Landro, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.23&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.63" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.23/lat 46.63)">Carbonin Senluderb</a>, 46.63°N 12.23°E, 1 403 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 29.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin ;   1 adult male (MTSN), Lago di Garda, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.83&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.83/lat 45.87)">Riva del Garda</a>, 45.87°N 10.83°E, 65 m a.s.l., +13 °C m.a.t., 29.ix.2004, leg. L. Marziali.  —   JAPAN, 2 adult males (KUHY), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.3/lat 35.3)">Lake Ikuta</a>, 35.3°N 139.3°E, 60 m a.s.l., +16 °C m.a.t., vii.1992, leg. T. Kobayashi  .—   LEBANON, 3 adult males (NHRS), Anjar-Chamsine, affluent <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.74" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.96/lat 33.74)">Ghozayel du Litani</a>, cold springs, 33.74°N 35.96°E, 940 m a.s.l., +14 °C m.a.t., 15.iii.1982, leg. J. Moubayed-Breil ;   2 adult males (NHRS), River Damour, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.46/lat 33.7)">Damour</a>, 33.70°N 35.46°E, 50 m a.s.l., +18 °C m.a.t., 17.vi‒17.vii.1979, leg. J. Moubayed-Breil ;   2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.69&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.54" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.69/lat 33.54)">Jib-Jennine</a>, stream, 33.54°N 35.69°E, 800 m a.s.l., +15 °C m.a.t., 10.v.1982, leg. J. Moubayed-Breil ;   2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.5/lat 33.9)">Nahr Beyroth Chyah Reservoir</a>, 33.9°N 35.5°E, 39 m a.s.l., +18 °C m.a.t., 22.v.1982, leg. J. Moubayed-Breil.  —   PORTUGAL, 2 adult males (NHRS), Albuferira, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-8.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.52" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -8.44/lat 37.52)">Santa Clara Reservoir</a>, 37.52°N 8.44°W, 127 m a.s.l., +16 °C m.a.t., 5.v.1996, leg. Y. Brodin and K. Murray-Brodin.  —   ROMANIA, 2 adult males (NHRS), Malaie, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.08&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.08/lat 45.35)">Lake Bradisar</a>, 45.35°N 24.08°E, 450 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 23.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin and M. Gransberg.  —   RUSSIA, 2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., TIEV), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=53.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.0/lat 53.6)">Kuybyshev Reservoir</a>, 53.6°N 49.0°E, 47 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., vii.1977 ;   1 adult male (SMUS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=45.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 45.9/lat 51.3)">River Volga</a>, Saratov, 51.3°N 45.9°E, 9 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., vi.1995, leg. I. V. Sergeeva  .—   SPAIN, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., DEBE), Cordoba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.21&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.21/lat 37.5)">Retortillo Reservoir</a>, 37.50°N 5.21°W, 189 m a.s.l., +17 °C m.a.t., 24.xi.1974, leg. N. Prat ;   1 adult male (as  P. rivulorum, DEBE), Orense, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-7.09&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.22" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -7.09/lat 42.22)">Velle Reservoir</a>, 42.22°N 7.09°W, 108 m a.s.l., +14 °C m.a.t., 12.v.1974, leg. N. Prat.  —   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (NHRS), Baltic Sea, Hamnefjärden Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.67&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.42" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.67/lat 57.42)">Simpevarp</a>, 57.42°N 16.67°E, 0 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 5.v.1978, leg. Y. Brodin ;   2 adult males (NHRS), Askö island, west of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.67&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.81" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.67/lat 58.81)">Askötorp</a>, 58.81°N 17.67°E, 5 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 24.vii‒19.viii.2011, leg. B.-E. Bengtsson   [ Barcode BSCHI556-17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Baltic Sea, Stora Karlsö island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.97&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.29" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.97/lat 57.29)">Älmar</a>, 57.29°N 17.97°E, 3 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 13.viii.2011, leg. M. Forshage   [ Barcode BSCHI187-17]  .—   TUNISIA, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., LHUC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.09" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.26/lat 37.09)">Magsbaya</a>, 37.09°N 9.26°E, 150 m a.s.l., +18 °C m.a.t., 2005, leg. S. Boulaaba.  —   UNITED STATES, 2 adult males (as  P. freemani, USNM), Edgerton, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-89.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.86" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -89.0/lat 42.86)">Lake Koshkanong</a>, 42.86°N 89.00°W, 312 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 9.vii.1947, leg. H.S. Dybas.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 2, 18, 41, 110‒112, key couplet 22.  P. choreus has a short gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of nine other species of  Procladius in Europe. Of these,  P. bellus,  P. nudipennis,  P. clavus and  P. gemma are easily morphologically separated from  P. choreus as evident from the illustrations of genitalia and several characters in the key and the helpdesk.</p><p>P. choreus is sometimes very difficult to distinguish from  P. breviatus in cases where the GspR is overlapping (0.13‒0.20 versus 0.10‒0.16). When overlapping, the species might be separated by a combination of characters related to size.  P. choreus is often smaller than  P. breviatus expressed as wing length (1.8‒2.8 versus 2.3‒3.2), mid leg tibia length (0.72‒1.14 mm versus 1.05‒1.26) and body length (2.9‒4.4 mm versus 3.9‒5.0 mm). In addition,  P. choreus has an on average narrower gonostylus process relative to length compared with  P. breviatus (0.7‒1.2 versus 0.5‒0.8).</p><p>The GspR of  P. choreus entirely overlaps that of  P. exilis (0.13‒0.20 versus 0.14‒0.19).  P. choreus can be distinguished from  P. exilis by the less slender gonostylus (GsmR 4.9‒5.6 versus 5.9‒6.9), median anepisternum setae numbers (0‒2 versus 10‒18) and size expressed as wing length (1.8‒2.8 versus 3.1‒3.5).</p><p>The GspR of  P. choreus entirely overlaps that of  P. saeticubitus (0.13‒0.20 versus 0.14‒0.20).  P. choreus can be distinguished from  P. saeticubitus by the less slender gonostylus (GsmR 4.9‒5.6 versus 5.9‒6.9), wing vein Cu stem setae number (0 versus 5‒33) and mostly also size e.g. mid leg tibia length (0.72‒1.14 mm versus 1.13.1‒1.43).</p><p>The GspR of  P. choreus partly overlaps that of  P. islandicus (0.13‒0.20 versus 0.18‒0.24). If overlapping, the species can mostly be distinguished by a combination of other characters.  P. choreus has shorter hairs on the front leg compared with  P. islandicus (BR 1.5‒3 versus 3‒6.5), usually shorter wing length (1.8‒2.8 mm versus 2.6‒3.5) and usually lighter colour exemplified by the posterior colour of tergite II‒IV (whitish to light brown contrasting with the clearly darker anterior part versus contrasting light brown to dark brown as the rest of the tergites).</p><p>P. choreus is sometimes difficult to distinguish from  P. culiciformis in cases where the GspR overlaps (0.13‒0.20 versus 0.18‒0.25). When overlapping, the species can mostly be distinguished by a combination of other characters.  P. choreus often has a slenderer gonostylus (GsmR 4.9‒5.6 versus 4.2‒5.2), and mostly smaller size as expressed by body length (2.9‒4.4 mm versus 4.4‒5.7 mm) and wing length (1.8‒2.8 mm versus 2.4‒3.5 mm).</p><p>P. choreus is confused with  P. culiciformis in several publications, although correctly identified in the key of Pinder (1978), Sergeeva (1995) and Langton &amp; Pinder (2007). The adult female, pupal exuvia and larva have been described in several papers. Barcodes of adult males and adult females are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.  P. choreus  is among the most recorded and best studied species of  Procladius in Europe and the world. Quality assured records are from about 149 sites. It has a wide geographical distribution with the southernmost findings in the Canary Islands (Spain), Saudi Arabia and India at latitude 27‒ 28°N  . The southernmost findings in Europe are at 35‒ 36°N  in Malta and Cyprus, and the northernmost in Finland at 60°N .   The findings worldwide comprise about 57 countries or autonomous regions from the subtropical to the boreal zone, and even a semidesert area of southern Russia. Mean annual temperature ranges from +25 to +5 ° C. There is a distinct trend that specimens of  P. choreus are gradually darker, larger and somewhat hairier with colder climate conditions. Records of the species are from at least 38 countries or autonomous regions in  Europe, with a notable occurrence on the isolated Azore Islands at 28°W  .</p><p>Outside Europe, findings of  P. choreus are reported from about 20 countries or autonomies stretching from the Canary Islands, Jordan, Iran, India to the most western findings in Japan. Most findings are from altitudes from below sea level at – 5 m to about 300 m above. In Mediterranean countries some records are from above 1 000 m above sea level with 1 400 m in Italy as the highest point. Almost 1 400 m above sea level is also reached in Iran.</p><p>P. choreus is among the most common of all chironomid species in European lakes and lake-like reservoirs. Literature studies imply that the species can be expected from all European lakes with mesotrophic, eutrophic and hypereutrophic conditions.  P. choreus is rather common in oligotrophic conditions but possibly never reported from ultraoligotrophic environments.  P. choreus has frequently been reported to be the most abundant chironomid species or even of all macrobenthos in eutrophic to hypereutrophic lakes and reservoirs. In line with this, the larvae have been pointed out as very important food items for various fish such as carps ( Cyprinidae) and salmonids ( Salmonidae). Adult  P. choreus have been reported to be important food items for birds and bats.</p><p>Larvae of  P.choreus are mainly littoral at water depths from 0 to 8 m in vegetation referred to as reed ( Phragmites,  Arundo,  Glyceria and others) or water lilies ( Nymphaeaceae), but also in zones with only submerged plants and macroalgae. The larvae are mostly on mud bottoms, but sometimes on sand bottoms. Larvae of  P. choreus are less frequently found in the profundal zone with low oxygen conditions in eutrophic or hypereutrophic lakes and reservoirs where they seem to be outnumbered by  P. ferrugineus .</p><p>P.choreus might have the most extensive adaptability to different kinds or waters among the species of Procladiu s. Except for  P. breviatus, it seems to be the best adapted  Procladius to saline conditions, such as brackish coastal waters at the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea and estuaries of the Baltic Sea, the Atlantic Ocean or the Mediterranean Sea. Larvae of  P. choreus inhabit lakes or ponds with much higher salt content than in the sea, such as in small coastal waters in Scotland, France and Tunisia. It has not been found in true marine conditions.</p><p>Rivers and streams are frequent habitats of  P. choreus larvae, but not the swift flowing upper reaches. Springs, ponds and puddles are also colonized by  P. choreus larvae, even those which dry out completely during summer. One of these ponds is defined as thermal as it is fed by hot water from a natural spring. The larvae are well suited to withstand strong human impact such as severe eutrophication and heavy metal contamination.  P. choreus are among the first chironomids to colonize new ponds and reservoirs only a few days after these have been constructed.</p><p>Even completely human constructions in urban areas are colonized by  P. choreus larvae, such as garden or park ponds in Austria, Germany and Spain, fountain ponds in Denmark and sand filter beds in constructed pools for water purification in England and Japan. Some of these ponds are only 1 m in diameter, less than 1 m deep and contain no water during winter months. Larvae of  P. choreus are furthermore known to inhabit flooded rice fields in Italy, Hungary and Romania.</p><p>The omnivorous diet of  P. choreus includes detritus, algae and animals such as other chironomids, oligochaetes and crustaceans. Mainly animal food promotes faster growth and earlier emergence, while larvae feeding only on algae and detritus seem not to be able to emerge to adults.</p><p>The species seems to be univoltine in northern Europe with adults flying from mid-April to mid-September. In southern Europe  P. choreus fly all months and may develop three generations per year, or even four in southern Spain.</p><p>Countries with records of  P. choreus in Europe are Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Cyprus, Denmark, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Moldova, Montenegro, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal (including the Azores), Romania, Russia, Scotland, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and Wales. Outside Europe  P. choreus is recorded from Algeria, Azerbaijan, Canada, China, Egypt, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Morocco, North Korea, Russia (Asian part), Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Tunisia, Turkey and the United States. It might also be present in Bangladesh, Pakistan, Philippines and Thailand.</p><p>References. Albu &amp; Botnuric 1966; Alecsevnina 1988; Alecsevnina 1989; Aliyev et al. 2013; Anikina 2009b; Antinova 1993; Armitage 1983; Arnold &amp; György 2004; Aydin &amp; Samin 2020; Baker &amp; McLachlan 1979; Belyavskaya &amp; Konstantinov 1956; Beentjes et al. 2022; Berczik 1966; Bérg 1948; Bíró 1981; Bitušík et al. 2006; Bitušík et al. 2020; Boulaaba et al. 2022; Brodin &amp; Hellberg 2023; Brundin 1949; Bukvová &amp; Hamerlík 2015; Buskens &amp; Moller Pillot 1992; Čerba et al. 2020; Chaib et al. 2011; Coe 1950; Cranston &amp; Judd 1989; Dusoge 1980; Ebejer &amp; Gatt 2021; Edwards 1929; Évrard 1995; Ferrarese 1992; Franz 1989; Gadawski 2020; Gadawski et al. 2022; Gerhardt &amp; Janssens de Bisthoven 2000; Goetghebuer 1922; Goetghebuer 1927; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936b; Gong &amp; Xie 2011; Grigelis 1985; Grzybkowska 1982; Hempel 2011; Hirabayashi et al. 2004; Ilieska &amp; Smijkov 2020; Izvekova 1975; Jiménez &amp; Herrera 1988; Kajak 1980; Kajak &amp; Dusoge 1970; Kajak et al. 1968; Kang et al. 2022; Kashirskaya 1989; Kasymov 1961; Kettani &amp; Moubayed-Breil 2018; Kettani et al. 2022; Kieffer 1911; Kieffer 1913; Kieffer 1918a; Kieffer 1924; Kim et al. 2012; Kobayashi 1998; Kobayashi 2000; Koreneva 1959; Krebs 1979; Langton 1991; Langton &amp; Pinder 2007; Langton &amp; Visser 2003; Larsen 1993; Lods-Crozet &amp; Lachavanne 1994; Mackey 1976; Makarchenko et al. 2016; Meigen 1804; Meigen 1818; Michailova 1996; Mohammadi et al. 2021; Mol 1984; Moller Pillot &amp; Buskens 1990; Mondal et al. 2021; Móra et al. 2004; Móra &amp; Csabai 2008; Morrisey 1950; Mothes 1966; Moubayed-Breil et al. 2013; Mundie 1957; Murray et al. 2004; Niedźwiecki 1970; Nietzke 1937; O´Dell 2018; Oliver 1981; Orendt et al. 2012; Pagast 1931; Pankratova 1977; Papatheodoulou 2020; Parma &amp; Krebs 1977; Pinder 1978; Płóciennik &amp; Karaouzas 2014; Płóciennik &amp; Pešić 2012; Płóciennik et al. 2018; Potter &amp; Learner 1974; Prat 1979; Prat 1980; Prat &amp; Rieradevall 1995; Ratnasingham &amp; Hebert 2007; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Raposeiro et al. 2009; Roback 1971; Roback 1980; Sandberg 1969; Šapkarev 1975; Sergeeva 1995; Sergeeva 2001; Sergeeva 2006; Sergeeva &amp; Anikina 2009; Shcherbina 1989; Shilova 1976; Slavevska-Stamenković et al. 2009; Soriano et al. 1993; Specziár 2008; Stojanovski &amp; Angelovski 1992; Street &amp; Titmus 1979; Stuart 1942; Sublette 1964; Tarwid 1969; Tasdemir &amp; Akyildiz 2023; Tatole 2023; Thienemann 1948; Thienemann 1950; Thienemann 1954; Timm et al. 1994; ToderaŞ 1984; Tokunaga 1937; Tõlp 1979; Tourenq 1976; Vallenduuk &amp; Moller Pillot 2007; Vesterinen et al. 2013; Vilchez &amp; Casas 1987; Wang 1987; Wang &amp; Zheng 1992; Wiederholm 1974; Wotton et al. 1992; Xie &amp; Yin 1984; Xiong et al. 2008; Zerguine 2014; Zetterstedt 1850; Zinchenko 1992.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FF93091B3CE4FD319C25F8B1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FF8F09043CE4FF709AF6FB8F.text	5E47CA08FF8F09043CE4FF709AF6FB8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius clavus Roback 1971	<div><p>Procladius clavus Roback, 1971</p><p>Procladius clavus Roback, 1971 — Roback (1971), Canada, adult male, adult female, key, description, illustrations.</p><p>?  Procladius clavus Roback, 1971 — Egan &amp; Langton (2018), Canada, adult male, pupa, description, photo.</p><p>Material examined (n = 5).   CANADA, 1 adult male (Holotype of  P. clavus, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-93.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -93.3/lat 69.5)">Spence Bay</a>, Taloyoak, 69.5°N 93.3°W, 3 m a.s.l., ‒14 °C m.a.t., 22.vii.1951, leg. J.G. Chillcott ;   1 adult male (Paratype of  P. clavus, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-93.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -93.4/lat 69.5)">Lake Ceillini</a>, Taloyoak, 69.5°N 93.4°W, 20 m a.s.l., ‒14 °C m.a.t., 19.vii.1952, leg. J.G. Chillcott.  —   RUSSIA, 2 adult males (IANR), tundra ponds, east of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=67.62" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.7/lat 67.62)">Naryan-Mar</a>, Yarey-shor, 67.62°N 53.70°E, 20 m a.s.l., ‒3 °C m.a.t., 29.vii.1990, leg. A. Rybakova ;   RUSSIA (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=169.18&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 169.18/lat 69.55)">Asia</a>), 1 adult male (NHRS), Chaunskaya Gulf, Ajon Island, 69.55°N 169.18°E, 10 m a.s.l., ‒10 °C m.a.t., 15‒18.vii.2015, leg. P. Mortensen   [ Barcoded]  .</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 22, 53‒55, key couplet 5.  P. clavus is easily distinguished from all other  Procladius of Europe and North America. The semicircular projection posteriorly of tergite IX, the short, broad gonostylus and the long medioapodeme with a strongly curved inner section form a unique combination of characters.</p><p>Description of  P. clavus male genitalia and pupal exuvia in Egan &amp; Langton (2018) might be another species considering the small size. The adult female has been described, but the larva is unknown. No barcoded material has been identified.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology. Confirmed records of  P. clavus are from four sites only, so knowledge of its ecology and geographical distribution is very limited. The sites are in the tundra at 68‒ 70°N in Russia and Canada with mean annual temperature between ‒3 to ‒14 °C. This means that  P. clavus is the only species of  Procladius that has not been found at mean annual temperature of 0 or warmer, and only  P. exilis and  P. frigidus are known from colder conditions.</p><p>The sites with  P. clavus are in environments with small oligotrophic to possibly mesotrophic ponds at 3‒20 m above sea level within 60 km from the Arctic Ocean. Food requirements of the larvae are not known.</p><p>Countries with records of  P. clavus in Europe is only Russia.  P. clavus is also present in Canada and the Asian part of Russia.</p><p>References. Cannings &amp; Scudder 1978; Egan &amp; Langton 2018; Oliver 1963; Roback 1971.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FF8F09043CE4FF709AF6FB8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FF8F09063CE4FB479DB6F959.text	5E47CA08FF8F09063CE4FB479DB6F959.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt 1838)	<div><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838)</p><p>Tanypus crassinervis Zetterstedt, 1838 — Zetterstedt (1838), Sweden, adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Tanypus crassinervis Zetterstedt, 1838 — Zetterstedt (1850), Sweden, adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Tanypus culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Johannsen (1905), United States, adult male, adult female, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Tanypus pectinatus Kieffer, 1909 — Kieffer (1909), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Protenthes culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Malloch (1915), United States, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, key, illustrations.</p><p>Trichotanypus pectinatus (Kieffer, 1909) — Kieffer (1918a), Lithuania, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Trichotanypus pectinatus (Kieffer, 1909) — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Trichotanypus pectinatus (Kieffer, 1909) — Goetghebuer (1927), France and Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Procladius bifasciatus Goetghebuer, 1936 — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Belgium, adult male, key, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius cinereus Goetghebuer, 1936 — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Belgium, adult male, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850) — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, key.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Coe (1950), Scotland, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Roback (1966b), Sweden, adult male, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius abetus Roback, 1971 — Roback (1971), Canada, adult male, adult female, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Roback (1971), Sweden, adult male, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Roback (1971), England, adult male in part, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius abetus Roback, 1971 — Roback (1980), Canada, adult male, pupa, key, description, photos, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius freemani group sp. 6— Roback (1980), Canada, adult male, pupa, key, description, photos, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Sasa &amp; Kawai (1987), Japan, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) —Sasa &amp; Kikushi (1995), Japan, adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Japan, adult male.</p><p>Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Saether (2010), Canada, adult male in part, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius paragretis Roback, 1971 — Saether (2010), Canada, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, keys, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), China, adult males, photos.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Germany, adult females, photos.</p><p>Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Germany, China, Japan, Pakistan and South Korea, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>?  Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Saether (1977), Canada, adult female, key, illustration.</p><p>?  Procladius paragretis Roback, 1971 — Saether (1977), Canada, adult female, key.</p><p>?  Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Saether (2010), Canada, adult female in part, pupa in part, larva in part, keys, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Material examined (n = 36).   BELGIUM, 1 adult male (Syntype of  P. bifasciatus, RBNS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=4.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.28" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 4.8/lat 50.28)">Namur district</a>, Falaën, 50.28°N 4.80°E, 204 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 12.vi.1921, leg. M. Goetghebuer ;   1 adult male (Syntype of  P. cinereus, RBNS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.19&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.29" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.19/lat 51.29)">Postel</a>, 51.29°N 5.19°E, 40 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 11.vi.1923, leg. G. Severin ;   1 adult male, (as  Procladius sp., RBNS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.92&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.84" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.92/lat 50.84)">Lake Zillebekevijver</a>, 50.84°N 2.92°E, 23 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 12.vii.1939, leg. M. Goetghebuer.  —   CANADA, 1 adult male (Syntype of  P. abetus, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-114.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=53.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -114.0/lat 53.0)">Alta</a>, Wabamun, 53°N 114°W, 721 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 6.vii.1931, leg. F.H. Strickland ;   1 adult male (as  P. culiciformis, FWIM), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-99.01&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=53.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -99.01/lat 53.3)">Lake Winnipeg</a>, Selkirk Island, 53.30°N 99.01°W, 217 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 30.vi.1969, leg. P.S.S. Chang ;   1 adult male (as  P. paragretis, ZMBN), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.89&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.76" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.89/lat 51.76)">Lake Winnipeg</a>, Matheson Island, 51.76°N 96.89°W, 216 m a.s.l., +1 °C m.a.t., 6.vii.1931, leg. P.S.S. Chang.  —   CHINA, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NUCL), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=121.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.93" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 121.07/lat 29.93)">Yuyao</a>, Siminghu Reservoir, 29.93°N 121.07°E, 27 m a.s.l., +17 °C m.a.t., 21.vii.2011, leg. X. Lin   [ Barcode TANCH097-16] ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NUCL), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.64&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.64/lat 28.2)">Yunhe</a>, Xiaoshuncun, 28.20°N 119.64°E, 173 m a.s.l., +16 °C m.a.t., 29.vii.2012, leg. W. Liu   [ Barcode TANCH123-16] ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NUCL), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=119.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=28.12" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 119.57/lat 28.12)">Lishui</a>, Yunhe, 28.12°N 119.57°E, 131 m a.s.l., +17 °C m.a.t., 29.vii.2012, leg. X. Lin   [ Barcode TANCH182-16] ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NUCL), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=118.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 118.4/lat 29.1)">Kaihua</a>, Qianjiangyuan, 29.10°N 118.40°E, 120 m a.s.l., +17 °C m.a.t., 31.vii.2012, leg. X. Lin   [ Barcode TANCH131-16] ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NUCL), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=113.61&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.93" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 113.61/lat 35.93)">Huguan</a>, Taihang Mountain, 35.93°N 113.61°E, 645 m a.s.l., +12 °C m.a.t., 11.x.2014, leg. C. Song   [ Barcode TANCH155-16] ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NUCL), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=112.52&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 112.52/lat 27.75)">Xiangxiang</a>, Maohushuixiang, 27.75°N 112.52°E, 52 m a.s.l., +16 °C m.a.t., 6.v.2015, leg. C. Song   [ Barcode TANCH100-16] ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NUCL), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=116.58&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=29.09" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 116.58/lat 29.09)">Poyang</a>, Niejia, 29.09°N 116.58°E, 27 m a.s.l., +17 °C m.a.t., 12.v.2015, leg. C. Song   [ Barcode TANCH026- 16]  .—   CZECHIA, 4 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.08" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.32/lat 50.08)">Cheb</a>, Vodni Nadrz Skalka Reservoir, 50.08°N 12.32°E, 439 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin and M. Gransberg.  —   FINLAND, 2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., HECH), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.08&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.08/lat 61.17)">Lake Vanajavesi</a>, Aidassaari, 61.17°N 24.08°E, 79 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 10‒12.vii.1977, 17‒19.vii.1977, leg. P.H. Kansanen ;   3 adult males (as  Procladius . sp., HECH), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.1/lat 61.2)">Lake Vanajavesi</a>, K-niemi, 61.20°N 24.10°E, 79 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 12‒14.viii.1977, 18‒21.viii.1977, leg. P.H. Kansanen ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius . sp., HECH), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.03&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.16" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.03/lat 61.16)">Lake Karvastenlahti</a>, 61.16°N 24.03°E, 80 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 25.v.1978, leg. P.H. Kansanen ;   1 adult male, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.49" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.7/lat 60.49)">Kiikala</a>, Lake Tervakas, 60.49°N 23.70°E, 117 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 9.v.2023, leg. L. Paasivirta.  —   FRANCE, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.26/lat 46.77)">Lake Remoray</a>, 46.77°N 6.26°E, 850 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., iv.2019, leg. J. Moubayed-Breil.  —   POLAND, 3 adult males (LUIZ), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.14&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.54" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.14/lat 51.54)">Harcerska</a> park, Spala, 51.54°N 20.14°E, 157 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 5‒ 9.vi.2007, leg. M. Płóciennik.  —   SCOTLAND; 1 adult male (as  P. choreus, USNM), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.34&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=55.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.34/lat 55.66)">Arran Island</a>, Lake Coire Fhionn Lochan, 55.66°N 5.34°W, 330 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 29.v.1919, leg. F.W. Edwards ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., USNM) <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.6/lat 56.5)">Beinn Heasgarnich</a>, 56.5°N 4.6°W, 950 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 11.vi.1939, leg. F.W. Edwards ;   1 adult male (BMNH), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-3.71&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.24" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -3.71/lat 57.24)">Lake Garten</a>, 57.24°N 3.71°W, 238 m a.s.l, +7 °C m.a.t., 1947, leg. R. Coe  .—   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (Lectotype of  Tanypus crassinervis, ZMLU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=64.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.7/lat 64.6)">Lycksele</a>, 64.6°N 18.7°E, 211 m a.s.l., +1 °C m.a.t., 2.viii.1832, leg. J.W. Zetterstedt ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., SLUU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.55/lat 59.55)">Lake Mälaren</a>, Västeråsfjärden, 59.55°N 16.55°E, 3 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., vii.1971 ,  leg. T. Wiederholm;   1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.8/lat 60.17)">Lake Färnebofjärden</a>, Östa, 60.17°N 16.80°E, 60 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.viii.2007, leg. Y. Brodin ;   2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.84&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.84/lat 60.3)">Valmbäcken</a> rivulet and wetland, 60.30°N 16.84°E, 62 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 7.ix.2007, leg. A. Hagelin   [1  Barcoded]  .</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 19, 31, 80‒82, key couplet 13.  P. crassinervis has a long gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of eight other species of  Procladius in Europe. Of these,  P. ferrugineus,  P. fimbriatus,  P. signatus and  P. dentus are easily separated from  P. crassinervis as evident from the illustrations of genitalia and several characters in the key and the helpdesk.</p><p>Identification of  P. crassinervis is sometimes difficult as the strongly upward oriented gonostylus process is frequently deformed and appears much shorter on slides than in reality, e.g. in macerated specimens or if slide preparation is not meticulously done. Moving the microscope ocular upwards and downwards to find out where the base and the top of the gonostylus process appear sharp can reveal the strongly upward direction of the gonostylus process.</p><p>The GspR of  P. crassinervis slighly overlaps that of  P. frigidus (0.32‒0.39 versus 0.25‒0.33).  P. crassinervis can easily be separated from  P. frigidus by other characters, particularly the strongly upward oriented gonostylus process (30–60° versus 0‒20°) but also the number of median anepisternum setae (0 versus 5‒26) and antenna AR (1.6‒2.1 versus 2.2‒2.8).  P. crassinervis is found in temperate climate with mean annual temperature ranging from +18 to +1 C°, while  P. frigidus is mainly found in the Artic with mean annual temperature below 0 C°.</p><p>The GspR of  P.crassinervis somewhat overlaps that of  P.longistilus (0.32‒0.39 versus 0.25‒0.34).If overlapping, the species can usually be separated by the more strongly upward oriented gonostylus process of  P. crassinervis (30–60° versus 0‒20°), the stronger gonostylus process divergence (40‒75° versus 5‒30°) and on average shorter body length (3.5‒5.1 mm versus 4.2‒5.7 mm).</p><p>P. crassinervis is sometimes difficult to distinguish from  P. floralis . The GspR of  P. crassinervis considerably overlaps that of  P. floralis (0.32‒0.39 versus 0.28‒0.37). The species can usually be separated by a combination of characters.  P. crassinervis has a more strongly upward oriented gonostylus process (30–60° versus 10‒30°), an on average broader gonostylus (GsmR 5.2‒5.9 versus 5.6‒6.8), a stronger gonostylus process divergence (40‒75° versus 30‒50°) and a lower length ratio between the gonostylus and the gonocoxite (0.47‒0.55 versus 0.53‒0.57).</p><p>The GspR of  P.crassinervis substantially overlaps that of  P.tatrensis (0.32‒0.39 versus 0.35‒0.43).  P.crassinervis can be separated from  P. tatrensis by several other characters, such as the number of median anepisternum setae (0 versus 7‒21), the more strongly upward oriented gonostylus process (30–60° versus 0‒20°) and wing length (2.4‒3.3 mm versus 3.5‒4.5 mm).</p><p>P. crassinervis has been identified under several other names, often because the gonostylus process has been deformed on slides. The name  P. crassinervis has frequently been used for  P. ferrugineus e.g. in the keys of adult males in Pinder (1978) and Langton &amp; Pinder (2007). The female, pupal exuvia and larva have been briefly described. Barcodes of adult males and adult females are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.   In Europe P. crassinervis is found from France and Austria at latitude 47°N  to northern Sweden at latitude 65°N .   In Asia the species known distribution is more southern ranging from 28°N  in mid China to 45°N  in southern Russia and northern Japan.  In Canada records are from 53°N  .</p><p>The species has been found at altitudes ranging from 3 m to 950 m above sea level in Europe, with the highest point in Scotland . Records from northern Pakistan   are at 1 370 m above sea level. Mean annual temperature at sites with records of  P. crassinervis in Europe are from +10 to +1 ° C. In Asia and  North America, the temperature range is from +18 °C in China  to +1 °C in Canada.</p><p>Larvae of  P. crassinervis inhabit shallow water in temporary inundated swamps, small ponds and lakes. Some findings are from deeper zones of lakes, down to at least 14 m depth, and from slowly floating water including a forest ditch. Most sites with records of larvae are mesotrophic, eutrophic to hypereutrophic, while a few records are from oligotrophic conditions. Adults are found from early June to mid-October.</p><p>Countries or autonomous regions with records of  P. crassinervis in Europe are Austria, Belgium, Czechia, England, Finland, France, Germany, Lithuania, Russia, Scotland, Sweden and Switzerland.  P. crassinervis is also present in Canada, China, Japan, Pakistan, Russia (Asia), South Korea and the United States.</p><p>References. Anikina 2009b; Brundin 1949; Coe 1950; Goetghebuer 1927; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936b; Johannsen 1905; Kansanen 1985; Kieffer 1909; Kieffer 1918a; Kieffer 1924; Kim et al. 2012; Lundström et al. 2010; Malloch 1915; Meuche 1939; Moubayed-Breil et al. 2019; Paasivirta 2014; Petrova &amp; Zhirov 2014; Prat 1979; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Roback 1966b; Roback 1971; Roback 1980; Saether 2010; Sasa &amp; Kawai 1987; Sasa &amp; Kikushi 1995; Zetterstedt 1838.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FF8F09063CE4FB479DB6F959	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FF8D09023CE4F90D9CFFF8E9.text	5E47CA08FF8D09023CE4F90D9CFFF8E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus 1767)	<div><p>Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767)</p><p>Tipula culiciformis Linnaeus, 1767 — Linnaeus (1767), Sweden, adult male, description.</p><p>Tanypus culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Meigen (1818), adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Tanypus sagittalis Kieffer, 1909 — Kieffer (1909), Germany, adult male, description.</p><p>Protenthes choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Malloch (1915), United States, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Trichotanypus sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Kieffer (1918a), Lithuania, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Trichotanypus sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Kieffer (1924), adult male, key, description.</p><p>Trichotanypus scapularis Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Edwards (1929), England, adult male, description.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Austria and England, adult male, adult female, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius islandicus (Goetghebuer, 1931) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Iceland, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Belgium and Germany, adult male, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius scapularis (Kieffer, 1924) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Germany, adult male, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius nipponicus Tokunaga, 1937 — Tokunaga (1937), Japan, adult male, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Remmert (1953), Germany, adult male, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Muragina-Koreneva (1957), Russia, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, keys, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius freemani Sublette, 1964 — Sublette (1964), Canada, United States, adult male in part, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Roback (1971), England, Canada, and United States, adult male in part, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius freemani Sublette, 1964 — Roback (1971), Canada and United States, adult male in part, key, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius freemani Sublette, 1964 var. cretis — Roback (1971), Canada, adult male, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius freemani Sublette, 1964 var. 1–3— Roback (1980), United States and Canada, adult male in part, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Fritz (1983), Germany, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius nipponicus Tokunaga, 1937 —Sasa &amp; Kikushi (1995), Japan, adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius freemani Sublette, 1964 — Saether (2010), Canada, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, keys, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Widmann et al. (2023), Switzerland, adult female, description, photos.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Germany, adult males, adult females.</p><p>Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Germany, France, Montenegro, Norway, Poland, Sweden and Switzerland, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>Procladius pectinatus (Kieffer, 1909) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland, adult males, photos.</p><p>Procladius sagittalis (Kieffer, 1909) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), England, adult male.</p><p>Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Albania, Belarus, Finland, Germany, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Norway, Slovakia, Canada and United States, adult males, adult females, pupae, larvae, photos.</p><p>?  Protenthes claripennis Malloch, 1915 — Frison (1927), United States, adult male, description.</p><p>?  Protenthes claripennis Malloch, 1915 — Roback (1971), United States, adult male, description.</p><p>?  Procladius freemani Sublette, 1964 — Roback (1980), United States, pupa in part, larva in part, key, descriptions, photos, illustrations.</p><p>?  Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Janeċek (1998), Austria, larva, description, illustration.</p><p>?  Procladius islandicus (Goetghebuer, 1931) — Langton et al. (2013), pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Material examined (n = 95).   BELGIUM, 1 adult male (as  P. choreus, RBNS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=3.72&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 3.72/lat 51.05)">Gand</a>, 51.05°N 3.72°E, 12 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 19.iv.1914, leg. M. Goetghebuer ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., RBNS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=3.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.03" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 3.8/lat 51.03)">Heusden</a>, 51.03°N 3.80°E, 5 m a.s.l., +11 °C m.a.t., 23.v.1943, leg. M. Goetghebuer.  —   CANADA, 1 adult male (as.  P. freemani, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-107.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.24" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -107.73/lat 49.24)">Val Marie</a>, 49.24°N 107.73°W, 795 m a.s.l., + 4 m  .a.t., 14.vi.1956,  leg. V. R. Vockeroth .—   CZECHIA, 1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Rozmberk, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.79&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.79/lat 49.05)">Stara Hlina</a>, 49.05°N 14.79°E, 423 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 19.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin ;   3 adult males (NHRS), Cheb district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.08" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.32/lat 50.08)">Vodni Nadrz Skalka Reservoir</a>, 50.08°N 12.32°E, 439 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin and M. Gransberg ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Cheb district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.29&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.72" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.29/lat 49.72)">Lake Pomezsky</a> rybnik, 49.72°N 16.29°E, 568 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin and M. Gransberg ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Blatec, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.31&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.11" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.31/lat 49.11)">Divcice</a>, 49.11°N 14.31E °, 397 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 19.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin and M. Gransberg ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Lnare district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.82&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.44" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.82/lat 49.44)">Vesky Ryb Reservoir</a>, 49.44°N 13.82°E, 451 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 18.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   FAROE ISLANDS, 1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-7.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=62.12" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -7.0/lat 62.12)">Lake Mjauvotn</a>, 62.12°N 7.00°W, 80 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 27.vii.1980, leg. G. Brodin-Lindsten ;   4 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-7.06&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=62.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -7.06/lat 62.17)">Lake Eithis</a>, 62.17°N 7.06°W, 135 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.viii.2002, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   FINLAND, 2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., MZHF), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.73" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.35/lat 61.73)">Lake Puruvesi</a>, 61.73°N 29.35°E, 75 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 16.vii.1974, leg. B. Lindeberg ;   2 adult males (as  P. pectinatus, ZMUO), Hameenlinna, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.42&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.02" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.42/lat 61.02)">Lammin</a> puhdistamo, 61.02°N 24.42°E, +5 °C m.a.t., 71 m a.s.l., 9.v.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta   [ Barcode LEFIJ3930-16 and LEFIJ3931-16] ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., ZMUO), Baltic Sea, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.63&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.63/lat 61.61)">Kolpanlahti Bay</a> 61.61°N 21.63°E, 0 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 4.vii.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta   [ Barcode LEFIJ3596-16] ;   2 adult males (as  P. cf. vesus), Malax, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.83&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.06" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.83/lat 63.06)">Rönnskären Island</a>, 63.06°N 20.83°E, +4 °C m.a.t., 5 m a.s.l., 30.vii‒5.viii.2018, leg. L. Paasivirta.  —   FRANCE, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., LHST), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.84" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.15/lat 42.84)">Lake d’Aumar</a>, 42.84°N 00.15°E, 2 191 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 24.viii.1964, leg. H. Laville ;   2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., LHST), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.12&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.82" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.12/lat 42.82)">Lake Mare Lac Long</a>, 42.82°N 0.12°E, 2 094 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 25.vii.1965, leg. H. Laville ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp. 1, LHST), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.18&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.18/lat 42.87)">Lake Gourg Nére Inferior</a>, 42.87°N 0.18°E, 2 201 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 26.vii.1966, leg. H. Laville ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., LHST), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.19&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.86" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.19/lat 42.86)">Lake Vert</a>, 42.86°N 0.19°E, 2 114 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 27.vii.1966, leg. H. Laville ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp. 1, LHST), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.19&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.19/lat 42.87)">Lake Gourg Nére Moyen</a>, 42.87°N 0.19°E, 2 211 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 9.viii.1966, leg. H. Laville ;   1 adult male (as  P. cf. scapularis, LHST), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.19&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.19/lat 42.87)">Lake Port-Bielh</a>, 42.87°N 0.19°E, 2 285 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 13.viii.1968, leg. H. Laville ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., LHST), River Lot, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=44.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.6/lat 44.61)">Golinhac</a>, 44.61°N 2.60°E, 253 m a.s.l., +12 °C m.a.t., 22.vii.1977, leg. H. Laville ;   3 adult males (NHRS), Corsica, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.02&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.02/lat 42.21)">Lake Melu</a>, 42.21°N 9.02°E, 1 708 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 25.viii.2015, leg. J. Moubayed-Breil ;   3 adult males (NHRS), Corsica, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.01&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.32" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.01/lat 42.32)">Lake Calacuccia</a>, 42.32°N 9.01°E, 774 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 25.viii.2015, leg. J. Moubayed-Breil ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.26/lat 46.77)">Lake Remoray</a>, 46.77°N 6.26°E, 849 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., iv.2019, leg. B. Tissot   [ Barcoded]  .—   GERMANY, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., MNHB), Berlin, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.22&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.51" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.22/lat 52.51)">Pichelberg</a>, 52.51°N 13.22°E, 33 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., viii.1907, leg. B. Lichtwardt ;   1 adult male (ZSMG), Münster, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.66&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.66/lat 51.95)">Dortmund-Ems</a> canal, 51.95°N 7.66°E, 54 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 1956 ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., ZFMK), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.51&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.51/lat 50.31)">Winningen</a>, in forest, 50.31°N 7.51°E, 66 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 4.x.2012, leg. B. Rulik   [ Barcode GBMWN781-15] ;   1 adult male (as  P. choreus, ZFMK), River Elz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.11" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.85/lat 48.11)">Emmendingen</a>, 48.11°N 7.85°E, 213 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 10.ix.2018   [ Barcode GBOL-2625211]  .—   HUNGARY, 4 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.01&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.01/lat 47.61)">Derzsitavak Reservoir</a>, 47.61°N 21.01°E, 86 m a.s.l., +12 °C m.a.t., 21.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Hortobagy Reservoir III, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.09&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.09/lat 47.65)">Hortobagyi-halasto</a>, 47.65°N 21.09°E, 84 m a.s.l., +12 °C m.a.t., 21.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   ICELAND, 1 adult male, (as  Procladius sp., RBNS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-16.94&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=65.62" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -16.94/lat 65.62)">Myvatn</a>, 65.62°N 16.94°W, 276 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 20.viii.1929 ;   2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-17.24&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=65.62" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -17.24/lat 65.62)">Lake Masvatn</a>, 65.62°N 17.24°W, 266 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 12.vii.1978, leg. Y. Brodin ;   2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-20.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=64.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -20.73/lat 64.21)">Lake Laugarvatn</a>, 64.21°N 20.73°W, 76 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 12.viii.2000, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   IRELAND, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., UCDZ), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-9.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.84" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -9.32/lat 51.84)">Lake Gougane Barra</a>, 51.84°N 9.32°W, 165 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 26.vii.1966, leg. D.A. Murray.  —   LEBANON, 2 adult males (as  P. cf. choreus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=35.69&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=33.54" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 35.69/lat 33.54)">Jib-Jennine</a> stream, 33.54°N 35.69°E, 800 m a.s.l., +15 °C m.a.t., 10.v.1982, leg. J. Moubayed-Breil.  —   POLAND, 1 adult male (NHRS), west of Dzwirzyno, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.34&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.34/lat 54.15)">Lake Resko Przymoirskie</a>, 54.15°N 15.34°E, ‒ 2 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 8.viii.2012, leg. J. Hellberg and Y. Brodin ;   2 adult males (NHRS), west of Rabka, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.47&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.76" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.47/lat 54.76)">Lake Lebsko</a>, 54.75°N 17.44°E and 54.76°N 17.47°E, ‒ 1 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 8.viii.2012, leg. Y. Brodin and L. Brodin   [ Barcode BSCHI696-17 and BSCHI597-17]  .—   ROMANIA, 1 adult male (NMNB), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.66&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.09" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.66/lat 45.09)">Zigoneni Reservoir</a>, 45.09°N 24.66°E, 379 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., vii.1974, leg. P.Albu ;   1 adult male (NMNB), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.62&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.62/lat 45.4)">Lake Vidraru</a>, 45.40°N 24.62°E, 803 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., vii.1974, leg. P. Albu.  —   RUSSIA, 4 adult males (as  Procladius sp.), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=42.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.73" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 42.26/lat 47.73)">Tsimlyansk Reservoir</a>, 47.73°N 42.26°E, 31 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., vii.1979, leg. M.P. Miroshnichenko ;   3 adult males (IANR), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.06&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.01" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.06/lat 59.01)">Lake Kolodenskoe</a>, 59.01°N 37.06°E, 113 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 27.v.1989, leg. A. Rybakova ;   1 adult male (TUSF), Lake Ladoga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.77&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.74" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.77/lat 61.74)">Sortavala</a>, 61.74°N 30.77°E, 4 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 4.viii.1991, leg. G. Söderman.  —   SLOVAKIA, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., ZSMG) Sládkovičovo kons., <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.7/lat 48.2)">Lake Vincov</a> les, 48.2°N 17.7°E, 120 m a.s.l., +11 °C m.a.t., 20.ix.1962, leg. Lastovka ;   2 adult males (NHRS), Lake Liptovska Mara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.57/lat 49.1)">Liptovsky Mikulas</a>, 49.10°N 19.57°E, 555 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 19.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   SPAIN, 1 adult male (as  P. rivulorum, DEBE), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-3.37&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.46" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -3.37/lat 40.46)">El Vellon Reservoir</a>, 40.46°N 3.37°W, 830 m a.s.l., +13 °C m.a.t., 11.xi.1974, leg. N. Prat ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., DEBE), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-0.53&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=39.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -0.53/lat 39.4)">Loriguilla Reservoir</a>, 39.40°N 0.53°W, 322 m a.s.l., +15 °C m.a.t., 6.xii.1974, leg. N. Prat ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., DEBE), Guadalajara, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=2.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=40.24" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 2.46/lat 40.24)">Buendia Reservoir</a>, 40.24°N 2.46°E, 714 m a.s.l., +14 °C m.a.t., 9.xi.1974, leg. N. Prat.  —   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.13&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.13/lat 59.55)">Lake Vitalampi</a>, 59.55°N 15.13°E, 322 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 12.vii.1974, leg. P. Mossberg ;   4 adult males (NHRS), Lake Vänern, Mariestadsfjärden Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.77&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.77/lat 58.7)">Mariestad</a>, 58.70°N 13.77°E, 44 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 7‒9.v.1987, leg. Y. Brodin and K. Nielsen ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Baltic Sea, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.9/lat 59.7)">Furusundsfjärden islands</a>, 59.70°N 18.90°E, 1 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.viii.2008, leg. C. Essenberg   [ Barcode BSCHI085-11] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Baltic Sea coast, south of Obbola, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.29&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.29/lat 63.66)">Fläsebadet</a>, 63.66°N 20.29°E, 0 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 14.vii.2011, leg. N. Ericson   [ Barcode BSCHI287-17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Baltic Sea coast, Sillviken Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.76" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.45/lat 63.76)">Sillviken</a>, 63.76°N 20.45°E, 0 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 27.vii.2011, leg. N. Ericson   [ Barcode BSCHI360-17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Baltic Sea, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.89&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.99" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.89/lat 63.99)">Ratakär Island</a>, 63.99°N 20.89°E, 1 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 3.viii.2011, leg. N. Ericson   [ Barcode BSCHI433-17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Baltic Sea coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.92" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.43/lat 56.92)">Pataholm</a>, 56.92°N 16.43°E, 1 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 2.vi.2012,leg. Y.Brodin   [ Barcode BSCHI684-17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Baltic Sea coast, Hamnefjärden Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.67&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.42" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.67/lat 57.42)">Simpevarp</a>, 57.42°N 16.67°E, 0 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 2.vi.2012, leg. Y. Brodin   [ Barcode BSCHI638-17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Baltic Sea coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.19&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.18" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.19/lat 61.18)">Vallvik</a> beach, 61.18°N 17.19°E, 0 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 25.vii.2012, leg. Y. Brodin and G. Lindberg   [ Barcode BSCHI611-17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Baltic Sea coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.83&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.56" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.83/lat 63.56)">Sillvikskatan</a>, 63.56°N 19.83°E, 0 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 13.viii.2013, leg. Y. Brodin   [ Barcode BSCHI825-17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Eriksberg nature reserve, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.16" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.0/lat 56.16)">Bruket</a> pond, 56.16°N 15.00°E, 5 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 4.vi.2015, leg. J. Wolgast   [ Barcoded]  .—   SWITZERLAND, 4 adult males (as  P. sagittalis, MCSN), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.1/lat 46.2)">Lake</a> Geneva, 46.2°N 6.1°E, 372 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 20‒24.vi.1994, 20‒24.v.1995, 23‒28.vi.1995, leg. B. Lods-Crozet ;   1 adult male (as  P. cf. sagittalis, MCSN), small stream, Le Bainoz, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.87&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.82" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.87/lat 46.82)">Montet</a>, 46.82°N 6.87°E, 505 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 28.vi.2006, leg. P. Stucki ;   1 adult male (as  P. choreus, MCSN), small stream, Moulin Veigy, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.03&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.14" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.03/lat 46.14)">Srce</a>, 46.14°N 6.03°E, 410 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 22.vi.2006, leg. P. Stucki.  —   UNITED STATES, 1 adult male (as  P. freemani, USNM), Dayton, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-114.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.86" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -114.25/lat 47.86)">Lake Flathead</a>, 47.86°N 114.25°W, 882 m a.s.l., + 5 m  .a.t., 13.vii.1935, leg. Melander;   1 adult male (Holotype of  P. freemani, USNM), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-112.42&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -112.42/lat 37.61)">San Bruno</a>, 37.61°N 112.42°W, 8 m a.s.l., + 12 m  .a.t., 23.viii.1957,  leg. R.P. Maynard .</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 1, 3, 13, 40, 107‒109, key couplet 22.  P. culiciformis has a medium long gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of eleven other species of  Procladius in Europe. Of these,  P. exilis, P,  saeticubitus,  P. tenebricosus,  P. lugubris and  P. longistilus are distinctly separated from  P. culiciformis by a slenderer gonostylus, reflected by the GsmR, and one or more other morphological characters in the key and the helpdesk. Also  P. nudipennis and  P. gemma are easily distinguished from  P. culiciformis by several characters, although GspR overlaps.</p><p>P. culiciformis is sometimes difficult to distinguish from  P. choreus in cases where the GspR overlaps (0.18‒ 0.25 versus 0.13‒0.20). When overlapping, the species might be separated by the mostly thicker gonostyus of  P. culiciformis (GsmR 4.2‒5.2 versus 4.9‒5.6), and mostly bigger size as expressed by body length (4.4‒5.7 mm versus 2.9‒4.4 mm) and wing length (2.4‒3.5 mm versus 1.8‒2.8 mm).</p><p>The GspR of  P. culiciformis entirely overlaps that of  P. islandicus (0.18‒0.25 versus 0.18‒0.24). The species can be separated by the thicker gonostyus of  P. culiciformis (GsmR 4.2‒5.2 versus 5.3‒6.4), the on average shorter setae of the front leg (BR 2‒4.5 versus 3‒6.5) and the on average lighter mid-section of the front leg tibia (whitish to light brown versus light brown to dark brown).</p><p>The GspR of  P. culiciformis to some degree overlaps that of  P. pruinosus (0.18‒0.25 versus 0.23‒0.30). When overlapping, the species can usually be separated by the thicker gonostylus of  P. culiciformis (GsmR 4.2‒5.2 versus 5.2‒6.3) and an on average lighter mid-section of the front leg tibia (whitish to light brown versus light brown to dark brown).</p><p>The GspR of  P. culiciformis slightly overlaps that of  P. frigidus (0.18‒0.25 versus 0.25‒0.33).  P. culiciformis can be distinguished from  P. frigidus by the number of median anepisternum setae (0 versus 5‒26), the length of palpomere five divided with its width (9.3‒12.2 versus 8.0‒9.3) and an on average thicker gonostyus (GsmR 4.2‒5.2 versus 4.9‒5.8).</p><p>The status of  P. culiciformis has been unclear ever since Linneus’ description in 1767. It has frequently been confused with  P. choreus in Europe and North America. The holotype of  P. freemani from the United States is in fact  P. culiciformis, but at least some of the paratypes might be  P. choreus . The adult female, pupal exuvia and larva of  P. culiciformis have been described. Barcodes of adult males, adult females, pupae and larvae are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology. The circumpolar  P. culiciformis has a more northern range than its possibly closest relative and morphologically similar  P. choreus . In Europe  P. culiciformis has been recorded from latitude 37°N in southern Spain to 66°N on Iceland and 68°N in northern Norway. It has been reported from 32 countries or autonomous regions in Europe. The most western outposts with findings in Europe are Portugal in the south and Iceland in the north. The southernmost records outside Europe are from 34°N in Lebanon and 35°N in Japan, and the northernmost from 62°N in northern Canada.</p><p>Sites with  P. culiciformis have a range from +18 to ‒5 °C mean annual temperature, which is on average colder than that of  P. choreus but about the same as that of the also morphologically similar  P. pruinosus . It has a higher altitude record than that of the other two, reaching 2 210 m in the Pyrenees of southern France. Males of  P. culiciformis, as the genus  Procladius in general, become smaller, lighter and less hairy with increasing mean annual temperature.</p><p>P. culiciformis can be considered to be one of the most common species of  Chironomidae in lakes and reservoirs in Europe, but for those with ultraoligotrophic conditions where no findings of the species are known. It is common in brackish water along the coast of the Baltic Sea and the Atlantic Ocean.</p><p>Quality assured findings of  P. culiciformis are from 129 sites, mainly lakes and lake-like reservoirs. Larvae of the species have been found in vegetation near the shore and down to 20 m depth, and in the profundal from 2 m down to a depth record of 206 m in a clear lake in Switzerland.</p><p>Larvae of  P.culiciformis can be common in slow-running streams and rivers, ponds and oligohaline to mesohaline water as in estuaries along the Baltic Sea, the Atlantic coast and the Black Sea. The larvae have sometimes been recorded in huge numbers from limnocrene springs. Man-made canals and ditches are other habitats inhabited by the larvae.</p><p>P. culiciformis, possibly together with  P. pruinosus, seems to be the  Procladius species which is best adapted to water with high humus content. Larvae inhabit polyhumic lakes, tarns and pools of bog systems where water transparency might be less than 0.2 m. Conditions in these habitats are often acidic with pH sometimes as low as around 4. In line with this,  P. culiciformi s holds the acidity record for a  Procladius species with pH 3.3 in a ditch close to the Baltic coast of northern Sweden.</p><p>P. culiciformis larvae are found in a wide range of trophic conditions, being common in oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions but less common in hypereutrophic conditions. Substantial decrease in numbers of  P. culiciformis larvae have been noted for the profundal of reservoirs in Russia when the water changed from eutrophic to hypereutrophic accompanied by strongly deteriorated oxygen conditions.</p><p>P. culiciformis females produce jelly covered balls with several hundred eggs which are laid in shallow water. Larvae of  P. culiciformis are known to be omnivorous feeding on algae such as diatoms, detritus and animals smaller than themselves such as crustaceans, oligochaete worms and insects including other chironomids. In the laboratory, larvae of  P. culiciformis have been observed to attack much bigger larvae of the chironomid genus  Chironomus and suck out their bodies. Larvae which feed mainly on animals are reported to develop more rapidly and become bigger as adults. Larvae of  P. culiciformis can be important food items for common fish species such as rainbow trout (Oncorhynchys mykiss) and three-spined stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus). Adults can be food of songbirds such as the Eurasian reed warbler ( Acrocephalus scirpaceus).</p><p>Adults of  P. culiciformis are mostly found from mid-April to October, however until mid-December in southern Spain with up to four generations per year. A special case is emergence of adults in late February from a bay of the Baltic Sea in southern Sweden with winter water temperature +5 to +10 °C higher than the surroundings because of cooling water discharges from a nuclear power plant. Sex ratios in  P. culiciformis are sometimes very unbalanced. A report from Japan noted that males made up less than 1% of about 16 700 collected specimens.</p><p>Countries or autonomous regions with records of  P. culiciformis in Europe are Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, England, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland.  P. culiciformis has also been recorded from Canada, China, Japan, Lebanon, Mongolia, Russia (Asia), the United States and Uzbekistan, possibly also India, Morocco and Tunisia.</p><p>References. Anikina 2009b; Anikina 2011; Armitage 1968; Baker &amp; McLachlan 1979; Berczik 1966; Brodin 1980; Brodin &amp; Hellberg 2023; Brodin et al. 2013; Coe 1950; Davies et al. 2022; Edwards 1929; Erbaeva &amp; Safronov 2016; Essenberg 2009; Frison 1927; Fritz 1983; Gadawski 2020; Gadawski et al. 2022; Goedkoop &amp; Johnson 1996; Goetghebuer 1922; Goetghebuer 1927; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936b; Hirabayashi et al. 2015; Holostenco et al. 2022; Iwakuma 1992; Jakubavičiűtë et al. 2017; Janeċek 1998; Kettani et al. 2022; Kieffer 1918a; Laville 1971; Langton et al. 2013; Lindegaard 1992; Lods-Crozet &amp; Lachavanne 1994; Luferov 1956; Malloch 1915; Meigen 1818; Michailova 1996; Miroshnichenko 1982; Mol 1984; Mondal et al. 2021; Mossberg &amp; Nyberg 1979; Mothes 1966; Moubayed-Breil et al. 2019; Mundie 1957; Munsterhjelm 1920; Muragina-Koreneva 1957; O´Dell 2018; Orendt 1991; Orendt 1993; Paasivirta 2012; Paasivirta 2020; Pagast 1931; Petridis &amp; Sinis 1993; Prat 1979; Prat 1980; Prat et al. 1992; Prat &amp; Rieradevall 1995; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Remmert 1953; Rieradevall &amp; Prat 1991; Rieradevall et al. 1998; Roback 1971; Roback 1980; Rydgård et al. 1985; Saether 2010; Sasa &amp; Kikuchi 1995; Schirmer 1990; Shcherbina 1989; Shilova 1953; Sokolowa 1968a; Stasiukynas et al. 2024; Sublette 1964; Sublette 1979; Tavčar 1993; Thienemann &amp; Zavrel 1916; Tokunaga 1937; Vesterinen et al. 2018; Vodopich &amp; Cowell 1984; Wang &amp; Zheng 1992; Widmann et al. 2023; Xie &amp; Yin 1984; Zelentsov &amp; Shilova 1994; Zschokke 1905; Zaupa et al. 2022.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FF8D09023CE4F90D9CFFF8E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FF8809033CE4FF709BB4F82B.text	5E47CA08FF8809033CE4FF709BB4F82B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius dentus , Roback 1971	<div><p>Procladius dentus Roback, 1971</p><p>Procladius dentus Roback, 1971 — Roback (1971), Canada and United States, adult male, adult female, key, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius dentus Roback, 1971 — Roback (1980), Canada and United States, pupa, key, description, photos, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius dentus Roback, 1971 — Ekrem et al. (2018), Norway, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius dentus Roback, 1971 — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland, Norway, Sweden and Canada, adult males, adult females, pupae, larvae, photos.</p><p>Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Canada, adult males, adult females, pupae, larvae photos.</p><p>?  Procladius lundstroemi Goetghebuer, 1936 — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Greenland, adult male, key, description, illustration.</p><p>?  Procladius sp. — Fittkau &amp; Murray (1986), pupa, illustration.</p><p>?  Procladius sp. — Langton et al. (2013), Norway, pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Material examined (n = 25).   CANADA, 1 adult male (Paratype of  P.dentus, CNCC), Baffin Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-35.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=65.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -35.0/lat 65.0)">Camp Kungovik</a>, 65°N 35°W, 0 m a.s.l., ‒10 °C m.a.t., 16.vii.1929, leg. J.D. Soper ;   1 adult male (ISUA), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-55.59&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -55.59/lat 52.27)">Great Caribou Island</a>, 52.27°N 55.59°W, 5 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 8.vii.1943, leg. J.M. Harrison ;   1 adult male (Paratype of  P. dentus, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-107.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.58" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -107.05/lat 52.58)">Great Deer</a>, 52.58°N 107.05°W, 529 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 20‒21.v.1949 ,  leg. V. R. Vockeroth;   1 adult male (Paratype of  P. dentus, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.1/lat 54.75)">River Great Whale</a>, 54.75°N 75.10°W, 200 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 30.vi.1949 ,  leg. V. R. Vockeroth;   1 adult male (Holotype of  P. dentus, CNCC), Manitoba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-94.22&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -94.22/lat 58.77)">Fort Churchill</a>, 58.77°N 94.22°W, 0 m a.s.l., ‒6 °C m.a.t., 12.vii.1952, leg. J.G. Chillcott ;   1 adult male (Paratype of  P. dentus, CNCC), Manitoba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-94.22&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -94.22/lat 58.77)">Fort Churchill</a>, 58.77°N 94.22°W, 0 m a.s.l., ‒6 °C m.a.t., 12.vii.1952, leg. J.G. Chillcott.  —   FINLAND, 4 adult males, Baltic Sea, Storskär Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.06&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.06/lat 63.43)">Lake Käringsund</a>, 63.43°N 21.06°E, 0 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 9.vi‒23.vii.2009, leg. L. Paasivirta ;   1 adult male (ZMUO), Pelkosenniemi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.81&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=67.09" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.81/lat 67.09)">Kaetkaeaapa</a>, 67.09°N 27.81°E, 179 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 15.vi.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta   [ Barcode CHIFI114-16] ;   4 adult males, Baltic Sea, Storskär Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.07/lat 63.43)">Lake Käringsund</a>, 63.43°N 21.07°E, 1 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 30.v‒13.vi.2017, leg. L. Paasivirta ;   4 adult males, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.16&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=67.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.16/lat 67.31)">Suvakoski</a>, small lake, 67.31°N 28.16°E, 175 m a.s.l., +1 °C m.a.t., 9.vi‒23.vii.2009, leg. L. Paasivirta ;   1 adult male, Tulppio, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=67.76" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.45/lat 67.76)">Ainijärvi</a>, 67.76°N 29.45°E, 269 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 10‒14.vi.2018, leg. J. Salmela.  —   NORWAY, 1 adult male (NTNU), Stabbursdalen, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=70.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 70.17)">Rohkosjavri</a>, 70.17°N 24.90°E, 12 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 15.vi.2010 ,   leg. T.  Ekrem and E. Stur [Barcode CHRFI499-11] ;   1 adult male (NTNU), Sør-Varanger, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.79" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.8/lat 69.79)">Venstre Jakobselv</a>, rockpools, 69.79°N 30.80°E, 7 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 21.vi.2010 ,   leg. T.  Ekrem and E. Stur [Barcode CHRFI445-11]  .—   SWEDEN, 2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=68.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.0/lat 68.0)">Torne</a> lappmark, 68°N 19°E, 650 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 1.vii.2016, leg. H. Vårdal   [1  Barcoded].— United States ,   1 adult male (Paratype of  P. dentus, CNCC), Alaska, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-165.42&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=64.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -165.42/lat 64.61)">Nome</a>, 64.61°N 165.42°W, 10 m a.s.l., ‒4 °C m.a.t., 3.vi.1951, leg. D.P. Williams.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 14, 23, 56‒58, key couplet 6. The form of the medioapodeme and the distinct dorsal ridge on the gonocoxite readily separates  P. dentus from other species of  Procladius including its presumably closest relative  P. signatus . The antennae AR-value of  P. dentus is higher (AR 2.6‒3.0) than that of  P. signatus (AR 1.9‒2.4).</p><p>Adult males of  P. dentus seem not to have been confused with other species. The adult female and larva have not been described, but the pupal exuvia has. Barcodes of adult males, adult females, pupae and larvae are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.  P. dentus  has only been found in six of the most northern countries of the world. Findings in Europe are from 63 to 70°N and outside Europe from 52 to 82°N in Canada and Alaska in the United States.  Mean annual temperature at the twenty-two sites with quality assured findings ranges from +3 °C in mid Finland to ‒14 °C in northernmost Canada.  Several sites are at 0‒10 m above sea level   close to the Arctic Ocean or the Baltic Sea where the larvae live in brackish water conditions in rock pools or shallow lakes influenced by brackish sea water.  The highest altitude recorded for  P. dentus is in Canada at 1 130 m above sea level  .</p><p>High tolerance towards, or possibly even preference for saline conditions can be illustrated by the findings of  P. dentus larvae in a lake in Canada with salinity higher than that of the Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic Ocean.</p><p>Larvae of  P. dentus have been reported to inhabit shallow water of 0‒2 m depth in lakes, pools, mires and swamps and in one case a tarn without fish. The habitats can be classified as oligotrophic, mesotrophic or eutrophic. No findings are known from profundal water. A few findings are from slowly running water. Adults are known to fly from the middle of May to the middle of August.</p><p>Countries with records of  P. dentus in Europe are Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden. It has also been recorded from Canada and the United States (Alaska).</p><p>References. Anikina 2009b; Cannings &amp; Scudder 1978; Ekrem et al. 2018; Fittkau &amp; Murray 1986; Langton et al. 2013; Paasivirta 2012; Paasivirta 2020; Roback 1971; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Roback 1980; Roback 1984.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FF8809033CE4FF709BB4F82B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FF87090F3CE4FABE9DF6F921.text	5E47CA08FF87090F3CE4FABE9DF6F921.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius ferrugineus (Kieffer 1918)	<div><p>Procladius ferrugineus (Kieffer, 1918)</p><p>Trichotanypus ferrugineus Kieffer, 1918 — Kieffer (1918a), Hungary, adult male, key.</p><p>Trichotanypus parvulus Kieffer, 1918 — Kieffer (1918a), Lithuania, adult male, adult female, description, illustration.</p><p>Trichotanypus choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Goetghebuer (1921), Belgium, adult male, description, illustration.</p><p>Trichotanypus ferrugineus Kieffer, 1918 — Kieffer (1924), adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Trichotanypus fulvus Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Trichotanypus parvulus Kieffer, 1918 — Kieffer (1924), adult male, adult female, key.</p><p>Trichotanypus profundorum Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key.</p><p>Trichotanypus ferrugineus Kieffer, 1918 — Goetghebuer (1927), France, adult male, illustration, key, description.</p><p>Trichotanypus parvulus Kieffer, 1918 — Goetghebuer (1927), France, adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Procladius ferrugineus (Kieffer, 1918) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Hungary, adult male, adult female, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius fulvus (Kieffer, 1924) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Belgium, adult female, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius parvulus (Kieffer, 1918) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Lithuania, adult female, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius profundorum (Kieffer, 1924) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Procladius cf. nigriventris (Kieffer, 1924) — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, pupa in part, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius ferrugineus (Kieffer, 1918) — Muragina-Koreneva (1957), Russia, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, keys, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius ferrugineus (Kieffer, 1918) — Shilova (1969), Russia, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius ferrugineus (Kieffer, 1918) — Izvekova (1973), Russia, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius ferrugineus (Kieffer, 1918) — Pankratova (1977), Russia, larva, illustration.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Pinder (1978), England, adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Fittkau &amp; Murray (1986), pupa, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Langton (1991), pupa, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) —Sasa &amp; Kikushi (1995), Japan, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Kobayashi (1998), Japan, adult male in part, description, photo.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Langton &amp; Visser (2003), pupa, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Langton &amp; Pinder (2007), England, adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), China, adult male.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Germany, Montenegro, Poland, Sweden and China, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>Procladius ferrugineus (Kieffer, 1918) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Germany and Canada, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Austria, Finland, Germany, Montenegro, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, China, Kazakhstan, Canada and United States, adult males, adult females, larvae, photos.</p><p>Procladius rugulosus Saether, 2010 — Saether (2010), Canada, adult male, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Langton et al. (2013), pupa, key, illustrations.</p><p>?  Tanypus distans Kieffer, 1909 — Kieffer (1909), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus distinguendus Kieffer, 1915 — Kieffer (1915c), Germany, adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus distans Kieffer, 1909 — Kieffer (1918a), Lithuania, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus distinguendus Kieffer, 1909 — Kieffer (1918a), Lithuania, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus distans Kieffer, 1909 — Kieffer (1924), adult male, key.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus distinguendus Kieffer, 1915 — Kieffer (1924), adult male, adult female, key.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus distinguendus Kieffer, 1915 — Goetghebuer (1927), France, adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius distans (Kieffer, 1909) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius distinguendus (Kieffer, 1915) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius distans (Kieffer, 1909) — Fritz (1983), Germany, adult male, illustration.</p><p>?  Procladius rugulosus Saether, 2010 — Saether (2010), Canada, adult female, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Material examined (n = 56).   AUSTRIA, 1 adult male (as  P. choreus, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.05/lat 47.85)">Lake Lunzer Untersee</a>, 47.85°N 15.05°E, 608 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 1940‒1942, leg. F. Krüger and A. Thienemann ;   3 adult males (as  P. choreus, IZUW), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.04&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.84" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.04/lat 47.84)">Lake Lunzer Untersee</a>, 47.84°N 15.04°E, 608 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 1940‒1942, leg. F. Krüger.  —   CANADA, 1 adult male (Paratype of  P. rugulosus, FWIM), Lake Winnipeg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.63" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.96/lat 50.63)">Gimli</a>, 50.63°N 96.96°W, 217 m a.s.l., +1 °C m.a.t., 14.vii.1971, leg. P.S.S. Chang ;   2 adult males (as  P. rugulosus, FWIM), Lake Winnipeg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-96.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.62" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -96.96/lat 50.62)">Gimli</a>, 50.62°N 96.96°W, 217 m a.s.l., +1 °C m.a.t., 5.viii.1971, leg. N. Hooper and P. Johnson.  —   CZECHIA, 3 adult males (NHRS), Lake Pomezsky rybnik, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.29&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.72" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.29/lat 49.72)">Pomezy</a>, 49.72°N 16.29°E, 565 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   ENGLAND, 2 adult males (as  P. crassinervis, BMNH), Hawkshead, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.37" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.96/lat 54.37)">Three Dubs Tarn</a>, 54.37N 2.96W, 218 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 7‒15.v.1947, leg. T. T. Macan  .—   ESTONIA, 1 adult male (EAST), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.83" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.96/lat 58.83)">Lake Peipsi-Pihkva</a>, 58.83°N, 26.96°E, 28 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 16.vii.1980, leg. V. Timm and T. Timm  .—   FINLAND, 2 adult males (as  P. culiciformis -t), Turku, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.2/lat 60.4)">Island Ruissalo</a>, 60.4°N 22.2°E, 8 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 29.vii‒5.viii.2009, leg. L. Paasivirta.  —   FRANCE, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), Corsica, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.02&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.02/lat 42.21)">Lake Melu</a>, 42.21°N 9.02°E, 1 715 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 25.viii.2015, leg. J. Moubayed-Breil.  —   GERMANY, 1 adult male (as  P. parvulus, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.96/lat 54.31)">Eider</a>, small stream, 54.31°N 9.96°E, 2 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 1950 ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., ZSMG), Eider Achterwehr, canal, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.9/lat 54.3)">Silo</a>, 54.3°N 9.9°E, 1 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 29.vii.1969 ;   1 adult male (ZFMK), Rügen Island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.35/lat 54.35)">Kniepow</a>, small lake, 54.35°N 13.35°E, 9 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 16.viii.2014 [Barcode GBMTM2155-15] ;   1 adult male (ZFMK), east of Karlsruhe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.98" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.43/lat 48.98)">Wilhelma</a>, 48.98°N 8.43°E, 121 m a.s.l., + 10 m  .a.t., 8.x.2014 [Barcode GBMTB294-15] .—   ITALY, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.8/lat 45.8)">Lake Lago di Garda</a>, 45.8°N 10.8°E, 65 m a.s.l., +13 °C m.a.t., 23.viii.1966, leg. F. Reiss.  —   JAPAN, 2 adult males (as  P. choreus, KUHY), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=139.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=35.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 139.3/lat 35.3)">Lake Ikuta</a>, 35.3°N E 139.3°E, 60 m a.s.l., +16 °C m.a.t., vi.1991, leg. T. Kobayashi  .—   LITHUANIA, 1 adult male (IBIB), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.75&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.75/lat 54.43)">Lake Vistytis</a>, 54.43°N 22.75°E, 168 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., vii.1983, leg. A.I. Shilova.  —   NETHERLANDS, 1 adult male (as  P. crassinervis), Haarlem, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=4.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.38" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 4.6/lat 52.38)">Tuinbouwgebied-zuid</a>, 52.38°N 4.60°E, 3 m a.s.l., +11 °C m.a.t., 26.iii.2023, leg. M. van Wieringen.  —   POLAND, 3 adult males (NHRS), west of Dzwirzyno, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.34&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.15" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.34/lat 54.15)">Lake Resko Przymoirskie</a>, 54.15°N 15.34°E, ‒ 2 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 8.viii.2012, leg. Y. Brodin and J. Hellberg   [1  Barcode BSCHI697-17]  .—   RUSSIA, 5 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=32.18&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=55.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 32.18/lat 55.75)">Lake Shchuch</a>, 55.75°N 32.18°E, 174 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., vii.1975, leg. P.I. Persson ;   3 adult males (as P. grp.  ferrugineus, TIEV), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=49.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=53.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 49.0/lat 53.6)">Kuybyshev Reservoir</a>, 53.6°N 49.0°E, 47 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., vii.1977 ;   3 adult males, Lake Onega, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=34.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.83" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 34.32/lat 61.83)">Petrozavodsk</a>, 61.83°N 34.32°E, 33 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 26.vii.1989  .—   SPAIN, 2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., DEBE), Cordoba district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-5.03&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.51" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -5.03/lat 37.51)">La Brena Reservoir</a>, 37.51°N 5.03°W, 121 m a.s.l., +18 °C m.a.t., 23.xi.1974, leg. N. Prat ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., DEBE), La Minilla Reservoir, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-6.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.44" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -6.1/lat 37.44)">Sevilla</a>, 37.44°N 6.10°W, 165 m a.s.l., +17 °C m.a.t., 27.xi.1974, leg. N. Prat.  —   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (NHRS), Marsveden, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.24&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.81" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.24/lat 59.81)">Lake Hålsjön</a>, 59.81°N 17.24°E, 39 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 17.v.1988, leg. J. de Jong ;   2 adult males (NHRS), Baltic Sea, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.9/lat 59.7)">Furusundsfjärden islands</a>, 59.70°N 18.90°E, 0 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.viii.2008, leg. C. Essenberg   [ Barcode BSCHI083-11 and BSCHI084-11] ;   3 adult males (NHRS), Baltic Sea, Askö Island, west of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.67&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.81" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.67/lat 58.81)">Askötorp</a>, 58.81°N 17.67°E, 5 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 19.vii‒2.viii.2011, leg. B.-E. Bengtsson   [ Barcode BSCHI563-17, BSCHI570-17 and BSCHI570-17] ;   2 adult males (NHRS), Baltic Sea coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.74" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.32/lat 60.74)">Bönan</a>, 60.74°N 17.32°E, 0 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.vii.2011, leg. Y. Brodin   [ Barcode BSCHI222-17 and BSCHI223- 17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Baltic Sea coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.19&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.68" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.19/lat 60.68)">Gävle</a> harbor, 60.68°N 17.19°E, 2 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.vii.2011, leg. Y. Brodin   [ Barcode BSCHI256-17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Baltic Sea coast, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.29&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.67" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.29/lat 60.67)">Östra Sikvik</a>, 60.67°N 17.29E °, 0 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.vii.2011, leg. Y. Brodin   [ Barcode BSCHI368-17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Ottnaren, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.58&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.58/lat 60.5)">Tummen</a>, 60.50°N 16.58°E, 67 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 22.vii.2011, leg. Y. Brodin   [ Barcode BSCHI520-17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Baltic Sea, Norrfjärden Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.16&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.16/lat 61.05)">Axmar</a> bridge, 61.05°N 17.16°E, 0 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 25.vii.2012, leg. Y. Brodin  [BSCHI629-17];   2 adult males (NHRS), Ljusne harbor, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.15/lat 61.2)">Storstenshavet</a>, 61.20°N 17.15°E, 1 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 25.vii.2012, leg. Y. Brodin   [ Barcode BSCHI584-17 and BSCHI585-17] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Mälaren, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.88&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.26" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.88/lat 59.26)">Vårby</a> beach, 59.26°N 17.88°E, 4 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 1.viii.2012, leg. Y. Brodin.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 30, 77‒79, key couplet 12. The unique form of the inner section of the phallapodeme (not to 30° angled from the outer section, dark and basally as broad as outer section) is usually enough to separate  P. ferrugineus from all other  Procladius in Europe and North America.</p><p>In some specimens of  P. ferrugineus mounted on slides after maceration or longtime storage in alcohol, the phallapodeme is more or less deformed, bleached or not distinctly visible. In such cases it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish  P. ferrugineus from other species with a medium long gonostylus process and overlapping GspR.</p><p>There are seven species with a GspR that overlaps that of  P. ferrugineus . Of these,  P. lugubris,  P. frigidus,  P. pruinosus and  P. longistilus can mostly be distinguished from  P. ferrugineus by characters related to size (wing length 2.4‒4.0 mm versus 1.9‒2.7 mm and mid tibia length 1.05‒1.52 mm versus 0.78‒1.07 mm) if the phallopodeme is in less good condition.</p><p>The gonostylus GspR of  P. ferrugineus slightly overlaps that of  P. crassinervis (0.27‒0.33 versus 0.32‒0.39).  P. ferrugineus can nevertheless be separated from  P. crassinervis by the not to only slightly upward oriented (0‒20° versus 30–60°) and less diverging (10‒35° versus 40–60°) gonostylus process.</p><p>P.ferrugineus can be difficult to separate from  P. tenebricosus and  P. floralis if the phallapodeme of  P.ferrugineus is deformed or bleached. The gonostylus process of  P. ferrugineus is on average somewhat longer than that of  P. tenebricosus but overlapping (0.27‒0.33 versus 0.23‒0.29), and the anal cell of the wing has no or a faint dark patch while the patch is usually distinct in  P. tenebricosus . The gonostylus process divergence of  P. ferrugineus is mostly less strong than that of  P. floralis (10‒35° versus 30–50°) and the mid leg tibia mostly somewhat shorter (0.78‒1.07 mm versus 0.99–1.30 mm).</p><p>P. ferrugineus has often been misidentified as  P. crassinervis for records in western Europe which are based on the identification keys for males by Pinder (1978) or Langton &amp; Pinder (2007). Pupal exuviae are also often misidentified as  P. crassinervis .</p><p>P. ferrugineus is known under several other species names of which four to six can be regarded as synonyms.</p><p>One of the synonyms,  P. rugulosus (Saether, 2010), was described as a new species particularly because of the rugulose or striped medial dorsal surface of the gonocoxite. This character is, however, not uncommon in recently emerged males of several species of  Procladius .</p><p>The adult female and larva of  P. ferrugineus have been briefly described, and the pupal exuvia more detailed. Barcodes of adult males, adult females and larvae are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology. With respect to ecology and geographical distribution,  P. ferrugineus is the most studied species of  Procladius in the world together with  P. choreus . Comprehensive ecological information is available, particularly from Russia. Findings in Europe are from at least 31 countries or autonomous regions with the southernmost in Portugal and Spain at 37°N and the northernmost in mid Russia and Norway at 63°N. Records more southward are from Japan and the United States at 35°N. The mean annual temperature at the 121 sites with quality assured records of  P. ferrugineus ranges from + 18 in southern Europe to + 1 in northern Europe, and within this temperature interval also for countries outside Europe.</p><p>P. ferrugineus has been recorded from the subtropical to the northern temperate zone including dense forests, steppes and semi-deserts, the latter in southern Russia and southern Spain. Most records are from ‒ 2 m below sea level to 600 m above sea level. A few findings higher than 1 000 m above sea level are known, with a top altitude at 1 720 m above sea level in a lake in Corsica, France.</p><p>About 90% of the findings of  P. ferrugineus are from brackish water of the sea or freshwater lakes and lake-like reservoirs. Most of these habitats are eutrophic or hypereutrophic. The species has been acknowledged as an important indicator of oxygen deficit in deep areas of strongly eutrophic reservoirs and lakes. In fact,  P. ferrugineus together with the chironomid  Chironomus plumosus are frequently the only remaining macroscopic animals in conditions with very low oxygen concentrations (1‒3% oxygen saturation) such as in the profundal of hypereutrophic reservoirs and lakes. Calculations have shown that the larvae of  P. ferrugineus are frequently among the most abundant macroscopic animal species in nutrient-rich environments, reaching up to 2 500 individuals per m 2 in some reservoirs in Russia. Larvae have been caught from 2‒60 m water depth, mostly above mud bottoms but sometimes also above sand-dominated ones. Some findings of  P. ferrugineus are from saltwater lakes, such as the shrinking Lake Aral in Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan with salinity of about 20‰.</p><p>Larvae of  P. ferrugineus are also common in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes and reservoirs, but usually in relatively low numbers. No confirmed findings seem to exist from mesohumic to polyhumic conditions. A few findings are from slowly running water including streams, ditches and manmade canals.</p><p>Food items of  P.ferrugineus include detritus, algae and smaller animals such as crustaceans, worms ( Tubificidae), Entomostraca, Testacea and other species of  Chironomidae .</p><p>Adults are found from early May to the middle of October in northern Europe and until late November in Spain in southern Europe. One generation per year is mostly the case for northern Europe, whereas in mid and southern Europe two or three generations per year have been estimated. Warmer water produces adults which on average are smaller than those growing up in colder water.</p><p>Countries or autonomous regions with records of  P. ferrugineus in Europe are Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Montenegro, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine and Wales. It has also been recorded from Armenia, Azerbaijan, Canada, China, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia (Asia), the United States and Uzbekistan.</p><p>References. Alecsevnina 1988; Alecsevnina 1989; Aliyev et al. 2013; Anikina 2009a; Anikina 2009b; Aydin &amp; Samin 2020; Bazzanti &amp; Seminara 1987; Berczik 1966; Bérg et al. 1962; Botnariuc &amp; Cure 1999; Brodin et al. 2013; Brundin 1949; Carter 1976; Carter 1980a; Carter 1980b; Charles et al. 1974; Charles et al. 1976; Coe 1950; Erbaeva 1989; Erbaeva &amp; Safronov 2016; Essenberg 2009; Fedoruk 1964; Fittkau &amp; Murray 1986; Fritz 1983; Gadawski 2020; Gadawski et al. 2022; Gerstmeier 1989; Goetghebuer 1921; Goetghebuer 1927; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936b; Hempel 2011; Izvekova 1973; Izvekova 1975; Janković 1972; Jónasson 1964; Jónasson 1969; Jónasson &amp; Thorhauge 1976; Kajak 1980; Kieffer 1909; Kieffer 1915c; Kieffer 1918a; Kieffer 1919; Kieffer 1924; Kobayashi 1998; Kobayashi 2000; Kontula &amp; Haldin 2012; Kownacki 1963; Krupa &amp; Grishaeva 2019; Langton 1991; Langton 1993; Langton &amp; Pinder 2007; Langton &amp; Visser 2003; Larsen 1993; Mitropoliskii 1978; Mothes 1966; Moubayed-Breil et al. 2019; Muragina-Koreneva 1957; Murray &amp; Ashe 1983; Murray &amp; O´Connor 1992; Murray et al. 2018; Nazarova 2006; Nietzke 1937; Ntislidou et al. 2019; Orendt 1993; Ostrovsky 1984; Pankratova 1977; Petrova &amp; Zhirov 2014; Pinder 1978; Prat 1979; Prat 1980; Ratnasingham &amp; Hebert 2007; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Reiss 1968; Roback 1971; Rozenberg &amp; Vykhristiuk 2008; Saether 2010; Sasa &amp; Kikushi 1995; Sergeeva &amp; Anikina 2009; Shcherbina 1989; Shilova 1969; Shilova 1976; Sokolowa 1968b; Sokolowa 1971; Stasiukynas et al. 2024; Tarwid 1969; Tatole 2023; Thienemann 1954; Timm et al. 1994; Timm et al. 1996b; Timm et al. 2007; Vadadi-Fülöp et al. 2007; Vesterinen et al. 2013; Vesterinen et al. 2018; Wesenberg-Lund 1943; Wiederholm 1984; Wonglersak et al. 2021; Zinchenko 1992.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FF87090F3CE4FABE9DF6F921	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FF8409083CE4F8D59FCFFBBD.text	5E47CA08FF8409083CE4F8D59FCFFBBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius fimbriatus Wulker 1959	<div><p>Procladius fimbriatus Wülker, 1959</p><p>Procladius fimbriatus Wülker, 1959 — Wülker (1959), Finland, adult male, adult female, pupa, description, illustrations.  Procladius fimbriatus Wülker, 1959 — Langton &amp; Visser (2003), Finland, pupa, illustration.</p><p>Procladius fimbriatus Wülker, 1959 — Langton et al. (2013), Norway, pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Material examined (n = 8).   FINLAND, 1 adult male (Holotype of  P. fimbriatus, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.88&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.88/lat 69.05)">Lake Saanajärvi</a>, 69.05°N 20.88°E, 679 m a.s.l., ‒4 °C m.a.t., viii.1956, leg. W. Wülker ;   1 adult male (Paratype of  P. fimbriatus, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.88&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.88/lat 69.05)">Lake Saanajärvi</a>, 69.05°N 20.88°E, 679 m a.s.l., ‒4 °C m.a.t., viii.1956, leg. W. Wülker ;   1 adult male (MZHF), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.92&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=68.95" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.92/lat 68.95)">Lake Ala-Kilpisjärvi</a>, 68.95°N 20.92°E, 473 m a.s.l., ‒2 °C m.a.t., 25.viii.1983, leg. J. Tuiskunen ;   2 adult males, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.84&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.02" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.84/lat 69.02)">Lake Kilpsiärvi</a>, Saana, 69.02°N 20.84°E, 491 m a.s.l., ‒2 °C m.a.t., 16.vii‒24.viii.2007  .—   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=68.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.8/lat 68.3)">Abisko district</a>, lake at stream draining, 68.3°N 18.8°E, 410 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 26.vi.1958 ,  leg. D. R. Oliver;   2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.61&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=67.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.61/lat 67.87)">Lake Sitasjaure</a>, 67.87°N 17.61°E, 613 m a.s.l., ‒3 °C m.a.t., 7.viii.1992, leg. Y. Brodin.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 20, 47‒49, key couplet 2. The female-like male antenna with its low antennal ratio (AR) and reduced plume separates  P. fimbriatus from all other known species of  Procladius . The species can readily be separated also from other species of  Procladius in Europe and North America by several additional characters although the gonostylus process GspR overlaps that of six other species of  Procladius present in Europe.</p><p>Absence of any signs of parasitism, e.g. by nematodes, in the body of all eight studied specimens suggest that  P. fimbriatus is a valid species and not an intersex which also may have female-like antenna but normal male genitalia (Wülker 1959; Aagaard 1974). Wülker, who first described  P. fimbriatus, was a specialist in parsitism in  Chironomidae .</p><p>The adult female and pupal exuvia have been described. The larva is not known. No barcoded specimens are known.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.   All findings of  P. fimbriatus are from northern regions of Norway, Sweden and Finland, at 68‒ 70°N and altitude 150‒680 m above sea level. All six sites with findings of adults are above the tree limit in the taiga with a subarctic climate of +1 to ‒4 °C mean annual temperature and ice cover on lakes for 7‒10 months annually  .</p><p>Pupal exuviae and adults of  P. fimbriatus have been found in or close to ultraoligotrophic or oligotrophic clearwater lakes and tarns without or with very sparse vegetation. One finding is close to a stream. Adults have been found from mid-June to late August. Larvae and larval habitats are unknown.</p><p>Countries with records of  P. fimbriatus in Europe are Finland, Norway and Sweden.</p><p>References. Langton &amp; Visser 2003; Langton et al. 2013; Paasivirta 2012; Sorvari et al. 2000; Tuiskunen &amp; Lindeberg 1986; Wülker 1959.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FF8409083CE4F8D59FCFFBBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FF82090A3CE4FF709F48FDFD.text	5E47CA08FF82090A3CE4FF709F48FDFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius flavifrons Edwards 1929	<div><p>Procladius flavifrons Edwards, 1929</p><p>Procladius flavifrons Edwards, 1929 — Edwards (1929), England and Ireland, adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Psilotanypus flavifrons (Edwards, 1929) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), England, adult male, adult female, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius flavifrons Edwards, 1929 — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, key.</p><p>Procladius flavifrons Edwards, 1929 — Coe (1950), England and Ireland, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius flavifrons Edwards, 1929 — Pinder (1978), England, adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius bellus (Loew, 1866) — Murray &amp; Fittkau (1989), adult male, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Murray &amp; Fittkau (1989), adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius flavifrons Edwards, 1929 — Langton (1991), pupa, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius flavifrons Edwards, 1929 — Langton &amp; Visser (2003), pupa, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius flavifrons Edwards, 1929 — Langton &amp; Pinder (2007), England, adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius flavifrons Edwards, 1929 — Baranov (2013), Ukraine, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius flavifrons Edwards, 1929 — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland, Norway and Sweden, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>?  Procladius albinervis Kieffer, 1918 — Kieffer (1918a), Lithuania, adult female, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius albinervis Kieffer, 1918 — Goetghebuer (1927 a), France and Germany, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Material examined (n = 27).   DENMARK, 1 adult male (as  Trichotanypus sp., ZMLU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=55.67" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.57/lat 55.67)">Copenhagen district</a>, 55.67°N 12.57°E, 5 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., circa 1920  .—   ENGLAND, 3 adult males (Syntypes of  P. flavifrons, BMNH), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.94&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.94/lat 54.35)">Lake Windermere</a>, 54.35°N 2.94°W, 39 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 9.vii.1923, leg. F.W. Edwards.  —   FINLAND, 2 adult males (WIFE), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.11&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.11/lat 60.31)">Lake Kuusijärvi</a>, 60.31°N 25.11°E, 44 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 18.vii.1965, leg. P. Armitage ;   1 adult male (MZHF), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.09&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.32" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.09/lat 60.32)">Lake Kuusijärvi</a>, 60.32°N 25.09°E, 44 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 28.vii.1966, leg. B. Lindeberg ;   4 adult males (as  P. cf. lugens, MZHF), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.74" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.35/lat 61.74)">Lake Puruvesi</a>, Punkasalmi, Akonniemi, 61.74°N 29.35°E, 75 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 10.vii.1974, leg. B. Lindeberg ;   2 adult males (ZMUO), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.26" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.6/lat 61.26)">Asikkalanselkä</a>, 61.26°N 25.60°E, 74 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 20.vii.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta   [ Barcode CHIFI548-16 and CHFI549-16]  .—   FRANCE, 1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.78" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.27/lat 46.78)">Remoray National Reserve</a>, 46.78°N 6.27°E, 853 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 23.iii.2017, leg. B. Tissot ;   1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.26/lat 46.77)">Lake Remoray</a>, 46.77°N 6.26°E, 850 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 7.iv.2017, leg. B. Tissot ;   2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.26/lat 46.77)">Lake Remoray</a>, 46.77°N 6.26°E, 850 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., iv.2019, leg. B. Tissot   [1  Barcoded] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), springs at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.26/lat 46.77)">Lake Remoray</a>, 46.77°N 6.26°E, 852 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., iv.2019, leg. B. Tissot   [ Barcoded]  .—   NORWAY, 2 adult males (NTNU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.55/lat 63.4)">Lake Jonsvatn</a>, near Flaten, 63.40°N 10.55°E, 149 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 3‒17.vii.2014, leg. E. Stur   [ Barcode CHMNO216-15 and CHMNO217-15] ;   1 adult male (NTNU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.55/lat 63.4)">Lake Jonsvatn</a>, near Flaten, 63.40°N 10.55°E, 149 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 31.vii‒14.viii.2014, leg. E. Stur   [ Barcode CHMNO343-15]  .—   SPAIN, 2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., DEBE), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-6.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.44" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -6.1/lat 37.44)">La Minilla Reservoir</a>, 37.44°N 6.10°W, 165 m a.s.l., +17 °C m.a.t., 27.xi.1974, leg. N. Prat.  —   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.79&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.24" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.79/lat 60.24)">Lake Färnebofjärden</a>, Dragsheden, 60.24°N 16.79°E, 60 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 22.vi.2008, leg. Y. Brodin   [ Barcoded] ;   1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.98&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.53" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.98/lat 58.53)">Lake Vättern</a>, Motala, Råssnäs, 58.53°N 14.98°E, 88 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 30.vii.2012, leg. Y. Brodin   [ Barcode BSCHI776-17] ;   2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.93&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.78" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.93/lat 60.78)">Lake Siljan</a>, 60.78°N 14.93°E, 162 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 6.vii.2020, leg. Y. Brodin   [1  Barcoded]  .</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 4, 44, 119‒121, key couplet 25.  P. flavifrons is efficiently identified by the numerous distinct setae of the katepisternum and the lack of macrotrichia on the wing membrane. Other species of  Procladius in Europe without wing membrane microtrichia lack katepisternal setae. Two of these species,  P. lugens and  P. imicola, have similar gonostyli, but  P. flavifrons is mostly smaller (wing length 1.7‒2.3 mm versus 2.1‒3.4 mm) and has a lower antennal ratio (AR 1.3‒1.7 versus 1.7‒2.6).</p><p>The adult female has been briefly described and the pupal exuvia in detail. The larva is not known. Barcodes of adult males and adult females are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.   The geographical distribution of  P. flavifrons extends from southern Spain at latitude 37°N to Norway at 63°N and Finland at 64°N.  Findings are reported from 17 countries or autonomous regions in Europe. It is mainly an inland freshwater species found up to 920 m above sea level, but some findings are from brackish water at or near the Atlantic coast of Ireland and the Baltic coast of Poland. The climate of sites with findings ranges from +17 °C and almost subtropical to temperate and +4 °C  .</p><p>Larvae of  P. flavifrons inhabit standing freshwater habitats in lakes, reservoirs, ponds and sometimes brackish bays of the sea. There are reports of occurrence in manmade constructions such as fountain ponds in Denmark.  P. flavifrons has also been found close to a mountain spring in France and in a rice field in Hungary. Emergence has been reported from 1‒4 m water depth from bottoms with mud or vegetation dominated by  Cladophora .</p><p>Nutrient conditions in lakes and reservoirs with findings of  P. flavifrons are mostly mesotrophic to eutrophic, but same are from oligotrophic conditions. Food sources of the larvae are unknown. Adults have been reported from late March in Ukraine to early December in southern Spain where it can develop at least two generations per year.</p><p>Countries or autonomous regions with records of  P. flavifrons in Europe are Denmark, England, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Norway, Poland, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine and Wales. It is also known from Asian Russia.</p><p>References. Anikina 2009b; Armitage 1968; Baranov 2013; Berczik 1973; Brundin 1947; Brundin 1949; Bukvová &amp; Hamerlík 2015; Coe 1950; Edwards 1929; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Humphries 1936; Kieffer 1918a; Langton 1993; Langton &amp; Pinder 2007; Langton &amp; Visser 2003; Langton et al. 2013; Moubayed-Breil et al. 2019; Murray &amp; Fittkau 1989; Murray et al. 2018; Paasivirta 2012; Pinder 1978; Prat 1979; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Ruse 2013; Sandberg 1969; Serra-Tosio &amp; Gay 1978; Tomlin et al. 2024; Vallenduuk &amp; Moller Pillot 2007; Zilahi-Sebess 1944.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FF82090A3CE4FF709F48FDFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FF81090B3CE4FD699B7FFC41.text	5E47CA08FF81090B3CE4FD699B7FFC41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius floralis Kieffer 1915	<div><p>Procladius floralis Kieffer, 1915</p><p>Procladius floralis Kieffer, 1915 — Kieffer (1915b), Faroe Islands, adult male, adult female, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius floralis Kieffer, 1915 — Kieffer (1918a), Faroe Islands, adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Psilotanypus floralis (Kieffer, 1915) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Faroe Islands, adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Bulgaria, France, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia and Slovakia, adult males, adult females, larvae, photos.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus abditus Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus ploenensis Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key.</p><p>?  Procladius ploenensis (Kieffer, 1924) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Material examined (n = 15).   CZECHIA, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.34&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.12" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.34/lat 50.12)">Franzensbad</a>, Frantiskovy Lazne, 50.12°N 12.34°E, 442 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., v.1879, leg. F. Kowarz ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.08" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.46/lat 50.08)">Cheb district</a>, Udolni Nadrz Jesenice Reservoir, 50.08°N 12.46°E, 437 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin ;   2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.08" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.46/lat 50.08)">Cheb district</a>, Udolni Nadrz Jesenice Reservoir, 50.08°N 12.46°E, 437 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin ;   1 adult male (as <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.08" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.46/lat 50.08)">Procladiu</a> s sp., NHRS), Cheb district, Udolni Nadrz Jesenice Reservoir, 50.08°N 12.46°E, 437 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.1991, leg. Y.Brodin ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.09" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.32/lat 50.09)">Cheb district</a>, Lake Vodni Nadrz Skalka, 50.09°N 12.32°E, 439 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin and M. Gransberg.  —   ESTONIA, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., EAST), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.83" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.96/lat 58.83)">Lake Peipsi-Pihkva</a>, 58.83°N 26.96°E, 28 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 16.vii.1980 ,   leg. V.  Timm and T. Timm  .—   FINLAND, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., HECH), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.08&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.08/lat 61.17)">Aidassaari</a>, Lake Vanajavesi, 61.17°N 24.08°E, 79 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 12‒15.viii.1978, leg. P.H. Kansanen.  —   FRANCE, 2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.26/lat 46.77)">Lake Remoray</a>, 46.77°N 6.26°E, 850 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., iv.2017, leg. B. Tissot   [1  Barcoded]  .—   GERMANY, 1 adult male (as  P. culiciformis, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.48&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.48/lat 47.87)">Lake Chiemsee</a>, 47.87°N 12.48°E, 518 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 9.vi.1988, leg. C. Orendt.  —   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.57" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.1/lat 58.57)">Lake Boren</a>, Borenshult, 58.57°N 15.10°E, 74 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 11.vi.1980, leg. Y. Brodin ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.24&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.81" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.24/lat 59.81)">Lake Hålsjön</a>, Marsveden, 59.81°N 17.24°E, 39 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 23.v.1988, leg. J. de Jong ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.81&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.29" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.81/lat 60.29)">Lake Färnebofjärden</a>, Edsviken Bay, 60.29°N 16.81°E, 59 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.viii.2007, leg. Y. Brodin ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.99&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.99/lat 56.17)">Eriksberg nature reserve</a>, Lake Färsksjön, 56.17°N 14.99°E, 7 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 13.viii.2015, leg. J. Wolgast.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 33, 86‒88, key couplet 15.  P. floralis has a rather long gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of ten other species of  Procladius in Europe. Of these,  P. tenebricosus,  P. lugubris,  P. frigidus,  P. crassinervis,  P. fimbriatus and  P. signatus can be distinguished from  P. floralis by one or more other morphological characters in the key and the helpdesk.</p><p>The GspR of  P. floralis partly overlaps that of  P. pruinosus (0.28‒0.37 versus 0.23‒0.30). If overlapping,  P. floralis can be separated from  P. pruinosus by the stronger gonostylus process divergence (30‒50° versus 10–25°) and mostly shorter body length (3.6‒4.4 mm versus 4.3‒5.9 mm).</p><p>The GspR of  P. floralis considerably overlaps that of  P. longistilus (0.28‒0.37 versus 0.25‒0.34). If overlapping,  P. floralis can usually be separated from  P. longistilus by the stronger gonostylus process divergence (30‒50° versus 5‒30°) and usually shorter body length (3.6‒4.4 mm versus 4.2‒5.7 mm).</p><p>P. floralis can be difficult to separate from  P. ferrugineus if the phallapodeme of  P. ferrugineus is deformed or bleached. The gonostylus process divergence of  P. floralis is usually stronger than that of  P. ferrugineus (30‒50° versus 10–35°) and the mid leg tibia mostly somewhat longer (0.99‒1.30 mm versus 0.78‒1.07 mm).</p><p>The GspR of  P. floralis considerably overlaps that of  P. crassinervis (0.28‒0.37 versus 0.32‒0.39). The species can nonetheless be separated by a combination of characters. The gonostylus process of  P. floralis is less strongly oriented upwards than that of  P. crassinervis (10‒30° versus 30–60°), the gonostylus on average narrower (GsmR 5.6‒6.8 versus 5.2‒5.9), the gonostylus process divergence weaker (30‒50° versus 40‒75°) and the length ratio between the gonostylus and the gonocoxite higher (0.53‒0.57 versus 0.47‒0.55).</p><p>The adult female has been briefly described, but the pupa and larva not. Barcodes of adult males, adult females and larvae are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.  P. floralis  has been found in  Europe from Montenegro at 42°N to southern Finland at 61°N and the Faroe Islands at 62°N. Findings in Bulgaria, Montenegro and Slovakia are based on barcodes. The findings suggest that the species is widespread in Europe. Mean annual temperature of the 19 sites with quality assured findings ranges from +15 to +5 °C and the altitude from 5 to 850 m above sea level  .</p><p>Knowledge of larval habitats of  P. floralis is lacking, but they can be expected to inhabit mesotrophic to hypereutrophic lakes and reservoirs judging from the findings of adults. It is possible that the larvae of the species inhabit slowly flowing rivers as well. Adults have been recorded from April to late August.</p><p>Countries or autonomous regions with records of  P. floralis in Europe are Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Montenegro, Poland, Serbia, Slovakia and Sweden.</p><p>References. De Jong &amp; Ahlén 1991; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Kieffer 1915b; Kieffer 1918a; Kieffer 1924; Lundström et al. 2010; Moubayed-Breil et al. 2019; Orendt 1991; Orendt 1993; Ratnasingham et al. 2024.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FF81090B3CE4FD699B7FFC41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FF8009753CE4FC359DDBFEDD.text	5E47CA08FF8009753CE4FC359DDBFEDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius frigidus (Holmgren 1869)	<div><p>Procladius frigidus (Holmgren, 1869)</p><p>Tanypus frigidus Holmgren, 1869 — Holmgren (1869), Norway, adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Norway, adult male in part, key, description.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Roback (1966b), Greenland, adult male, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius gretis Roback, 1971 — Roback (1971), Canada, adult male, key, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius sp. A — Roback (1971), Canada, adult male, key, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius frigidus (Holmgren, 1869) — Stur &amp; Ekrem (2020), Norway, adult males, adult females, larva, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Canada and Greenland, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>Procladius frigidus (Holmgren, 1869) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Norway, adult males, adult females, pupa, larvae, photos.</p><p>Procladius pectinatus (Kieffer, 1909) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland and Canada, adult males, adult females, larvae, photos.</p><p>Material examined (n = 17).   CANADA, 1 adult male (Holotype of  P. gretis, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-70.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=66.25" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -70.05/lat 66.25)">Baffin Island</a>, Lake Nettilling, 66.25°N 70.05°W, 30 m a.s.l., ‒9 °C m.a.t., 8.viii.1956, leg. J.G. Chillcott ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp.A, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-71.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=81.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -71.2/lat 81.5)">Ellesmere Island</a>, Lake Hazen, Hazen Camp, 81.5°N 71.2°W, 158 m a.s.l., ‒14 °C m.a.t., 17.vii.1961, leg. D. R  .   Oliver .—   FINLAND, 1 adult male (as  P. pectinatus, ZMUO), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.44" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.96/lat 60.44)">Lake Kankareenjärvi</a>, 60.44°N 22.96°E, 80 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 20.iv.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta [Barcode LEFIJ3520-16] ;   2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., ZMUO), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.59" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.25/lat 60.59)">Lake Nummijärvi</a>, 60.59°N 23.25°E, 97 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 4.v.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta [Barcode LEFIJ3905-16 and LEFIJ3906-16] ;   2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., ZMUO), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.69" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.8/lat 60.69)">Lake Iso-Ruostejärvi</a>, 60.69°N 23.80°E, 117 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 5.v.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta [Barcode LEFIJ3670-16 and LEFIJ3671-16]  .—   GREENLAND, 3 adult males (as  P. choreus, ZMUC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-25.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=72.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -25.0/lat 72.5)">Cape Oswald Peninsula</a>, Franz Josef Fjord district, 72.5°N 25.0°W, 10 m a.s.l., ‒7 °C m.a.t., vii‒viii.1934, leg. F.S. Andersen.  —   NORWAY, 1 adult male (Holotype of  Tanypus frigidus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=74.42" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.2/lat 74.42)">Bear Island</a>, Mount Misery, 74.42°N 19.20°E, 300 m a.s.l., ‒3 °C m.a.t., 25.viii.1868, leg. A.E. Holmgren ;   1 adult male (as  P. choreus, MTSN), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.04&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=78.58" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.04/lat 78.58)">Svalbard</a>, Progetto, Londonelva 3, 78.58°N 12.04°E, 355 m a.s.l., ‒6 °C m.a.t., 13.viii.1997, leg. L. Marziali ;   1 adult male (NTNU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.83&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=78.16" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.83/lat 78.16)">Svalbard</a>, Adventdalen, Todalen below mine cave 5, 78.16°N 15.83°E, 100 m a.s.l., ‒5 °C m.a.t., 26.vii.2005, leg. O. Frengen [Barcode MIDGE069-06] ;   1 adult male (NTNU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.79&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=78.07" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.79/lat 78.07)">Svalbard</a>, Kapp Linné, Lake Søndre Borgdam, 78.07°N 13.79°E, 35 m a.s.l., ‒5 °C m.a.t., 8.viii.2008, leg. T  .   Ekrem and K. Hårsaker [Barcode CHRSV120-08] ;   1 adult male (NTNU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.76&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.76/lat 69.21)">Kautokeino</a>, Lahpoluoppal, lake, 69.21°N 23.76°E, 321 m a.s.l., ‒2 °C m.a.t., 12.vi.2010, leg. T  .   Ekrem and E. Stur [Barcode CHRFI033-10] ;   1 adult male (NTNU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.08&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.84" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.08/lat 69.84)">Porsanger</a>, Lake Øvrevatn, Skoganvarre, 69.84°N 26.08°E, 76 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 16.vi.2010, leg. T  .   Ekrem and E. Stur [Barcode CHRFI426-11]  .—   RUSSIA, 1 adult male (as  Tanypus signatus, ZISP), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.15&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=75.16" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.15/lat 75.16)">Kotelny Island</a>, River Wosnessenje, 75.16°N 145.15°E, 300 m a.s.l., ‒18 °C m.a.t., 23.vii.1903, leg. M.I. Brussnew.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 32, 83‒85, key couplet 14.  P. frigidus has a medium long gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of eight other species of  Procladius in Europe. Of these,  P. culiciformis,  P. tenebricosus,  P. ferrugineus,  P. floralis and  P. crassinervis are easily separated from  P. frigidus by the absence of setae on the median anepisternum and one or more other characters in the key and helpdesk.</p><p>It is neither a problem to distinguish  P. frigidus from  P. lugubris by characters such as gonostylus process divergence (10‒25° versus 25‒45°), front leg tarsi BR (3‒4.5 versus 5.5‒8) and the number of spines of the hind leg tibial comb (10‒14 versus 6‒9).</p><p>The GspR of  P. frigidus strongly overlaps that of  P. pruinosus (0.25‒0.33 versus 0.23‒0.30) and completely that of  P. longistilus (0.25‒0.33 versus 0.25‒0.34).  P. frigidus can be separated from the other species by a combination of other characters, particularly the number of median anepisternal setae (5‒26 versus 0‒6), antenna AR (2.2‒2.8 versus 1.7‒2.3) and the length of palpomere five divided with its width (8.0‒9.3 versus 9.1‒12.2).  P. frigidus is mainly an Arctic, cold-adapted species (mean annual temperature +5 to ‒15 °C), while  P. pruinosus mostly lives in warmer temperature conditions (mean annual temperature +18 to ‒1 °C).</p><p>P. frigidus has been regarded as a synonym of  P. crassinervis for a hundred years (Edwards 1924) until recently when Stur &amp; Ekrem (2020) reestablished  P. frigidus as a valid species name. The adult female and larva have been described. The pupa has not been described. Barcodes of adult males, adult females, a pupa and larvae are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology. As its Latin name implies,  P. frigidus is a cold-adapted species. It is in fact the most northerly distributed of all  Procladius species in the northern hemisphere, with findings up to latitude 79°N in Svalbard Island of Norway and 82°N in Ellesmere Island of Canada. The southernmost records are from southern Finland at 60°N. Altitude of the 33 sites with quality assured records ranges from about 2 m to about 360 m above sea level. Mean annual temperature extends from + 5 in Finland to ‒18 °C on an Arctic island near the Arctic Ocean coast of Siberian Russia. This is the coldest condition in terms of mean annual temperature known for a species of  Procladius and other species of  Chironomidae, in fact among the coldest known for any insect species. Noteworthy is that there are at least fifty species of  Chironomidae known from sites with mean annual temperature ranging from ‒14 to ‒18 °C.</p><p>The northernmost ponds and lakes where the larvae of  P. frigidus live can have a complete ice cover lasting for eight to more than ten months a year. Larvae have been found from 0 to 9 m water depth and are able to hibernate in a frozen state in bottom sediments for at least five months. Bottoms of these lakes can be devoid of oxygen and contain poisonous hydrogen sulfide.</p><p>The larvae of  P. frigidus have been reported to be fast swimmers, even swimming backwards, and to feed on smaller chironomids and crustaceans. The ponds and lakes with larvae are ultraoligotrophic to oligotrophic and mostly free of fish, but some contain Arctic char ( Salvelinus alpinus).</p><p>The development of  P. frigidus from the first instar larvae to adult may take three years or more in the coldest lakes with water temperature that rarely exceed +4 °C. They may overwinter as inactive prepupae. As for other  Chironomidae of Arctic lakes and ponds, emergence of  P. frigidus can take place as soon as cracks in the ice appear in mid-June or as late as early July. Emergence can continue for about three weeks, which is substantially longer than that for most other insect species in these lakes.</p><p>Summer weather even at the coldest sites can reach more than +20 °C, so conditions for activity of the adults such as mating and egg-laying can be favourable. Adults have been caught from mid-April to early June in southern Finland and from mid-June to mid-August in colder climate conditions.</p><p>Adults of  P. frigidus have been found to be common in the diet of snow buntings ( Plectrophenax nivalis) in Svalbard, Norway, and in southern Greenland. Adults are also known to be food items of other birds such as dunlins and sanderlings ( Calidris alpina and  C. alba).</p><p>Countries with records of  P. frigidus in Europe are Finland and Norway. It is also present in Canada, Greenland and Russia (Asia).</p><p>References. Andersen 1937; Andersen 1946; Edwards 1924; Edwards 1931; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Henriksen 1939; Hirvenoja 1967; Holmgren 1869; Lindegaard 2015; Lods-Crozet et al. 2007; Lundström 1915; Oliver 1963; Oliver 1968; Paasivirta 2012; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Roback 1966b; Roback 1971; Saether 2004; Stolz et al. 2023; Stur &amp; Ekrem 2020; Thienemann 1941; Wirta et al. 2015.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FF8009753CE4FC359DDBFEDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FFFE09753CE4FE899C32FBBD.text	5E47CA08FFFE09753CE4FE899C32FBBD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius gemma Brodin 2025	<div><p>Procladius gemma Brodin,  new species</p><p>Material examined (n = 3). FINLAND, 1 adult male (Paratype of  P. gemma, as  Procladius sp.), Galddoaivi, Sullamintie, 69.9°N 27.0°E, 90 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 8.vii.2003, leg. J. Salmela.— RUSSIA, 1 adult male (Holotype of  P. gemma, IANR), tundra ponds, east of Naryan-Mar, Yarey-shor, 67.62°N 53.70°E, 20 m a.s.l., ‒3 °C m.a.t., 29.vii.1990, leg. A. Rybakova; 1 adult male (Paratype of  P. gemma, IANR), tundra ponds, east of Naryan-Mar, Yarey-shor, 67.62°N 53.70°E, 20 m a.s.l., ‒3 °C m.a.t., 29.vii.1990, leg. A. Rybakova.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 21, 50‒52, key couplet 5.  P. gemma is easily distinguished from other species of  Procladius by the ball-formed projection of tergite IX and the special form of the medioapodeme.Together with the very different  P. flavifrons, it is the only species of  Procladius in Europe with more than 4 setae on the katepisternum.</p><p>Neither the female, pupa nor larva are known. No barcodes have been identified.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology. The two sites where adults of  P. gemma have been collected lay at latitude 68 and 70°N in northern Russia and northernmost Finland. The altitude of the sites is 90 m and 20 m respectively. Mean annual temperature ranges from 0 to ‒3 °C. Both sites are rather pristine palsa mires with discontinuous permafrost, containing small lakes and ponds in the Finnish site and only small ponds in the Russian one. The sites and their surroundings are treeless or with low birch forest somewhat influenced by domesticated reindeer ( Rangifer tarandus).</p><p>Larval ecology of  P. gemma is unknown, but the findings suggest that it is a cold-stenothermal inhabitant of shallow ponds. Adult males have been found during July.  P. gemma is probably a rare species, since it is an easily identified and relatively large species of  Chironomidae with unique genitalia characters.</p><p>Countries with records of  P. gemma are Finland and Russia.</p><p>References. Paasivirta 2012.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FFFE09753CE4FE899C32FBBD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FFFD09703CE4F9379B35FBD1.text	5E47CA08FFFD09703CE4F9379B35FBD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius imicola Kieffer 1922	<div><p>Procladius imicola Kieffer, 1922</p><p>Procladius lugubris (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Lundström (1916), Finland, adult male, illustration.</p><p>Procladius imicola Kieffer, 1922 — Kieffer (1922), Germany and Poland, adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Procladius imicola var. nigriventris Kieffer, 1922 — Kieffer (1922), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Procladius bathyphilus Kieffer, 1922 — Kieffer (1922), Germany, adult male, description.</p><p>Procladius imicola Kieffer, 1922 — Goetghebuer (1927), Germany, adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Psilotanypus imicola Kieffer, 1922 —Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936), Germany, adult male, adult female, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius imicola Kieffer, 1922 — Brundin (1947), Sweden, adult male, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius imicola Kieffer, 1922 — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, key.</p><p>Procladius lugens Kieffer, 1915 — Coe (1950), England and Scotland, adult male, adult female, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Psilotanypus imicola Kieffer, 1922 — Muragina-Koreneva (1957), Russia, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, keys, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius nietus Roback, 1971 — Roback (1971), Canada, adult male, key, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius imicola Kieffer, 1922 — Pankratova (1977), Russia, pupa, larva, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius nietus Roback, 1971 — Wrubleski &amp; Roback (1987), Canada, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius nietus Roback, 1971 — Saether (2010), Canada, adult female, larva, key.</p><p>Procladius imicola Kieffer, 1922 — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland and Netherlands, adult males, photos.</p><p>?  Procladius lugubris Zetterstedt, 1838 — Kieffer (1918a), adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius latifrons Kieffer, 1922 — Goetghebuer (1927), Germany and Poland, adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>?  Psilotanypus latifrons Kieffer, 1922 — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Germany and Poland, adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>?  Psilotanypus imicola Kieffer, 1922 — Shilova (1969), Russia, adult male, key.</p><p>Material examined (n = 18).   CANADA, 1 adult male (Holotype of  P. nietus, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-133.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -133.0/lat 59.0)">Atlin</a>, 59°N 133°W, 670 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 9.vi.1955, leg. H. Hackel ;   1 adult male (as  P. nietus, CNCC), Lake Manitoba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.19&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.11" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.19/lat 50.11)">Bone Pile Pond</a>, 50.11°N 98.19°W, 248 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 18.v.1980, leg. D.A. Wrubleski ;   1 adult male (as  P. nietus, ANSP), Lake Manitoba, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-98.19&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.11" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -98.19/lat 50.11)">Bone Pile Pond</a>, 50.11°N 98.19°W, 248 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 11.vii.1980, leg. D.A. Wrubleski.  —   FINLAND, 1 adult male (as  P. appropinquatus, ZMUO), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.38&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.46" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.38/lat 60.46)">Lake Littoistenjärvi</a>, 60.46°N 22.38°E, 36 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 20.v.2013, leg. L. Paasivirta   [ Barcode LEFIJ5880-17] ;   1 adult male (ZMUO), Hamarijärvi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.94&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.94/lat 60.21)">Salo</a>, 60.21°N 22.94°E, 34 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 18.v.2014, leg. L. Paasivirta   [ Barcode LEFIJ3836-16] ;   2 adult males (ZMUO), Tammela, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.85&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.85/lat 60.77)">Lake Suujärvi</a>, 60.77°N 23.85°E, 97 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 5.v.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta   [ Barcode LEFIJ3665-16 and LEFIJ3666-16]  .—   GERMANY, 1 adult male (as  P. flavifrons, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.0/lat 54.3)">River Unterer Schierenseebach</a>, 54.3°N 10.0°E, 6 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 13.v.1985, leg. U. Holm.  —   NETHERLANDS, 1 adult male (as  P. lugens, NMNL), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=4.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 4.5/lat 52.2)">Leiden</a>, 52.2°N 4.5°E, 1 m a.s.l., +11 °C m.a.t., 2014  .—   RUSSIA, 3 adult males (IBIB), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.6/lat 58.1)">Rybinsk Reservoir</a>, 58.1°N 38.6°E, 97 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., vii.1972, leg. A.I. Shilova.  —   SCOTLAND, 1 adult male (as  P. lugens, BMNH), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=3.83&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.19" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 3.83/lat 57.19)">Aviemore</a>, 57.19°N 3.83°E, 214 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 16.v.1947  .—   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.22" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.7/lat 59.22)">Lake Tullan</a>, 59.22°N 17.70°E, 25 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 16.v.1989, leg. M. Gransberg ;   2 adult males (SLUU), Mälaren, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.87&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.33" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.87/lat 59.33)">Drottningholm</a>, 59.33°N 17.87°E, 3 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 21.v.1991, leg. L. Eriksson  and T. Wiederholm;   1 adult male (NHRS), Tärnsjö, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.89&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.16" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.89/lat 60.16)">Nordmyra</a>, temporary inundated wetland, 60.16°N 16.89°E, 64 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 1.v.2007, leg. A. Hagelin ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Eriksberg nature reserve, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.0/lat 56.17)">Lake Gårdsjön</a>, 56.17°N 15.00°E, 14 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 1.v.2017, leg. J. Wolgast   [ Barcoded]  .</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 10, 46, 125‒127, key couplet 26.  P. imicola has an almost unidentifiable to very short gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of four other species of  Procladius in Europe. Of these,  P. flavifrons,  P. simplicistilus and  P. appropinquatus are easily separated from  P. imicola by several characters including gonostylus form, setae on katepisternum, size and numbers of macrotrichia on the wing membrane.</p><p>The only similar species in Europe is  P. lugens . The genitalia of  P. imicola is very similar that of  P. lugens, but the outer margin of the base section of the gonostylus is usually distinctly angled in  P. imicola, while rounded in  P. lugens .  P. imicola is on average larger (wing length 2.6‒3.4 mm versus 2.1‒2.8 mm, mid leg tibia length 1.1‒1.4 mm versus 0.8‒1.1 mm, body length 4.8‒5.5 mm versus 3.5‒4.6 mm) and has an antenna AR only slightly overlapping (2.2‒2.6 versus 1.7‒2.3) that of  P. lugens .</p><p>P. imicola has mostly been correctly identified in taxonomic literature. The adult female, pupa and larva have been described. Barcodes of adult males are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology. The known geographical distribution of  P. imicola in Europe extents from the Netherlands and England at 52°N to Finland at 66 °N, encompassing sites with mean annual temperature which range from +11 to +2 °C. Down to ‒4 °C mean annual temperature is reached in Asian Russia and Canada.  P. imicola has been found at altitudes from 2 m to about 700 m above sea level in Europe. Findings in Canada are up to 1 020 m, while about 1 640 m in Mongolia. The smaller but morphologically very similar  P. lugens is only known from altitudes up to 540 m above sea level.</p><p>A great majority of the 28 sites with quality assured findings of  P. imicola are oligotrophic to hypereutrophic lakes or lake-like reservoirs. Findings of  P. imicola larvae are often from the profundal zone from 2 m down to 30 m, while its close relative  P. lugens has mostly been found in the littoral and not known from more than 5 m depth in the profundal.</p><p>P. imicola can be among the most abundant species of the macroscopic bottom fauna in deep water of eutrophic and hypereutrophic lakes and reservoirs, showing a profound ability to withstand low oxygen conditions. More than 1 000 individuals of 3 rd to 4 th stage larvae per m 2 and about 1 g wet weight per m 2 have been reported. Rapid growth of the larvae may take place in autumn due to improved oxygen conditions after summer stagnation. Larvae of  P. imicola are also known from littoral bottoms with different kinds of vegetation including mosses,  Cladophora,  Potamogeton,  Typha and  Phragmites .</p><p>There are scattered findings of  P. imicola from habitats other than freshwater lakes or reservoirs, namely temporary ponds of an inundated wetland, rivers and canals with slowly floating water and a mountain lake with salinity equal to or even higher than typical seawater.</p><p>P. imicola have been observed to feed on animals such as Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda and other  Chironomidae, but also algae such as diatoms, fungal spores and detritus. Experiments have suggested that the larvae cannot or have difficulties to complete development to adults without some animal food.</p><p>Adults of  P. imicola have been found from mid-April to mid-August. Synchronized emergence during about one week has been reported. Swarming of males over light-coloured objects has been observed. Larvae have been reported to overwinter in their last fourth instar.</p><p>Countries or autonomous regions with records of  P. imicola in Europe are England, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Scotland and Sweden. Records are also known from Canada, Mongolia and Russia (Asia).</p><p>References. Anikina 2009b; Balushkina 1987; Brodin &amp; Wolgast 2019; Brundin 1947; Brundin 1949; Cannings &amp; Scudder 1978; Coe 1950; Erbaeva &amp; Safronov 2016; Goetghebuer 1927; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Izvekova 1975; Izvekova 1980; Kajak &amp; Dusoge 1970; Kajak et al. 1968; Kansanen 1985; Kahlert et al. 2024; Kieffer 1918a; Kieffer 1922; Koreneva 1959; Lenz 1936; Lundström 1916; Muragina-Koreneva 1957; Paasivirta 2012; Pankratova 1977; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Roback 1971; Saether 2010; Samietz 1999; Sandberg 1969; Shcherbina 1989; Shilova 1969; Shilova 1976; Sokolowa 1966; Sokolowa 1968b; Sokolowa 1971; Timm et al. 1996b; Vallenduuk &amp; Moller Pillot 2007; Wiederholm 1974; Wrubleski &amp; Roback 1987; Zetterstedt 1838; Zetterstedt 1850.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FFFD09703CE4F9379B35FBD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FFFB09723CE4FB859BB4FD45.text	5E47CA08FFFB09723CE4FB859BB4FD45.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius islandicus (Goetghebuer 1931)	<div><p>Procladius islandicus (Goetghebuer, 1931)</p><p>Trichotanypus islandicus Goetghebuer, 1931 — Goetghebuer &amp; Lindroth (1931), Iceland, adult male, adult female, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius islandicus (Goetghebuer, 1931) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Iceland, adult male in part, adult female in part, key, description.</p><p>Procladius? islandicus (Goetghebuer, 1931 — Brundin (1947), Sweden, adult male, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius fuscus Brundin, 1949 — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius? islandicus (Goetghebuer, 1931) — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, key.</p><p>Procladius vesus Roback, 1971 — Roback (1971), Canada, adult male, adult female, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius vesus Roback, 1971 — Roback (1980), Canada, adult male, pupa, larva, keys, description, photos, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius vesus Roback, 1971 — Fittkau &amp; Murray (1986), pupa, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Germany, adult males.</p><p>Procladius islandicus (Goetghebuer, 1931) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Iceland and Norway, adult male, photos.</p><p>?  Procladius desis Roback, 1971 — Saether (2010), Canada, adult female, key.</p><p>?  Procladius near  vesus Roback, 1971 — Langton et al. (2013), pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Material examined (n = 29).   BELGIUM, 2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., RBNS), Gand (<a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=3.72&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.05" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 3.72/lat 51.05)">Ghent</a>), 51.05°N 3.72°E, 12 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 19.iv.1919, 4.viii.1919, leg. M. Goetghebuer.  —   CANADA, 1 adult male (Holotype of  P. vesus, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-108.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=64.63" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -108.25/lat 64.63)">Lake Muskox</a>, 64.63°N 108.25°W, 343 m a.s.l., ‒9 °C m.a.t., 25.vii.1953, leg. J.G. Chillcott.  —   FAROE ISLANDS, 2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-7.03&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=62.12" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -7.03/lat 62.12)">Lake Leynavatn</a>, 62.12°N 7.03°W, 74 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 27.vii.1980, leg. G. Brodin-Lindsten ;   3 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-7.06&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=62.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -7.06/lat 62.17)">Lake Eithis</a>, 62.17°N 7.06°W, 135 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.viii.2002, leg. Y. Brodin   [1  Barcoded] ;   2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-6.72&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=62.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -6.72/lat 62.1)">Lake Toftavatn</a>, 62.10°N 6.72°W, 15 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.viii.2002, leg., Y. Brodin  .—   FINLAND, 1 adult male, Galddoaivi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=27.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.9" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 27.0/lat 69.9)">Sullamintie</a>, 69.9°N 27.0°E, 90 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 8.vii.2003, leg. J. Salmela ;   1 adult male (as  P. cf. vesus), Malax, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.83&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.06" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.83/lat 63.06)">Rönnskären island</a>, 63.06°N 20.83°E, 5 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 30.vii‒5.viii.2018, leg. L. Paasivirta.  —   GERMANY, 1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis, ZSMG), Kossau stream, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.55&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.55/lat 54.27)">Kossautal</a>, 54.27°N 10.55°E, 13 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 1991, leg. Schröder ;   3 adult males (as  P. choreus, ZFMK), Wersabe, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.38&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.51" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.38/lat 52.51)">Fleet</a>, meadow, 52.51°N 9.38°E, 37 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 6.vii.2017 [Barcode GBOL-2597108, GBOL-2597110 and GBOL-2597112]  .—   ICELAND, 1 adult male (Syntype of  P. islandicus, RBNS) <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-16.11&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=65.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -16.11/lat 65.65)">Grimsstadir</a>, 65.65°N 16.11°W, 395 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 20‒22.vii.1927, leg. C.H. Lindroth ;   1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-17.17&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=65.59" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -17.17/lat 65.59)">River Laxá</a>, 65.59°N 17.17°W, 253 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 12.vii.1978, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   NORWAY, 2 adult males (NTNU), Einarsneset, pond at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.79&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.06" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.79/lat 58.06)">Risbakk</a>, 58.06°N 6.79°E, 1 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 25.viii.2019, 26.vi.2020, leg. E. Stur and P. Dominiak   [ Barcode MMCH050-19 and MMCH222-20]  .—   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.97&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.98" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.97/lat 56.98)">Lake Innaren</a>, 56.98°N 14.97°E, 174 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 6.viii.1943, leg. L. Brundin ;   1 adult male (Syntype of  P. fuscus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.92&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.97" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.92/lat 56.97)">Lake Grimsberga</a> göl, 56.97°N 14.92°E, 193 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 12.vi.1947, leg. L. Brundin.  —   UNITED STATES, 3 adult males (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), Crater Lake, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-122.01&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.93" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -122.01/lat 42.93)">Wizard Island</a>, 42.93°N 122.01°W, 1 883 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 10.viii.1957, leg. L. Brundin ;   2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-118.74&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=37.62" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -118.74/lat 37.62)">Crowley Lake</a>, 37.62°N 118.74°W, 2 063 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 21.viii.1957, leg. L. Brundin ;   2 adult males (as  P. vesus, NDSU), Alaska, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-156.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=71.3" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -156.8/lat 71.3)">Utqiagvik</a>, tundraponds, 71.3°N 156.8°W, 7‒12 m a.s.l., ‒12 °C m.a.t., vi.1975, vi.1976, leg. M.G. Butler and S. Mozley.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 7, 15, 38, 101‒103, key couplet 20.  P. islandicus has a rather short gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of nine other species of  Procladius in Europe. Of these,  P. nudipennis,  P. gemma,  P. tenebricosus and  P. lugubris are distinctly separated from  P. islandicus by more than one other morphological character in the key and the helpdesk.</p><p>P. islandicus has a highly variable length of the setae of the front leg tarsi (BR 3‒6.5). When the BR is 4.5 or more, as mostly in the northern colder part of the species geographical distribution,  P. islandicus can usually be separated from all other European species of  Procladius with overlapping GspR, but for  P. exilis .  P. islandicus can however be distinguished from  P. exilis by a higher number of hind tibia comb spines (10‒13 versus 7‒9) and fewer median anepisternal setae (0‒3 versus 10‒18).</p><p>The GspR of  P. islandicus partly overlaps that of  P. choreus (0.18‒0.24 versus 0.13‒0.20). If overlapping, the species can almost always be separated by a combination of characters.  P. islandicus has a higher front leg tarsi BR than that of  P. choreus (3‒6.5 versus 1.5‒3), it is usually larger (wing length 2.6‒3.5 mm versus 1.8‒2.8 mm) and with an on average darker posterior colour of tergite II‒IV (brown to dark brown not distinctly contrasting with the anterior part of the tergites versus whitish to light brown contrasting with the clearly darker anterior part of the tergites).</p><p>The GspR of  P. islandicus substantially overlaps that of  P. saeticubitus (0.18‒0.24 versus 0.14‒0.20), but the species can be distinguished by combining other morphological characters.  P. islandicus has frequently a higher front leg tarsi BR than that of  P. saeticubitus (BR 3‒6.5 versus 2‒4), the gonostylus is on average broader (GsmR 5.3‒6.4 versus 5.9‒6.9), the Cu stem setae usually fewer (0‒14 versus 5‒33) and palpomere five measured as length divided by width usually broader (9.9‒11.9 versus 10.7‒12.3).  P. islandicus has an almost uncoloured to slightly greyish wing membrane, whereas the wing membrane of  P. saeticubitus is greyish to conspicuously grey.</p><p>The GspR of  P. islandicus entirely overlaps that of  P. culiciformis (0.18‒0.24 versus 0.18‒0.25). The species can be separated by the narrower gonostylus of  P. islandicus compared with that of  P. culiciformis (GsmR 5.3‒6.4 versus 4.2‒5.2), the on average longer setae of the front leg (BR 3‒6.5 versus 2‒4.5) and an on average lighter mid-section of the front leg tibia (light brown to dark brown versus whitish to light brown).</p><p>The GspR of  P. islandicus slightly overlaps that of  P. pruinosus (0.18‒0.24 versus 0.23‒0.30). If overlapping,  P. islandicus can be separated from  P. pruinosus by the on average longer front leg tarsi BR (3‒6.5 versus 2‒4.5) and the broader gonostylus process (length/width 0.9‒1.2 versus 1.2‒1.7).</p><p>P. islandicus is usually named correctly in literature regarding findings in Europe but named  P. vesus in North America. The adult female, pupa and larva have been briefly described. Barcodes of adult males are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.   In Europe,  P. islandicus has a latitude range stretching from 48°N in southern Germany  to 70°N in northernmost Finland .   In Canada  and the United States,  the range is from 38°N to 71°N. Altitude records in Europe are from 1 m to around 640 m in Iceland,   while in  North America up to 2 060 m in the United States  .</p><p>P. islandicus has among the widest climate adaptability of all  Procladius species, expressed as a mean annual temperature span of 22 °C ranging from about +10 °C in temperate Germany and Belgium to about ‒12 °C in Arctic Alaska in the United States.</p><p>Larvae of  P.islandicus inhabit shallow water over bottoms with vegetation such as mosses,  Carex and  Cladophora in puddles, ponds or lakes in wet meadows or tundra. Bottoms with mud or lava sand without vegetation are also habitats for the larvae. No findings below 4 m water depth are known. A few findings of adults have been made close to slowly running to rather fast running water and one finding is from a natural spring with pH 9.5.</p><p>Ice cover on the water bodies containing  P. islandicus larvae may remain 6‒8 months per year in northern Europe and 7‒9 months per year in northern North America. Completion of the larval life cycle may take at least four years in the coldest waters.</p><p>Oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions prevail in the water bodies with findings.  P. islandicus larvae have been observed to prey on other smaller  Chironomidae larvae such as first and second instars of  Chironomus . Adults have been found from early May to the middle of September.</p><p>Countries or autonomous regions with records of  P. islandicus in Europe are Belgium, Faroe Islands, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Lithuania, Norway, Russia, Scotland and Sweden. There are also records from Canada and the United States.</p><p>References. Böttger &amp; Rudow 1995; Brodin &amp; Wolgast 2019; Brundin 1947; Brundin 1949; Butler 1980; Butler 1982; Butler et al. 1980; Dennis Braegelman 2015; Fittkau &amp; Murray 1986; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Goetghebuer &amp; Lindroth 1931; Kreiling et al. 2018; Langton 1991; Langton et al. 2013; Lindegaard 1979; Lindegaard 1980; Lindegaard &amp; Jónasson 1975; Lindegaard &amp; Jónasson 1979; Lougheed et al. 2011; Mozley 1978; Paasivirta 2012; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Roback 1971; Roback 1980; Saether 2010; Shcherbina 1989; Wiederholm 1974.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FFFB09723CE4FB859BB4FD45	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FFF9097C3CE4FD319B2FFB05.text	5E47CA08FFF9097C3CE4FD319B2FFB05.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius longistilus (Kieffer 1916)	<div><p>Procladius longistilus (Kieffer, 1916)</p><p>Trichotanypus longistilus Kieffer, 1916 — Thienemann &amp; Kieffer (1916), Sweden, adult male, description, illustrations.</p><p>Trichotanypus longistilus Kieffer, 1916 — Kieffer (1918a), Lithuania, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Trichotanypus longistilus Kieffer, 1916 — Kieffer (1924), adult male, key.</p><p>Trichotanypus longistylus Kieffer, 1916 — Goetghebuer (1927), France, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Procladius longistylus (Kieffer, 1916) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Sweden, adult male, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius suecicus Brundin, 1949 — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1967) — Roback (1980), United States, adult male, pupa, larva, keys, descriptions, photos, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius longistylus (Kieffer, 1916) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Netherlands, adult male, photo.</p><p>Procladius cf. nigriventris (Kieffer, 1924) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Germany, Norway, China and Canada, adult males, adult females, pupa, larvae, photos.</p><p>Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland, Germany, Slovakia, China and Canada, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Kieffer (1924), adult male, key.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Kieffer (1924), adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius culiciformis (Linnaeus, 1767) — Saether (2010), Canada, adult male in part, adult female in part, pupa in part, larva in part, keys, descriptions, illustration.</p><p>Material examined (n = 58).   CHINA, 1 adult male (as  P. nigriventris), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=109.94&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=25.56" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 109.94/lat 25.56)">Huaping Nature Reserve</a>, 25.56°N 109.94°E, 1 271 m a.s.l., +12 °C m.a.t., 24.vi.2020, leg. S. Zhao   [ Barcode CHGX127-20]  .—   CZECHIA, 2 adult males (NHRS), Cheb district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.08" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.32/lat 50.08)">Lake Vodni Nadrz Skalka</a>, 50.08°N 12.32°E, 439 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   FINLAND, 4 adult males (as  P.? nigriventris, MZHF), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.11&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.11/lat 60.31)">Lake Kuusijärvi</a>, 60.31°N 25.11°E, 44 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 18.vii.1965, leg. P. Armitage ;   1 adult male (as  P.? choreus, MZHF), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.11&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.11/lat 60.31)">Lake Kuusijärvi</a>, 60.31°N 25.11°E, 44 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 28.vii.1966, leg. P. Armitage ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., MZHF), Lake Vanajavesi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.03&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.18" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.03/lat 61.18)">Vihdassaari Island</a>, 61.18°N 24.03°E, 79 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 8.vi.1978, leg. P.H. Kansanen ;   2 adult males (as  P. culiciformis), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=28.16&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=67.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 28.16/lat 67.31)">Suvakoski</a>, small lake, 67.31°N 28.16°E, 175 m a.s.l., +1 °C m.a.t., 9.vi‒23.vii.2009, leg. L. Paasivirta ;   1 adult male (as  P. culiciformis coll., ZMUO), Lake Pyhäjärvi, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.28/lat 61.0)">Säkylä</a>, 61.00°N 22.28°E, 45 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 4.vi.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta   [ Barcode LEFIJ3517-16] ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp.), Baltic Sea, Lake Käringsund, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.08&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.08/lat 63.43)">Storskär Island</a>, 63.43°N 21.08°E, 0 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 15.v.2017, leg. L. Paasivirta ;   1 adult male, Tulppio, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.45&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=67.76" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.45/lat 67.76)">Ainijärvi</a>, 67.76°N 29.45°E, 269 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 10‒14.vi.2018, leg. J. Salmela ;   2 adult males, Kiikala, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.49" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.7/lat 60.49)">Lake Tervakas</a>, 60.49°N 23.70°E, 117 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 9.v.2023, leg. L. Paasivirta.  —   FRANCE, 3 adult males (as  Procladius sp. 1, LHST), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.18&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.18/lat 42.87)">Lake Gourg Nére</a>, 42.87°N 0.18°E, 2 201 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 10.viii.1966, leg. H. Laville ;   3 adult males (NHRS), Corsica, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.02&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.02/lat 42.21)">Lake Melu</a>, 42.21°N 9.02°E, 1 708 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 25.viii.2015, leg. J. Moubayed-Breil.  —   GERMANY, 1 adult male (as.  P. sagittalis, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.2" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.9/lat 50.2)">Lake Schalkenmehrener Maar</a>, 50.2°N 6.9°E, 422 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 1914, leg. A. Thienemann ;   1 adult male (as  P. bathocryptus, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.19" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.46/lat 54.19)">Lake Schluensee</a>, 54.19°N 10.46°E, 22 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 1953, leg. I. Müller-Liebenau ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.13&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.79" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.13/lat 47.79)">Hödinger Tobel Stauweiher</a>, small reservoir, 47.79°N 9.13°E, 551 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 3.vi.1966, leg. F. Reiss ;   1 adult male (as  P. cf. choreus, ZSMG), Lahnberge, near <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.81&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.81" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.81/lat 50.81)">Biologisches Institut Marburg</a>, 50.81°N 8.81°E, 340 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 10.vi.1992, leg. A. Dettinger-Klemm ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., ZFMK), Kniepow, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.35&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.35/lat 54.35)">Rügen</a>, small lake, 54.35°N 13.35°E, 9 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 16.viii.2014 [Barcode GBMTM0349 incomplete] ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., ZFMK), Brettenbach stream, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.13" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.9/lat 48.13)">Brücke Vordere Zaismatt</a>, 48.13°N 7.90°E, 242 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 31.iii.2019  .—   IRELAND, 2 adult males (as  Procladius sp. D, UCDZ), Lacy’s canal at <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-7.37&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=53.49" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -7.37/lat 53.49)">Lake Ennell</a>, 53.49°N 7.37°W, 78 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 18.iv.1974, leg. D.A. Murray.  —   NORWAY, 1 adult male (as  P. cf. nigriventris, NTNU), Kautokeino, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.76&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.76/lat 69.21)">Lapholuoppal</a>, lake, 69.21°N 23.76°E, 320 m a.s.l., ‒2 °C m.a.t., 12.vi.2010, leg. T. Ekrem and E. Stur [Barcode CHRFI040-10] ;   1 adult male (as  P. cf. nigriventris, NTNU), Alta, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.37&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.84" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.37/lat 69.84)">Lake Sierravannet</a>, 69.84°N 23.37°E, 43 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 14.vi.2010, leg. T. Ekrem and E. Stur [Barcode CHRFI079-10] ;   1 adult male (as  P. cf. nigriventris, NTNU), Vardø, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=31.03&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=70.32" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 31.03/lat 70.32)">Lake Nedre Domsvatn</a>, 70.32°N 31.03°E, 120 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 18.vi.2010, leg. T. Ekrem and E. Stur [Barcode ATNA531-10] ;   1 adult male (as  P. cf. nigriventris, NTNU), Melhus, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.31&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.22" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.31/lat 63.22)">Gammelelva nature reserve</a>, 63.22°N 10.31°E, 28 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 22.v.2014, leg. E. Stur   [ Barcode CHMNO204-15] ;   1 adult male (as  P. cf. nigriventris, NTNU), Bymarka, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.42" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.28/lat 63.42)">Lake Kobberdammen</a>, 63.42°N 10.28°E, 288 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 27.v.2014, leg. T. Ekrem and X. Lin [Barcode CHMNO097-14]  .—   RUSSIA, 1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.56&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.56/lat 60.17)">Lake Khepoyarech</a>, 60.17°N 30.56°E, 61 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 3.vii.1980, leg. Y. Brodin ;   2 adult males (TUSF), Lake Ladoga, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.77&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.74" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.77/lat 61.74)">Sorvala</a>, 61.74°N 30.77°E, 4 m a.s.l., + 5 m  .a.t., 4.viii.1991, leg. G. Söderman   [ Barcoded]  .—   SLOVAKIA, 1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.06&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.12" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.06/lat 49.12)">Lake Strbske Pleso</a>, 49.12°N 20.06°E, 1 349 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 20.vi.1991, leg. M. Gransberg.  —   SPAIN, 1 adult male (as  P. choreus, DEBE), Ebro Reservoir, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-4.02&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.58" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -4.02/lat 42.58)">Burgos-Santander</a>, 42.58°N 4.02°W, 215 m a.s.l., +13 °C m.a.t., 28.i.1975, leg. N. Prat.  —   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (as  Tanypus sp., ZMLU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.0/lat 63.4)">Åreskutan</a>, 63.4°N 13.0°E, 920 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 31.vii‒4.viii.1840, leg. J.W. Zetterstedt ;   1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.97&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.98" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.97/lat 56.98)">Lake Innaren</a>, 56.98°N 14.97°E, 175 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 21.v.1947, leg. L. Brundin ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Flarken, north of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.67&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.56" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.67/lat 58.56)">Kvarnemon</a>, 58.56°N 13.67°E, 129 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 1.vi.1981, leg. Y. Brodin ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Vänern, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.77&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.7" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.77/lat 58.7)">Mariestadsfjärden Bay</a>, 58.70°N 13.77°E, 43 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 7‒9.v.1987, leg. Y. Brodin ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Vänern, Kinneviken Bay, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.5" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.26/lat 58.5)">Truveholm</a>, 58.50°N 13.26°E, 44 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 21.v.1987, leg. Y. Brodin and U. Häll ;   2 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.44&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.14" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.44/lat 59.14)">Lake Yngern</a>, 59.14°N 17.44°E, 41 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 12.v.1991, leg. T. Sandberg ;   4 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=65.65" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.7/lat 65.65)">Lake Voutner</a>, 65.65°N 19.70°E, 351 m a.s.l., +1 °C m.a.t., 1.viii.1992, leg. Y. Brodin and K. Murray ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Kåbdalis, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.99&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=66.14" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.99/lat 66.14)">Kåbdalisjaure</a>, 66.14°N 19.99°E, 330 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., vii.1993, leg. B. Viklund ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Laggarbo wetland, west of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.79&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.27" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.79/lat 60.27)">Österfärnebo</a>, 60.27°N 16.79°E, 62 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 20.vi‒5.vii.2002, leg. T. Persson Vinnersten ;   2 adult males (NHRS), Baltic Sea, Askö island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.67&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.67/lat 58.8)">Askötorp</a>, 58.80°N 17.67°E, 6 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 31.v‒16.vi.2011, leg. B.E. Bengtsson.  —   UNITED STATES, 2 adult males (as  P. culiciformis, ANSP), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-75.29&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=41.38" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -75.29/lat 41.38)">Lake Lacawac</a>, 41.38°N 75.29°W, 439 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 7.viii.1963, leg. S.S. Roback.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 19, 35, 92‒94, key couplet 18.  P. longistilus has a long gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of nine other species of  Procladius in Europe. Of these,  P. culiciformis,  P. lugubris,  P. ferrugineus,  P. crassinervis and  P. fimbriatus are distinctly distinguished from  P. longistilus by more than one other morphological character in the key and the helpdesk.</p><p>The GspR of  P. longistilus considerably overlaps that of  P. tenebricosus (0.25‒0.34 versus 0.23‒0.29). If overlapping,  P. longistilus can be separated from  P. tenebricosus by the less dark marked wing (anal cell patch absent to faint versus distinct to very distinct) and mostly larger size (wing length 2.4‒3.5 mm versus 1.8‒2.6 mm, mid leg tibia length 1.1‒1.5 mm versus 0.7‒1.1 mm, body length 4.2‒5.7 mm versus 3.2‒4.3 mm).</p><p>The GspR of  P. longistilus considerably overlaps that of  P. pruinosus (0.25‒0.34 versus 0.23‒0.30).  P. longistilus can usually be separated from  P. pruinosus by the ratio between the length of the outer phallapodeme section divided by the length of the sternapodeme (0.34‒0.46 versus 0.27‒0.36). The length of the outer phallapodeme is however frequently difficult to measure accurately and requires good slide preparation. In addition, the on average narrower gonostylus and gonostylus process of  P. longistilus than that of  P. pruinosus (GsmR 5.5‒6.9 versus 5.2‒ 6.3, gonostylus process length/width 1.3‒1.9 versus 1.2‒1.7) can be useful for species separation.</p><p>The GspR of  P. longistilus completely overlaps that of  P. frigidus (0.25‒0.34 versus 0.25‒0.33).  P. longistilus can be separated from  P. frigidus by combining measurements of other characters, particularly the number of median anepisternal setae (0‒6 versus 5‒26), antenna AR (1.8‒2.3 versus 2.2‒2.8) and the length of palpomere five divided with its width (9.1‒11.5 versus 8.0‒9.3).</p><p>The GspR of  P. longistilus considerably overlaps that of  P. floralis (0.25‒0.34 versus 0.28‒0.37). If overlapping,  P. longistilus can usually be separated from  P. floralis by the less marked gonostylus process divergence (5‒30° versus 30‒50°) and mostly longer body (4.3‒5.7 versus 3.6‒4.4 mm).</p><p>The pupa and larva, but not the adult female, have been described. Barcodes of adult males, adult females, pupa and larvae are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.  P. longistilus has been recorded from sites with mean annual temperature difference as much as 23 °C, ranging from about +14 °C in China to about ‒9 °C in Baffin Island in Canada. In Europe the temperature span is less extensive, ranging from +13 °C in Spain to ‒2 °C in northern Sweden.</p><p>The geographical extension of  P. longistilus is also wide with findings in  Europe from latitude 42°N  in the island Corsica of France to 70°N  in the northern mainland of Norway.  Records in North America are from 41°N  in the United States to 68°N in Canada, and in China from 25°N to 49°N.</p><p>P. longistilus has been reported to be present at altitudes from 5 m near the coast of the Baltic Sea in Sweden and up to 2 200 m in the Alps and Pyrenees of France. The species has also been found above 2 000 m in Tibet, China.</p><p>Almost all the 82 quality assured findings of  P. longistilus are from lakes, including some defined as polyhumic with water transparency less than one and a half m. It has also been reported from lake-like reservoirs, ponds, temporarily inundated meadows and slow flowing small rivers. The lakes are mostly oligotrophic to mesotrophic, but some are ultraoligotrophic or eutrophic. Studies have shown that the larvae of  P. longistilus may decrease substantially in actual and relative numbers in reservoirs experiencing eutrophication and oxygen deficiency due to human activity. Larvae are known from 1 to 4 m water depth in the littoral, e.g. with plants such as  Cladophora, and down to 5 m in the profundal. One study noted that the larvae of  P. longistilus feed on other small  Chironomidae . Adults can be important food items of bats and songbirds such as the pied flycatcher ( Ficedula hypoleuca). Adults have been found from early May to late September.</p><p>Countries with records of  P. longistilus in Europe are Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain and Sweden. There are also records from Canada, China, Greenland, Japan, Russia (Asia) and the United States including Alaska.</p><p>References. Anikina 2009b; Bowser &amp; Bowser 2020; Brundin 1949; Goetghebuer 1927; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936b; Han et al. 2023; Ivanova &amp; Alimov 1973; Kieffer 1918a; Kieffer 1924; Laville 1971; Lundström et al. 2010; Mossberg &amp; Nyberg 1979; Paasivirta 2012; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Roback 1980; Saether 2010; Sandberg 1969; Thienemann &amp; Kieffer 1916; Verkuil et al. 2022; Vesterinen et al. 2018.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FFF9097C3CE4FD319B2FFB05	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FFF7097D3CE4FAF19AEAF81C.text	5E47CA08FFF7097D3CE4FAF19AEAF81C.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius lugens Kieffer 1915	<div><p>Procladius lugens Kieffer, 1915</p><p>Procladius lugens Kieffer, 1915 — Kieffer (1915c), Germany, adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Procladius lugens Kieffer, 1915 — Kieffer (1918a), Lithuania, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Procladius lugens Kieffer, 1915 — Goetghebuer (1927), France and Germany, adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Procladius lugens Kieffer, 1915 — Edwards (1929), England, adult female, description.</p><p>Psilotanypus lugens (Kieffer, 1915) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), England and Germany, adult male, adult female, key, description.</p><p>Procladius macrotrichus Roback, 1971 — Roback (1971), United States, adult male, adult female, key, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius lugens Kieffer, 1915 — Pinder (1978), adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius lugens Kieffer, 1915 — Langton (1991), England, pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius lugens Kieffer, 1915 — Langton &amp; Visser (2003), England, pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius lugens Kieffer, 1915 — Langton &amp; Pinder (2007), adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius cf. flavifrons Edwards, 1929 — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Norway and Canada, adult males, adult females, larvae, photos.</p><p>Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Netherlands, Japan and Canada, adult males, adult females, larvae, photos.</p><p>?  Tanypus serratus Kieffer, 1909 — Kieffer (1909), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius serratus (Kieffer, 1909) — Kieffer (1918a), Lithuania, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius serratus (Kieffer, 1909) — Goetghebuer (1927), France and Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Psilotanypus serratus (Kieffer, 1909) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius sp. — Fittkau &amp; Murray (1986), Germany, pupa, illustration.</p><p>Material examined (n = 23).   ENGLAND, 1 adult male (BMNH), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.71&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.29" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.71/lat 52.29)">Timworth</a>, 52.29°N 0.71°E, 27 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 1948  .—   ESTONIA, 4 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.24" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.46/lat 59.24)">Lake Ülemiste</a>, 59.24°N 24.46°E, 36 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 21.v.1993,leg. Y.Brodin.  —   FINLAND, 4 adult males (as  Psilotanypus sp., MZHF), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.11&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.11/lat 60.31)">Vantaa</a>, Lake Kuusijärvi, 60.31°N 25.11°E, 44 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 20.v.1965, 16.v.1975, leg. B. Lindeberg ;   2 adult males (as  Psilotanypus sp., HECH), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.08&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.08/lat 61.17)">Aidassaari</a>, Lake Vanajavesi, 61.17°N 24.08°E, 79 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 25.viii.1978, leg. P.H. Kansanen ;   2 adult males, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.07/lat 63.43)">Baltic Sea</a>, Storskär Island, Lake Käringsund, 63.43°N 21.07°E, 1 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 30.v‒ 13.vi.2017, leg. L. Paasivirta ;   1 adult male (as  P. flavifrons), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.49" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.7/lat 60.49)">Kiikala</a>, Lake Tervakas, 60.49°N 23.70°E, 117 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 9.v.2023, leg. L. Paasivirta.  —   GERMANY, 1 adult male (ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.4/lat 54.1)">Plön</a>, 54.1°N 10.4°E, 18 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., circa 1947, leg. A. Thienemann.  —   NORWAY, 2 adult males (as  P. cf. flavifrons, NTNU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=70.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.9/lat 70.17)">Rohkosjavri</a>, Stabbursdalen, 70.17°N 24.90°E, 12 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 15.vi.2010, leg. T. Ekrem and E. Stur [Barcode CHRFI500- 11 and CHRFI501-11]  .—   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (SLUU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.73&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.73/lat 59.43)">Lake Mälaren</a>, Görväln, 59.43°N 17.73°E, 2 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., vii.1971, leg. T. Wiederholm ;   2 adult males (SLUU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=16.54&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.56" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 16.54/lat 59.56)">Lake Mälaren</a>, Västeråsfjärden, 59.56°N 16.54°E, 3 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., vii.1971, leg. T. Wiederholm ;   1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.57" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.1/lat 58.57)">Lake Boren</a>, Borenshult, 58.57°N 15.10°E, 74 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 11.vi.1980, leg. Y. Brodin ;   1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.01&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.16" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.01/lat 56.16)">Eriksberg nature reserve</a>, Stenåsa bog pond, 56.16°N 15.01°E, 10 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 29.iv.2015, leg. J. Wolgast   [ Barcoded]  .—   UNITED STATES, 1 adult male (as.  P. macrotrichus, USNM), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-92.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.84" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -92.1/lat 47.84)">Lake Eagles Nest</a>, 47.84°N 92.10°W, 447 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 27.v.1959, leg. W. V. Balduf  .</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 45, 122‒124, key couplet 26.  P. lugens lacks or has a very short gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of three other species of  Procladius in Europe. Of these,  P. flavifrons and  P. simplicistilus are easily separated from  P. lugens by several characters including gonostylus form, setae on katepisternum and number of macrotrichia on the wing membrane.</p><p>The only similar species in Europe is  P. imicola . The genitalia of  P. lugens is very similar that of  P. imicola, but the outer margin of the base section of the gonostylus is rounded in  P. lugens, while usually distinctly angled in  P. imicola .  P. lugens is on average smaller than  P. imicola (wing length 2.1‒2.8 versus 2.6‒3.4 mm, mid leg tibia length 0.8‒1.1 versus 1.1‒1.4 mm, body length 3.5‒4.6 versus 4.8‒5.5 mm) and the antenna AR mostly lower (1.7‒2.3 versus 2.2‒2.6).</p><p>P. lugens has mostly been correctly identified in taxonomic literature regarding findings in Europe. The adult female has been briefly described, the pupal exuvia in detail, while the larva seems not to have been described. Barcodes of adult males, adult females and larvae are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology. Sites with records of  P. lugens have an extraordinary broad temperature spectrum, ranging from about +14 °C in Japan to about ‒14 °C in Canada. The temperature span of  P. lugens in Europe is more moderate, ranging from +11 °C in Ireland to 0 °C in Norway.</p><p>The latitude range of  P. lugens in  Europe stretches from France at latitude 46°N in the south to northern Norway at 70°N in the north. Worldwide the distribution is from 35°N in Japan to 73°N in Canada. The altitude records of the species are usually within 0‒200 m above sea level , but sometimes up to 540 m.</p><p>Larvae of  P. lugens inhabit oligotrophic to eutrophic, sometimes even hypereutrophic, lakes, lake-like reservoirs and ponds. The species is also known from shallow oligohaline water of the Baltic Sea and in samples of insects emerging from puddles in a temporarily inundated swamp. The bathymetric distribution of  P. lugens larvae is mainly littoral on bottoms with vegetation such as  Cladophora and reed ( Phragmites). There are a few findings of  P. lugens from the profundal, but not more than down to 5 m water depth, while its closest relative  P. imicola is frequently found in the profundal and sometimes down to 30 m.</p><p>Diatom remains have been found in the gut of  P. lugens larvae, but otherwise nothing is known about the feeding of the larvae. Adults are known from late April to early August.</p><p>Countries with records of  P. lugens in Europe are Austria, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia and Sweden. The species has also been recorded in Canada, China, Japan and the United States including Alaska, possibly also Algeria.</p><p>References. Bowser &amp; Bowser 2020; Brodin &amp; Wolgast 2019; Brundin 1949; Davids et al. 1980; Edwards 1929; Fittkau &amp; Murray 1986; Goetghebuer 1927; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Janeċek 1985; Kansanen 1985; Kontula &amp; Haldin 2012; Kieffer 1909; Kieffer 1915c; Kieffer 1918a; Langton 1991; Langton &amp; Pinder 2007; Langton &amp; Visser 2003; Moubayed-Breil 2007; Mundie 1957; Murray et al. 2018; Paasivirta 2012; Paasivirta 2020; Pinder 1978; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Roback 1971; Sandberg 1969; Takamura et al. 2017; Takamura et al. 2021; Vallenduuk &amp; Moller Pillot 2007; Wang &amp; Zheng 1992; Wiederholm 1974; Zerguine et al. 2108.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FFF7097D3CE4FAF19AEAF81C	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FFF5097F3CE4FF709C11FE81.text	5E47CA08FFF5097F3CE4FF709C11FE81.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius lugubris (Zetterstedt 1850)	<div><p>Procladius lugubris (Zetterstedt, 1850)</p><p>Tanypus lugubris Zetterstedt, 1850 — Zetterstedt (1850), Sweden, adult male, adult female, description.</p><p>Procladius barbatus Brundin, 1949 — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius barbatus Brundin, 1949 — Aagaard (1974), Norway, adult male, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius johnsoni Roback, 1980 — Roback (1980), Canada, adult male, pupa, larva, descriptions, photos, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius barbatus Brundin, 1949 — Omoku &amp; Murray (1987), pupa, photo.</p><p>Procladius barbatus Brundin, 1949 — Aagaard (1995), Norway, pupa, photo.</p><p>Procladius barbatus Brundin, 1949 — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland, Norway and Canada, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>Material examined (n = 21).   CANADA, 1 adult male (Holotype of  P. johnsoni,ANSP), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-79.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -79.0/lat 45.0)">Lake Muskoka</a>, 45°N 79°W, 225 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 5.vi.1970, leg. M. Johnson.  —   NORWAY, 2 adult males (as  P. barbatus, NTNU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.14" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.26/lat 63.14)">Lake Målsjøen</a>, 63.14°N 10.26°E, 166 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 26.v‒2.vi.1972, 30.v.1972, leg. K. Aagaard ;   4 adult males (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.21&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.67" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.21/lat 69.67)">Caerro</a>, Lake Isejavri, 69.67°N 24.21°E, 390 m a.s.l., ‒3 °C m.a.t., 26.vi‒30.vii.1980, leg. K.J. Loine ;   1 adult male (as  P. barbatus, NTNU), below <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=26.8&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=70.44" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 26.8/lat 70.44)">Baktejavri</a>, small pond, Lebesby, 70.44°N 26.80°E, 80 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.2010, leg. T. Ekrem and E. Stur [Barcode ARCHR092-11]  .—   RUSSIA, 2 adult males (as  P. barbatus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=30.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.48" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 30.6/lat 69.48)">Lake Mojarets</a>, 69.48°N 30.60°E, 193 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 15.viii.2006, leg. M. Pylvänäinen.  —   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (Holotype of  Tanypus lugubris, ZMLU), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.4" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.0/lat 63.4)">Åreskutan</a>, 63.4°N 13.0°E, 800 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 2.viii.1840, leg. J.W. Zetterstedt ;   1 adult male (as  P. crassinervis, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.78&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=68.34" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.78/lat 68.34)">Lake Vuolip Njahkajavri</a>, 68.34°N 18.78°E, 409 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 1936, leg. A. Thienemann ;   2 adult males (as  P. barbatus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.52&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=57.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.52/lat 57.1)">Lake Skären</a> 57.10°N 14.52°E, 212 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 7.v.1946, 20.v.1947, leg. L. Brundin ;   1 adult male (Syntype of  P. barbatus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.59" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.07/lat 63.59)">Lake Kallsjön</a>, 63.59°N 13.07°E, 381 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 14.vi.1946, leg. L. Brundin ;   1 adult male (Syntype of  P. barbatus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.13&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=64.84" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.13/lat 64.84)">Lake Mesvattnet</a>, 64.84°N 14.13°E, 498 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 25.vi.1946, leg. A. Määr ;   1 adult male (Syntype of  P. barbatus, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.2&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=64.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.2/lat 64.87)">Lake Leipikvattnet</a>, 64.87°N 14.20°E, 0 °C m.a.t., 448 m a.s.l., 6.vii.1946, leg. A. Määr ;   4 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.23&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.61" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.23/lat 63.61)">Lake Stor-Björsjön</a>, 63.61°N 12.23°E, 566 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 16‒23.vi.2019, leg. S. Persson   [2  Barcoded]  .</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 28, 71‒73, key couplet 11.  P. lugubris has a medium long gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of eight other species of  Procladius in Europe.  P. lugubris can easily be separated from seven of these species by several characters, particularly the low number of hind leg comb spines (6‒9 versus 10‒ 14), relatively short palpomere five (length/width 7.2‒8.5 versus 8.9‒12.2) and mostly higher antenna AR (2.5‒3.1 versus 1.6‒2.6).</p><p>It is not problematic to distinguish  P. lugubris from the remaining species  P. frigidus by characters such as gonostylus process divergence (25‒45° versus 10‒25°), front leg tarsi BR (5.5‒8 versus 3‒4.5), and the number of spines of the hind leg tibial comb (6‒9 versus 10‒14).</p><p>P. lugubris has been named  P. barbatus for about seventy-five years. Examination of the well-preserved holotype of  P. lugubris and syntypes of  P. barbatus shows that the latter is a synonym.</p><p>The adult female and larva have been briefly described, while pupal exuvia in detail. Barcodes of adult males and adult females are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.  P. lugubris  is a cold-adapted species present from the temperate boreal to the polar zone in  northern Europe and Canada ,   including sites with mean annual temperature from +6 to ‒13 ° C. It has been found at an altitude ranging from 7 to 800 m above sea level.  The southernmost findings in Europe are from Sweden   at latitude 57°N, and in  North America from Canada  at latitude 45°N. The northernmost records are from sites at 70°N in the arctic northern Norway and northern Canada.</p><p>Larvae of  P. lugubris are known from the profundal zones of freshwater lakes at water depths ranging from 5 to 110 m which is among the deepest record for larvae of  Procladius . Almost all records of  P. lugubris are from ultraoligotrophic to oligotrophic conditions, yet it has also been found in some mesotrophic polyhumic lakes. The rather unusual round form of the pupal respiratory organ of  P. lugubris, as also of  P. ferrugineus, might be an adaptation to deep water emergence. Pupae of the phantom midge  Chaoborus flavicans ( Chaoboridae) have been shown to have rounded respiratory organs in lakes with deep water, whereas rather narrow respiratory organs in shallow ponds.</p><p>Adults of  P. lugubris have been collected from mid-May to late August along lakes or sometimes near small ponds in forests or tundra.</p><p>Countries with records of  P. lugubris in Europe are Finland, Norway, Sweden and Russia. The species is also present in Canada.</p><p>References. Aagaard 1974; Aagaard 1978a; Aagaard 1978b; Aagaard 1995; Brundin 1949; Ekrem et al. 2018; Omoku &amp; Murray 1987; Pentinsaari et al. 2020; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Roback 1980; Salmela et al. 2021; Thienemann 1954; Zetterstedt 1850.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FFF5097F3CE4FF709C11FE81	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FFF409783CE4FE759FEDFF15.text	5E47CA08FFF409783CE4FE759FEDFF15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius nudipennis Brundin 1947	<div><p>Procladius nudipennis Brundin, 1947</p><p>Procladius nudipennis Brundin, 1947 — Brundin (1947), Sweden, adult male, adult female, description, illustration.  Procladius nudipennis Brundin, 1947 — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, adult female, key.</p><p>Procladius nudipennis Brundin, 1947 — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland, Norway and Sweden, adult males, photos.  Procladius rufovittatus (van der Wulp, 1874) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Sweden, adult male.</p><p>Material examined (n = 24).   FINLAND, 1 adult male (MZHF), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.1&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.1/lat 60.31)">Lake Kuusijärvi</a>, 60.31°N 25.1°E, 44 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 18.vii.1965, leg. P. Armitage ;   2 adult males (ZMUO), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.29&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.29/lat 60.31)">Lake Naarjärvi</a>, 60.31°N 23.29°E, 51 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 5.vi.2014, leg. L. Paasivirta   [ Barcode LEFIJ3841-16 and LEFIJ3842-16] ;   2 adult males (ZMUO), west of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=23.64&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.36" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 23.64/lat 60.36)">Salo</a>, Iso-Ruona, 60.36°N 23.64°E, 84 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 2.vi.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta   [ Barcode LEFIJ3465-16 and LEFIJ3466-16]  .—   RUSSIA, 3 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.06&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.01" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.06/lat 59.01)">Lake Kolodenskoe</a>, 59.01°N 37.06°E, 113 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 27.v.1989, leg. A. Rybakova ;   5 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.43&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.07" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.43/lat 59.07)">Lake Udebnoe</a>, 59.07°N 37.43°E, 108 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 29.v.1989, leg. A. Rybakova ;   3 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=37.21&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.01" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 37.21/lat 59.01)">Lake Ulomskoe</a>, 59.01°N 37.21°E, 111 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 27.v.1989, leg. A. Rybakova.  —   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (Syntype of  P. nudipennis, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.97&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=56.98" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.97/lat 56.98)">Lake Innaren</a>, 56.98°N 14.97°E, 175 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 27.vi‒3.vii.1945, leg. L. Brundin ;   1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.64" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.25/lat 58.64)">Lake Viken</a>, Sätra Bay, 58.64°N 14.25°E, 94 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 15.v.1987, leg. Y. Brodin ;   3 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.75" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.05/lat 58.75)">Lake Övre Forsasjön</a>, 58.75°N 15.05°E, 137 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 28.v.1990, leg. Y. Brodin ;   1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.13&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.63" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.13/lat 58.63)">Lake Salstern</a>, 58.63°N 15.13°E, 107 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 28.v.1990, leg. Y. Brodin ;   2 adult males (as  P. rufovittatus, NHRS), west of <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=14.64&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.28" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 14.64/lat 59.28)">Villingsberg</a>, Lake Våtsjön, 59.28°N 14.64°E, 145 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 20.v.2008, leg. Y. Brodin   [1  Barcode BSCHI814-17]  .</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 43, 116‒118, key couplet 24. The gonostylus with its distinctly convex inner margin in combination with a distinct outer process readily separates  P. nudipennis and  P. bellus from all other European  Procladius .</p><p>The gonostylus of  P. nudipennis is comparatively narrower (gonostylus GsmR 3.2‒3.9 versus 2.6‒3.3), less bulging and usually with fewer strong setae (4‒8 versus 6‒12) than that of  P. bellus, while the gonostylus process is on average slightly longer (gonostylus GspR 0.13‒0.19 versus 0.10‒0.17).  P. nudipennis can usually also be separated from  P. bellus by the longer gonostylus in relation to the length of the gonocoxite (0.50‒0.59 versus 0.42‒0.50).</p><p>P. nudipennis is on average somewhat smaller than  P. bellus, exemplified by an often narrower gonocoxite base (178‒216 µm versus 206‒285 µm), wing length (1.8‒2.4 mm versus 2.0‒ 2.7 mm) and body length (3.1‒3.8 mm versus 3.5‒4.5).</p><p>The adult female has been briefly described, but not the pupa and larva. Barcodes of adult males are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.  P. nudipennis  has a latitude distribution from 55°N in Russia to 68°N in northern Finland.  It has been found at altitudes ranging from 15 to 860 m above sea level encompassing temperate to subarctic climate with +8 to ‒1 °C mean annual temperature  .</p><p>All findings of  P. nudipennis are from lakes, mostly those with oligotrophic to mesotrophic condition, but also a few ultraoligotrophic and eutrophic ones. Most of the lakes are mesohumic to polyhumic. Adults have been found to emerge from the littoral zone at 0‒8 m from bottoms with sparse vegetation of  Equisetum,  Isoetes or  Cladophora . Larvae are also found in the profundal from 1 m in polyhumic lakes to 15 m water depth in oligohumic ones.</p><p>The larvae of  P. nudipennis are omnivorous judging from their gut content of algae, detritus and animals such as crustaceans (Copepoda and Cladocera) and small  Chironomidae . Adults have been found flying from the middle of May to the middle of September.</p><p>Countries with records of  P. nudipennis in Europe are Estonia, Finland, Norway, Russia and Sweden. It might be present in other European countries under the name of  P. rufovittatus .</p><p>References. Aagaard 1974; Aagaard 1978b; Armitage 1968; Armitage 1974; Brundin 1947; Brundin 1949; Kahlert et al. 2024; Mossberg &amp; Nyberg 1979; Sandberg 1969; Paasivirta 1976; Paasivirta 2012; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Wiederholm 1974.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FFF409783CE4FE759FEDFF15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FFF3097A3CE4FEC19DDEFBB9.text	5E47CA08FFF3097A3CE4FEC19DDEFBB9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius pruinosus (Kieffer 1924)	<div><p>Procladius pruinosus (Kieffer, 1924)</p><p>Trichotanypus pruinosus Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Austria and Czechia, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Procladius pruinosus (Kieffer, 1924) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Belgium and Czechia, adult male, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius? cinereus (Goetghebuer, 1936) — Brundin (1949), Sweden, adult male, pupa in part, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius sp. — Muragina-Koreneva (1957), Russia, adult male, description, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) — Graham (2020), Wales, adult male, photos.</p><p>Procladius cf. fuscus Brundin, 1949 — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Canada, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>Procladius crassinervis (Zetterstedt, 1838) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), England, adult male.</p><p>Procladius pruinosus (Kieffer, 1924) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Norway and Sweden, adult males, adult female, pupa, larva, photos.</p><p>Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), England, Finland, Germany, Norway, Slovakia, Canada and United States, adult males, adult females, photos.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus bathocryptus Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus niger Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius bathocryptus (Kieffer, 1924) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius zernyi Goetghebuer, 1936 — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Austria, adult male, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Material examined (n = 57).   AUSTRIA, 1 adult male (as  P. choreus, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.08&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.08/lat 47.8)">Lake Lünzer Obersee</a>, 47.80°N 15.08°E, 1 113 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 1940, leg. F. Krüger ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius III, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.05/lat 47.85)">Lunz</a>, stream from pond, 47.85°N 15.05°E, 610 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 7.v.1972, leg. N. Caspers.  —   CZECHIA, 2 adult males (NHRS), Cheb district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.08" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.32/lat 50.08)">Lake Vodni Nadrz Skalka</a>, 50.08°N 12.32°E, 439 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 17.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   ESTONIA, 1 adult male (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.24" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.46/lat 59.24)">Lake Ülemiste</a>, 59.24°N 24.46°E, 36 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 21.v.1993, leg. Y. Brodin.  —   FINLAND, 1 adult male (as P. cfr.  nigriventris, WIFE), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=25.12&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.31" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 25.12/lat 60.31)">Lake Kuusijärvi</a>, 60.31°N 25.12°E, 44 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.vi.1965, leg. P. Armitage ;   3 adult males (as  Procladius sp., HECH), Lake Karvastenlahti, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.03&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.16" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.03/lat 61.16)">Hiittiö</a>, 61.16°N 24.03°E, 79 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 25.v.1978, leg. P.H. Kansanen ;   2 adult males (as  P.? cinereus, HECH), Aidassaari, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.08&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.08/lat 61.17)">Lake Vanajavesi</a>, 61.17°N 24.08°E, 79 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 22‒25.viii.1978, leg. P.H. Kansanen ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp.), Baltic Sea, Lake Käringsund, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.07&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.43" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.07/lat 63.43)">Storskär Island</a>, 63.43°N 21.07°E, 0 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 30.v‒13.vi.2017, leg. L. Paasivirta.  —   FRANCE, 2 adult males (as  Procladius sp. I, LHST), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.16&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.16/lat 42.85)">Lake</a> de L’ite, 42.85°N 0.16°E, 2 281 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 16.vii.1965, leg. H. Lavillle ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp. I, LHST), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.18&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.18/lat 42.87)">Lake de Nere Inferior</a>, 42.87°N 0.18°E, 2 209 m a.s.l., +2 °C m.a.t., 7.vii.1966, leg. H. Laville.  —   GERMANY, 1 adult male (as  P. bathocryptus, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.19" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.46/lat 54.19)">Lake Schluensee</a>, 54.19°N 10.46°E, 22 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 1953, leg. I. Müller-Liebenau ;   1 adult male (as  P. choreus, ZSMG), northeast of Sonneberg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.18&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.38" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.18/lat 50.38)">Lake Königsee</a>, 50.38°N 11.18°E, 627 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 25‒27.iv.1957, leg. W. Engelhardt ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., ZSMG), Braunkohlerestgewerke, OS <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.5&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.5/lat 51.0)">Boden</a>, 51.0°N 6.5°E, 21 m a.s.l., +11 °C m.a.t., 13.xii.1966, leg. Herbst ;   1 adult male (as  P. choreus, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=11.19&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=50.38" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 11.19/lat 50.38)">Lake Königsee</a>, 50.38°N 11.19°E, 628 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 25.v.1986, leg. R. Gerstmaier ;   1 adult male (as  P. crassinervis, ZSMG), Lake Chiemsee, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.87" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.4/lat 47.87)">Herrenchiemsee</a>, 47.87°N 12.40°E, 518 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 13.vi.1988, leg. C. Orendt ;   2 adult males (as  P. choreus, ZFMK), Meyenburg, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.38&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.51" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.38/lat 52.51)">Fleet</a>, wet meadow, 52.51°N 9.38°E, 37 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 21.vi.2017, leg. E. Resendiz and H.-G. Rudzinski ;   1 adult male (as  P. choreus, ZFMK), Brettenbach stream, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.9&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=48.13" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.9/lat 48.13)">Brücke Vordere Zaismatt</a>, 48.13°N 7.90°E, 242 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 31.iii.2019 [Barcode GBOL-2625260]  .—   IRELAND, 2 adult males (as  Procladius sp. 1, UCDZ), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-9.32&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.84" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -9.32/lat 51.84)">Lake Gougane Barra</a>, 51.84°N 9.32°W, 165 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 26.vii.1966, leg. D.A. Murray ;   2 adult males (as  P. pectinatus, UCDZ), Lake Leane, O`Sullivans <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-9.58&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.04" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -9.58/lat 52.04)">Cascade</a> and pool, 52.04°N 9.58°W, 30 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 17.iv.1973, leg. L. Bucheen ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp. A, UCDZ), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-9.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.79" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -9.3/lat 52.79)">Lake Doolough</a>, 52.79°N 9.30°W, 83 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 14.ix.1973, leg. D.A. Murray ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., UCDZ), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-9.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=53.66" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -9.26/lat 53.66)">Lake Carra</a>, 53.66°N 9.26°W, 21 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 2.iv.1974, leg. D.A. Murray ;   4 adult males (as  Procladius sp., UCDZ), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-9.25&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=53.68" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -9.25/lat 53.68)">Lake Carra</a>, 53.68°N 9.25°W, 19 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 10.v.1974, leg. D.A. Murray.  —   ITALY, 4 adult males (NHRS), Lake Lago di Centro Cadore, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.39&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.44" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.39/lat 46.44)">Calazo</a>, 46.44°N 12.39°E, 683 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 29.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin ;   2 adult males (NHRS), Lake Lago di Valdaora, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=12.05&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.76" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 12.05/lat 46.76)">Monguelfo</a>, 46.76°N 12.05°E, 1 087 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 29.vi.1991, leg. Y. Brodin ;   1 adult male (as  P. choreus, MTSN), Tre laghi <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=45.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.0/lat 45.0)">Isole</a>, 45°N 8°E, 238 m a.s.l., +11 °C m.a.t., 2.vii.1996, leg. L. Marziali.  —   NORWAY, 1 adult male (as  P. cf. fuscus, NTNU), Trondheim, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.61&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.38" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.61/lat 63.38)">Lake Gjeddtjørna</a>, 63.38°N 10.61°E, 158 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 6.vi.2010, leg. J.K. Skei   [ Barcode CHMNO070-14] ;   1 adult male (as  P. cf. fuscus, NTNU), Trondheim, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.61&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.38" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.61/lat 63.38)">Lake Gjeddevatnet</a>, 63.38°N 10.61°E, 157 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 20.vi.2010, leg. J.K. Skei   [ Barcode MIDGE985-13] ;   2 adult males (as  P. cf. fuscus, NTNU), Melhus, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.31&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=63.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.31/lat 63.21)">Gammelelva nature reserve</a>, 63.21°N 10.31°E, 28 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 22.v‒5.vi.2014, leg. E. Stur   [ Barcode CHMNO205-15 and CHMNO354-15]  .—   POLAND, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., LUIZ), Spala, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.13&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.54" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.13/lat 51.54)">River Pilica</a>, 51.54°N 20.13°E, 151 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 5.vi‒9.vi.2007, leg. M. Plóciennek ;   2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., LUIZ), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.79&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=51.54" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.79/lat 51.54)">Zabierzow</a>, 51.54°N 19.79°E, 270 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 17.v.2010, leg. M. Plóciennek.  —   RUSSIA, 1 adult male (as  P. culiciformis, NHRS), Kamchatka, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=158.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=53.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 158.0/lat 53.0)">Petropavlovsk area</a>, 53°N 158°E, 150 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., vii.1921, leg. R. Malaise ;   2 adult males (as  Procladius sp, IBIB), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=38.6&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.1" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 38.6/lat 58.1)">Rybinsk Reservoir</a>, 58.1°N 38.6°E, 97 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., vii.1972, leg. A.I. Shilova.  —   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.13&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.55" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.13/lat 59.55)">Lake Vitalampi</a>, 59.55°N 15.13°E, 322 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 7.v.1974, leg. P. Mossberg ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Vristulven, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.72&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.56" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.72/lat 58.56)">Århult</a>, 58.56°N 13.72°E, 113 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 22‒24.iv.1987, leg. Y. Brodin ;   1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Vänern, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.97&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.84" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.97/lat 58.84)">Sjötorp</a>, 58.84°N 13.97°E, 44 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 16.vi.1987, leg. Y. Brodin ;   2 adult males (NHRS), Baltic Sea, Askö island, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=17.67&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=58.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 17.67/lat 58.8)">Askötorp</a>, 58.80°N 17.67°E, 6 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 31.v‒16.vi.2011, leg. B.E. Bengtsson   [ Barcode BSCHI536-17 and BSCHI551- 17]  .—   SWITZERLAND, 1 adult male (as  P. cinereus, ZSMG), Lake Bodensee, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.38&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.54" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.38/lat 47.54)">Egnach</a>, 47.54°N 9.38°E, 396 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 1938, leg. J. Geissbühler.  —   WALES, 1 adult male (as  P. choreus), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-3.95&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=52.33" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -3.95/lat 52.33)">Trawscoed</a>, 52.33°N 3.95°W, 70 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., iv.2020, leg. J. Graham.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 5, 8, 16, 36, 95‒97, key couplet 18.  P. pruinosus has a medium long gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of eight other species of  Procladius in Europe. Of these,  P. lugubris and  P. ferrugineus are distinctly separated from  P. pruinosus by more than one other morphological character in the key and the helpdesk.</p><p>The GspR of  P. pruinosus slightly overlaps that of  P. islandicus (0.23‒0.30 versus 0.18‒0.24). If overlapping,  P. pruinosus can be separated from  P. islandicus by the on average lower front leg tarsi BR (2‒4.5 versus 3‒6.5) and the longer and narrower gonostylus process (length/width 1.2‒1.7 versus 0.9‒1.2).</p><p>The GspR of  P. pruinosus to some degree overlaps that of  P. culiciformis (0.23‒0.30 versus 0.18‒0.25). When overlapping,  P. pruinosus can be distinguished from  P. culiciformis by the narrower gonostylus (GsmR 5.2‒6.3 versus 4.2‒5.2) and the on average darker mid-section of the front leg tibia (light brown to dark brown versus whitish to light brown).</p><p>The GspR of  P. pruinosus almost completely overlaps that of  P. tenebricosus (0.23‒0.30 versus 0.23‒0.29).  P. pruinosus can be separated from  P. tenebricosus by the less dark marked wing (anal cell patch absent to faint versus distinct to very distinct) and almost always larger size (wing length 2.6‒3.5 mm versus 1.8‒2.6 mm, mid leg tibia length 1.0‒ 1.4 mm versus 0.7‒1.1 mm, body length 4.3‒5.9 mm versus 3.2‒4.3 mm).</p><p>The GspR of  P. pruinosus strongly overlaps that of  P. frigidus (0.23‒0.30 versus 0.25‒0.33). Despite that, there are generally no problems to separate the species by consulting other morphological characters.  P. pruinosus has fewer median anepisternal setae compared to that of  P. frigidus (0‒5 versus 5‒26), the antenna AR is usually lower (1.7‒2.3 versus 2.2‒2.8) and the length of palpomere five divided with its width is lower (9.3‒12.2 versus 8.0‒9.3).</p><p>The GspR of  P. pruinosus considerably overlaps that of  P. longistilus (0.23‒0.30 versus 0.25‒0.34).  P. pruinosus can mostly be separated from  P. longistilus by the ratio between the length of the outer phallapodeme section divided by the length of the sternapodeme (0.27‒0.36 versus 0.34‒0.46). The length of the outer phallapodeme is however frequently difficult to measure accurately and requires good slide preparations. In addition, the on average broader gonostylus and gonostylus process of  P. pruinosus than that of  P. logngistilus (GsmR 5.2‒6.3 versus 5.5‒ 6.9, gonostylus process length/width 1.2‒1.7 versus 1.3‒1.9) can be useful for species separation.</p><p>The GspR of  P. pruinosus partly overlaps that of  P. floralis (0.23‒0.30 versus 0.28‒0.37). If overlapping,  P. pruinosus can be separated from  P. floralis by the less marked gonostylus process divergence (10‒25° versus 30‒50°) and the mostly longer body (4.3‒5.9 versus 3.6‒4.4 mm).</p><p>P. pruinosus has been described or mentioned under numerous species-names in the literature, frequently as  P. choreus, but also  P. bathocryptus,  P. cinereus,  P. culiciformis,  P. fuscus,  P. niger,  P. nigriventris,  P. pectinatus and  P. zernyi .</p><p>The adult female and pupal exuvia have been briefly described, but not the larva. The distinct pruinosity of the thorax of male  P. pruinosus, which gave the species its name, can be observed on dry or alive specimens. Barcodes of adult males, adult female, pupa and larva are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology. In Europe,  P. pruinosus is known from latitude 43°N in southern France to 68°N in northern Norway. In North America, the known latitude range is from 43°N to 62°N in the United States and Canada. Altitudes records range from 5 m and up to 2 280 m above sea level in the Pyrenean Mountains of France. The 76 sites with quality assured findings of  P. pruinosus have a mean annual temperature span of +14 to ‒2 °C.</p><p>P. pruinosus can be regarded as a common species in European lakes and lake-like reservoirs classified as oligotropic to eutrophic. It is less frequently found in hypereutrophic reservoirs and not found in ultraoligotrophic lakes or reservoirs.</p><p>Larvae of  P. pruinosus have been recorded from 0‒6 m water depth in the littoral of lakes over bottoms of sand, stone or mud with vegetation of quillworts ( Isoetes), common reed ( Phragmites), water lilies ( Nymphaea and  Nuphar) and green macroalgae of the genus  Cladophora . Larvae are also known from the profundal zone at 1‒16 m water depth. Most findings of  P. pruinosus are from lakes, but it has also been recorded from reservoirs, ponds on meadows, pools on peat bogs with  Carex, constructed pools in brown coal excavations, slowly running rivers and rivulets. The larvae can thrive and develop into the pupal stage in very small water bodies, such as in a rowing boat filled with lake water full of green algae.</p><p>The gut content of  P. pruinosus larvae indicates that they consume diatoms, green algae, and smaller animals such as crustaceans (Copepoda and Cladocera) and  Chironomidae larvae.</p><p>Adult  P. pruinosus can possibly be found throughout the entire year in Europe, at least from late March to late January in southern Europe.</p><p>Countries or autonomous regions with records of  P. pruinosus in Europe are Austria, Belgium, Czechia, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland and Wales. It is also present in the Asian part of Russia, Canada and the United States including Alaska, possibly also in Iran.</p><p>References. Aagaard 1978b; Armitage 1968; Bowser &amp; Bowser 2020; Brundin 1949; Edwards 1928; Ekrem et al. 2018; Geissbühler 1938; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936b; Graham 2020; Hebert et al. 2016; Izvekova 1975; Kansanen 1985; Kieffer 1924; Mothes 1966; Muragina-Koreneva 1957; Paasivirta 2012; Paasivirta et al. 1988; Prat 1979; Prat 1980; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Rieradevall &amp; Prat 1991; Sandberg 1969; Sherk &amp; Rau 1996; Shilova 1976; Sokolowa 1971; Theissinger et al. 2018.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FFF3097A3CE4FEC19DDEFBB9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FFF009663CE4FBFD9EE9FDD9.text	5E47CA08FFF009663CE4FBFD9EE9FDD9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius signatus (Zetterstedt 1850)	<div><p>Procladius signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850)</p><p>Tanypus signatus Zetterstedt, 1850 — Zetterstedt (1850), Sweden, adult male, description.</p><p>Trichotanypus signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850) — Kieffer (1918a), Lithuania, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Procladius signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850) — Goetghebuer (1922), Belgium, description.</p><p>Trichotanypus nigriventris Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Trichotanypus signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850) — Goetghebuer (1927), Finland and France, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Procladius nigriventris (Kieffer, 1924) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Germany and Austria, adult male, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936b), Belgium and Germany, adult male, adult female, key, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius nigriventris (Kieffer, 1924) — Muragina-Koreneva (1957), Russia, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, keys, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius denticulatus Sublette, 1964 — Sublette (1964), United States, adult male in part, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius denticulatus Sublette, 1964 — Roback (1971), Canada and the United States, adult male, adult female, key, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius denticulatus Sublette, 1964 — Saether (1977), Canada, adult female, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius denticulatus Sublette, 1964 — Moore &amp; Moore (1978), Canada, larva, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850) — Pinder (1978), adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius denticulatus Sublette, 1964 — Roback (1980), Canada and the United States, adult male, pupa, larva, keys, descriptions, photos, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius denticulatus Sublette, 1964 — Roback (1984), United States, pupa, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius denticulatus Sublette, 1964 — Murray &amp; Fittkau (1989) adult male, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850) — Langton (1991), pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850) — Aagaard (1995), Norway, pupa, photo.</p><p>Procladius signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850) — Langton &amp; Visser (2003), pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850) — Langton &amp; Pinder (2007), adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius denticulatus Sublette, 1964 — Saether (2010), Canada, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, keys, descriptions, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850) — Langton et al. (2013), pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius denticulatus Sublette, 1964 — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Canada and United States, adult males, adult females, larvae, photos.</p><p>Procladius signatus (Zetterstedt, 1850) — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland, Norway, Sweden and Canada, adult males, adult females, pupa, larvae, photos.</p><p>Procladius sp. — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), England and Canada, adult males, larvae, photos.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus imicola Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus longilobus Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus subaequalis Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius imicola (Kieffer, 1924) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius longilobus (Kieffer, 1924) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius subaequalis (Kieffer, 1924) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Germany, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Material examined (n = 34). AUSTRIA, 1 adult male (ZSMG), Lake Gebhartsteich, 48.80°N 15.14°E, 545 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 12.vi.1978, leg. H. Malicky.— CANADA, 2 adult males (as  P. denticulatus, CNCC), Lake Muskox, 64.63°N 108.25°W, 343 m a.s.l., ‒9 °C m.a.t., 17‒24.vii.1953, leg. J.G. Chillcott.— ENGLAND, 1 adult male (UUZM), South Hanningfield, Hanningfield Reservoir, 51.65°N 0.51°E, 53 m a.s.l., +11 °C m.a.t., 23.vii.1982, leg. T. Samman and Y. Brodin.— FINLAND, 1 adult male (WIFE), Lake Kuusijärvi, 60.31°N 25.12°E, 44 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 15.vi.1965, leg. P. Armitage; 4 adult males (HECH), Lake Vanajavesi, 61.17°N 25.08°E, 79 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 21.viii.1978, leg. P.H. Kansanen; 2 adult males (ZMUO), Lake Pyhäjärvi, Säkylä, 61.00°N 22.28°E, 45 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 4.vii.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta [Barcode LEFIJ 3482-16 and LEFIJ 3483-16].— FRANCE, 2 adult males (NHRS), Lake Remoray, 46.77°N 6.26°E, 849 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., iv.2017, leg. B. Tissot.— GERMANY, 1 adult male (as  P. pectinatus, ZSMG), south of Wismar, Lake Tanysee, 53.67°N 11.45°E, 35 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 1936, leg. A. Thienemann; 1 adult male (as  P.? parvulus, ZSMG), Lake Bodensee, 47.67°N 9.32°E, 394 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 12‒17.vii.1961, leg. F. Reiss; 1 adult male (ZSMG), Lake Bodensee, 47.53°N 9.40°E, 395 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 20.vii.1961, leg. F. Reiss; 1 adult male (ZSMG), Lake Chiemsee, Herrenchiemsee, 47.87°N 12.40°E, 518 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 2.vii.1988, leg. C. Orendt.— IRELAND, 4 adult males (UCDZ), Lake Leane, Castlelough Bay, 52.03°N 9.50°E, 17 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 3.ix.1973, leg. D.J. Douglas and D.A. Murray.— NORWAY, 2 adult males (NTNU), Lebesby, Lake Eastorjavri, outlet to stream, 70.44°N 27.35°E, 258 m a.s.l., ‒2 °C m.a.t., 28.vii.2010, leg. T. Ekrem [Barcode CHRFI 245-10 and CHRFI 246-10].— RUSSIA, 3 adult males (TUSF), Lake Ladoga, Sorvala, 61.74°N 30.77°E, 4 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 4.viii.1991, leg. G. Söderman.— SWEDEN, 1 adult male (Syntype of  P. signatus, as  Tanypus signatus, ZMLU), Åreskutan, 63.4°N 13.0°E, 900 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 31.vii‒4.viii.1840, leg. J.W. Zetterstedt; 1 adult male (as  P. lundstroemi, ZSMG), Lake Torneträsk, 68.4°N 18.8°E, 343 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 19.vi.1937, leg. A. Thienemann; 2 adult males (NHRS), Lake Färnebofjärden, Östa, 60.17°N 16.80°E, 60 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 1.vi.2007, 7.ix.2007, leg. Y. Brodin; 1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Färnebofjärden, Edsviken Bay, 60.29°N 16.81°E, 59 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 6‒13.vi.2007, leg. Y. Brodin; 1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Vättern, Motala, 58.53°N 14.98°E, 88 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 30.vii.2012, leg. Y. Brodin [Barcode BSCHI 770-17]; 1 adult male (NHRS), Lake Mälaren, Vårby beach, 59.26°N 17.88°E, 3 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 1.viii.2012, leg. Y. Brodin [Barcode BSCHI 727-17].— SWITZERLAND, 1 adult male (as  P. cinereus, ZSMG), Lake Bodensee, Egnach, 47.54°N 9.38°E, 396 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 1938, leg. J. Geissbühler.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 17, 24, 59‒61, key couplet 6.  P. signatus is easily distinguished from other species of  Procladius in Europe by the form of the medioapodeme, especially its inner apical part with many dents. A similar strongly dented medioapodeme is present in  P. wilhmi Roback, 1971 and  P. sublettei Roback, 1971 in North America.  P. wilhmi has a much shorter gonostylus process.  P. sublettei has a similar gonostylus but lacks the bulging inferior volsella present in  P. signatus . It is also smaller and has an on the whole more southern geographical distribution compared to that of  P. signatus .</p><p>P. signatus has a very long curved gonostylus process usually with a distinct net-pattern. Such a net-pattern is only occasionally seen on the gonostylus process of other species of  Procladius in Europe.</p><p>P. signatus is generally correctly identified in literature regarding occurrences in Europe. It has been known as  P. denticulatus in North America. Holotype and paratypes are destroyed, but other studied specimens from Canada and the United States show that  P. denticulatus is a synonym of  P. signatus .</p><p>The adult female, pupal exuvia and larva have been described. Barcodes of adult males, adult females, a pupa and larvae are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology. The latitude range of  P. signatus in Europe stretches from France and Hungary at 47°N to the most northern districts of the mainland in Norway and Finland at 70°N. In North America, the species is found near the west coast of the Pacific Ocean of the United States at 41°N to near the Arctic Ocean in northern Canada at 68°N. This means a mean annual temperature range from +11 °C in England, Hungary and the United States to ‒13 °C in northern Canada, thus as much as 24 degrees. Noteworthy is that barcodes of  P. signatus from the sites in England and those from the sites in northern Canada only differ by 0.2%.</p><p>P. signatus has been found at altitudes in Europe ranging from 3 m near the sea in Sweden to about 850 m above sea level in France,  and up to 1 130 m in Canada .</p><p>Most of the 80 quality assured findings of  P. signatus are from lakes, but it does seem to be frequent also in ponds such as those in peat bogs. Findings from reservoirs, puddles or slowly floating water sections of streams or rivers are less frequent.</p><p>Larvae of  P. signatus occur mostly in oligotrophic to eutrophic water bodies, sometimes also in ultraoligotrophic ones down to 28 m water depth. Larval habitats can have low to high content of dissolved organic matter such as in polyhumic ponds with pH reaching down to 5.0. This indicates that the larvae have a good ability to withstand low oxygen concentrations.  P. signatus larvae are mostly found on bottoms with mud or sand without or with vegetation of various kinds, including  Chara,  Cladophora,  Elodea and  Nymphaea .</p><p>Animal food items of  P. signatus larvae, such as small  Chironomidae larvae, Cladocera, Copepoda and Gastrotrichia, seem to be mainly consumed during periods of rapid growth in spring or summer, whereas mostly benthic algae and detritus are found in the larval guts during late autumn, winter and early springs months from November to April. Larvae of  P. signatus serve as food for water mites and other aquatic organisms.</p><p>Adults of  P. signatus appear from early May to late October. Studies from Norway show that adult males can be parasitized by nematodes which cause deformation of the male’s genitalia and other body parts.</p><p>Countries or autonomous regions with records of  P. signatus in Europe are Austria, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, England, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Norway, Poland, Russia, Scotland, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland and Wales. The species has also been found in Canada, Russian Asia and in the United States.</p><p>References. Aagaard 1974; Aagaard 1978a; Aagaard 1995; Anikina 2009b; Armitage 1968; 1966; Bista et al. 2017; Bitušík &amp; Brabec 2009; Brodin et al. 2013; Brundin 1949; Cloutier &amp; Harper 1978; Egan &amp; Langton 2018; Frey et al. 1941; Goetghebuer 1922; Goetghebuer 1927; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936b; Kahlert et al. 2024; Kansanen 1985; Kansanen et al. 1990; Kieffer 1924; Langton 1991; Langton 1993; Langton &amp; Pinder 2007; Langton &amp; Visser 2003; Larsen 1993; Mol 1984; Moore &amp; Moore 1978; Moore 1979; Moubayed-Breil et al. 2019; Muragina-Koreneva (1957); Murray &amp; Fittkau 1989; Murray et al. 2018; O´Dell 2018; Orendt 1991; Orendt 1993; Paasivirta 1976; Paasivirta 1985; Paasivirta 2012; Pinder 1978; Poppius et al. 1916; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Berczik Roback 1971; Roback 1980; Roback 1984; Saether 1977; Saether 2010; Sandberg 1969; Shcherbina 1989; Stasiukynas et al. 2024; Sublette 1964; Takács &amp; Tokeshi 1993; Thienemann 1941; Thienemann &amp; Zavrel 1916; Timm et al. 1994; Tomlin et al. 2024; Vasques et al. 2022; Wiederholm 1974; Zetterstedt 1850; Zilahi-Sebess 1944.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FFF009663CE4FBFD9EE9FDD9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FFED09673CE4FD8D9AD9FC41.text	5E47CA08FFED09673CE4FD8D9AD9FC41.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius simplicistilus Freeman 1948	<div><p>Procladius simplicistilus Freeman, 1948</p><p>Procladius simplicistilus Freeman, 1948 — Freeman (1948), England, adult male, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius simplicistilus Freeman, 1948 — Coe (1950), England, adult male, adult female, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius ruris Roback, 1971 var. grandis — Roback (1971), Canada, adult male, key, description, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius simplicistilus Freeman, 1948 — Pinder (1978), England, adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius PE 1— Langton (1991), pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius ruris Roback, 1971 var. grandis — Roback (1980), Canada, adult male, pupa, key, description, photos, illustrations.  Procladius simplicistilus Freeman, 1948 — Langton &amp; Visser (2003), pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius simplicistilus Freeman, 1948 — Langton &amp; Pinder (2007), England, adult male, key, illustrations.</p><p>Procladius simplicistilus Freeman, 1948 — Langton et al. (2013), pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>Procladius simplicistilus Freeman, 1948 — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Finland and Norway, adult males, adult female, photos.  Procladius sp. 1 — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Slovakia and Canada, adult males, adult females, larvae, photos.</p><p>Material examined (n = 18).   BELGIUM, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=5.3&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.8" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 5.3/lat 49.8)">Épioux Reservoir</a>, 49.8°N 5.3°E, 383 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., v.1964  .—   CANADA, 2 adult males (as  P. ruris var. grandis, CNCC), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-133.42&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=59.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -133.42/lat 59.35)">Lake Altin</a>, Altin, 59.35°N 133.42°W, 670 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 9.vi.1955, leg. Huckel.  —   ENGLAND, 1 adult male (Holotype of  P. simplicistilus, BMNH), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.37" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.96/lat 54.37)">Hawkshead</a>, Three Dubs Tarn, 54.37°N 2.96°W, 218 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 7‒15.v.1947 ,  leg. T. T. Macan;   1 adult male (Paratype of  P. simplicistilus, BMNH), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-2.96&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.37" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -2.96/lat 54.37)">Hawkshead</a>, Three Dubs Tarn, 54.37°N 2.96°W, 218 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., 7‒15.v.1947 ,  leg. T. T. Macan .—   FINLAND, 2 adult males (as  Procladius sp., LMMR), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.19" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.46/lat 69.19)">Enontekiö</a>, Lake Toskaljärvi, 69.19°N 21.46°E, 704 m a.s.l., ‒5 °C m.a.t., 4‒15.vii.2010, leg. L. Kakko ;   2 adult males (ZMUO), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=22.28&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.0" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 22.28/lat 61.0)">Lake Pyhäjärvi</a>, Säkylä, 61.00°N 22.28°E, 45 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 4.vi.2015, leg. L. Paasivirta   [ Barcode CHIFI292-16 and CHIFI293-16]  .—   FRANCE, 3 adult males (as  Procladius sp., 1, LHST), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=0.12&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=42.82" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 0.12/lat 42.82)">Lake Long</a>, 42.82°N 0.12°E, 2 094 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 13.viii.1967, leg. H. Laville.  —   IRELAND, 2 adult males (UCDZ), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-6.92&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.01" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -6.92/lat 54.01)">Lake Sillan</a>, 54.01°N 6.92°W, 89 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 14.iv.1978, leg. D.A. Murray ;   1 adult male (NMID), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=-8.17&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=54.35" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long -8.17/lat 54.35)">Lake Sandy</a>, 54.35°N 8.17°W, 333 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 28.iv.2005, leg. D.A. Murray  and J.- R. Baars .—   NORWAY, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=24.21&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=69.67" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 24.21/lat 69.67)">Caerro</a>, Lake Isejavri, 69.67°N 24.21°E, 390 m a.s.l., ‒3 °C m.a.t., 26.vi‒ 30vii.1980, leg. K.J. Loine.  —   SWEDEN, 1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis, NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=18.7&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=68.37" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 18.7/lat 68.37)">Njulja</a> pond, 68.37°N 18.70°E, 995 m a.s.l., ‒5 °C m.a.t., 15.vii.1936, leg. A. Thienemann.  —   SWITZERLAND, 1 adult male (MCSN), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.37" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.27/lat 46.37)">Lake Leman</a>, 46.37°N 6.27°E, 372 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 7.v.2009, leg. B. Lods-Crozet.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 27, 68‒70, key couplet 9. Male  P. simplicistilus and  P. appropinquatus have an only slightly indicated gonostylus process which separates them from all other European  Procladius species with wing macrotrichia.</p><p>The gonostylus process of  P. simplicistilus is on average somewhat shorter than that of  P. appropinquatus (GspR 0.02‒0.06 versus 0.04‒0.10).  P. simplicistilus is larger than  P. appropinquatus exemplified by wing length (3.7‒4.6 mm versus 2.5‒3.7 mm), body length (6.5‒8.1 mm versus 4.3‒6.0 mm) and gonocoxite width (377‒451 µm versus 282‒350 µm).</p><p>The antenna AR-ratio of  P. simplicistilus is mostly higher than that of  P. appropinquatus (AR 2.5‒3.2 versus 1.8‒2.6). Hairiness is often also useful to distinguish  P. simplicistilus from  P. appropinquatus (scutellum 74‒117 setae versus 40‒73 setae, wing vein Cu stem 0‒4 setae versus 4‒36 setae).</p><p>P. simplicistilus is the largest  Procladius known worldwide. The pupal exuvia has been described, but probably not the female and larva. Barcodes of adult males, adult females, and larvae are available.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.  P. simplicistilus  is known from southern France at latitude 43°N to northern Norway at latitude 70°N.  The species seems to be rather common in Ireland and Northern Ireland, but otherwise less common or rare. Sites with records cover a mean annual temperature interval from +10 to ‒5 °C, with the coldest conditions in the northern mountains of Finland and Sweden, and globally ‒7 °C in Canada. The species has an altitude range from 5 m to 2 090 m above sea level  .</p><p>P. simplicistilus has only been reported from lakes and smaller water bodies with standing water such as ponds and gravel pits. Records of up to 1 400 individuals per m 2 are present from 0 to 4 m water depth in the littoral with plants such as  Potamogeton,  Myriophyllum or  Elodea . There are a few records of  P. simplicistilus larvae in the profundal, where they have been reported from depths down to 78 m.</p><p>Ultraoligotrophic to eutrophic conditions exist in the lakes with findings of  P. simplicistilus . The lakes are classified as oligohumic to polyhumic with pH from 5.5 to 8. Food items of the larvae are not known.  P. simplicistilus adults fly from mid-April to mid-August.</p><p>Countries or autonomous regions with records of  P. simplicistilus in Europe are Belgium, Denmark, England, Finland, France, Ireland, Lithuania, Netherlands, Northern Ireland, Norway, Poland, Russia, Scotland, Slovakia, Sweden and Wales. The species has also been recorded from Canada.</p><p>References. Anikina 2009b; Charles et al. 1974; Charles et al. 1976; Davids et al. 1980; Freeman 1948; Langton 1991; Langton &amp; Pinder 2007; Langton et al. 2013; Langton &amp; Visser 2003; Laville 1971; Mol 1984; Moubayed-Breil et al. 2019; Murray &amp; Baars 2006; Murray et al. 2018; Paasivirta 2012; Pinder 1978; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Roback 1971; Roback 1980; Ruse 2013; Shcherbina 1989; Titmus 1979; Tomlin et al. 2024.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FFED09673CE4FD8D9AD9FC41	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FFEC09603CE4FC359C44FD31.text	5E47CA08FFEC09603CE4FC359C44FD31.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius tatrensis Gowin 1944	<div><p>Procladius tatrensis Gowin, 1944</p><p>Procladius tatrensis Gowin, 1944 — Gowin &amp; Zavrel (1944), Slovakia, adult male, adult female, pupa, larva, description, illustration.</p><p>Procladius tatrensis Gowin, 1944 — Langton et al. (2013), pupa, key, illustration.</p><p>?  Trichotanypus simplex Kieffer, 1924 — Kieffer (1924), Norway, adult male, key, description.</p><p>?  Procladius simplex (Kieffer, 1924) — Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz (1936a), Norway, adult male, key, description.</p><p>Material examined (n = 24).   AUSTRIA, 1 adult male (as  P. pectinatus, ZSMG) <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=15.04&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.85" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 15.04/lat 47.85)">Lünz</a>, 47.85°N 15.04°E, 604 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 1940‒1942, leg. F. Krüger and A. Thienemann ;   1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=13.31&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.71" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 13.31/lat 46.71)">Lake Weissensee</a>, Neusach, 46.71°N 13.31°E, 929 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 7.v.1982, leg. B. Janacek.  —   FINLAND, 5 adult males (as  P.? barbatus, MZHF), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=29.46&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.48" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 29.46/lat 61.48)">Lake Puruvesi</a>, Koivusaari, 61.48°N 29.46°E, 76 m a.s.l., +3 °C m.a.t., 19.v.1959, leg. B. Lindeberg.  —   FRANCE, 3 adult males (NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.26&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.77" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.26/lat 46.77)">Lake Remoray</a>, 46.77°N 6.26°E, 849 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., iv.2019, leg. B. Tissot   [ Barcoded] ;   2 adult males, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=6.27&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.78" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 6.27/lat 46.78)">Remoray</a>, svamp, 46.78°N 6.27°E, 848 m a.s.l., +7 °C m.a.t., iv.2019, leg. B. Tissot   [1  Barcoded]  .—   ITALY, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., MTSN), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=10.57&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=46.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 10.57/lat 46.21)">Lake Scuro del Mandrone</a>, 46.21°N 10.57°E, 2 660 m a.s.l., +1 °C m.a.t., 20.viii.1996, leg. L. Marziali.  —   NORWAY, 4 adult males (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=8.0&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=61.56" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 8.0/lat 61.56)">Lake Fantesteinsvatnet</a>, Sognefjellshytta, 61.56°N 8.00°E, 1 408 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 12.viii.1952, leg. L. Brundin ;   2 adult males (as  P. cf. jeris, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=7.4&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=60.6" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 7.4/lat 60.6)">Finse</a>, pond at Hardanger Jökula, 60.6°N 7.4°E, 1 450 m a.s.l., ‒3 °C m.a.t., 2.viii.1985, leg. E.J. Fittkau and F. Reiss.  —   SLOVAKIA, 1 adult male (Syntype of  P. tatrensis), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.22&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.21" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.22/lat 49.21)">Lake Zelené</a> pleso, 49.21°N 20.22°E, 2 012 m a.s.l., ‒1 °C m.a.t., 18.viii.1938, leg. S. Hrabe ;   3 adult males (FNSB), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.01&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=49.17" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.01/lat 49.17)">Nizne Terianske</a>, 49.17°N 20.01°E, 1 940 m a.s.l., 0 °C m.a.t., 4.viii.2008, leg. P. Bitušík.  —   SWITZERLAND, 1 adult male (as  P. pectinatus, ZSMG), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=9.38&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=47.54" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 9.38/lat 47.54)">Lake Bodensee</a>, Egnach, 47.54°N 9.38°E, 396 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 1938, leg. J. Geissbühler.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 11, 25, 62‒64, key couplet 7.  P. tatrensis has a very long gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of five other species of  Procladius in Europe. All of them are efficiently separated from  P. tatrensis by more than one other morphological character in the key and the helpdesk, particularly the form of the medioapodeme, wing length, number of median anepisternal setae and antenna AR.</p><p>Male  P. jeris Roback, 1971, found in Alaska in the United States, and  P. tatrensis have morphologically similar genitalia. In  P. tatrensis the caudolateral ends of the ninth tergite are much less produced than in  P. jeris, and body size is considerably larger (wing length 3.5‒4.5 mm versus 2.3‒2.7 mm).</p><p>The adult female and larva of  P. tatrensis have been briefly described, and the pupal exuvia in detail.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology. The geographical range of  P. tatrensis extends from northern Italy at 46°N to 68°N in northern Sweden, encompassing a temperature interval from +9 to ‒3 °C expressed as mean annual temperature.</p><p>P. tatrensis is mainly a mountain species present at altitudes above 350 m   with or without natural forests.  It holds the altitude record for  Procladius species in Europe, with findings in the Alps at altitude 2 660 m above sea level  in northern Italy and 2 670 m  in eastern France.  There are records of  P. tatrensis higher than 2 000 m also from Slovakia, Austria and Switzerland. Only a record from Finland at 75 m  is beyond 300 m above sea level.</p><p>P. tatrensis seems to be mainly confined to lakes or ponds with ultraoligotrophic to mesotrophic conditions. There are a few findings from lakes with eutrophic conditions. Larvae have been reported from 3 to 80 m water depth. It is not known what the larvae consume.  P. tatrensis larvae can be important food for fish such as  Salvelinus in oligotrophic high-altitude lakes. Adults of  P. tatrensis are known from mid-May to late September.</p><p>Countries with records of  P. tatrensis in Europe are Austria, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden and Switzerland.</p><p>References. Bitušík 2003; Bitušík et al. 2006; Brundin 1949; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Gowin &amp; Zavrel 1944; Heiri et al. 2003; Jacobsen &amp; Dangles 2017; Kieffer 1924; Kownacki 2010; Langton et al. 2013; Moubayed-Breil et al. 2018; Moubayed-Breil et al. 2019; Roback 1971; Rossaro et al. 2019; Serra-Tosio 1978; Storå 1937; Thienemann 1941; von Gunten et al. 2008.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FFEC09603CE4FC359C44FD31	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
5E47CA08FFEB09613CE4F98E9A1EF8E9.text	5E47CA08FFEB09613CE4F98E9A1EF8E9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Procladius tenebricosus Brodin & Hellberg 2025	<div><p>Procladius tenebricosus Brodin &amp; Hellberg,  new species</p><p>P. choreus — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Germany, adult male.</p><p>P. cf. cinereus — Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Norway, adult male, photo.</p><p>P. sp.— Ratnasingham et al. (2024), Germany, adult males.</p><p>Material examined (n = 19). FRANCE, 1 adult male (as  P. choreus, LHST), River Truyère, Entraygues, 44.65°N 2.57°E, 238 m a.s.l., +12 °C m.a.t., 22.ix.1977, leg. H. Laville.— GERMANY, 1 adult male (as  P. sagittalis, ZSMG), Tegel small lake, Berlin, 52.57°N 13.28°E, 38 m a.s.l., +8 °C m.a.t., 1932, leg. D. Scheer; 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., ZSMG), Überlingen, Andelshofen Neuweiher Reservoir, 47.8°N 9.2°E, 450 m a.s.l., +9 °C m.a.t., 8.viii.1964, leg. F. Ringe; 1 adult male (Paratype of  P. tenebricosus, as  Procladius sp., ZFMK), Winningen, 50.31°N 7.51°E, 66 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 20.ix.2012, leg. B. Rulik [Barcode GBMWN 627-15]; 1 adult male (Holotype of  P. tenebricosus, as  P. choreus, ZFMK), Meyenburg, Fleet, wet meadow, 52.51°N 9.38°E, 37 m a.s.l., +10 °C m.a.t., 21.vi.2017, leg. E. Resendiz and H.-G. Rudzinski [Barcode GBOL-2596807].— GREECE, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., HCMR), River Pamisos, Vrachopanagista, 37.24°N 21.91°E, 90 m a.s.l., +17 °C m.a.t., 30.vi.2002, leg. I. Karaouzas.— NORWAY, 1 adult male (as  P. cf. cinereus, NTNU), Lake Jonsvatn, near Flaten, 63.40°N 10.55°E, 150 m a.s.l., +4 °C m.a.t., 14‒28.viii.2014, leg. E. Stur [Barcode CHMNO 293-15].— PORTUGAL, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., DEBE), Albureira do Arade Reservoir, 37.24°N 8.37°W, 41 m a.s.l., +17 °C m.a.t., 10.v.1996, leg. M. Rieradevall.— SPAIN, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., DEBE), Gabriel Y Galan Reservoir, 40.13°N 6.06°W, 388 m a.s.l., +16 °C m.a.t., 25.vii.1965, leg. N. Prat; 3 adult males (as  Procladius sp., DEBE), Guadalajara, Entrepenas Reservoir, 40.29°N 2.43°W, 723 m a.s.l., +14 °C m.a.t., 9.xi.1974, leg. N. Prat; 2 adult males (as  P. culiciformis, DEBE), Cuenca, Contreras Reservoir, 39.27°N 1.38°W, 669 m a.s.l., +14 °C m.a.t., 7.xi.1974, leg. N. Prat.— SWEDEN, 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), Lake Boren, Borenshult, 58.57°N 15.10°E, 74 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 11.vi.1980, leg. Y. Brodin; 1 adult male (as  P.? pruinosus, NHRS), Lake Vänern, Sjötorp boat harbour, 58.84°N 13.97°E, 44 m a.s.l., +6 °C m.a.t., 16.vi.1987, leg. Y. Brodin; 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), Mattön torrents, 60.27°N 16.91°E, 64 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 24.vi.2007, leg. Y. Brodin; 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), River Dalälven, Tyttbo torrents, 60.19°N 16.68°E, 64 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 7‒15.vii.2007, leg. Y. Brodin; 1 adult male (as  Procladius sp., NHRS), Gysinge torrents, 60.28°N 16.91°E, 63 m a.s.l., +5 °C m.a.t., 2.viii.2007, leg. Y. Brodin.</p><p>Diagnostic characters. Figs. 6, 12, 34, 89‒91, key couplet 17.  P. tenebricosus has a medium long gonostylus process with a GspR that overlaps that of eight other species of  Procladius in Europe. Of these,  P. culiciformis,  P. lugubris P. frigidus,  P. ferrugineus and  P. floralis are distinctly separated from  P. tenebricosus by more than one mostly non-overlapping other morphological character in the key and the helpdesk.</p><p>P. tenebricosus males can be distinguished morphologically from  P. islandicus,  P. pruinosus and  P. longistilus by the dark marked wing (anal cell patch distinct to very distinct versus absent to faint), usually smaller size (wing length 1.8‒2.6 mm versus 2.4‒3.5 mm, mid leg tibia length 0.7‒1.1 mm versus 1.0‒1.4, body length 3.2‒4.3 mm versus 4.2‒6.0 mm) and frequently also lighter colour of the posterior half of tergite II‒IV (whitish to light brown versus light brown to dark brown).</p><p>Neither the adult female, pupa or larva has been described. Pupal exuviae and larval skins from specimens reared to males are kept in NHRS. Barcodes of adult males are available and part of BIN BOLD:AER3360 which has incorrectly been merged into BIN BOLD:AAG5487.</p><p>Geographical distribution and ecology.  P. tenebricosus  is probably a less frequent species in  Europe found from southern Greece and Portugal at latitude 37°N in the south to mid Norway at latitude 63°N in the north. Mean annual temperature at the 16 sites with findings range from +18 to +4 °C, thus from almost subtropical to temperate boreal climatic conditions. The altitude of the sites ranges from 40 m  to 1 220 m above sea level.</p><p>Most of the 15 sites with records of  P. tenbricosus are at or close to running water, even torrents in one case. This implies that the species has an overall more lotic habitat choice than other species of  Procladius in Europe, but there are also findings of  P. tenebricosus at sites with stagnant water of freshwater lakes, lake-like reservoirs and ponds.</p><p>Larvae of  P. tenebricosus from samples taken at 0.5 m water depth in an exposed zone near a lake shore have been reared to adults. The habitat of the larvae is otherwise unknown. Judging from the findings of adult males, the larvae inhabit water with oligotrophic to eutrophic conditions. Adults have been collected from the middle of April to the middle of November.</p><p>Countries with records of  P. tenebricosus in Europe are France, Germany, Greece, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden and Switzerland. The species is possibly also recorded from Israel.</p><p>References. Brodin &amp; Wolgast 2019; Casas &amp; Vilchez-Quero 1980; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936a; Goetghebuer &amp; Lenz 1936b; Grzybkowska 1985; Kieffer 1924; Kugler 1978; Płóciennik &amp; Karaouzas 2014; Prat 1979; Prat 1980; Ratnasingham et al. 2024; Serra-Tosio &amp; Laville 1991; Thienemann 1954.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5E47CA08FFEB09613CE4F98E9A1EF8E9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Brodin, Yngve	Brodin, Yngve (2025): Procladius (Diptera, Chironomidae) of Europe and a global view. Zootaxa 5591 (1): 1-127, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5591.1.1
