taxonID	type	description	language	source
6B4B87D0FFD12274FD92FBCCD475FA3E.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Galliphilopterus brunneopectus Emerson & Elbel, 1957 a: 147, by original designation.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD12274FD92FBCCD475FA3E.taxon	biology_ecology	Host distribution Galliformes: Phasianidae. Both described species are known from hosts in the genus Arborophila Valenciennes, 1825, but we have seen specimens of another undescribed species of Galliphilopterus from Bambusicola fytchii Anderson, 1871, from Yunnan, China (Gustafsson, pers. obs.). Unfortunately, these specimens are too poorly preserved to be adequately described, and additional specimens are needed. The genera Bambusicola and Arborophila are not closely related (e. g., Kimball et al. 2021), but the birds in these genera share a similar habitat (Madge & McGowan 2002). More extensive investigations of other galliform birds in Southeast Asia may reveal that the genus Galliphilopterus is more diverse and widely distributed than presently known.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD12274FD92FBCCD475FA3E.taxon	distribution	Geographical range Southeast Asia.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD12274FD92FBCCD475FA3E.taxon	discussion	Remarks Emerson & Elbel (1957 a) described the only previously known species of Galliphilopterus, and noted that no similar genera were known from any other galliform hosts. Kettle (1981) noted that the relationships of Galliphilopterus are obscure, but Mey (2009) placed it in the Philopterus - complex, without comment. No further reports of Galliphilopterus have been published since 1957. Emerson & Elbel (1957 a) noted that elongated pas had previously been found only in Mulcticola Clay & Meinertzhagen, 1938 a, and Valim & Kuabara (2015) stated that the elongated pas was unique to Mulcticola (excepting genera in the Goniodidae and Heptapsogastridae). However, the distribution of elongated pas within Ischnocera is wider than appreciated by these authors, being found in, e. g., Lerwoecus meinertzhageni Clay, 1938, Pelmatocerandra setosa Giebel, 1876, and some species of Philopterus Nitzsch, 1818 (see Price & Hellenthal 1998). As most of these species are not closely related, it seems the elongation of pas has evolved convergently numerous times within Ischnocera, and does not alone indicate a close relationship between Mulcticola and Galliphilopterus. Nevertheless, other characters indicate that these two genera may be closely related, although not all these characters were illustrated by Emerson & Elbel (1957 a), and are here assumed to be present in the type species of Galliphilopterus based on the species from China we have seen. These characters include (for illustrations of Mulcticola spp., see, e. g., Emerson & Elbel 1957 b; Valim & Kuabara 2015; Kuabara et al. 2020): pterothorax medianly divided; os, mts 1 and mts 3 macrosetae or at least elongated compared to other temporal setae; postantennal head sensilla s 1 – 5 all present; ppss located median to spiracle opening on posterior margin of pronotum. Above all, the structure of the male genitalia is similar: mesosome simple with arched thickening distally, and two minute sensilla on ventral side; parameres simple, with notably broadened anterior ends; gonopore terminal. In at least some species of Mulcticola we have examined, the median section of the vulval margin bulges narrowly, and this bulge is associated with a set of short setae (vss?), similar to the submarginal bulge of the vulval margin seen in Galliphilopterus (Fig. 7). Some of the morphological differences between Galliphilopterus and Mulcticola may be due to differences in microhabitat adaptations; lice in this genus appear to be of the head louse ecomorph (Johnson et al. 2012), but this has never been established and requires confirmation. Ultimately, genetic data may be needed to evaluate the relationships between Galliphilopterus and Mulcticola.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD0227FFDDDFA06D50DFDE4.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: B 649 A 017 - 1 C 0 B- 4 F 62 - 8760 - 7 C 9 F 1 C 1 FABDB Figs 1 – 7; Tables 1 – 2	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD0227FFDDDFA06D50DFDE4.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Galliphilopterus latifrons sp. nov. can be separated from G. brunneopectus by the following characters: frons broader and hyaline margin more extensive in G. latifrons (Fig. 3) than in G, brunneopectus; dorsal anterior plate with more rounded, narrower anterior end in G. brunneopectus than in G. latifrons (Fig. 3); mesosome with prominent antero-lateral lobes and broad distal end with lateral extensions in G. latifrons (Figs 4 – 5), but without anterior lobes and with a narrower distal end without lateral extensions in G. brunneopectus; basal apodeme strongly constricted anteriorly in G. brunneopectus, but of more or less even width throughout in G. latifrons (Figs 4 – 5); both sexes of G. brunneopectus have a total of 8 sternal setae on the pterothorax, whereas both sexes of G. latifrons have 2 – 4 setae (Figs 1 – 2). The female subgenital plate present but poorly sclerotised in G. latifrons (Fig. 7), but not illustrated for G. brunneopectus; a reexamination of the type series of G. brunneopectus is necessary to confirm whether this plate is present in G. brunneopectus, and if so if the shape differs between species.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD0227FFDDDFA06D50DFDE4.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is derived from ‘ latus ’, Latin for ‘ broad’, and ‘ frons ’, Latin for ‘ forehead’, referring to the wider and flatter frons of this species compared to G. brunneopectus.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD0227FFDDDFA06D50DFDE4.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype (ex Arborophila gingica) CHINA • ♂; Fujian Province; 8 Apr. 1980; collector unknown; box E 0026198, slide 86; NHMC. Paratypes (ex Arborophila gingica) CHINA • 1 ♂, 3 ♀♀; Fujian Province; 8 Apr. 1980; collector unknown; box E 0026198, slide 77; NHMC • 3 ♀♀; same data as for preceding; box E 0026198, slide 86; NHMC.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD0227FFDDDFA06D50DFDE4.taxon	biology_ecology	Type host Arborophila gingica (Gmelin, 1789) – White-necklaced Partridge (Galliformes: Phasianidae).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD0227FFDDDFA06D50DFDE4.taxon	distribution	Type locality Fujian Province, China.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD0227FFDDDFA06D50DFDE4.taxon	description	Description Both sexes Frons broadly flattened, hyaline margin extensive, bulging laterally and extended lateral to marginal carina (Fig. 3). Marginal carina interrupted medianly and laterally, postmarginal carina slender. Dorsal preantennal suture continuous with hyaline margin and reaching lateral margin of head; suture probably also completely separating dorsal anterior plate, but plate with medio-posterior extension overlapping and obscuring median section of suture above mandibles. Preantennal nodi broad, but ill-defined laterally and posteriorly. Head chaetotaxy as in Fig. 3; s 1 – 5 present; pos clearly ventral in examined males, but more lateral in females; illustrated on ventral side for both sexes. Coni longer than scape. Antennae sexually monomorphic. Marginal temporal carina and pre- and postocular nodi slender. Temporal carina extends anteriorly to near antennal socket. Gular plate with convex lateral margins. Thoracic and abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 1 – 2. Pterothorax and tergopleurites II – VIII divided medianly. Leg chaetotaxy as in Figs 1 – 2; that of male based partially on paratype specimens as holotype has distorted legs. Sternites and ventral sections of tergopleurites absent. Abdominal chaetotaxy variable among specimens and between sides of specimens (Table 2). Genital opening dorsal. Male Subgenital plate and tergopleurites IX – XI absent or too poorly sclerotised to be visible (Fig. 1). Basal apodeme of roughly even width throughout (Figs 4 – 5), distally with prominently concave margin. Proximal mesosome with antero-lateral extensions. Mesosome widens slightly distally, with distal end shaped as in Figs 4 – 5. Gonopore not visible; ames and pmes not clearly visible in examined specimens, but lighter spots that appear to be apertures of sensilla present on ventral side as in Fig. 5. Ventral mesosome with narrow, sclerotised ridge in anterior part, seemingly articulating with parameral heads. Parameres slender, with bulging parameral heads (Fig. 6); pst 1 dorsal sensilla situated at about half-length of paramere; pst 2 microseta situated on lateral margin of paramere near distal tips. Measurements as in Table 1. Female Subgenital plate vaguely visible as slightly darker area as in Fig. 7, but ill-defined in examined specimens; it is unclear whether this character would be more visible in fresh material. Vulval margin almost flat, with distinct cone-shaped fold present medianly; 6 – 9 short, slender vms and 2 – 6 stout, short vss on each side; in one female one vms is a macroseta; vss not clearly visible in all specimens; subgenital plate and cone-shaped fold with 11 – 14 thorn-like vos on each side, most of which are associated with fold, and there directed anteriorly. Measurements as in Table 1.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFDB227CFDD7FD7CD349FED6.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Lagopoecus lyrurus Clay, 1938: 188,	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFDB227CFDD7FD7CD349FED6.taxon	biology_ecology	Host distribution Galliformes.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFDB227CFDD7FD7CD349FED6.taxon	distribution	Geographical range Mainly Holarctic, but one species is known from Africa.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFDB227CFDD7FD7CD349FED6.taxon	discussion	Species groups of Lagopoecus Waterston, 1922 The last extensive revision of Lagopoecus was published by Clay (1938), although Emerson (1950) briefly revised and partially illustrated the North American species. Arnold (2008) provided comments on a few species. Carriker (1946) separated the genus Colinicola Carriker, 1946, from New World hosts; this genus was synonymized with Lagopoecus by Hopkins & Clay (1952), but accepted as valid by Price et al. (2003) and Mey (2006). Mey (2006) reassigned Lagopoecus meinertzhageni Clay, 1938, to the genus Lerwoecus Mey, 2006. Arnold (2008) informally divided the genus into the ‘ pheasant, grouse, quail, and partridge groups’; however, apart from the ‘ pheasant group’ no morphological characters purporting to separate these groups, nor any list of which species belong to which group, was published by Arnold (2008). This group terminology has not, to our knowledge, been used elsewhere. Moreover, most species of Lagopoecus are poorly illustrated and described, making groupings difficult. Based on published accounts and the few species we have examined, we consider only three groups recognizable until a comprehensive revision of the genus has been performed. These groups are: Lagopoecus affinis species group [= Lagopoecus s. str.] – abdomen relatively slender; head clearly narrower than long; dorsal preantennal suture present; no sclerite present anterior to male genital opening; lateral accessory sternal plates absent in female; sclerotised plates without reticulation pattern or with reticulation very faint; parameres triangular without appendages. This group includes almost all species of Lagopoecus, including that illustrated here (Figs 8 – 13), except those explicitly listed under the two other species groups. Note that the structure of the male genitalia of some of the members of the L. affinis species group suggest that this group may be further divided, perhaps along the lines suggested by Arnold (2008). For instance, the endomere and the penile sclerite are both much elongated in species such as Lagopoecus sinensis (Sugimoto, 1930), but much shorter in L. lyrurus. The lateral thickenings of the endomere are also more elaborate in L. sinensis and some other species than in the type species of Lagopoecus (see Gustafsson et al. 2024 a). In species such as Lagopoecus crossoptiloni Liu, 1989, the parameres are very slender and positioned entirely distal to the endomere (Gustafsson et al. 2024 a). Whether these characters are useful taxonomically is still too early to say, until more species have been described and redescribed. Lagopoecus heterotypus species group – abdomen broad; head about as long as wide; dorsal anterior suture absent; sclerite present anterior to male genital opening; female with lateral accessory sternal plates on segments VI – VII; most sclerotised plates with clear, dense reticulation patterns; parameres triangular without appendages. This group presently includes only Lagopoecus heterotypus (Mégnin, 1880) and Lagopoecus lophophori Liu, 1989. Lagopoecus californicus species group – abdomen and head relatively slender; dorsal preantennal suture present; no sclerite present anterior to male genital opening; lateral accessory sternal plates absent in female; sclerotised plates without reticulation pattern or with reticulation very faint; parameres bulkily ovoid with distal appendage. This group presently includes only Lagopoecus californicus (Kellogg & Chapman, 1899) and Lagopoecus gambelii Emerson, 1949. These species of the L. californicus species group were placed in Colinicola by Mey (2006), who suggested that their inclusion in Lagopoecus is likely based only on the lack of sexual dimorphism in the antennae, as other characters (thoracic and abdominal chaetotaxy, male genitalia) suggest that these species belong to Colinicola. While we agree that these species likely do not belong to Lagopoecus, we also consider the structure of the male genitalia between the two groups too dissimilar to support an inclusion of the L. californicus group in Colinicola. Moreover, Colinicola lacks a dorsal preantennal suture, which is present in the L. californicus group, a character that is normally constant throughout a genus (although exceptions are known, e. g., Gustafsson & Bush 2017). The picture is complicated further by Colinicola philortyx Carriker, 1967, which has sexually dimorphic antennae but genitalia that appear to be similar to those of the L. californicus species group. A revision of the Lagopoecus - Colinicola group is sorely needed to establish the boundaries between these genera. The genera Lerwoecus and Syrrhaptoecus Waterston, 1928, are also likely related to this group, and the distribution of many morphological characters is mosaiced when all these genera are considered together. For instance, in both Lerwoecus and Colinicola the antennae are sexually dimorphic and lateral accessory sternal plates are present, but the male genitalia of Lerwoecus are more similar to those of Syrrhaptoecus, which has sexually dimorphic antennae but only central sternal plates. Lateral accessory sternal plates are also present in at least females of the L. heterotypus species group. Moreover, head sensillum s 6 is present in Lerwoecus and at least some Syrrhaptoecus, but absent in all Lagopoecus we have seen and never illustrated for any Colinicola. In females of Lerwoecus, Lagopoecus, and Syrrhaptoecus the vss may be supplemented medianly by small sensilla, which may be situated on a median bulge (marginal or submarginal) of the vulval margin, but to our knowledge this has never been illustrated for any Colinicola. Potentially, as many as seven genera are involved, but the group needs thorough revision before any conclusions as to the generic limits can be drawn. We here include a preliminary key to these genera and groups, to aid in their identification based on the placement of species in Price et al. (2003), except Lerwoecus is recognised, but note that a revision of this group will likely require a new, more detailed key.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD82279FD1AFE10D494F93B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 131 E 9717 - 7874 - 470 B-BA 80 - 37 B 42 B 878 F 78 Figs 8 – 13; Table 1	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD82279FD1AFE10D494F93B.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Lagopoecus liui sp. nov. belongs in the Lagopoecus affinis species group, within which it is most similar to Lagopoecus sinensis (Sugimoto, 1930) and Lagopoecus tragopani Liu, 1989, with which it shares the following characters: elongated male endomere and penile sclerite (Fig. 12); lateral thickenings of the endomere forming an almost complete transversal arch (Fig. 12); dorsal preantennal suture reaching dsms (Fig. 10); other characters listed above for the L. affinis species group. Lagopoecus liui can be separated from L. sinensis by the following combination of characters (see Gustafsson et al. 2024 a for illustrations of L. sinensis): head proportionately narrowed and longer in L. liu (Fig. 10) than in L. sinensis; dorsal preantennal suture more arched in L. liui (Fig. 10) than in L. sinensis; both sexes of L. liui with 1 tps on each side of tergopleurites II – VII (Figs 8 – 9), but these tergopleurites each have 2 – 3 tps on each side in L. sinensis; distal male endomere narrower and extended beyond parameres in L. liui (Fig. 12), but broader and not extended beyond parameres in L. sinensis; lateral thickenings of the endomere (Fig. 12) also differ between species. Female vulval chaetotaxy overlaps between species, but L. liui typically has fewer vss than L. sinensis (2 – 5 vs 5 – 6) on each side. Lagopoecus liui can be separated from L. tragopani by the following combination of characters (see Gustafsson et al. 2024 a for illustrations of L. tragopani): preantennal head more similar to postantennal head in width in L. liu (Fig. 10) than in L. tragopani; both sexes of L. liui with 2 tergocentral setae on each side of tergopleurites III – VII (Figs 8 – 9), but these tergopleurites each have 3 – 4 tergocentral setae on each side in L. tragopani; male endomere narrowed distally and extended distal to parameres in L. liui (Fig. 12), but more broadly rounded distally, and not reaching past parameres in L. tragopani; lateral thickenings of the endomere (Fig. 12) also differ between species, and in examined specimens of L. tragopani the long setae associated with the penile sclerite cannot be seen, although this may be specific to these specimens. Female vulval chaetotaxy partially overlap between species, but L. tragopani have more vms than L. liui (15 – 18 vs 9 – 10).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD82279FD1AFE10D494F93B.taxon	etymology	Etymology Lagopoecus liui is named in honour of the late Liu Sikong, previously at the National Natural History Museum of China, Beijing, who collected and identified many of the specimens currently deposited at this museum, and which formed the basis for much of our recent checklist of the Ischnocera of China (Gustafsson et al. 2024 a). His publication record on avian Phthiraptera is small, but he remains the most prolific Chinese author of new ischnoceran species to date. Moreover, Liu described many of the species of Lagopoecus known from China (Liu 1989). Unfortunately, no other biographical details are known tous.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD82279FD1AFE10D494F93B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material Holotype (ex Lophura nycthemera fokiensis) CHINA • ♂; Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain; Jan. 1990; collector unknown; box E 0026075, slide 78 [marked with black dot on slide]; NMHC. Paratypes (ex Lophura nycthemera fokiensis) CHINA • 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain; Jan. 1990; collector unknown; box E 0026075; slide 76; NHMC • 6 ♀♀; Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain; Jan. 1990; collector unknown; box E 0026075; slide 77; NHMC • 6 ♂♂, 3 ♀♀; Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain; Jan. 1990; collector unknown; box E 0026075; slide 78; NHMC • 6 ♀♀; Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain; Jan. 1990; collector unknown; box E 0026075; slide 79; NHMC • 7 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain; Jan. 1990; collector unknown; box E 0026075; slide 80; NHMC • 2 ♂♂, 7 ♀♀; Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain; Jan. 1990; collector unknown; box E 0026075; slide 82; NHMC • 3 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀; Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain; Jan. 1990; collector unknown; box E 0026075; slide 83; NHMC • 5 ♂♂, 6 ♀♀, 1 nymph; Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain; Jan. 1990; collector unknown; box E 0026075; slide 84; NHMC • 1 ♂♂, 3 nymphs; Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain; Jan. 1990; collector unknown; box E 0026075; slide 85; NHMC • 4 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Fujian Province, Wuyi Mountain; Jan. 1990; collector unknown; box E 0026075; slide 86; NHMC • 1 ♂♂, 2 ♀♀; Fujian Province; 2 Mar. 1996; collector unknown; box E 0026075; slide 73; NHMC • 6 ♀♀; Fujian Province; 8 Mar. 1996; collector unknown; box E 0026075, slide 88; NHMC • 1 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; Fujian Province; 8 Mar. 1996; collector unknown; box E 0026075, slide 89; NHMC • 5 ♂♂; Fujian Province; 8 Mar. 1996; collector unknown; box E 0026075, slide 90; NHMC • 3 ♂♂, 5 ♀♀; Fujian Province; 8 Mar. 1996; collector unknown; box E 0026075, slide 91; NHMC.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD82279FD1AFE10D494F93B.taxon	biology_ecology	Type host Lophura nycthemera fokiensis Delacour, 1948 – Silver Pheasant (Galliformes: Phasianidae).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD82279FD1AFE10D494F93B.taxon	distribution	Type locality Wuyi Mountain, Fujian Province, China.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFD82279FD1AFE10D494F93B.taxon	description	Description Both sexes Head rounded trapezoidal, frons somewhat flattened (Fig. 10). Marginal carina comparatively broad. Dorsal preantennal suture present. Area anterior to dorsal preantennal suture with internal thickenings. Head structure and chaetotaxy as in Fig. 10. Most post-antennal sensilla not visible in examined specimens. Ocular setae relatively short compared to mts 1 and mts 3. Thoracic and abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 8 – 9. Sclerotised plates of head, thorax and abdomen without noticeable reticulation. Male Subgenital plate not visible. Abdominal chaetotaxy: ss present on segments II – VIII; single tps present on segments II – VIII; psps present on segments III – VII; aps absent; ps present on segments IV – VIII. Basal apodeme slender (Figs 11 – 12). Endomere elongated, projecting beyond parameres distally; lateral margins of endomere with complicated thickenings (Fig. 12), which arch medianly at about half-length but do not form a complete arch across the endomere; penile sclerite seemingly soft in distal part. Genital chaetotaxy: 1 apmes sensillum present on each side of base of penile sclerite; 1 gpmes seta present on base of penile sclerite, length ~ ⅓ of length of sclerite; 2 – 3 lpmes microsetae visible near lateral margins of mesosome on each side. Parameres triangular, convergent; pst 1 – 2 both subapical. Measurements as in Table 1. Female Abdominal chaetotaxy: ss present on segments II – VIII; single tps present on segments II – VIII; psps present on segments III – VII; aps absent; ps present on segments IV – VIII. Female subgenital plate absent (Fig. 13). Lateral halves on vulval margin bulging strongly on each side (Fig. 13), and median section with smaller bulge; 9 – 10 long, slender vms and 2 – 5 short, thorn-like vss on each side, with 2 – 3 additional short, slender setae on each side of median bulge; 5 short, slender vos on each side. Measurements as in Table 1.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFDD2278FDC0F955D556FD2A.taxon	type_taxon	Type species Nirmus merulensis Denny, 1842: 51, by original designation.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFDC2265FDF1FD6AD736FC09.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 45166825 - E 353 - 4455 - 9050 - 16 CCC 59 C 6 DEF Figs 14 – 20; Table 1	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFDC2265FDF1FD6AD736FC09.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis Turdinirmus calleipus sp. nov. can be separated from all known species of Turdinirmus by the narrow and pointed frons, contrasting with the broader, often near flat, frons of congeners.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFDC2265FDF1FD6AD736FC09.taxon	etymology	Etymology The specific epithet is derived from ‘ kalleípō’, ancient Greek for ‘ abandoned’, referring to the unknown type host of this species.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFDC2265FDF1FD6AD736FC09.taxon	materials_examined	Material examined Holotype (ex “ woodpecker ” [likely an error]) CHINA • ♂; Jiangxi Province, Geyang; date unknown; Xiongbiao Wang leg.; box E 0026020, slide 5; NHMC. Paratypes (ex “ woodpecker ” [likely an error]) CHINA • 3 ♀♀; Jiangxi Province, Geyang; date unknown; Xiongbiao Wang; box E 0026020, slides 5, 7; NHMC.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFDC2265FDF1FD6AD736FC09.taxon	biology_ecology	Type host “ Woodpecker ” [likely an error].	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFDC2265FDF1FD6AD736FC09.taxon	distribution	Type locality Geyang, Jiangxi Province, China.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFDC2265FDF1FD6AD736FC09.taxon	description	Description Both sexes Head trapezoidal, preantennal area strongly narrowed anteriorly, lateral margins of preantennal head straight, frons concave (Fig. 16). Marginal carina narrowing conspicuously towards frons. Dorsal anterior plate longer than wide. Head structures and chaetotaxy as in Fig. 16. Thoracic and abdominal segments and chaetotaxy as in Figs 14 – 15. Sternal plates in both sexes poorly sclerotised and illustrated approximately. Male Abdominal chaetotaxy: ss present on segments II – VIII; tps and aps absent; psps present on segments IV – VII; ps present on segments IV – VIII; sternite II with 1 sts on each side, sternites III, IV (one side only, one sts on other side) and VI with 2 sts on each side, on sternite V only 1 sts on each side in single examined male, but this may be specific to this specimen. Basal apodeme widening distally (Fig. 17). Mesosome slightly distorted in holotype, and illustrated as accurately as possible. Proximal mesosome short, slightly concave (Fig. 18); mesosomal lobes somewhat angular laterally; distal mesosome with fringed lobes. Gonopore wide, with lateral ends splayed anteriorly; 3 gpmes on each side of gonopore and 1 lpmes on each side on lateral margin of mesosome. Parameres as in Fig. 19; parameres in holotype folded under mesosome, and here rotated in the illustration for clarity. Measurements as in Table 1. Female Abdominal chaetotaxy: ss present on segments II – VIII; tps and aps absent; psps present on segments IV – VII; ps present on segments IV – VIII; sternites II – III with 2 – 3 sts on each side, and sternites IV – VI with 2 sts on each side. Female subgenital plate trapezoidal (Fig. 20); vulval margin with 6 – 9 short, slender vms, 10 – 12 short, thorn-like vss, 3 – 5 short, slender vos on each side; distal 1 vos median to vss. Measurements as in Table 1.	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
6B4B87D0FFDC2265FDF1FD6AD736FC09.taxon	discussion	Remarks The natural host of this species is unknown, but likely some species of thrush. The slide labels on both the holotype and the paratype slides are marked only with the name “ woodpecker ” in Chinese. There are at least 11 species of woodpeckers in Jiangxi Province (Liu & Chen 2024), but no further clue to the identity of the host is given on the slide. The slide of the holotype is marked to denote that the host may be wrong, presumably in Sikong Liu’s handwriting. However, lice in the genus Turdinirmus are otherwise not known from woodpeckers, but from thrushes (Passeriformes: Turdidae), mainly hosts in the genus Zoothera Vigors, 1832, but also on Geokichla Latham, 1790, and Turdus Linnaeus, 1758. Two nymphs and one female of an unidentified species of Penenirmus Clay & Meinertzhagen, 1938 b, mounted on a separate slide, are ostensibly from the same host specimen; this genus also occurs on songbirds, and is replaced in woodpeckers by the genus Picophilopterus Ansari, 1947, further indicating that the natural host of T. calleipus is not a woodpecker. Most likely, the host information on the slides of T. calleipus is incorrect, and the natural host of this species is a thrush. At least 12 species of thrush occur in Jiangxi Province (Liu & Chen 2024), and further collections are necessary to establish the natural host of T. calleipus. Few species of lice have been described without a type host, but in principle, host associations are not an innate characteristic of the lice themselves, and thus not necessary for the description of species, given that morphological characters are sufficient to separate the species from all congenerics. In this case, the head shape separates T. calleipus from all known species of Turdinirmus, and we therefore describe this species as new. As such, T. calleipus is illustrative of the principle that the type host and the natural host of a louse are separate concepts, and only the latter one is biologically relevant (Palma 2015; Gustafsson 2023).	en	Gustafsson, Daniel R., Li, Zhu, Tian, Chunpo, Ren, Mengjiao, Sun, Xiuling, Zou, Fasheng (2025): Three new species of ischnoceran lice (Psocodea: Phthiraptera) from birds in China, with a key to the Lagopoecus-group of genera. European Journal of Taxonomy 1004: 58-80, DOI: 10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961, URL: https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2025.1004.2961
