taxonID	type	description	language	source
8F677E074C5B4009FF1F9EEBFE26FE75.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis of genus Axonolaimus (modified from Leduc & Zhao 2023) Cuticle finely striated or smooth. Anterior end with four cephalic setae. Cervical setae present, posterior to the amphidial fovea. Amphidial fovea loop-shaped, longitudinally elongated or with rounded outline, at level of buccal cavity. Buccal cavity funnel-shaped, without odontia. Females with two opposed, outstretched ovaries. Males with one outstretched testis, sometimes two testes present. Spicules arcuated. Gubernaculum apophysis dorso-caudally oriented. Small tubular or pit-like precloacal supplements sometimes present. Males tail with subventral rows of setae.	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C5B4009FF1F9EEBFE26FE75.taxon	discussion	List of species inquirenda A. austrogeorgiae Allgén, 1959 A. diegoensis Allgén, 1947 b A. filiformis de Man, 1889 A. leptosoma Allgén, 1951 A. limalis Ssaweljev, 1912 A. longisetosus Allgén, 1947 a A. tenuicollis Allgén, 1947 b A. versiliensis Brunetti, 1941	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C594009FF1F9B77FE8FF864.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: 59 FF 09 A 0 - 9 CB 4 - 490 F-ABA 0 - BC 98 C 29 F 499 C (Figures 2 – 3, Table 1)	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C594009FF1F9B77FE8FF864.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Two males and three females were studied. Holotype: ♂ 1 on slide 2021 RSGHGY 4 – 2 – 2, paratypes: ♂ 2 on slide 2021 RSGHGY 4 – 1 – 9, ♀ 1 on slide 2021 RSGHGY 4 – 2 – 2, ♀ 2 on slide 2021 RSGHGY 4 – 2 – 22 and ♀ 3 on slide 2021 RSGHGY 4 – 2 – 18.	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C594009FF1F9B77FE8FF864.taxon	materials_examined	Type locality and habitat. Specimens were collected from intertidal sandy sediments at Rushan, Shandong Province, China. 36 º 95´N, 121 º 96 ΄ E (Figure 1).	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C594009FF1F9B77FE8FF864.taxon	etymology	Etymology. The species epithet refers to the place where sediments were collected in Rushan.	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C594009FF1F9B77FE8FF864.taxon	description	Measurements. All measurement data are given in Table 1. Descriptions. Males. Body cylindrical and slender, tapering slightly towards both extremities. Cuticle finely striated with somatic setae. Inner and outer labial sensilla not observed; four cephalic setae, 21 – 24 μm (1.7 – 2.1 cephalic diameter) in length. Two subcephalic setae, 19 – 21 μm (1.4 – 1.8 cephalic diameter) in length, amphidial fovea loop-shaped with rounded outline at the level of buccal cavity. Buccal cavity funnel-shaped, 17 – 18 μm in depth. Pharynx muscular, 171 – 190 μm in length, anterior portion surrounding posterior part of buccal cavity, widening slightly posteriorly, without pharyngeal bulb. Cardia short. Nerve ring situated 99 – 102 μm (0.5 – 0.6 of pharynx length) from anterior end. Tail conical, 131 μm (5.0 – 5.2 cloacal body diameter) in length, with sparse subventral and subdorsal setae. Three caudal glands. Testes outstretched and opposed, anterior testis to the left of intestine, posterior testis to the right of intestine. Spicules arcuate, strongly cuticularised, with straight capitulum, 33 – 38 μm in length (1.2 – 1.4 cloacal body diameter). Gubernaculum with strong dorso-caudal apophyses, 10 – 13 μm in length. Females. Similar to males in most characters. Reproductive system with two opposed, outstretched ovaries. Anterior ovary to the left of the intestine, posterior ovary to the right of the intestine. Vulva located slightly posterior to the mid-body (57.5 – 58.5 % body length).	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C594009FF1F9B77FE8FF864.taxon	diagnosis	Differential diagnosis and discussion. Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. is characterized by body medium sized, amphidial fovea loop-shaped with rounded outline at level of buccal cavity, spicules short and arcuate, cuticularised and with straight capitulum, gubernaculum with dorso-caudal apophyses, tail conical. According to the morphometric characters of 34 valid species of the genus (Table 2), the new species is similar to A. caudostriatus, A. seticaudatus, A. steineri and A. typicus in body length and presence of subcephalic setae; but differs from A. caudostriatus in the amphidial fovea shape (loop-shaped with rounded outline vs. loop-shaped with elongated outline), gubernaculum apophyses length (10 – 13 μm vs. 19 – 20 μm) and tail shape (conical vs. conico-cylindrical); differs from A. seticaudatus in the amphidial fovea shape (loop-shaped with rounded outline vs. loop-shaped with elongated outline), subcephalic setae number (2 vs. 6); subcephalic setae length (19 – 21 μm vs. 7 μm); gubernaculum apophyses length (10 – 13 μm vs. 23 μm) and tail shape (conical vs. conico-cylindrical); differs from A. steineri in the amphidial fovea shape (loop-shaped with rounded outline vs. loop-shaped with elongated outline), subcephalic setae number (2 vs. 4); subcephalic setae length (1.4 – 1.8 cephalic diameter vs. 1.2 cephalic diameter); gubernaculum apophysis shape (dorso-caudal directed vs. dorsal, slightly directed to caudal position) and tail shape (conical vs. conically attenuated with blunt tip); differs from A. typicus in the cephalic setae length (1.7 – 2.1 cephalic diameter vs. 0.3 cephalic diameter), subcephalic setae number (2 vs. 4) and tail shape (conical vs. conico-cylindrical).	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C5C4003FF1F9F41FE60FE17.taxon	diagnosis	Diagnosis of genus Trichromadora (modified from Venekey et. al. 2019): Cuticle with a lateral differentiation of three longitudinal rows of thicker punctations. Amphidial fovea slit-like. Buccal cavity with a large dorsal hollow tooth and ventrosublateral teeth not evident. Posterior pharyngeal bulb present. Precloacal supplements cup-shaped.	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C534004FF1F9894FD57FE6B.taxon	description	urn: lsid: zoobank. org: act: AEAFC 1 B 5 - 20 A 6 - 43 DC-BB 39 - E 30 FCAB 3549 C (Figures 4 – 5, Table 3)	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C534004FF1F9894FD57FE6B.taxon	materials_examined	Type material. Three males and three females were studied. Holotype: ♂ 1 on 2021 RSGHGY 4 – 2 – 22; paratypes: ♂ 2 on 2021 RSGHGY 4 – 2 – 21; and ♂ 3 on 2021 RSGHGY 4 – 2 – 3; ♀ 1 on 2021 RSGHGY 4 – 2 – 23; ♀ 2 on 2021 RSGHGY 4 – 2 – 19; and ♀ 3 on 2021 RSGHGY 4 – 2 – 18. Type locality and habitat. Specimens were collected from intertidal sandy sediment at Rushan, Shandong Province, China. 36 º 95´N, 121 º 96 ΄ E (Figure 1).	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C534004FF1F9894FD57FE6B.taxon	etymology	Etymology. Species epithet spheribulba refers to the pharynx bulb shape.	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C534004FF1F9894FD57FE6B.taxon	description	Measurements. All measurement data are given in Table 3. Descriptions. Males. Body long and slender, blunt at the anterior end and tapering towards the tail end. Heterogeneous cuticle ornamented with transverse rows of evenly spaced, rounded punctations extending from the anterior body region to pharyngeal bulb region. Posterior to pharyngeal bulb, several punctations in the medial row conspicuously larger than adjacent punctations within the same transverse row until the mid-body region. Due to the close proximity of these enlarged punctations, their exact number is uncertain. Posterior to the mid-body, three punctations per transverse row markedly thickening, forming three distinct longitudinal lateral rows. Among these, the largest medial punctation transitions into rectangular markings until the cloacal region. Posterior to the cloaca, the ornamentation small, uniformly rounded punctations extending to the tail terminus. Six inner and six outer labial sensilla papilliform, four long cephalic setae 12 – 13 µm (0.7 – 0.8 cephalic diameter in length). Several somatic setae scattered at the anterior end of pharyngeal bulb region. Amphidial fovea situated anterior to cephalic setae, faint slit-like, 0.4 as wide as the corresponding body diameter. Buccal cavity shallow, 8 – 9 µm in depth, with one large dorsal hollow tooth and two small subventral teeth. Pharynx muscular and cylindrical, posterior region swollen into a distinct bulb (19 – 22 % of pharynx length). Nerve ring surrounds the pharynx at 55 – 57 % of the pharyngeal length from the anterior. Secretory-excretory system present. Cardia not observed. Tail conical and gradually tapering to the spinneret, 5.8 – 8.5 cloacal body diameter in length. Reproductive system with a single, outstretched testis located to the right of the intestine. Spicules evenly curved and arc-shaped (1.3 – 1.5 cloacal body diameter in length). Gubernaculum boat-shaped, surrounding the distal end of spicules, swollen in the middle part. Seven precloacal supplements cup-shaped (arranged in two groups: 3 + 4), three supplements close to cloaca equally-distanced (10 – 14 µm), the other four equally-distanced (10 – 14 µm), but the distance between the two groups is larger (15 – 18 µm). Females. Similar to males in most characteristics. Contrast to males’ cuticle, without rectangular markings present. Reproductive system didelphic, with opposed and reflexed ovaries. Anterior ovary to left of intestine and posterior ovary to right of intestine. Spermatheca present. Vulva situated posterior to middle of body (53.9 – 55.8 % body length). Vagina short and muscularized with thick walls.	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C534004FF1F9894FD57FE6B.taxon	diagnosis	Differentiational diagnosis and discussion. Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. is characterized by body long and slender, buccal cavity with three hollow teeth, pharynx with an obvious posterior bulb, spicules long and arc-shaped, gubernaculum boat-shaped and swollen in the middle part, seven cup-shaped supplements in two groups and unequidistant.	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
8F677E074C534004FF1F9894FD57FE6B.taxon	discussion	The new species was assigned to the genus Trichromadora based on the presence of three distinct longitudinal lateral rows extending from the mid-body to the cloacal region, along with hollow teeth. According to the diagnostic (Figure 6) and morphometric characters (Table 4) of three valid species of the genus, T. spheribulba sp. nov. is similar to T. arimiensis in cuticle ornamentation, cephalic setae length, spicules shape and tail shape, but can be differentiated from the latter in body length (1081 – 1334 µm vs. 770 – 890 µm), amphidial fovea shape (slit-like vs. spiral), pharynx shape (posterior bulb obvious vs. posterior bulb weak), spicules length (35 – 39 µm vs. 27 µm), gubernaculum apophysis length (24 – 26 µm vs. 20 µm), precloacal supplements number (7 vs. 5) and tail length (138 – 173 µm vs. 56 – 120 µm). Meanwhile, the new species significantly differs from T. brachyura in body length (1081 – 1334 µm vs. 600 µm), cephalic setae length (12 – 14 µm vs. 2.64 µm), spicules length (35 – 39 µm vs. 17.6 µm), precloacal supplements number (7 vs. 4) and tail length (138 – 173 µm vs. 52 µm); differs from T. longicaudata in longer body (1081 – 1334 µm vs. 897 – 1081 µm), longer cephalic setae (12 – 14 µm vs. 4 – 5 µm), longer spicules (35 – 39 µm vs. 17 – 22 µm), longer gubernaculum apophysis (24 – 26 µm vs. 10 – 11 µm), more precloacal supplements (7 vs. 5) and shorter tail (138 – 173 µm vs. 164 – 293 µm). Furthermore, differences between T. spheribulba sp. nov. and other congeners are listed in the key below.	en	Lv, Yanwei, Yu, Huiying, Wang, Mengna (2025): Two new nematode species: Axonolaimus rushanensis sp. nov. (Axonolaimidae) and Trichromadora spheribulba sp. nov. (Chromadoridae) from the Yellow Sea, China. Zootaxa 5653 (3): 379-395, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5653.3.5
