identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2F2B4C64148352A2A589C26DA1C294D3.text	2F2B4C64148352A2A589C26DA1C294D3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudobarbus agulhas Zarei, Martin & Chakona 2025	<div><p>Pseudobarbus agulhas Zarei, Martin &amp; Chakona sp. nov.</p><p>English name: Agulhas redfin Afrikaans name: Agulhas-rooivlerkie Figs 10, 11</p><p>Type materials.</p><p>Holotype. • SAIAB 246287 (tag number H 1), 69.9 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.967304&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.579193" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.967304/lat -34.579193)">Grashoek River</a>, Heuningnes River system, South Africa, -34.579194, 19.967305, collected by A. Chakona, N. Mazungula &amp; X. Mathebula, 21 February 2024.</p><p>Paratypes (n = 19). • SAIAB 237284 (tag numbers H 2 – H 9), 8 specimens, 46.4–80.4 mm SL, same data as for holotype . • SAIAB 246289 (tag numbers X 72 – X 78), 7 specimens, 59.6–65.7 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.994032&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.59077" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.994032/lat -34.59077)">Grashoek River</a>, Heuningnes River system, South Africa, -34.590769, 19.994032, collected by J. Martens, Abraham &amp; S. Thorne, 24 March 1983 . • SAIAB 201020 (tag numbers X 68 – X 71), 4 specimens, 45.6–50.4 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.948&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.574" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.948/lat -34.574)">Grashoek River</a>, Heuningnes River system, South Africa, -34.574, 19.948, collected by A. Chakona &amp; E. Swartz, 18 February 2009 .</p><p>Additional material</p><p>(n = 15). • SAIAB 246288 (tag numbers X 52 – X 67), 15 specimens, 52.7–88.1 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.709276&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.395138" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.709276/lat -34.395138)">Karingmelksriver</a>, Klein River System, South Africa, -34.395137, 19.709277, collected by A. Chakona, A. Anderson, M. Mtshintshi, S. Anele Ngema &amp; N. Khusi, 20 &amp; 21 December 2023 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Pseudobarbus agulhas sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other known species in the genus through the following set of characters: subterminal mouth with two pairs of barbels; 14–16, usually 15 scale rows around the caudal peduncle; 15–18, usually 16–17 predorsal scales; lateral line to dorsal fin scales 6–8, usually 6–7; 19–21, usually 20 precaudal vertebrae; 14–16 pectoral fin rays; interorbital width 32.3–38.7 % HL; anterior barbel length 8.4–24.8 % HL; orbit diameter 18.4–26.4 % HL; absence of linear stripes on the body; presence of dorsal and mid-lateral spots and blotches; tuberculation of head in mature breeding males: large to small conical / blunt tubercles, 3–4 in each snout cluster, single row above each naris with 0–3 tubercles per cluster, and single row above each orbit with 1–2 tubercles in each cluster; and 0–2, usually 1 tooth in the outer pharyngeal tooth row. Additionally, Pseudobarbus agulhas sp. nov. is the sole redfin species found in the Heuningnes and Klein River systems.</p><p>Description.</p><p>All morphometric values in the text are listed with the holotype first, followed by paratypes and additional materials in parentheses if they differ.</p><p>General morphology. Body proportions and meristics are given in Table 3. Body moderately elongate, fusiform, with dorsal profile generally more convex than ventral profile, maximum body depth 4.0 (3.6–4.5) in SL, body laterally compressed. Caudal peduncle shallow, its depth 0.5 (0.4–0.7) times its length. Head long, length 3.6 (3.2–3.9) in SL, depth at eye 6.7 (5.1–7.5) in SL and 0.6 (0.5–0.8) times maximum body depth. Postorbital profile steep. Snout short, oblique, convex, longer than eye, length 1.7 (1.2–1.9) times eye diameter and 2.8 (2.7–3.3) in head length. Eye diameter 4.7 (3.8–5.4) in head length, and dorsolateral, not extending above dorsal profile. Interorbital wide and flat, 1.8 (1.3–2.0) times orbit diameter. Mouth sub-terminal, sickle-shaped, its corner reaching vertical through middle of nares. Mouth with two pairs of well-developed barbels; anterior barbel length 0.8 (0.4–1.3) times orbit diameter, ranging from significantly short of anterior eye margin to extending to the eye midpoint. Posterior barbel length 1.5 (0.9–2.1) times eye diameter, ending between the pupil and slightly beyond preopercular margin.</p><p>Tuberculation. Adult breeding males typically with few conical or blunt tubercles of various sizes on their snouts and the tops of their heads (Fig. 6). Bilateral clusters of tubercles, ranging from large to small (3–4, usually 3), are found on the snout. A row of tubercles, varying in size from large to small and resembling those on the snout, extends above each naris (0–3, usually 1–2 per cluster) to the anterodorsal edge of the orbit. A single row of 1–2 tubercles (usually 2, with the anterior one being larger) along the dorsal edge of each orbit. The anterior dorsal area is typically naked but may include a few small or tiny tubercles. The posterior dorsal area is either naked or has a few scattered tiny tubercles. Minute tubercles are present either as a line along the free edges of the scales or scattered across the surface of the body scales located above the lateral line. Lines of minute tubercles are found on the fin rays, though they are less prominent on the caudal fin rays.</p><p>Scales. LL 34–39 (holotype: 37; other material: 34: 3, 35: 5, 36: 8, 37: 7, 38: 7, 39: 3), LD 6–8 (holotype: 7; other material: 6: 16, 7: 17, 8: 1), LP 4–6 (holotype: 4; other material: 5: 32, 6: 2), LA 4–6 (holotype: 4; other material: 4: 2, 5: 27, 6: 5), CP 14–16 (holotype: 15; other material: 14: 9, 15: 20, 16: 4), PDS 15–18 (holotype: 15; other material: 15: 4, 16: 15, 17: 11, 18: 3). Predorsal scales and ventral scales between pectoral fin origin and pelvic fin origin embedded and smaller than flank scales. Triangular area between the gill cover and anterior base of pectoral fin naked or scaled.</p><p>Fins. Dorsal fin rays iv / 7 – iv / 8 (holotype: iv / 7; other materials: iv / 7: 32, iv / 8: 2); anal fin rays iv / 5 – iv / 6 (holotype: iv / 5; other materials: iv / 5: 33, iv / 6: 1); pectoral fin rays 14–16 (holotype: 14; other materials: 14: 20; 15: 13; 16: 1); pelvic fin rays 8–9 (holotype: 8; other materials: 8: 32, 9: 2); caudal fin branched rays 17–18 (holotype: 17; other materials: 17: 33, 18: 1). The dorsal fin is positioned nearly at the centre of the body (excluding the caudal fin), with its origin slightly behind the vertical line through the pelvic fin’s origin. The distal margin is straight to slightly concave, and in tubercled specimens, the tip of the depressed dorsal fin nearly reaches the vertical line at the posterior base of the anal fin; in other specimens, it falls 0.5–1.5 scales short of that point. The pectoral fin is fan-shaped and varies in length, extending to or beyond the origin of the pelvic fin in tubercled specimens; in other specimens, it falls 0.5 to 2 scales short of the pelvic origin. The origin of the pelvic fin is slightly ahead of the dorsal fin origin, with variable length. The tip of the depressed pelvic fin either reaches or exceeds the anal fin origin or is 0.5 to 3 scales short in both sexes. The distal margin of the anal fin is nearly straight to slightly convex, with its origin located nearer to the origin of the pelvic fin than to the base of the caudal fin. The caudal fin is forked.</p><p>Osteology (n = 16). Vertebral column including Weberian apparatus and urostyle: total vertebrae 36–37 (holotype: 37; other materials: 36: 6, 37: 9), predorsal vertebrae 11–12 (holotype: 11; other material: 11: 8, 12: 7), precaudal vertebrae 19–21 (holotype: 19; other material: 19: 3, 20: 11, 21: 1), caudal vertebrae 16–18 (holotype: 18; other material: 16: 5, 17: 9, 18: 1).</p><p>Gill rakers (n = 5): 3–4 + 1 + 10 – 12 (epibranchial: 3: 1, 4: 4; angle: 1: 5; ceratobranchial: 10: 2, 11: 2, 12: 1).</p><p>Pharyngeal teeth (n = 5). Three rows of pharyngeal teeth, teeth pattern 1–2, 3, 4–5 + 4, 2–3, 0–1. The distribution frequency of pharyngeal teeth is given in Table 4.</p><p>Colour of live specimens.</p><p>Refer to Fig. 11 for general live colouration. The dorsal surface of the body, above the lateral line, is olive-brown, becoming darker toward the dorsal region. Below the lateral line, the body is marked with blemished silvery-white, gradually transitioning to white on the ventral surface. The base of the fins is bright scarlet, with the colour becoming less pronounced in the caudal fin. The mid-lateral band is indistinct, while a large triangular mark is located at the base of the caudal fin. The dorsum is adorned with sooty dark brown spots and blotches, and a series of irregular spots may also be visible along the posterior half of the body.</p><p>Colour of preserved specimens.</p><p>Refer to Fig. 10 for colouration observed in preserved specimens. The flanks exhibit a distinct or usually indistinct dark mid-lateral band that tapers into a triangular shape at the base of the caudal fin. The dorsal head and body are olive brown or dark brown, fading to a lighter colour ventrally. Typically, there are dark spots and blotches along the flanks and on the dorsal half of the body, including a mid-lateral series of irregular spots. However, in some larger specimens and breeding males with tubercles on their heads, these blotches and spots may be absent.</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Pseudobarbus agulhas sp. nov. is characterised by a limited distribution, being found exclusively in the Heuningnes and upper sections of the Klein river system (Fig. 2; Swartz et al. 2009, 2014; Chakona et al. 2013). The species is found in pools and streams, with fry and juveniles occurring in large shoals as opposed to the adults collecting in small groups. As omnivores, they feed on algae and small invertebrates. Like P. vulneratus, it breeds during summer, spawning in riffles above pools, coexisting with Cape kurper [ Sandelia capensis (Cuvier, 1829)] and Cape galaxias [Galaxias zebratus (Castelnau, 1861)] (Skelton 2024).</p><p>Conservation.</p><p>In the latest IUCN Red List Assessment for South African freshwater fish, this lineage was classified as Endangered (EN) (Chakona et al. 2022). The populations are threatened due to water extractions for domestic and agricultural use, as well as introduced alien fish such as the bluegill ( Lepomis macrochirus Rafinesque 1819) and bass ( Micropterus spp.).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The specific epithet agulhas is derived from Cape Agulhas, the southernmost point of the African continent, where the Atlantic and Indian oceans meet. This name recognises the region’s distinct biogeographic boundary and ecological significance, which supports a rich diversity of both marine and freshwater species. The Heuningnes River, the primary habitat and distribution range of the species, is also located within the Agulhas region. A noun in apposition.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2F2B4C64148352A2A589C26DA1C294D3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zarei, Fatah;Martin, Melissa B.;Skelton, Paul H.;Chakona, Albert	Zarei, Fatah, Martin, Melissa B., Skelton, Paul H., Chakona, Albert (2025): Systematic review of Pseudobarbus burchelli (Teleostei, Cyprinidae), with revalidation of P. vulneratus and description of a new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (3): 1271-1296, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.154682
57401DA21EB751DF86A9B0CF704E1EBE.text	57401DA21EB751DF86A9B0CF704E1EBE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudobarbus burchelli (Smith 1841)	<div><p>Pseudobarbus burchelli (Smith, 1841)</p><p>English name: Tradouw redfin / Barrydale redfin Afrikaans name: Tradouw-rooivlekie / Barrydale-rooivlekie Figs 4, 5</p><p>Barbus (Pseudobarbus) burchelli Smith, 1841: no pagination, p 1 XI, no. 1 (Tradouw River, Breede River system, southwestern Cape Province, South Africa, -33.947222, 20.710833).</p><p>Pseudobarbus burchelli – Skelton 1988: 264; Skelton 2024: 245.</p><p>Neotype.</p><p>• SAIAB 126387 (AMG / P 7223), 102 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.71083&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9472" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.71083/lat -33.9472)">Tradouw River</a>, Breede River system, South Africa, -33.9472, 20.71083, collected by S. Thorne, 13 December 1978. Neotype designated by Skelton (1988).</p><p>Additional material</p><p>(n = 28). • SAIAB 200882 (tag numbers X 2 – X 10), 9 specimens, 68.6–91.7 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.7094&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9358" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.7094/lat -33.9358)">Tradouw River</a>, Breede River system, South Africa, -33.9358, 20.7094, collected by A. Chakona &amp; E. Swartz, 16 February 2009 . • SAIAB 200876 (tag numbers M 1 – M 6), 6 specimens, 63.9–98.4 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.7078&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9567" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.7078/lat -33.9567)">Tradouw River</a>, Breede River system, South Africa, -33.9567, 20.7078, collected by A. Chakona &amp; E. Swartz, 15 February 2009 . • SAIAB 200877 (tag numbers M 7 – M 10), 4 specimens, 56.8–83.9 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.7464&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.91575" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.7464/lat -33.91575)">Tradouw River</a>, Breede River system, South Africa, -33.91575, 20.7464, collected by A. Chakona &amp; E. Swartz, 15 February 2009 . • SAIAB 200880, 4 specimens, 72.5–84.6 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.752972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.9212" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.752972/lat -33.9212)">Moeras</a>, Tradouw River, Breede River system, South Africa, -33.9212, 20.752972, collected by A. Chakona &amp; E. Swartz, 15 February 2009 ; • SAIAB 235751, 5 specimens, 78.2–106.8 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.75361&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.92225" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.75361/lat -33.92225)">Huis River</a>, Breede River system, South Africa, -33.92225, 20.75361, collected by A. Chakona, P. Bragança, P. H. Skelton &amp; M. Jordaan, 12 April 2022 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Pseudobarbus burchelli is diagnosed among all currently recognised congeners by the following combination of character states: mouth subterminal, with two pairs of barbels; head length 25.7–28.8 % SL; interorbital width 32.7–37.5 % HL; anterior barbel length 9.4–26.4 % HL; orbit diameter 18.5–24.2 % HL; head width (at operculum 62.4–71.5 % HL, at eye 49.3–53.9 % HL, at mouth corner 37.4–43.6 % HL); lateral-line scale count 35–38, usually 35–37; circumpeduncular scale count 14–16, usually 15–16; absence of linear stripes; presence of dorsal spots and mid-lateral blotches on the body; tuberculation of head in mature breeding males: large to small conical / blunt tubercles, 3–10 in each snout cluster, single row above each naris with 2–5 tubercles per cluster, and single row above each orbit with 2–6 tubercles per cluster; and 2–3, usually 2 teeth in the outer pharyngeal tooth row. Additionally, Pseudobarbus burchelli is the only redfin species found in the Huis and Tradouw catchments of the Breede River system.</p><p>Description.</p><p>All morphometric values in the text are presented as neotype first and additional material, if different, in parentheses.</p><p>General morphology. Body proportions and meristic data are provided in Table 3. Body moderately elongated, fusiform; dorsal profile more convex than ventral; max body depth in front of dorsal fin 3.5 (3.6–4.4) in SL; laterally compressed. Caudal peduncle shallow, depth 0.5 (0.5–0.6) times caudal-peduncle length. Head large, length 3.5 (3.5–3.9) in SL, depressed, depth at eye 6.4 (6.1–7.1) in SL and 0.5 (0.5–0.7) times maximum body depth. Postorbital profile steep. Snout blunt, short, oblique, convex; longer than eye, length 2.0 (1.4–1.9) times eye diameter and 2.7 (2.7–3.1) in head length. Eyes large; diameter 5.4 (4.1–5.1) in head length; dorsolateral, not above dorsal profile, closer to tip of snout than posterior margin of operculum. Interorbital broad and flat, 1.9 (1.4–1.8) times eye diameter. Mouth sub-terminal, sickle-shaped; corner reaches vertical line through middle of nares. Mouth has two pairs of prominent barbels. Anterior barbel length variable, length 1.3 (0.5–1.2) times orbit diameter, ranging from significantly short of anterior eye margin to extending to the midpoint of the eye. Posterior barbel length variable, 2.5 (0.7–2.2) times orbit diameter, ends between mid-point of eye and slightly beyond preopercular margin.</p><p>* Additional morphometric characters (not examined by Chakona and Skelton 2017) included to document head and body morphometric variation.</p><p>Tuberculation. Mature breeding males display conical tubercles (neotype) or typically blunt tubercles of varying sizes on the snout and top of the head. Bilateral clusters of large tubercles, ranging from 3 to 10 per cluster, present on the snout (Fig. 6). An arc of tubercles, varying from large to small and resembling snout tubercles, extends above each naris (2–5 per cluster) to the antero-dorsal edge of the orbit. This continues posteriorly with a single row of 2–6 tubercles along the dorsal edge of each orbit, larger in the front. The anterior dorsal cluster features several small or tiny tubercles, while the posterior dorsal cluster contains scattered minute tubercles that gradually decrease in size towards the back. In the neotype, a row of minute tubercles is found along the free edge of all body scales, with the exception of the ventral scales located anterior to the pelvic origin. The dorsal and pectoral fin rays of the neotype display 1–2 lines of minute tubercles. In contrast, the other examined specimens showed no tubercles on the fin rays or the free edges of their body scales.</p><p>Scales. LL 35–38 (neotype: 37; other material: 35: 4, 36: 9, 37: 5, 38: 1), LD 5–7 (neotype: 6; other material: 5: 1, 6: 16, 7: 2), LP 4–5 (neotype: 5; other material: 4: 1, 5: 18), LA 4–5 (neotype: 5; other material: 4: 4, 5: 15), CP 14–16 (neotype: 14; other material: 14: 2, 15: 5, 16: 10), PDS 14–18 (neotype: 15; other material: 14: 1, 15: 6, 16: 5, 17: 5, 18: 2). The predorsal scales, located between the back edge of the head and the start of the dorsal fin, are smaller and embedded compared to the scales on the flanks. The ventral scales between the origins of the pectoral and pelvic fins are reduced and embedded. All scales cycloid.</p><p>Fins. Dorsal fin rays iv / 7; anal fin rays iv / 5 – iv / 6 (neotype: iv / 5; other material: iv / 5: 17, iv / 6: 2); pectoral fin rays 13–16 (neotype: 14; other materials: 13: 5, 14: 9, 15: 4, 16: 1); pelvic fin rays 8; caudal fin branched rays 17. The dorsal fin is positioned nearly in the centre of the body (not counting the caudal fin), with its origin just behind the vertical line that runs through the pelvic fin’s origin; the distal edge is straight or slightly concave, and the tip of the lowered dorsal fin is 1–3 scales short of the vertical line at the rear base of the anal fin. The pectoral fin exhibits a fan-like morphology and shows variability in length, either reaching or exceeding the origin of the pelvic fins in both sexes or being 1–4 scales shorter. The origin of the pelvic fin is positioned slightly anterior to the origin of the dorsal fin; their length is variable, with the tip of the lowered pelvic fin either reaching or falling 1–3 scales short of the anterior origin of the anal fin in both sexes. The distal margin of the anal fin is nearly straight to slightly convex, with its origin located closer to the anterior base of the pelvic fin than to the base of the caudal fin. The caudal fin is forked.</p><p>Osteology (n = 5). Vertebral column including Weberian apparatus and urostyle: total vertebrae 36, predorsal vertebrae 11–12 (neotype: 12; other material: 11: 1, 12: 3), precaudal vertebrae 19–20 (neotype: 20; other material: 19: 2, 20: 2), caudal vertebrae 16–17 (neotype: 16; other material: 16: 2, 17: 2).</p><p>Gill rakers (n = 5). 2–4 + 1 + 7 – 12 (epibranchial: 2: 1, 4: 4; angle: 1: 5; ceratobranchial: 7: 1, 11: 3, 12: 1).</p><p>Pharyngeal teeth (n = 5). Three rows of pharyngeal teeth, teeth pattern 2–3, 2–3, 4–5 + 4–5, 2–3, 2. The distribution frequency of pharyngeal teeth is given in Table 4.</p><p>N, number of specimens.</p><p>Colour of live specimens.</p><p>Refer to Fig. 5 for live colouration. Dorsal colour dark golden-brown to olive-brown; ventral colour white to yellowish white. Fins with bright scarlet bases, less intense in caudal fin. Mid-lateral band distinct or indistinct; if distinct, typically with large triangular mark at caudal base. Dorsum features dark brown spots and blotches; irregular spots may also occur along posterior body.</p><p>Colour of preserved specimens</p><p>(Fig. 4). The flanks typically display a distinct dark brown mid-lateral band that terminates in a triangular shape just anterior to the base of the caudal fin; this band may be less pronounced or absent in darker individuals and breeding males. The dorsal head and body are dark or dark brown, transitioning to a lighter colour ventrally. Dorsal spots and mid-lateral blotches were absent in the examined specimens.</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Pseudobarbus burchelli has a limited distribution, being confined to the Huis and Tradouw rivers within the Breede River system (Fig. 2; Swartz et al. 2009, 2014; Chakona et al. 2013, 2024).</p><p>It has been recorded to occur in deep rocky pools and flowing rocky runs (Skelton 2024).</p><p>Conservation.</p><p>This lineage is classified as Critically Endangered (CR) in the latest IUCN Red List Assessment for freshwater fishes of South Africa (Chakona et al. 2022; Skelton 2024). Its restricted population is under threat from introduced smallmouth bass, water abstraction for urban and agricultural use, and deterioration of water quality (Skelton 2024).</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>The species is named after William Burchell (1781–1863), a naturalist and early explorer of South Africa (Skelton 1988).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/57401DA21EB751DF86A9B0CF704E1EBE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zarei, Fatah;Martin, Melissa B.;Skelton, Paul H.;Chakona, Albert	Zarei, Fatah, Martin, Melissa B., Skelton, Paul H., Chakona, Albert (2025): Systematic review of Pseudobarbus burchelli (Teleostei, Cyprinidae), with revalidation of P. vulneratus and description of a new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (3): 1271-1296, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.154682
D23B519EA2C6534DB11E055E1C0411E1.text	D23B519EA2C6534DB11E055E1C0411E1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pseudobarbus vulneratus (Castelnau 1861)	<div><p>Pseudobarbus vulneratus (Castelnau, 1861)</p><p>English name: Breede River redfin Afrikaans name: Breederivier-rooivlerkie Figs 8, 9</p><p>Gnathendalia vulnerata Castelnau, 1861: 57 (Tributary of Breede River at Moravian mission of Genadendal, Cape Province, South Africa).</p><p>Barbus multimaculatus Steindachner, 1870: 633, Pl. 3 (fig. 2).</p><p>Pseudobarbus burchelli Smith, 1841 – Skelton 1988: 264, 1993: 123, 2001: 123 (in part).</p><p>Pseudobarbus vulnerata (Castelnau, 1861) – Skelton 2024: 248; Zarei et al. 2025 a: 2.</p><p>Neotype designation for Pseudobarbus vulneratus</p><p>(Castelnau, 1861). The original syntypes of Pseudobarbus vulneratus [BMNH (skins), not found], described by Castelnau (1861), are currently untraceable. To ensure taxonomic stability (in accordance with Art. 75.3 of the ICZN), we designate a neotype from the type locality — the Baviaans River at Genadendal in the Breede River system — as a definitive reference for P. vulneratus . The neotype, SAIAB 246286 (male, 67.3 mm SL; Fig. 8 A, B), was selected from well-preserved, recently collected material.</p><p>Neotype.</p><p>• SAIAB 246286 (tag number X 19), male, 67.3 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.5558&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.026974" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.5558/lat -34.026974)">Baviaans River</a> at Genadendal, Breede River system, South Africa, -34.026972, 19.5558, collected by A. Chakona &amp; J. Merron, 2 March 2009.</p><p>Additional material</p><p>(n = 55). • SAIAB 201149 (tag numbers X 18 and X 20 – X 21), 3 specimens, 65.9–70.9 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.5558&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.026974" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.5558/lat -34.026974)">Baviaans River</a> at Genadendal, Breede River system, South Africa, -34.026972, 19.5558, collected by A. Chakona &amp; J. Merron, 2 March 2009 . • SAIAB 210452 (tag numbers X 11 – X 17), 7 specimens, 62.1–70.5 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.6456&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.370525" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.6456/lat -34.370525)">Melkhout River</a>, Breede River system, South Africa, -34.370527, 20.6456, collected by A. Chakona &amp; J. Merron, 28 September 2009 . • SAIAB 200995 (tag numbers X 22 – X 28), 7 specimens, 51.1–89.4 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.62575&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.03638" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.62575/lat -34.03638)">Gobos River</a> at Greyton, Breede River system, South Africa, -34.03638, 19.62575, collected by A. Chakona &amp; E. Swartz, 5 March 2009 . • SAIAB 210457 (tag numbers X 29 – X 32), 4 specimens, 63.6–75.0 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.88383&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.00705" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.88383/lat -34.00705)">Duiwenhok River</a>, South Africa, -34.00705, 20.88383, collected by A. Chakona &amp; W. Kadye, 1 October 2009 . • SAIAB 209918 (tag numbers X 33 – X 36), 4 specimens, 54.8–69.7 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.494972&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.50661" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.494972/lat -33.50661)">Amandel River</a>, Breede River system, South Africa, -33.50661, 19.494972, collected by A. Chakona &amp; E. Swartz, 7 December 2008 . • SAIAB 193378 (tag numbers X 37 – X 40), 4 specimens, 47.0–61.0 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.875&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.7583" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.875/lat -33.7583)">Willem Nels River</a>, Breede River system, South Africa, -33.7583, 19.875, collected by E. Swartz &amp; H. Roos, 19 March 2001 . • SAIAB 193373, 3 specimens, 55.7–61.6 mm SL, Melkhout River, Breede River system, South Africa, - 34.36, 20.638, collected by E. Swartz &amp; H. Roos, 17 March 2001 . • SAIAB 210019, 2 specimens, 62.0– 67.5 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.373&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.98561" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.373/lat -33.98561)">Keurbooms River</a>, Breede River system, South Africa, -33.98561, 20.373, collected by A. Chakona &amp; W. Kadye, 7 October 2009 . • SAIAB 201128, 2 specimens, 51.6–53.9 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.41805&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.4053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.41805/lat -33.4053)">Titus River</a>, Breede River system, South Africa, -33.4053, 19.41805, collected by A. Chakona &amp; E. Swartz, 22 February 2009 . • SAIAB 193816, 2 specimens, 64.7–66.8 mm SL, Twee, Breede River system, South Africa, - 33.6, 19.32361, collected by E. Swartz &amp; H. Roos, 23 March 2001 . • SAIAB 186076, 2 specimens, 56.1–67.2 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.03233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.97839" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.03233/lat -33.97839)">Duiwenhoks River</a>, South Africa, -33.97839, 21.03233, collected by E. Swartz &amp; W. Bronaugh, 9 March 2012 . • SAIAB 130671, 3 specimens, 40.1–42.5 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=19.55861&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.0325" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 19.55861/lat -34.0325)">Baviaans River</a> at Genadendal, Breede River system, South Africa, -34.0325, 19.55861, collected by S. Thorne, 9 December 1986 . • SAIAB 209991, 2 specimens, 54.2–58.4 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=20.93455&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.019638" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 20.93455/lat -34.019638)">Duiwenhoks River</a>, South Africa, -34.019638, 20.93455, collected by A. Chakona. • SAIAB 209799, 5 specimens, 58.6–70.9 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.290583&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-34.017193" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.290583/lat -34.017193)">Goukou River</a>, South Africa, -34.017194, 21.290583, collected by A. Chakona &amp; J. Merron, 7 April 2009 . • SAIAB 209807, 5 specimens, 67.4–81.2 mm SL, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=21.20716&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-33.984917" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 21.20716/lat -33.984917)">Goukou River</a>, South Africa, -33.984916, 21.20716, collected by A. Chakona &amp; J. Merron, 9 April 2009 .</p><p>Diagnosis.</p><p>Pseudobarbus vulneratus can be distinguished from all currently recognised congeners by the following combination of character states: subterminal mouth with two pairs of barbels; circumpeduncular scale count of 12–13; predorsal scale rows of 14–18 (usually 15–16); head length 24.2–29.8 % SL; anterior barbel 6.8–31.2 % HL; orbit diameter 18.1–27.2 % HL; absence of linear body stripes; presence of dorsal and mid-lateral spots and blotches; tuberculation in mature breeding males (large to small conical / blunt tubercles, 1–6 in each snout cluster, single row above each naris with 1–3 tubercles per cluster, single row above each orbit with 1–5 tubercles per cluster); and 2 teeth in the outer pharyngeal tooth row. Additionally, Pseudobarbus vulneratus is distributed across the Breede River system (excluding the Huis and Tradouw catchments), as well as the Duiwenhoks and Goukou river systems.</p><p>Description.</p><p>All morphometric values in the text are presented with the neotype value first, followed by any differing values for additional material in parentheses.</p><p>General morphology. See Table 3 for body proportions and meristics. Body moderately elongate, fusiform and laterally compressed; dorsal profile more convex than ventral profile; greatest depth anterior to dorsal fin origin 4.2 (3.6–5.0) in SL. Caudal peduncle depth 0.5 (0.4–0.6) times its length. Large head, length 3.7 (3.4–4.2) in SL, depth at eye 6.6 (6.0–7.8) in SL and 0.6 (0.5–0.7) times greatest body depth. Dorsal profile of head posterior to orbit steep. Snout short and oblique, convex, its length 1.8 (1.1–2.0) times eye diameter and 2.6 (2.5–3.9) in head length. Large eyes, diameter 4.5 (3.7–5.6) in head length, dorsolaterally placed, not extending above the dorsal outline. Interorbital width 1.6 (1.1–2.0) of orbit diameter. Mouth sub-terminal and sickle-shaped, with two pairs of well-developed barbels. Anterior barbel 0.9 (0.3–1.3) times eye diameter, significantly short of anterior eye margin to reaching the middle of the eye. Posterior barbel 1.4 (0.3–2.0) times orbit diameter, ends between posterior edge of pupil and slightly beyond preopercular margin.</p><p>Tuberculation. Mature breeding males with conical / blunt tubercles of different sizes on snout and top of head (Fig. 6). Bilateral clusters of large to small tubercles present on snout (1–6 tubercles per cluster). A row of large to small tubercles (similar to snout tubercles in size and shape) extends in an arc above each naris (1–3 tubercles per cluster) to the anterodorsal edge of the orbit and then continues posteriorly with single row of 1–5 tubercles (anteriorly larger) along the dorsal edge of each orbit. Anterior and posterior dorsal clusters, either naked or usually with a few small to tiny tubercles, progressively decrease in size toward the posterior. Scales naked or with a line of minute tubercles along the free edge, except for ventral scales anterior to pelvic fin origin. Scattered minute tubercles may also occur on some scales. Lines of minute tubercles present on fin rays (except caudal fin).</p><p>Scales. LL 32–39 (neotype: 36; other material: 32: 6, 33: 6, 34: 11, 35: 12, 36: 7, 37: 4, 38: 7, 39: 2), LD 5–7 (neotype: 6; other material: 5: 3, 6: 31, 7: 21), LP 4–6 (neotype: 4; other material: 4: 9, 5: 35, 6: 11), LA 4–6 (neotype: 5; other material: 4: 14, 5: 34, 6: 7), CP 12–13 (neotype: 12; other material: 12: 42, 13: 9), PDS 14–18 (neotype: 17; other material: 14: 7, 15: 24, 16: 13, 17: 8, 18: 3). Predorsal and ventral scales embedded and smaller than flank scales. All scales cycloid.</p><p>Fins. Dorsal fin rays iv / 6 – iv / 8 (neotype: iv / 7; other materials: iv / 6: 1, iv / 7: 53, iv / 8: 1); anal fin rays iv / 5; pectoral fin rays 13–15 (neotype: 14; other materials: 13: 35, 14: 15; 15: 5); pelvic fin rays 7–8 (neotype: 8; other materials: 7: 1, 8: 54); caudal fin branched rays 15–18 (neotype: 17; other materials: 15: 2, 16: 2, 17: 48, 18: 3). Dorsal fin in the centre of the body excluding the caudal fin; origin slightly behind origin of pelvic fin; tip of depressed dorsal fin nearly reaches vertical line at anal fin posterior base or is 0.5–1.5 scales short in both sexes. Pectoral fin fan-shaped, variable in length, reaches / surpasses or short (0.5–3 scales) of pelvic fin origin in both sexes. Pelvic fin origin slightly in front of dorsal fin origin, length variable, tip of depressed pelvic fin reaches / surpasses or 0.5–2 short of anterior anal fin origin in both sexes. Caudal fin forked.</p><p>Osteology (n = 17). Vertebral column including Weberian apparatus and urostyle: total vertebrae 34–38 (neotype: 37; other materials: 34: 1, 35: 1, 36: 8, 37: 5, 38: 1), predorsal vertebrae 11–13 (neotype: 12; other material: 11: 4, 12: 11, 13: 1), precaudal vertebrae 19–21 (neotype: 19; other material: 19: 9, 20: 5, 21: 2), caudal vertebrae 15–18 (neotype: 18; other material: 15: 2, 16: 3, 17: 9, 18: 2).</p><p>Gill rakers (n = 5): 3–5 + 1 + 9 – 11 (epibranchial: 3: 3, 4: 1, 5: 1; angle: 1: 5; ceratobranchial: 9: 1, 10: 3, 11: 1).</p><p>Pharyngeal teeth (n = 5). Three rows of pharyngeal teeth, teeth pattern 2, 3, 4–5 + 4–5, 2–3, 2. The distribution frequency of pharyngeal teeth is given in Table 4.</p><p>Colour of fresh specimens.</p><p>Refer to Fig. 9 for general live colouration. The colouration of the species varies from light to dark olive green or golden brown, with larger specimens tending to be darker. The dorsal surface of the head and body is typically darker, while the ventral surface is lighter. A mid-lateral band may be present, though it can be either distinct or indistinct. The dorsal half of the body is often marked by large dark spots and blotches, including a series of irregular spots along the mid-lateral line and a prominent triangular or sub-triangular marking at the end of the caudal peduncle. The basal half of the fins is scarlet, with dark brown fin rays, and the distal membranes are hyaline.</p><p>Colour of preserved specimens.</p><p>Refer to Fig. 8 for colouration of preserved specimens. A distinct mid-lateral band ending in the form of a triangular mark anterior to the base of the caudal fin usually present. Dorsal head and body dark or dark brown, fading to lighter below. A mid-lateral series of irregular blotches and spots over the dorsal half of the body usually present. Blotches and spots may be absent in some larger specimens or breeding males with conical tubercles on heads.</p><p>Distribution and ecology.</p><p>Pseudobarbus vulneratus has a relatively wide geographical range, as it occurs across the Breede, Duiwenhoks and Goukou River systems (Fig. 2; Swartz et al. 2009, 2014; Chakona et al. 2013). It has been known to inhabit boulders and bedrock pools with deep flowing stretches of larger tributary streams and mainstreams. As a bottom feeder, it feeds on detritus and small organisms. Breeding season occurs during summer, where males have been recorded to generate sounds (Lowe and Skelton 2008).</p><p>Conservation.</p><p>This lineage has been classified in the IUCN Red List Assessment of South African freshwater fish as Vulnerable (VU) (Chakona et al. 2022). According to Skelton (2024), the large reduction in the population range of this lineage is due to destroyed habitats for the development of townships and large-scale agriculture, industries that abstract or divert water, pollution, invasive riparian plants, and introduced alien predatory fishes, particularly bass and trout.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Castelnau (1861) did not clarify the origin or reasoning behind the specific name. The gender-correct scientific name is Pseudobarbus vulneratus, as the genus is masculine.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D23B519EA2C6534DB11E055E1C0411E1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Pensoft via Plazi	Zarei, Fatah;Martin, Melissa B.;Skelton, Paul H.;Chakona, Albert	Zarei, Fatah, Martin, Melissa B., Skelton, Paul H., Chakona, Albert (2025): Systematic review of Pseudobarbus burchelli (Teleostei, Cyprinidae), with revalidation of P. vulneratus and description of a new species. Zoosystematics and Evolution 101 (3): 1271-1296, DOI: 10.3897/zse.101.154682
