identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
A25F535A3C6BFFFA23B6F9DDFC5FD22D.text	A25F535A3C6BFFFA23B6F9DDFC5FD22D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galathea arani Macpherson & Rodríguez-Flores & Machordom 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Galathea arani sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 1, 2, 3B)</p>
            <p> Material examined.  Holotype: New Caledonia, KANACONO, Stn DW 4705, 22°46’S, 167°19’E, 17 August 2016, 290– 317 m: F 5.1 mm (MNHN-IU-2017-11657).</p>
            <p> Paratypes: Papua-New Guinea, KAVIENG, Stn CP 4457, 02°33’S, 150°41’E, 02 September 2014, 133– 178 m: 1 M 4.2 mm (MNHN-IU-2014-8124) . </p>
            <p> New Caledonia, SPANBIOS, Stn CP 5113, 21°10.1’S, 165°51.1’E, 28 June 2021, 260– 260 m: 1 F 5.5 mm (MNHN-IU-2020-3563) . </p>
            <p>Etymology. This species is dedicated to the first author’s grandson, Aran, for his enormous love of marine animals.</p>
            <p>Description. Carapace: As long as broad; cervical groove slightly distinct, laterally bifurcated; 1 epigastric ridge medially and laterally interrupted; 1 protogastric ridge medially interrupted, not reaching laterally to lateral margin, 1 median short scale between epigastric and protogastric ridges and 1 median scale between protogastric and mesogastric ridges; 1 mesogastric and 1 metagastric ridge both medially and laterally interrupted not continuing to anterior branquial ridges, several minute scales behind metagastric ridge. Posterior branchial region with 5 interrupted transverse ridges, sometimes 1 ridge uninterrupted. Lateral margins convex medially, with 6–7 spines: 2 spines in front of and 4–5 spines behind anterior cervical groove; first anterolateral, second small, accompanying another spine ventral to between first and second; 2 spines on anterior branchial margin, and 2–3 spines on posterior branchial margin, last minute or absent. External orbital limit ending in minute spine; infraorbital margin with 1-2 spines. Rostrum broad triangular, 1.4 times as long as broad, length 0.6 postorbital carapace length and breadth 0.4 that of carapace, nearly horizontal in lateral view; distance between distalmost lateral incisions 0.2 distance between proximalmost lateral incisions; dorsal surface with some short setae; lateral margin with 4 deeply incised sharp teeth.</p>
            <p>Pterygostomian flap rugose, unarmed, anterior margin blunt.</p>
            <p>Thoracic sternum: As long as broad, lateral extremities gently divergent posteriorly. Sternite III with median shallow notch, anterior margin at each side of notch slightly convex. Sternite IV with anterior part as wide as sternite III, with some minute striae. Sternites IV–VI with a few striae on lateral sides. Sternite III ~ 2.2 × as wide as long; sternite IV nearly 2.7 × as wide as long, and 2.8 × as wide as sternite III.</p>
            <p>Pleon: Tergites II and III each with 2 transverse ridges on tergite, anterior ridge more distinctly elevated than posterior ridge; tergite of somites IV–V smooth or with short scales; somite VI with 2 medially interrupted ridges, posteromedian margin straight. Males with G1 and G2.</p>
            <p>Eye: Ocular peduncles 1.4 times longer than broad, maximum corneal diameter 0.6 rostrum width.</p>
            <p>Antennule: Article 1 with 3 well-developed spines, distodorsal larger. Ultimate article with a few short fine setae on distodorsal margin.</p>
            <p>Antenna: Article 1 with distomesial spine reaching end of article 2. Article 2 with 2 distal spines, distolateral spine subequal or larger than distomesial, reaching or overreaching article 3. Article 3 with distomesial spine.</p>
            <p>Mxp3: Ischium with well-developed distal spine on extensor and flexor margins; crista dentata with 12–13 denticles. Merus equally long as ischium; flexor margin with 2 subequal strong spines; extensor margin with distal spine. Carpus unarmed.</p>
            <p>P1: 2.7 times carapace length, relatively slender, somewhat depressed on palm, more so on fingers. Merus as long as carapace, 1.5 times as long as carpus, with spines arranged roughly in rows, distal spines prominent. Carpus as long as palm, twice longer than broad; dorsal surface with small spines arranged roughly in longitudinal rows; mesial margin with 2–3 strong spines. Palm 2.5 times longer than broad, lateral and mesial margins subparallel; spines arranged roughly in rows; dorsolateral row continuing onto lateral margin of fixed finger. Fingers 0.6 times as long as palm, each finger distally with two rows of teeth and spooned; movable finger with row of distal dorsomesial spines.</p>
            <p>P2–4: Moderately slender. P2 1.6 times carapace length. Meri successively shorter posteriorly (P3 merus 0.9 length of P2 merus, P4 merus 0.7 length of P3 merus); P2 merus 0.8 carapace length, 4 times as long as broad, 1.5 times longer than P2 propodus. Extensor margin with row of 11–12 proximally diminishing spines on P2–3, 1 small distal spine on P4; ventral margins distally ending in strong spine followed proximally by 1–2 spines and several eminences, lateral sides with 2–5 small spines on P4. Carpi with 5–6 spines on extensor margin on P2-4; lateral surface with 3-4 spines or acute granules sub-paralleling extensor margin; flexor distal margin acute. Propodi 3.5–4.0 times as long as broad; extensor margins with 3–5 proximal spines; flexor margin with 5–6 slender movable spines, terminal spines paired. Dactyli distally ending in well-curved strong spine, length 0.5–0.6 that of propodi; flexor margin with 6–7 proximally diminishing teeth, terminal tooth prominent.</p>
            <p>Epipods on P1–2; P2 epipod reduced.</p>
            <p>Setae: Three types of setae were observed, (1) short plumose setae, with minute setules along both sides of shaft, densely located on ridges of carapace and pleon (Fig. 3B); (2) long thick simple setae, sometimes iridescent, sparsely located on carapace, pleon and P1–4; (3) short thick simple setae, sparsely located on carapace, pleon and P1–4.</p>
            <p>Colour in life. Body colour orange, with median longitudinal whitish broad stripe, from base of rostrum to pleonal somite V; one whitish lateral stripe on each branchial region. P1–4 orange, with diffuse whitish band at distal part of propodi; distal part of P2–4 dactyli reddish.</p>
            <p>Genetic data. COI and 16S.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The new species belongs to the group of species characterized by having all gastric ridges medially and laterally interrupted or scale-like, and the absence of dorsal spines on the branchial regions. The morphologically and genetically closest species is  G. lemniscata Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 , from New Caledonia and Chesterfield Islands. Both species can be distinguished by the following characters: </p>
            <p> —The scale-like ridges on the meta- and mesogastric areas are arcuate in  G. lemniscata , whereas these ridges are transverse and not arcuate in the new species. </p>
            <p> —The P2–4 meri are 2.5–2.7 times as long as broad in  G. lemniscata , whereas they are 4 times as long as broad in  G. arani . </p>
            <p> —The short setae on the carapace and pleon are simple, without setules, in  G. lemniscata (Fig. 3A), whereas these setae have short setules along both sides of the shaft in  G. arani (Fig. 3B). </p>
            <p> Morphologically, the new species is also close to  G. poupini Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 , from the French Polynesia. The main difference between the new species and  G. poupini is the presence of epigastric spines in  G. poupini , whereas these spines are absent in the new species. </p>
            <p> Genetically, the new species can be distinguished from  G. lemniscata . The new species diverges from  G. lemniscata by 2.33% for 16S and 10.03% for COI. No genetic data are available for  G. poupini . </p>
            <p>Distribution. New Caledonia and Papua-New Guinea, 133– 317 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A25F535A3C6BFFFA23B6F9DDFC5FD22D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Macpherson, Enrique;Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C.;Machordom, Annie	Macpherson, Enrique, Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C., Machordom, Annie (2025): New species of Galathea Fabricius, 1793 and Nanogalathea Tirmizi & Javed, 1980 (Crustacea: Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5570 (3): 447-483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2
A25F535A3C6CFFF423B6FAD5FD5AD7F5.text	A25F535A3C6CFFF423B6FAD5FD5AD7F5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galathea aurata Macpherson & Rodríguez-Flores & Machordom 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Galathea aurata sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 4, 5)</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined.   Holotype: Philippines,  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 120.9765/lat 13.507667)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=120.9765&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=13.507667">Mindoro</a>
                 , Puerto Galera, 13°30.46’N, 120°58.59’E, 28 April 2015, 10 m: ov. F 2.8 mm (UF43289). 
            </p>
            <p> Paratypes: same station than holotype: 1 M 2.3 mm (UF43289 B) . </p>
            <p>Etymology. From the Latin auratus, gold, in reference to the type locality (Mindoro = an alliteration of gold mine in Spanish).</p>
            <p>Description. Carapace: Slightly broader than long; cervical groove distinct, laterally bifurcated. Gastric region with some transverse ridges: 1 epigastric ridge unarmed, uninterrupted, medially convex; 2 protogastric ridges, anterior one medially interrupted, without parahepatic spine, posterior ridge short, scale-like, with long thick simple setae; 1 mesogastric ridge medially uninterrupted but not extending laterally to anteriormost of branchial marginal spines; 2 metagastric ridges, anterior one medially interrupted, continuing laterally to anteriorbranchial ridges, posterior ridge short, scale-like. Hepatic region with small spine near first marginal (anterolateral) spine. Anterior branchial region with distinct short ridges. Mid-transverse ridge uninterrupted, preceded by shallow cervical groove, followed by 4–5 ridges, 2 of them uninterrupted. Lateral margins well convex medially, with 6 spines: 2 spines in front of and 4 spines behind anterior cervical groove; first anterolateral, well-developed, at same level of lateral limit of orbit, second, small, at midlength between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin, with small spine ventral to between first and second; 2 spines on anterior branchial region, last small, and 2 spines on posterior branchial margin, last small and obsolescent in some specimens. Lateral limit of orbit unarmed; infraorbital margin with strong spine. Rostrum 1.1 times as long as broad, length 0.5–0.6 postorbital carapace length and breadth 0.4 that of carapace; distance between distalmost lateral incisions 0.2 distance between proximalmost lateral incisions; dorsal surface nearly horizontal in lateral view, with numerous small scale-like setose ridges; lateral margin with 4 deeply incised teeth.</p>
            <p>Pterygostomian flap rugose, unarmed, ridges with short setae, anterior margin acute.</p>
            <p>Thoracic sternum: 0.8 × as wide as long. Sternite III with median shallow notch. Sternite IV with anterior part wider than sternite III, with some short striae. Sternites IV–VI with a few striae on lateral sides. Sternite III ~ 1.8 × as wide as long; sternite IV nearly 2.7 × as wide as long, and 3.0 × as wide as sternite III.</p>
            <p>Pleon: Tergites II and III each with 2 transverse uninterrupted ridges on tergite, anterior ridge more distinctly elevated than posterior ridge; tergite of somites IV–VI with posterior minute scale-like ridges; posteromedian margin straight. Males with G1 and G2.</p>
            <p>Eye: Ocular peduncles 1.5 times longer than broad, maximum corneal diameter 0.6 rostrum width.</p>
            <p>Antennule: Article 1 with 3 well-developed distal spines, distodorsal larger, distomesial spine slightly smaller than others. Ultimate article with tuft of fine setae on distodorsal margin.</p>
            <p>Antenna: Article 1 with ventral distomesial spine reaching distal margin of article 2. Article 2 with distolateral and distomesial spines subequal, and barely reaching midlength of article 3. Articles 3 and 4 unarmed.</p>
            <p>Mxp3: Ischium with flexor and extensor margins ending in blunt angle or with small spine; crista dentata with 20–21 denticles. Merus shorter than ischium; flexor margin with 2 subequal spines; extensor margin with small distal spine. Carpus unarmed.</p>
            <p>P1: 2.2 times carapace length. Merus as long as carapace length, 1.5 times as long as carpus, with some spines, dorsomesial and distal spines stronger than others. Carpus 0.9 length of palm, 1.4 times as long as broad; dorsal surface with several small spines; mesial margin with row of spines, distal slightly stronger than others. Palm 1.4 times longer than broad, lateral and mesial margins slightly divergent; small spines arranged roughly in dorsal, dorsolateral and dorsomesial rows. Fingers 0.9 times palm length, each finger with two rows of teeth distally spooned; fixed finger with some proximal spines along lateral margin; movable finger unarmed.</p>
            <p>P2–4: Long and slender. P2 1.3 times carapace length. Meri successively shorter posteriorly (P3 merus 0.9 length of P2 merus, P4 merus 0.8 length of P3 merus); P2 merus 0.5 carapace length, 3.1 times as long as broad, 1.6 times longer than P2 propodus. Extensor margin with row of 6–7 proximally diminishing spines on P2–3, 1 minute distal spine on P4; ventral margins distally ending in strong spine, lateral sides with 0–2 small spines on P4. Carpi with 3–4 spines on extensor margin on P2-3, 0–1 distal spine on P4, distalmost smaller than distal second, sometimes absent; lateral surface with 3–4 acute granules sub-paralleling extensor margin; flexor distal margin acute. Propodi 2.8–3.0 times as long as broad; extensor margin with 0–2 small proximal spines; flexor margin with 5–6 slender movable spines, terminal spines paired. Dactyli distally ending in well-curved strong spine, length 0.7 that of propodi; flexor margin with 4–5 proximally diminishing teeth, terminal tooth moderately prominent.</p>
            <p>Epipods present only on P1.</p>
            <p>Setae: Three types of setae were observed, (1) short plumose setae, with setules along both sides of shaft, densely located on ridges of carapace and pleon, and scales of P1–4; (2) long thick simple setae, sparsely located on carapace, pleon, and P1–4; (3) short thick simple setae, sparsely located on carapace, pleon and P1–4.</p>
            <p>Colour in life. Carapace greenish-brownish, distal half of rostrum with numerous white spots. Pleon light brown, with numerous white spots of different size. Corneae whitish with some small red spots. P1–4 reddishbrownish, with whitish distal part of P1 fingers and P2–4 dactyli.</p>
            <p>Genetic data. COI.</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Galathea aurata is morphologically and genetically very close to  G. melobosis Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 from the Mariana Islands, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, New Caledonia, Chesterfield Islands, Fiji, between 2 and 223 m. Both species can be differentiated by the following aspects: </p>
            <p> —The rostrum is 1.5–1.6 × as long as wide in  G. melobosis , instead of as long as wide in the new species. </p>
            <p> —The distomesial spine of the antennal article 1 exceeds the end of the article 3 in  G. melobosis , whereas this spine only reaches the end of the article 2 in  G. aurata . </p>
            <p> —The P2–4 are more slender in  G. melobosis than in the new species. The P2 is 1.9–2.0 times the carapace length in  G. melobosis , whereas it is about 1.3 times in the new species. The P2–4 propodi are 3.8–4.7 times as long as broad in  G. melobosis , whereas they are 2.8–3.0 times as long as broad in the new species. </p>
            <p> —Genetically the new species diverges from  G. melobosis by 6.70% for COI. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Philippines, Mindoro, at 10 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A25F535A3C6CFFF423B6FAD5FD5AD7F5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Macpherson, Enrique;Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C.;Machordom, Annie	Macpherson, Enrique, Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C., Machordom, Annie (2025): New species of Galathea Fabricius, 1793 and Nanogalathea Tirmizi & Javed, 1980 (Crustacea: Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5570 (3): 447-483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2
A25F535A3C63FFF023B6FA6EFD86D6F8.text	A25F535A3C63FFF023B6FA6EFD86D6F8.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galathea bicornis Macpherson & Rodríguez-Flores & Machordom 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Galathea bicornis sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Figs. 3C, 6)</p>
            <p> Material examined.  Holotype: New Caledonia. KOUMAC, Stn KL 37, 20°49.9’S, 164°16.7’E, 81 m, 17 September 2018: M 2.5 mm (MNHN-IU-2014-20126).</p>
            <p>Etymology. From the Latin cornis, thorny, and bi, two, in reference to the pair of protogastric and cardiac spines on the carapace dorsal surface</p>
            <p>Description. Carapace: As long as broad; anterior and posterior cervical grooves distinct; dorsal surface with scale-like and interrupted ridges in all regions; mid-transverse ridge laterally interrupted and not scale-like, preceded by distinct cervical groove; transverse groove before cardiac spines; ridges not densely setose, with short simple setae (sometimes with a few short setules) and with some long and median thick plumose setae on protogastric and cardiac ridges. Epigastric region with 4 small spines; 2 submedian protogastric spines, and 2 parahepatic spines on each side; 2 postcervical spines on each side of mid-transverse ridge, 1 branchial spine on each side, behind mid-transverse ridge and 2 median cardiac spines. Lateral margins slightly convex, with 7 spines: 2 spines in front of and 5 strong spines behind anterior cervical groove; first anterolateral, well-developed, distinctly posterior to level of lateral limit of orbit; second small, situated at midlength between anterolateral spine and anterior cervical groove, accompanying another small spine ventral to between first and second; 2 spines on anterior branchial region, and 3 spines on posterior branchial margin. Outer orbital angle acute; infra-orbital margin with 1 or 2 spines. Rostrum 1.8 times as long as broad, length 0.6 that of, breadth 0.3 that of carapace; distance between distalmost lateral incisions 0.3 distance between proximalmost lateral incisions; dorsal surface nearly horizontal in lateral view, with minute setiferous ridges; lateral margin with 4 sharp teeth.</p>
            <p>Pterygostomian flap rugose with sparse setae, anteriorly rounded; some granules on upper margin near linea anomurica.</p>
            <p>Thoracic sternum: 1.2 × as long as wide. Sternite III with median shallow notch. Sternite IV as wide as following sternites, with anterior part as wide than sternite III, with some short striae. Sternites IV–VI with a few striae. Sternite III ~ 2.1 × as wide as long; sternite IV nearly 2.1 × as wide as long, and 3.2 × as wide as sternite III.</p>
            <p>Pleon: Tergites II and III each with 2 transverse uninterrupted ridges on tergite, anterior ridge more distinctly elevated than posterior ridge; tergite of somites IV and V with short median ridge; somite VI with 2 scale-like ridges, posteromedian margin straight. Males with G1 and G2.</p>
            <p>Eye: Ocular peduncles 1.8 times longer than broad, maximum corneal diameter 0.8 rostrum width.</p>
            <p>Antennule: Article 1 with 3 distal spines, 2 well-developed spines, distodorsal larger than others; distomesial spine small but distinct; additional small spine on lateral margin. Ultimate article with a few short setae not in tuft on distodorsal margin.</p>
            <p>Antenna: Article 1 with depressed ventral distomesial process clearly not reaching distal margin of article 2. Article 2 with small distomesial and distolateral spines, not reaching midlength of article 3. Article 3 with small distomesial spine. Article 4 unarmed.</p>
            <p>Mxp3: Ischium with spine on extensor and flexor distal margins; crista dentata with 20–21 denticles. Merus subequal in length to ischium, with 3 subequal spines on flexor margin; extensor margin with small distal spine. Carpus with several spines along extensor margin.</p>
            <p>P1: Lost.</p>
            <p>P2 and 4: Relatively short, somewhat compressed, sparsely setose with some simple setae and some scattered thick long plumose setae on all articles. Meri successively shorter posteriorly (P4 merus 0.7 length of P2 merus), equally broad; P2 merus 0.8 carapace length, 4.0 times as long as broad, 1.3 times longer than P2 propodus; P4 merus 2.7 times as long as broad, as long as P4 propodus. Extensor margins of P2 merus with row of 6 proximally diminishing spines, 2–3 spines on P4; lateral surface with 0–2 small spines; ventrolateral margins ending in strong terminal spine proximally followed by smaller spine; flexomesial margin with 4 spines on P2, unarmed on P4. Carpi each with 3–4 spines on extensor margin on P2 and P4; lateral surface with row of 2–4 small spines or acute granules paralleling extensor row; flexor distal margins with very small distal spine. Propodi 4.5 times as long as broad; extensor margin with 2–3 proximal spines on P2, unarmed on P4; flexor margin with 5–6 movable spines. Dactyli subequal in length, 0.7 length of propodi, ending in incurved, strong, sharp spine; flexor margin with 5–6 successively diminishing teeth, terminal tooth prominent.</p>
            <p>Epipods present on P1, absent on P2–3.</p>
            <p>Setae: Two types of setae were observed, (1) moderately short simple setae, not dense, sometimes with a few minute setules along both sides of first half of shaft, located on ridges of carapace and pleon, and scales of P1–4; (2) long thick plumose setae, with setules along one side of shaft, distally forming a tuft (Fig. 3C), sparsely located on carapace, around protogastric and cardiac spines, pleon, and P2–4. Considering the small size of the unique specimen, with both P1 lost, the type of setae should be considered as provisional.</p>
            <p>Genetic data. COI and 16S.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The new species belongs to the group of species having the carapace with median protogastric and cardiac spines and the antennular article 1 with minute distomesial spine. This group contains  G. sentosa Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 from Wallis and Futuna area and  G. robusta Baba, 1990 from Madagascar and La Reunion from which it can be distinguished by the following characters: </p>
            <p> —  G. robusta has the metagastric region armed with 2 median spines, whereas this region is unarmed in  G. bicornis . Furthermore, each anterior branchial region has 1 spine in  G. robusta , whereas this spine is absent in the new species. </p>
            <p> —  G. sentosa has the cardiac region with a transverse row of 4–6 spines, whereas there are only 2 median spines in the new species. Furthermore, the new species has 1 dorso-branchial spine on each side, behind the mid-transverse ridge, whereas this spine is absent in  G. sentosa . </p>
            <p> Genetically,  G. bicornis shows divergences in COI of 11.12% from  G. robusta , and 10.54% from  G. sentosa . The new species is also relatively close to  G. pascualae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 , from New Caledonia and Vanuatu (10.91%). However, both species are easily differentiated by the absence of median spines on the metagastric and cardiac regions in  G. pascualae . There is no 16S data available for  G. sentosa , but  G. bicornis sp. nov. shows genetic divergence of 3.93 % from  G. pascualae and 14.02% from  G. robusta . </p>
            <p>Distribution. New Caledonia, 81 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A25F535A3C63FFF023B6FA6EFD86D6F8	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Macpherson, Enrique;Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C.;Machordom, Annie	Macpherson, Enrique, Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C., Machordom, Annie (2025): New species of Galathea Fabricius, 1793 and Nanogalathea Tirmizi & Javed, 1980 (Crustacea: Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5570 (3): 447-483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2
A25F535A3C66FFF223B6FDADFD68D155.text	A25F535A3C66FFF223B6FDADFD68D155.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galathea dianthus Macpherson & Rodríguez-Flores & Machordom 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Galathea dianthus sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 7)</p>
            <p> Material examined.  Holotype: New Caledonia. KOUMAC, Stn KB 641, 20°47.9’S, 164°16.4’E, 14/11/19, 36 m: ov. F 2.8 mm (MNHN-IU-2014-20098).</p>
            <p> Paratypes: KOUMAC 2019, Stn KL09, 20°37.3’S, 164°08.3’E, 15/09/2018, 67 m: 1 ov. F 3.6 mm (MNHNIU-2021-4277), 19 M 2.0– 3.5 mm, 8 ov. F 2.5–3.7 mm (MNHN-IU-2014-20100), 4 M 2.2–3.4 mm, 9 ov. F 2.6–3.5 mm, 5 F 2.0– 2.3 mm (MNHN-IU-2021-5813 to 5816, 5819), 1 ov. F 2.2 mm (MNHN-IU-2014-20099). —Stn KL22, 20°26.8’S, 163°58.3’E, 16/09/2018, 47 m: 1 M 4.0 mm (MNHN-IU-2014-20155), 4 M 3.0– 3.7 mm (MNHN-IU-2021-4291), 1 ov. F 3.0 mm (MNHN-IU-2021-5817).</p>
            <p> Etymology. The name  dianthus , pink, refers to the colour of the species. The name is considered as a substantive in apposition. </p>
            <p>Description. Carapace: As long as broad; cervical groove distinct, laterally bifurcated. Gastric region with 6 transverse ridges:1 epigastric ridge medially interrupted, unarmed; 2 protogastric ridges, anterior ridge uninterrupted, extending laterally to second lateral spine, convex medially, without parahepatic spine, posterior ridge short with some long thick plumose setae; 1 mesogastric ridge uninterrupted, not extending laterally to anteriormost of branchial marginal spines; 2 metagastric ridges, anterior ridge uninterrupted, sometimes extending laterally to third lateral branchial spine, posterior ridge short. Anterior branchial region with distinct ridges. Mid-transverse ridge uninterrupted, preceded by shallow cervical groove, followed by 5 transverse ridges, 2–3 of them uninterrupted. Lateral margins convex medially, with 8 spines: 2 spines in front of and 6 spines behind anterior cervical groove; first anterolateral, well-developed, at level of lateral limit of orbit; second, small, at midlength between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin, with accompanying strong spine ventral to between first and second; 3 spines on anterior branchial region, and 3 spines on posterior branchial margin, last small. Small spine at lateral limit of orbit; infraorbital margin with strong spine. Rostrum 1.2–1.3 as long as broad, length 0.5 postorbital carapace length and breadth 0.4 that of carapace; distance between distalmost lateral incisions 0.25 distance between proximalmost lateral incisions; dorsal surface nearly horizontal in lateral view, with numerous setae; lateral margin with 4 deeply incised sharp teeth.</p>
            <p>Pterygostomian flap rugose, with spine on anterior ridge, ridges with short setae, anterior margin ending in acute angle.</p>
            <p>Thoracic sternum: 0.8 times as long as broad, lateral extremities gently divergent posteriorly. Sternite III with median shallow notch and some small spines on anterior margin. Sternite IV with anterior part as wide as sternite III, with some minute striae. Sternites IV–VI with a few striae on lateral sides. Sternite III ~ 1.9 × as wide as long; sternite IV nearly 3.0 × as wide as long, and 2.8 × as wide as sternite III.</p>
            <p>Pleon: Tergites II and III each with 3 transverse ridges on tergite, anterior ridge more distinctly elevated than posterior ridge; tergite of somite V smooth; somite VI with 2 medially interrupted ridges, posteromedian margin straight. Males with G1 and G2.</p>
            <p>Eye: Ocular peduncles 1.5 times longer than broad, maximum corneal diameter 0.6 rostrum width.</p>
            <p>Antennule: Article 1 with 2 spines; well-developed distodorsal and distolateral spines, distodorsal larger; distomesial spine minute or obsolescent. Ultimate article with a few short fine setae, not in tuft on distodorsal margin.</p>
            <p>Antenna: Article 1 with ventral distomesial spine reaching distal margin of article 2. Article 2 with 2 well-developed distal spines, distolateral spine shorter than distomesial and reaching midlength of article 3. Articles 3 and 4 unarmed.</p>
            <p>Mxp3: Ischium with well-developed spine on flexor distal margin; extensor margin ending in acute angle; crista dentata with 20–21 denticles. Merus as long as ischium; flexor margin with 2 subequal spines; extensor margin with minute spines. Carpus unarmed.</p>
            <p>P1: 2.3–2.6 times carapace length. Merus 0.8 times length of carapace, 1.4–1.6 times as long as carpus, with spines arranged roughly in rows, dorsomesial spines stronger; distal spines prominent. Carpus 0.7–0.9 length of palm, 1.3–1.5 times as long as broad; dorsal surface with some spines; mesial margin with row of well-developed spines. Palm 1.5–1.6 times longer than broad, lateral and mesial margins subparallel; a few small spines arranged roughly in dorsolateral and dorsomesial rows, a few small spines scattered on dorsal side; dorsolateral spines continuing along fixed finger. Fingers 0.7–0.9 length of palm, each finger with two rows of teeth distally spooned; movable finger with 2–3 spines along proximal half of mesial margin.</p>
            <p>P2–4: Moderately slender. P2 1.5 times carapace length. Meri successively shorter posteriorly (P3 merus 0.8 length of P2 merus, P4 merus 0.9 length of P3 merus); P2 merus 0.5 carapace length, 3.2 times as long as broad, 1.4 times longer than P2 propodus; P3 merus 2.1 times longer than broad, 1.1 times longer than P3 propodus; P4 merus 2.4 times as long as broad, 0.9 length of P4 propodus. Extensor margin of P2–3 meri with row of 5–7 proximally diminishing spines, and 1–2 spines on P4; ventral margins distally ending in strong spine followed proximally by several tubercles or eminences; lateral sides unarmed on P2–3, with 2–3 small spines on P4. Carpi with 1–3 spines on extensor margin on P2–4; lateral surface with several acute granules sub-paralleling extensor margin; flexor distal margin ending in acute or blunt angle. P2–4 propodi 3.5–4.5 times as long as broad; extensor margin with 0–2 proximal spines; flexor margin with 6–7 slender movable spines on P2–4, terminal spines paired. Dactyli distally ending in well-curved strong spine, length 0.6–0.7 that of propodi; flexor margin with 4–5 proximally diminishing teeth, terminal tooth prominent.</p>
            <p>Epipods on P1.</p>
            <p>Setae: Four types of setae were observed, (1) short plumose setae, with setules along both sides of shaft, densely located on ridges of carapace and pleon, and scales of P1–4; (2) long thick simple setae, sparsely located on pleon and P1–4; (3) short thick simple setae, sparsely located on pleon and P1–4; (4) long thick plumose setae, with long setules along one side of shaft, sparsely located on P1–4.</p>
            <p>Colour in life. Ground colour of carapace and pleon orange or light reddish, with minute red spots, more numerous on the anterior part of carapace and pereiopods. Posterior part of carapace and pleon with some dark spots.</p>
            <p>Genetic data. COI and 16S.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The morphologically and genetically closest relative of the new species is  G. cymothoe Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 , from Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and Chesterfield Islands, from which  G. dianthus can be distinguished by the following characters: </p>
            <p> —The epigastric and parahepatic spines on the carapace are present in  G. cymothoe , whereas these spines are absent in the new species. </p>
            <p> —The rostrum is narrower in  G. cymothoe (nearly 1.8 times longer than broad) than in  G. dianthus (1.2 times longer than broad). </p>
            <p>—The genetic distances between the two species are 11.64% and 4.73% for COI and 16S, respectively.</p>
            <p>Distribution. New Caledonia, 36– 67 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A25F535A3C66FFF223B6FDADFD68D155	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Macpherson, Enrique;Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C.;Machordom, Annie	Macpherson, Enrique, Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C., Machordom, Annie (2025): New species of Galathea Fabricius, 1793 and Nanogalathea Tirmizi & Javed, 1980 (Crustacea: Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5570 (3): 447-483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2
A25F535A3C64FFED23B6F93DFCDED3C9.text	A25F535A3C64FFED23B6F93DFCDED3C9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galathea gibbosa Macpherson & Rodríguez-Flores & Machordom 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Galathea gibbosa sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 8)</p>
            <p> Galathea villosa Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015: 315 (in part, only specimen from Vanuatu). </p>
            <p> Material examined.  Holotype: New Caledonia. SPANBIOS, Stn DW 5230, 18°58.7’S, 163°19.4’E, 21 July 2021, 364– 368 m: ov. F 5.0 mm (MNHN-IU-2021-9124).</p>
            <p> Paratypes: New Caledonia. SPANBIOS, Stn CP 5113, 21°10.1’S, 165°51.1’E, 28 June 2021, 260– 260 m: 1 F 6.0 mm (MNHN-IU-2021-5974). — Stn CP 5131, 20°34’S, 164°58.7’E, 01 July 2021, 354– 368 m: 1 M 5.8 mm (MNHN-IU-2021-5996). —Stn CP5132, 20°33.8’S, 164°58.4’E, 01 July 2021, 398– 431 m: 4 ov. F 4.7-6.8 mm (MNHN-IU-2016-9606). —Stn CP5200, 20°48.7’S, 165°26.1’E, 15 July 2021, 306– 452 m: 1 M 4.8 mm (MNHNIU-2021-5972), 1 M 3.4 mm (MNHN-IU-2021-1916). —Stn CP5266, 20°27.9’S, 164°50.1’E, 26 July 2021, 414– 411 m: 1 M 5.2 mm (MNHN-IU-2021-4444). —Stn DR5283, 21°24.5’S, 166°10.2’E, 29 July 2021, 365– 252 m: 1 M 4.3 mm (MNHN-IU-2021-5970).</p>
            <p> Vanuatu. MUSORSTOM 8, Stn CP 1087, 15°10.18’S, 167°14.07’E, 6 Octuber 1994, 394– 421 m: 1 ov. F 5.0 mm (MNHN-IU-2013-15935) . </p>
            <p>Etymology. From the Latin gibbus, humped, in reference to the hump on the protogastric area.</p>
            <p>Description. Carapace: As long as broad; cervical groove distinct, laterally bifurcated; most ridges on gastric region interrupted or scattered scale-like ridges; epigastric region with 10–15 spines; 3–6 small hepatic spines on each side; 1–4 small parahepatic spines on each side lateral to anterior protogastric ridge; anterior protogastric ridge medially convex, with distinct elevation with 2 small median spines and 2–4 long thick iridescent setae; anterior branchial region unarmed; one small postcervical spine on each side, rarely obsolescent. Mid-transverse ridge uninterrupted, preceded by shallow cervical groove, followed by 5–6 ridges. Lateral margins slightly convex medially, with 8 spines: 2 spines in front of and 6 spines behind anterior cervical groove; first anterolateral, well-developed, at level of orbit, second small but distinct, located at midlength between first spine and anterior cervical groove, with 2 spines ventral to between first and second; 3 spines on anterior branchial margin, and 3 spines on posterior branchial margin. Small outer orbital spine; infraorbital margin with strong spine. Rostrum lanceolate, 1.5–1.6 times as long as broad, length 0.5 that of, breadth 0.3 that of carapace; distance between distalmost lateral incisions 0.25 distance between proximalmost lateral incisions; dorsal surface nearly horizontal in lateral view, with some unirramous setae; lateral margin with 4 deeply incised sharp teeth.</p>
            <p>Pterygostomian flap rugose, with sparse short setae, anterior margin bluntly angular.</p>
            <p>Thoracic sternum: 0.8 × as wide as long. Sternite III with median shallow notch. Sternite IV with anterior part as wide as sternite III, with some short striae. Sternites IV–VI with a few striae. Sternite III ~ 2.3 × as wide as long; sternite IV nearly 2.8 × as wide as long, and 3.0 × as wide as sternite III.</p>
            <p>Pleon: Tergites II and III each with 4 transverse uninterrupted ridges, anterior ridge more distinctly elevated than posterior ridge; tergite of somites IV and V with 3 ridges; somite VI with 2 scale-like ridges, posteromedian margin straight. Males with G1 and G2.</p>
            <p>Eye: Ocular peduncles 1.5 times longer than broad, maximum corneal diameter 0.5 rostrum width.</p>
            <p>Antennule: Article 1 with 2 well-developed distodorsal and distolateral spines, distodorsal larger; distomesial spine minute; 1–2 small spines on lateral margin. Ultimate article with a few long fine setae not in tuft on distodorsal margin.</p>
            <p>Antenna: Article 1 with distomesial spine slightly exceeding distal margin of article 2. Article 2 with 2 well-developed subequal distal spines or distolateral spine slightly longer than distomesial and not reaching end of article 3, sometimes 1 additional small mesial spine. Articles 3 and 4 unarmed.</p>
            <p>Mxp3: Ischium with well-developed spine on flexor distal margin; crista dentata with 20–21 denticles. Merus shorter than ischium; flexor margin with 2 spines, proximal stronger than distal; extensor margin with 1 well-developed distal spine. Carpus unarmed.</p>
            <p>P1: 3.4 (females) to 4.0 times (males) carapace length. Ischium with some ventral spines. Merus 1.3 times length of carapace, 1.5–2.0 times as long as carpus, with spines arranged roughly in rows, dorsomesial spines stronger; distal spines prominent. Carpus 0.7–0.8 length of palm, 2.7–3.5 times as long as broad; dorsal surface with small spines arranged roughly in longitudinal rows; mesial row of well-developed spines. Palm 2.8–3.3 times longer than broad, lateral and mesial margins with small spines arranged roughly in dorsolateral and dorsomesial rows, some small spines scattered on dorsal side. Fingers 0.7–0.8 length of palm, each finger distally with two rows of teeth, spooned; mesial margin of movable finger and lateral margin of fixed finger unarmed.</p>
            <p>P2–4: Moderately long and slender. P2 2.0 times carapace length. Meri successively shorter posteriorly (P3 merus 0.9 length of P2 merus, P4 merus 0.8 length of P3 merus); P2 merus 0.7–0.9 carapace length, 4.0 times as long as broad, 1.2–1.4 times longer than P2 propodus; P3 merus 4.2 times longer than broad, 1.1–1.2 times longer than P3 propodus; P4 merus 3.1 times as long as broad, 1.1 length of P4 propodus. Extensor margins of meri with row of 8–10 proximally diminishing spines on P2–3, 3–5 spines on P4; flexor margins distally ending in strong spine followed proximally by 1–4 small spines and several tubercles or eminences; lateral sides with some minute spines on P2–4. Carpi with 5–8 spines on extensor margin, distalmost longer than distal second; lateral surface with small spines and acute granules sub-paralleling extensor margin on P2–4; flexor distal margin with small spine. Propodi 5.2–6.0 times as long as broad; extensor margin with 5–8 small proximal spines on P2–4, terminal spines paired; flexor margin with 5–7 slender movable spines on P2–4. Dactyli distally ending in well-curved strong spine, length 0.5–0.6 that of propodi; flexor margin with 5–6 proximally diminishing teeth, terminal tooth prominent.</p>
            <p>Epipods on P1.</p>
            <p>Setae: Three types of setae were observed, (1) short simple iridescent setae, sometimes with minute setules along both sides of first half of shaft, densely located on ridges of carapace and pleon, and scales of P1–4; (2) long thick iridescent plumose setae, with setules along both sides of shaft and reaching nearly to end of shaft, sparsely located on carapace, pleon, and P1–4; (3) long thick iridescent simple setae, sparsely located on carapace, pleon and P1–4.</p>
            <p>Genetic data. COI and 16S.</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Galathea gibbosa sp. nov. belongs to the group of species characterized by the presence of more than 4 epigastric spines and often with spinules on hepatic and branchial regions, the lateral margin of the carapace has one small but distinct spine between the anterolateral spine and the anteriormost branchial marginal spine, and the antennular article 1 has 2 well-developed terminal spines, being the distomesial spine very small or obsolescent, e.g.,  G. pascualae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 ,  G. crinita Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 ,  G. pubescens Stimpson, 1858 ,  G. scolopia Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 ,  G. tagaloa Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 from the central and western Pacific, and  G. villosa Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 from Madagascar and Mozambique. </p>
            <p> The morphologically and genetically closest species is  G. villosa and both species can be distinguished by the anterior protogastric ridge, with a median prominent convexity with 2 small median spines having some long and thick setae in the new species, whereas this ridge is not prominent, unarmed and without long thick setae in  G. villosa . This morphological difference is also distinguishing the new species from  G. pascualae and  G. tagaloa . </p>
            <p> The new species is easily distinguished from  G. pubescens and  G. crinita by the absence of numerous anterior branchial and postcervical spines, which are present in  G. pubescens and  G. crinita .  Galathea gibbosa is also different from  G. scolopia by the shape of the rostrum, extremely narrow in  G. scolopia and relatively broad in the new species. </p>
            <p> The genetic divergences between  G. gibbosa and other related species are, for COI: 3.91%, 7.42%, 7.73%, and 12.56% for  G. villosa ,  G. crinita ,  G. pubescens , and  G. scolopia , respectively. For 16S, we only have reliable data respect to  G. crinita (1.02%) and  G. scolopia (1.73%). </p>
            <p>Distribution. New Caledonia and Vanuatu, 252– 452 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A25F535A3C64FFED23B6F93DFCDED3C9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Macpherson, Enrique;Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C.;Machordom, Annie	Macpherson, Enrique, Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C., Machordom, Annie (2025): New species of Galathea Fabricius, 1793 and Nanogalathea Tirmizi & Javed, 1980 (Crustacea: Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5570 (3): 447-483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2
A25F535A3C7BFFEF23B6FAA9FD79D7D9.text	A25F535A3C7BFFEF23B6FAA9FD79D7D9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galathea pennata Macpherson & Rodríguez-Flores & Machordom 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Galathea pennata sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 9)</p>
            <p> Material examined.  Holotype: Papua New Guinea. BIOPAPUA, Stn CP 3659, 04°14’S, 152°17’E, 22 September 2010, 508 m: F 4.0 mm (MNHN-IU-2011-1940).</p>
            <p>Etymology. From the Latin, penna, in reference to the presence of some tuft of plumose setae on the carapace.</p>
            <p>Description. Carapace: As long as broad; cervical groove distinct, laterally bifurcated. Gastric region with some transverse ridges: 2 epigastric ridges, anterior ridge medially interrupted, with 2 median spines, posterior ridge short, scale-like; 2 protogastric ridges, anterior ridge medially interrupted, without parahepatic spine, posterior ridge long, with some median long and thick plumose setae, short median ridge behind this ridge; 2 mesogastric ridges, anterior ridge medially uninterrupted, not extending laterally to anteriormost of branchial marginal spines, posterior ridge short; 2 metagastric ridges, anterior one uninterrupted, not extending laterally to anterior branchial ridges and with some median long thick plumose setae, posterior ridge scale-like. Hepatic region unarmed. Anterior branchial region with distinct ridges. Mid-transverse ridge uninterrupted, preceded by shallow cervical groove. Posterior branchial region with 6 transverse ridges, 2 ridges uninterrupted. Lateral margins convex medially, with 6 spines: 2 spines in front of and 4 spines behind anterior cervical groove; first anterolateral, well-developed, at level of lateral limit of orbit; second, small, at midlength between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin, with small accompanying spine ventral to between first and second; 2 spines on anterior branchial region, last small, and 2 spines on posterior branchial margin, last small. Lateral limit of orbit unarmed; infraorbital margin with strong spine. Rostrum 1.8 times as long as broad, length 0.6 postorbital carapace length and breadth 0.3 that of carapace; distance between distalmost lateral incisions 0.25 distance between proximalmost lateral incisions; dorsal surface nearly horizontal in lateral view, with numerous setae; lateral margin with 4 deeply incised sharp teeth.</p>
            <p>Pterygostomian flap rugose, unarmed, ridges with short setae, anterior margin bluntly angular.</p>
            <p>Thoracic sternum: As long as broad, lateral extremities gently divergent posteriorly. Sternite III with median shallow notch. Sternite IV with anterior part as wide as sternite III, with some minute striae. Sternites IV–VI with a few striae on lateral sides. Sternite III ~ 2.1 × as wide as long; sternite IV nearly 2.0 × as wide as long, and 3.5 × as wide as sternite III.</p>
            <p>Pleon: Tergites II and III each with 2 transverse uninterrupted ridges on tergite, anterior ridge more distinctly elevated than posterior ridge; tergite of somite IV with posterior ridge medially interrupted; tergite of somites V and VI with 2 ridges.</p>
            <p>Eye: Ocular peduncles 1.5 times longer than broad, maximum corneal diameter 0.7 rostrum width.</p>
            <p>Antennule: Article 1 with 2 spines; well-developed distodorsal and distolateral spines, distodorsal larger; distomesial spine distinct, clearly not reaching midlength of distolateral spine. Ultimate article with tuft of long setae on distodorsal margin.</p>
            <p>Antenna: Article 1 with ventral distomesial spine reaching distal margin of article 2. Article 2 with 2 well-developed distal spines, lateral spine longer than mesial and reaching midlength of article 3. Articles 3 and 4 unarmed.</p>
            <p>Mxp3: Ischium with well-developed spine on flexor distal margin; extensor margin ending in acute angle; crista dentata with 21 denticles. Merus shorter than ischium; flexor margin with 3 spines, decreasing in size distally; extensor margin with distal spine. Carpus unarmed.</p>
            <p>P1: 3.5 times carapace length. Merus 1.2 times length of carapace, 1.6 times as long as carpus, with spines arranged roughly in rows, dorsomesial spines stronger; distal spines prominent. Carpus 0.9 length of palm, twice longer than broad; dorsal surface with some small spines; mesial margin with well-developed spines. Palm 2.1 times longer than broad, lateral and mesial margins subparallel; some spines arranged roughly in dorsolateral and dorsomesial rows, some small spines scattered on dorsal side. Fingers 0.8 times palm length, each finger distally with two rows of teeth, spooned; fixed finger with some small proximal spines.</p>
            <p>P2–4: Moderately slender. P2 2.1 times carapace length. Meri successively shorter posteriorly (P3 merus 0.8 length of P2 merus, P4 merus 0.8 length of P3 merus); P2 merus 0.8 carapace length, 4.7 times as long as broad, 1.2 times longer than P2 propodus. Extensor margin with row of 6–8 proximally diminishing spines on P2–3, 1 distal spine on P4; ventral margins distally ending in strong spine, lateral sides unarmed. Carpi with 3–5 spines on extensor margin on P2–4, distalmost smaller than distal second, sometimes absent; lateral surface with several acute granules sub-paralleling extensor margin; flexor distal margin acute. Propodi 4.3–5.0 times as long as broad; extensor margin with 0–2 small proximal spines; flexor margin with 5–7 slender movable spines, terminal spines paired. Dactyli distally ending in well-curved strong spine, length 0.6–0.8 that of propodi; flexor margin with 6–7 proximally diminishing teeth, terminal tooth moderately prominent.</p>
            <p>Epipods absent on pereiopods.</p>
            <p>Setae: Two types of setae were observed, (1) short plumose setae, with setules along both sides of shaft, densely located on ridges of carapace and pleon, and scales of P1–4; (2) long thick plumose setae, with setules along both sides of shaft, sparsely located on carapace, pleon, and P1–4.</p>
            <p>Genetic data. COI.</p>
            <p> Remarks. The new species is referred to the group of species characterized by the presence of one small but distinct spine between the anterolateral spine and the anteriormost branchial marginal spine, two well-developed distal spines on the antennular basal article, the possession of two epigastric spines and the absence of hepatic and parahepatic spines, and epipods. It resembles  Galathea yamashitai Miyake &amp; Baba, 1967 from East China Sea, although both species can be distinguished by the following characters: </p>
            <p> —The antennal article 3 has a distomesial spine in  G. yamashitai , whereas this spine is absent in the new species. </p>
            <p> —The second lateral spine of the carapace is present in the new species, instead of absent in  G. yamashitai . </p>
            <p> —Pleonal tergites 2–3 with 2 ridges in the new species, whereas there are 4–5 ridges in  G. yamashitai . </p>
            <p> Unfortunately, genetic data for  G. yamashitai are not available. The closest species are  G. lopisma Macpherson, Rodríguez-Flores &amp; Machordom, 2023 , from the Mozambique Channel, and  G. setigera Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 , from the Kei Islands. The divergences for COI are 15.06% with  G. setigera and 17.63% with  G. lopisma ; there are no data for 16S. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Papua New Guinea, 508 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A25F535A3C7BFFEF23B6FAA9FD79D7D9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Macpherson, Enrique;Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C.;Machordom, Annie	Macpherson, Enrique, Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C., Machordom, Annie (2025): New species of Galathea Fabricius, 1793 and Nanogalathea Tirmizi & Javed, 1980 (Crustacea: Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5570 (3): 447-483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2
A25F535A3C7EFFEA23B6FF11FD4CD51D.text	A25F535A3C7EFFEA23B6FF11FD4CD51D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galathea rhanis Macpherson & Rodríguez-Flores & Machordom 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Galathea rhanis sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 10)</p>
            <p>
                 Material examined.   Holotype:  
                <a title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 145.81/lat -5.085)" href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=145.81&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=-5.085">Papua-New</a>
                 Guinea, PAPUA NIUGINI, Stn PB 19, 05°05.1’S, 145°48.6’E, 30 December 2012, 10 m: ov. F 2.4 mm (MNHN-IU-2014-13935). 
            </p>
            <p> Paratype: same data than holotype: 1 M 2.2 mm (MNHN-IU-2014-20839).</p>
            <p> Etymology. From the Greek,  rhanis , drop, spot, in reference to the small size of the species. </p>
            <p>Description. Carapace: As long as broad; anterior cervical groove indistinct. Five ridges on gastric region: 1 epigastric ridge, medially convex and interrupted, with 2 epigastric spines; 1 protogastric ridge uninterrupted, without parahepatic spines; 1 mesogastric ridge extending laterally to anteriormost of branchial marginal spines, uninterrupted or with minute interruption medially; 2 metagastric ridges, anterior ridge medially interrupted and extending laterally to branchial margin, posterior ridge short. Mid-transverse ridge uninterrupted, preceded by shallow cervical groove, followed by 5 ridges, 1–2 uninterrupted ridges. Lateral margins medially convex, with 6 spines: 1 spines in front of and 5 spines behind indistinct anterior cervical groove; first anterolateral, well-developed, at same level of lateral limit of orbit; 2 spines on anterior branchial region, last small, and 3 spines on posterior branchial margin, last small. External orbital limit ending in small spine; infra-orbital margin with strong spine. Rostrum broad triangular, 1.1–1.2 times as long as broad, length 0.5 postorbital carapace length and breadth 0.4 that of carapace, nearly horizontal in lateral view; distance between distalmost lateral incisions 0.3 distance between proximalmost lateral incisions; dorsal surface with some short setae; lateral margin with 4 deeply incised sharp teeth.</p>
            <p>Pterygostomian flap rugose, with facial small spine on anterior part, anterior margin ending in small spine.</p>
            <p>Thoracic sternum: As long as broad, lateral extremities gently divergent posteriorly. Sternite III with median shallow notch, anterior margin at each side of notch slightly convex. Sternite IV with anterior part as wide as sternite III, with some minute striae. Sternites IV–VI with a few striae on lateral sides. Sternite III ~ 1.8 × as wide as long; sternite IV nearly 3 × as wide as long, and 2.5 × as wide as sternite III.</p>
            <p>Pleon: Tergite II with 2 transverse ridges on tergite, anterior ridge more distinctly elevated than posterior ridge; tergites III and IV smooth or with some scales, with anterior ridge only; tergite of somites V and VI smooth. Males with G1 and G2.</p>
            <p>Eye: Ocular peduncles 1.2 times longer than broad, maximum corneal diameter 0.6 rostrum width.</p>
            <p>Antennule.Article 1 with 3 well-developed distal spines, distodorsal larger; distomesial spine reaching midlength of distolateral spine. Ultimate article with a few short setae not in tuft on distodorsal margin.</p>
            <p>Antenna. Article 1 with distomesial process reaching distal margin of article 2. Article 2 with distomesial spine barely shorter than distolateral spine, exceeding midlength of article 3. Articles 3 and 4 unarmed.</p>
            <p>Mxp3. Ischium with well-developed distal spine on flexor margin; extensor margin unarmed; crista dentata with 26–27 denticles. Merus subequal in length to ischium, with 2–3 small spines on flexor margin, proximal one located at midlength, distal one at terminal end, median spine slightly smaller than others or obsolescent; extensor margin with distal spine.</p>
            <p>P1. Lost in both specimens.</p>
            <p>P2–4. Relatively slender, somewhat compressed, moderately setose. P2 1.5 times carapace length. Meri successively shorter posteriorly (P3 merus 0.9 length of P2 merus, P4 merus 0.8 length of P3 merus); P2 merus 0.6 carapace length, 3 times as long as broad, 1.3 times longer than P2 propodus; P3 merus 3.0 times as long as broad, 1.3 times length of P3 propodus; P4 merus 2.5 times as long as broad, 1.1 length of P4 propodus. Extensor margins with row of 6 proximally diminishing spines on P2–3, 4 spines on P4; lateral surface unarmed on P2–3, 0–1 spines on P4; flexolateral margin with strong terminal spine. Carpi with 3–4 spines on extensor margin; lateral surface with row of 2–4 small spines or acute granules paralleling extensor row; flexor distal margins with spine. Propodi 4 times as long as broad; extensor margin with 0–2 proximal spines on P2–4; flexor margin with 3–4 slender movable spines. Dactyli subequal in length, 0.7 length of propodi, ending in incurved, strong, sharp spine; flexor margin with prominent triangular terminal tooth preceded by obsolescent 4–5 teeth.</p>
            <p>Epipods present on P1–3.</p>
            <p>Setae: Three types of setae were observed, (1) short plumose setae, with setules along both sides of shaft, densely located on ridges of carapace and pleon; (2) long thick iridescent simple setae, sparsely located on pleon and P2–4; (3) short thick iridescent simple setae, sparsely located on pleon and P2–4.</p>
            <p>Genetic data. COI.</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Galathea rhanis sp. nov. belongs to the group of species having an uninterrupted mesogastric ridge between the anteriormost branchial marginal spines, one pair of epigastric spines, the pterygostomian flap with 1 facial spine on the anterior part, epipods on P1–3 and the antennal article 3 with distal spines. The new species is closely related to  G. paulayi Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 from the French Polynesia and Kiribati and  G. stilla sp. nov. (see below). </p>
            <p>The new species is easily distinguished from both species by the following characters:</p>
            <p> —The parahepatic spines are absent in  G. rhanis , whereas these spines are present in the other two species. </p>
            <p> —The carapace lateral margin without a spine between the anterolateral spine and the anteriormost spine of the branchial margin in  G. rhanis , whereas this spine is always present in  G. paulayi and  G. stilla . </p>
            <p> —The genetic divergences with  G. paulayi and  G. stilla are 17.63% and 18.57% for COI, respectively. </p>
            <p>Distribution. Papua New Guinea, at 10 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A25F535A3C7EFFEA23B6FF11FD4CD51D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Macpherson, Enrique;Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C.;Machordom, Annie	Macpherson, Enrique, Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C., Machordom, Annie (2025): New species of Galathea Fabricius, 1793 and Nanogalathea Tirmizi & Javed, 1980 (Crustacea: Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5570 (3): 447-483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2
A25F535A3C7CFFE523B6FD05FD07D4CD.text	A25F535A3C7CFFE523B6FD05FD07D4CD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galathea stilla Macpherson & Rodríguez-Flores & Machordom 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Galathea stilla sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 11, 12)</p>
            <p> Material examined.  Holotype: Kiribati, Phoenix Islands, 4°31’S, 172°13’W, 10.5 m, 18 September 2015: M 2.8 mm (UF51343).</p>
            <p> Paratype: same data than holotype: ov. F 3.0 mm (UF51346) . </p>
            <p> Etymology. From the Latin,  stilla , drop, in reference to the small size of the species. </p>
            <p>Description. Carapace: As long as broad; anterior cervical groove indistinct. Seven ridges on gastric region: 1 epigastric ridge, with 2 epigastric spines, medially convex and medially uninterrupted; 2 protogastric ridges, anterior one uninterrupted, with 1 parahepatic spine at each side, posterior ridge uninterrupted or scale-like, with 2 median long thick simple setae; 2 mesogastric ridges, anterior ridge uninterruptedly extending laterally to anteriormost of branchial marginal spines, posterior one short; 2 metagastric ridges, anterior ridge uninterrupted and fused with anterior branchial ridge, posterior ridge short. Mid-transverse ridge uninterrupted, preceded by shallow cervical groove, followed by 5 ridges, 2–3 of them uninterrupted. Lateral margins medially convex, with 7 spines: 2 spines in front of and 5 spines behind indistinct anterior cervical groove; first anterolateral, well-developed, at same level of lateral limit of orbit, accompanying another spine ventral to between first and second, second spine small or minute; 2 spines on anterior branchial region, last small, and 3 spines on posterior branchial margin, last small. External orbital limit ending in small spine; infra-orbital margin with strong spine. Rostrum broad triangular, 1.2 times as long as broad, length 0.5 postorbital carapace length and breadth 0.4 that of carapace, nearly horizontal in lateral view; distance between distalmost lateral incisions 0.2 distance between proximalmost lateral incisions; dorsal surface with some short setae; lateral margin with 4 deeply incised sharp teeth.</p>
            <p>Pterygostomian flap rugose, with facial spine on anterior part, anterior margin ending in small spine.</p>
            <p>Thoracic sternum: As long as broad, lateral extremities gently divergent posteriorly. Sternite III with median shallow notch, anterior margin at each side of notch slightly convex. Sternite IV with anterior part as wide as sternite III, with some minute striae. Sternites IV–VI with a few striae on lateral sides. Sternite III ~ 2.2 × as wide as long; sternite IV nearly 1.6 × as wide as long, and 1.4 × as wide as sternite III.</p>
            <p>Pleon: Tergites II and III each with 2 transverse ridges on tergite, anterior ridge more distinctly elevated than posterior ridge; tergite of somites IV and V with posterior ridge medially interrupted; somite VI with 2 medially interrupted ridges, posteromedian margin straight. Males with G1 and G2.</p>
            <p>Eye: Ocular peduncles 1.2 times longer than broad, maximum corneal diameter 0.7 rostrum width.</p>
            <p>Antennule. Article 1 with 3 well-developed distal spines, distodorsal larger. Ultimate article with a few short setae not in tuft on distodorsal margin.</p>
            <p>Antenna. Article 1 hardly visible from dorsal view, with depressed ventral distomesial process exceeding distal margin of article 3. Article 2 with distomesial spine smaller than distolateral, exceeding midlength of article 3. Articles 3 and 4 unarmed.</p>
            <p>Mxp3. Ischium with well-developed distal spine on flexor margin; extensor margin unarmed; crista dentata with 26–28 denticles. Merus subequal in length to ischium, with 3 spines on flexor margin, proximal one located at midlength, distal one at terminal end, median spine smaller than others; extensor margin with distal spine. Carpus with distal spine on flexor margin.</p>
            <p>P1. 2.2 times carapace length. Merus 0.8 times carapace length, 1.5 times as long as carpus, with rows of spines, mesial and distal spines strong. Carpus 0.9 length of palm, 1.5, times longer than broad, lateral and mesial margins subparallel, dorsal surface with some spines in longitudinal rows; mesial surface with row of well–developed spines; and row of small spines along lateral margin. Palm 1.8 times longer than broad, lateral and mesial margins subparallel; small spines roughly in rows on dorsal; lateral row continued on to lateral margin of fixed finger; mesial row continuing on the mesial margin of movable finger. Fingers 0.7 as long as palm, each finger distally with two rows of teeth, spooned.</p>
            <p>P2–4. Relatively slender, somewhat compressed. P2 1.7 times carapace length. Meri successively shorter posteriorly (P3 merus 0.9 length of P2 merus, P4 merus 0.8 length of P3 merus); P2 merus 0.7 carapace length, 3.0 times as long as broad, 1.5 times longer than P2 propodus; P3 merus 2.5 times as long as broad, 1.3 times length of P3 propodus; P4 merus 2.5 times as long as broad, 1.3 length of P4 propodus. Extensor margins with row of 7–9 proximally diminishing spines on P2–3, 6 spines on P4; lateral surface unarmed on P2–3, 1–2 spines on P4; flexolateral margins with strong terminal spine and 1–2 additional spines on terminal half; flexomesial margin with terminal spine on P2–3. Carpi with 4–5 spines on extensor margin; lateral surface with row of 2-4 small spines or acute granules paralleling extensor row; flexor distal margins with spine. P2–4 propodi each 3.5–4.5 times as long as broad; extensor margin with 4 proximal spines on P2–4; flexor margin with 4–5 slender movable spines, terminal spines paired; 2–3 proximal spines on lateral side. Dactyli subequal in length, 0.7 length of propodi, ending in incurved, strong, sharp spine; flexor margin with prominent triangular terminal tooth preceded by obsolescent 5 teeth.</p>
            <p>Epipods present on P1-3.</p>
            <p>Setae: Three types of setae were observed, (1) short plumose setae, with setules along both sides of shaft, densely located on ridges of carapace and pleon and sparsely on P1–4; (2) long thick iridescent simple setae, sparsely located on carapace, pleon and P1–4; (3) long thick plumose setae, with long setules along one side of shaft, sparsely located on P1–4.</p>
            <p>Genetic data. COI.</p>
            <p> Remarks.  Galathea stilla belongs to the group of species having an uninterrupted ridge between the anteriormost branchial marginal spines, the carapace lateral margin having one small spine between the anterolateral spine and the anteriormost branchial marginal spine, one pair of epigastric spines, the pterygostomian flap with 1 facial spine, and epipods on P1–3. The new species is closely related to  G. paulayi Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 from the French Polynesia and Line Islands. </p>
            <p> The new species is easily distinguished from  G. paulayi by the shape of the P2-4 meri, slenderer in  G. paulayi than in the new species. For instance, the P2 merus is 3.5–3.9 times as long as broad in  G. paulayi , whereas it is nearly 3.0 times in the new species. </p>
            <p>The genetic divergence between these two species is 12.07% (COI).</p>
            <p> The new species is also genetically close to  G. amamiensis Miyake &amp; Baba, 1966 , and  G. boucheti Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015 , both from the Indian and Western Pacific areas. However, the new species has epipods on P1–3, whereas  G. amamiensis and  G. boucheti only have epipods on P1. Genetically, they are also very different from the new species (11.96% and 11.55%, respectively for COI). </p>
            <p>Distribution. Kiribati, Phoenix Islands, 10.5 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A25F535A3C7CFFE523B6FD05FD07D4CD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Macpherson, Enrique;Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C.;Machordom, Annie	Macpherson, Enrique, Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C., Machordom, Annie (2025): New species of Galathea Fabricius, 1793 and Nanogalathea Tirmizi & Javed, 1980 (Crustacea: Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5570 (3): 447-483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2
A25F535A3C73FFE723B6FBFDFCF8D3E5.text	A25F535A3C73FFE723B6FBFDFCF8D3E5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Nanogalathea psecas Macpherson & Rodríguez-Flores & Machordom 2025	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Nanogalathea psecas sp. nov.</p>
            <p>(Fig. 13)</p>
            <p> Type material.  Holotype: Philippines, MUSORSTOM 3, Stn DR 117, 12°31’N, 120°39’E, 3 June 1985, 92–97 m: M 1.8 mm (MNHN-IU-2016-502).</p>
            <p> Paratypes: same data than holotype: 1 M 1.7 mm, 2 F 1.6–1.7 mm (MNHN-IU-2014-13802).</p>
            <p>Etymology. From the Greek, psekas, small drop, in reference to the small size of the species.</p>
            <p>De s cription. Carapace: Length 0.9 × width; transverse ridges granulated. Gastric region with numerous short or scale-like ridges; epigastric region with 2-3 pairs of minute submedian spines or acute granules; anterior protogastric ridge medially interrupted, not extending laterally to carapace margin; anterior mesogastric ridge scale-like; metagastric ridge laterally interrupted by cervical groove, laterally scale-like. Mid-transverse ridge laterally interrupted, preceded by shallow cervical groove, followed by 2 laterally interrupted ridges, and some short or scale-like ridges on branchial and intestinal areas. Lateral margins medially convex, with 7–8 spines: 2 spines (anterolateral, hepatic) in front and 5–6 spines (3 anterior branchial spines, 2–3 posterior branchial spines) behind distinct anterior cervical groove. Anterolateral spine well-developed, not reaching anteriorly to level of lateral orbital spine. Hepatic spine small, set slightly dorsomesial from lateral margin. First anterior branchial spine slightly longer than second and third spines. Posterior branchial spines progressively smaller posteriorly, first spine subequal to anterior branchial spines. Rostrum widely triangular, downwards directed, 0.5 × pcl; length-width ratio 0.9; lateral margins unarmed, slightly convex, with distinct pair of sub-apical spines; dorsally concave. Pterygostomian flap with sharp anterior spine, upper margin with minute spines or granules; entire surface with series of scale-like ridges.</p>
            <p>Thoracic sternum: Sternal plastron slightly wider than long (length-width ratio 0.9), lateral margins divergent posteriorly. Sternite 3 about twice as wide as long; anterior margin slightly convex, with median notch.</p>
            <p>Pleon: Tergites 2 and 3 with anterior and posterior transverse ridges; tergite 4 with anterior ridge only; tergites 5 and 6 smooth, without elevated ridges. Males with G1 absent.</p>
            <p>Eye: Eye stalk a little wider than long, peduncle mesially with minute spines and plumose setae; cornea narrower than peduncle.</p>
            <p>Antennule: Article 1 with 3 distal spines, distomesial spine distinct; 2 distolateral spines, and 2 lateral spines, proximal as long as distomesial spine.</p>
            <p>Antenna: Article 1 with prominent mesial process, distally reaching end of peduncle. Article 2 with distinct mesial and lateral spines. Article 3 usually unarmed or with minute distomesial spine. Article 4 unarmed.</p>
            <p>Mxp3: Ischium with pronounced distal spines on flexor and extensor margins; crista dentata with regular row of 18–19 spines along entire margin. Merus slightly shorter than ischium at midlength, with strong distal spines on extensor margins, smaller than spine at midlength on flexor margin, otherwise unarmed.</p>
            <p>Cheliped (P1): missing.</p>
            <p>Walking legs (only P3; P2 and P4 missing in all specimens): Merus length 0.5 × pcl; extensor margin with row of 5 spines, proximally diminishing, with prominent distal spine; flexor margin with distal spine. Carpus with 2 spines on extensor margin, distal spine prominent; flexor margin unarmed. Propodus slightly shorter than menus, length 6 × height; extensor margin unarmed; flexor margin with 3 slender movable spines in addition to distal pair. Dactyli 0.8 × propodus length, ending in incurved, strong, sharp spine; flexor margin with 6 movable spines, otherwise unarmed.</p>
            <p>Setae: Unfortunately, most setae are lost in all specimens. Two types of setae were observed, (1) short plumose setae, with setules along both sides of shaft, densely located on ridges of carapace and pleon; (2) long thick plumose setae, with long setules along one side of shaft, sparsely located on carapace and pleon.</p>
            <p>Genetic data. No data</p>
            <p> Remarks. The genus  Nanogalathea was described by Tirmizi &amp; Javed (1980) to include a small species of squat lobster (  N. raymondi ) collected during the International Indian Ocean Expedition in the Andaman Sea, at 77 m. Recently, a second species (  N. longispina ) was described by Tiwari et al. (2024) from Kerala, Arabian Sea. The genus is characterized by its small size, a leaf-like rostrum, without supraocular spines, and carapace with weak ridges. </p>
            <p> The new species is clearly different from  N. raymondi by the following aspects: </p>
            <p> —The lateral margins of the rostrum are straight in  N. raymondi , whereas these margins are convex in the new species. Furthermore, the distal spines of the rostrum seem more distinct in the new species than in  N. raymondi and  N. longispina . </p>
            <p> —The epigastric region is armed with 2–3 pairs of spines in the new species, whereas this region is unarmed in  N. raymondi and  N. longispina . </p>
            <p> —The hepatic margin of the carapace is unarmed in  N. longispina , whereas there is a marginal spine in the new species. </p>
            <p>Distribution. The Philippines, between 92 and 97 m.</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A25F535A3C73FFE723B6FBFDFCF8D3E5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Macpherson, Enrique;Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C.;Machordom, Annie	Macpherson, Enrique, Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C., Machordom, Annie (2025): New species of Galathea Fabricius, 1793 and Nanogalathea Tirmizi & Javed, 1980 (Crustacea: Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5570 (3): 447-483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2
A25F535A3C71FFDE23B6FA8AFA79D355.text	A25F535A3C71FFDE23B6FA8AFA79D355.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Galathea Fabricius 1793	<html xmlns:mods="http://www.loc.gov/mods/v3">
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            <p> Key to species of the genus  Galathea in the Indian and Pacific Oceans* </p>
            <p> (*)  Galathea paucilineata Benedict, 1902 , from the Galápagos Islands, probably belongs to the genus  Leiogalathea Baba, 1969 and is not included in the key. </p>
            <p>1. Transverse ridges on carapace dorsal surface mostly obsolescent............................................... 2</p>
            <p>– Transverse ridges on carapace dorsal surface distinct......................................................... 4</p>
            <p> 2. Mxp3 merus with flexor distal spine subequal to proximal spine........................  G. kuboi Miyake &amp; Baba, 1967</p>
            <p>– Mxp3 merus with flexor distal spine smaller than proximal spine............................................... 3</p>
            <p> 3. Epipod present on P1. Rostrum elongate, more than 1.5 times longer than broad. Gastric region with some scale-like ridges................................................................  G. nuda Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Epipods absent on P1–3. Rostrum short, 1.5 times longer than broad or less so. Gastric region smooth, without scale-like ridges.......................................................  G. setigera Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 4. Anterolateral spine of carapace prominent, reaching tip of basal lateral tooth of rostrum. Posterior branchial margin with 6 spines............................................................................  G. vitiensis Dana, 1853</p>
            <p>– Anterolateral spine of carapace never reaching tip of basal lateral tooth of rostrum. Posterior branchial margin with at most 5 spines.............................................................................................. 5</p>
            <p>5. Pterygostomian flap with at least 1 spine on upper margin near linea anomurica.................................... 6</p>
            <p>– Pterygostomian flap unarmed on upper margin (rarely with row of denticles)..................................... 11</p>
            <p> 6. Pterygostomian flap with row of spines on upper margin. Mxp3 merus more than twice ischium length.............................................................................................  G. labidolepta Stimpson, 1858</p>
            <p>– Pterygostomian flap with 1 or 2 spines on upper margin. Mxp3 merus as long as or slightly shorter than ischium length.... 7</p>
            <p> 7. Anterior mesogastric ridge of carapace interrupted....................  G. ahyongi Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Anterior mesogastric ridge of carapace uninterrupted........................................................ 8</p>
            <p> 8. Mxp3 merus with strong median spine on flexor margin, exceeding distal margin of merus. Distal part of P1 palm without black spot...........................................................  G. senta Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Mxp3 merus with weak median spine on flexor margin, at most reaching distal margin of merus. Distal part of P1 palm with black spot........................................................................................... 9</p>
            <p> 9. P2 propodus 4 times longer than broad...............................................  G. mauritiana Bouvier, 1914</p>
            <p>– P2 propodus 3.0–3.5 times longer than broad............................................................... 10</p>
            <p> 10. P2–3 propodi each with 5 or 6 movable spines along flexor margin.......  G. aequata Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – P2–3 propodi each with 4 movable spines along flexor margin..............  G. acis Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>11. Uninterrupted mesogastric ridge between anteriormost branchial marginal spines.................................. 12</p>
            <p>– Interrupted or scale like mesogastric ridge(s) between anteriormost branchial marginal spines....................... 27</p>
            <p>12. Carapace with 2 epigastric spines....................................................................... 13</p>
            <p>– Carapace without epigastric spines...................................................................... 23</p>
            <p>13. Stiff plumose stiff setae present on carapace and rostrum.................................................... 14</p>
            <p>– No stiff plumose setae on carapace and rostrum............................................................ 18</p>
            <p> 14. P2–3 propodi elongate, 5 times longer than broad.....................  G. simulata Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– P2–3 propodi short, equal to or less than 4 times longer than broad............................................. 15</p>
            <p> 15. Gastric region with short posterior median protogastric ridge and short posterior median mesogastric ridge............................................................................................  G. aegyptiaca Paul’son, 1875 </p>
            <p>– Gastric region without short posterior median protogastric ridge and short posterior median mesogastric ridge (sometimes one these ridges can be present)............................................................................ 16</p>
            <p> 16. P2–3 meri 2.5 times longer than broad...............................  G. imitata Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– P2–3 meri equal to or more than 3 times longer than broad................................................... 17</p>
            <p> 17. Ultimate article of antennular peduncle elongate, 2.5 times longer than broad Rostrum as long as broad.............................................................................  G. corbariae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Ultimate article of antennular peduncle short, at most twice longer than broad. Rostrum longer than broad..........................................................................  G. homologa Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>18. Epipods on P1–2 at least............................................................................... 19</p>
            <p>– Epipods on P1 only................................................................................... 22</p>
            <p> 19. Pterygostomian flap unarmed on surface. Epipods on P1–2..................................  G. guttata Osawa, 2004</p>
            <p>– Pterygostomian flap with facial spine on anterior part. Epipods on P1–3......................................... 20</p>
            <p> 20. Parahepatic spine absent. Carapace lateral margin without spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branquial margin........................................................  G. rhanis Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Parahepatic spine present. Carapace lateral margin with spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branquial margin............................................................................................. 21</p>
            <p> 21. P2–4 meri slender; P2 merus 3.5–4.0 times as long as broad............  G. paulayi Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – P2–4 meri stout; P2 merus nearly 3.0 times as long as broad.......................................  G. stilla sp. nov.</p>
            <p> 22. Mxp3 merus with flexor distal spine smaller than proximal spine. P2–4 propodi less than 5 times longer than broad....................................................................  G. boucheti Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Mxp3 merus with flexor distal spine subequal to proximal spine. P2–4 propodi more than 5 times longer than broad..............................................................................  G. amamiensis Miyake &amp; Baba, 1966</p>
            <p> 23. Scale-like stria present behind anterior protogastric ridge of carapace. External limit of orbit ending in small spine..................................................................................  G. continua Baba &amp; Fujita, 2008</p>
            <p>– No scale-like stria present behind anterior protogastric ridge of carapace. External limit of orbit ending in strong spine.... 24</p>
            <p> 24. Anterior branchial margin with 3 spines.............................................  G. platycheles Miyake, 1953</p>
            <p>– Anterior branchial margin with 2 spines.................................................................. 25</p>
            <p> 25. Carapace with 1 hepatic spine on each side............................  G. celiae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Carapace without hepatic spines........................................................................ 26</p>
            <p> 26. Rostrum with lateral teeth shallowly incised.............................................  G. latirostris Dana, 1852</p>
            <p> – Rostrum with lateral teeth deeply incised..........................................  G. spinimanus Borradaile, 1900</p>
            <p>27. Rostrum with 2 lateral teeth............................................................................ 28</p>
            <p>– Rostrum with more than 3 lateral teeth................................................................... 30</p>
            <p> 28. Rostrum with lateral teeth shallowly incised and located distally. Subdivision of telson complete.....  G. bidens Baba, 1988</p>
            <p>– Rostrum with lateral teeth spiniform and strong, located proximally. Subdivision of telson incomplete................ 29</p>
            <p> 29. Carapace dorsally with 2 epigastric, 4 protogastric, and 2 postcervical spines only. Pleonal tergites 2–4 with 2 transverse ridges. P2–4 spineless on lateral surface of meri, carpi and propodi..........................  G. quinquespinosa (Balss, 1913)</p>
            <p> – Carapace dorsally with numerous spines other than 2 epigastric, 4 protogastric and 2 postcervical spines. Pleonal tergites 2–4 with 2 transverse ridges each followed by additional stria. P2–4 with spines on lateral surface of meri, carpi and propodi......................................................................................  G. lumaria Baba, 2005</p>
            <p> 30. Rostrum with 3 lateral teeth...........................................................  G. patae Osawa, 2006</p>
            <p>– Rostrum with 4 or 5 lateral teeth........................................................................ 31</p>
            <p>31. Rostrum with 5 lateral teeth........................................................................... 32</p>
            <p>– Rostrum with 4 lateral teeth........................................................................... 39</p>
            <p> 32. Epipods absent on P1–3................................................................  G. tropis Baba, 2005</p>
            <p>– Epipods present only on P1............................................................................ 33</p>
            <p>33. Two or more epigastric spines.......................................................................... 34</p>
            <p>– Epigastric spines absent............................................................................... 38</p>
            <p>34. Distoflexor angle of P2–4 meri with 2 spines.............................................................. 35</p>
            <p>– Distoflexor angle of P2–4 meri with 1 spine............................................................... 36</p>
            <p> 35. Hepatic region with 2 or 3 spines. Carapace with numerous scale-like ridges on gastric region. Mxp3 merus with flexor distal spine smaller than proximal spine.............................  G. multicristata Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Hepatic region unarmed. Carapace with few scale-like ridges on gastric region. Mxp3 merus with flexor distal spine subequal to proximal spine...............................................  G. ciliosa Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 36. Posterior branchial region with 6–8 transverse ridges..................  G. inermis Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Posterior branchial region with 4 or 5 transverse ridges....................................................... 37</p>
            <p> 37. Rostrum less than 1.5 times longer than broad. P2 merus less than 5 times longer than broad...  G. sanctae Macpherson, 2012</p>
            <p> – Rostrum more than 1.5 times longer than broad. P2 merus more than 5 times longer than broad.....................................................................................  G. paulae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 38. Posterior branchial region behind mid-transverse ridge with 5 or 6 ridges. Gastric region with 4 or 5 uninterrupted or interrupted transverse ridges................................................................  G. sinensis Dong &amp; Li, 2010</p>
            <p> – Posterior branchial region behind mid-transverse ridge with 8 or 9 ridges. Gastric region with 9 or 10 uninterrupted or interrupted ridges.........................................................................  G. multilineata Balss, 1913</p>
            <p>39. Rostrum truncate.................................................................................... 40</p>
            <p>– Rostrum triangular, not truncate......................................................................... 42</p>
            <p> 40. Epigastric spines absent............................................................  G. formosa De Man, 1902</p>
            <p>– Epigastric spines present.............................................................................. 41</p>
            <p> 41. Ground color of body red.............................................................  G. pilosa De Man, 1888</p>
            <p> – Ground color of body blue....................................  G. polyphemus Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>42. Carapace with cardiac spines........................................................................... 43</p>
            <p>– Carapace without cardiac spines........................................................................ 49</p>
            <p>43. Antennular basal article with 2 well-developed terminal spines, distomesial spine minute or obsolescent............... 44</p>
            <p>– Antennular basal article with 3 well-developed terminal spines................................................ 48</p>
            <p> 44. Carapace unarmed on protogastric region..........................  G. samadiae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Carapace with 1 or 2 spines on protogastric region.......................................................... 45</p>
            <p> 45. Carapace with 1 median spine on protogastric ridge; 1 parahepatic spine on each side.......  G. echinata Macpherson, 2012</p>
            <p>– Carapace with 2 small median spines on protogastric ridge; 2 or 3 parahepatic spines on each side.................... 46</p>
            <p> 46. Metagastric region with 2 spines.........................................................  G. robusta Baba, 1990</p>
            <p>– Metagastric region unarmed............................................................................ 47</p>
            <p> 47. Cardiac region with 2 median spines. Posterior branchial area with one spine on each side, behind mid-transverse ridge.........................................................................................  G. bicornis sp. nov.</p>
            <p> – Cardiac region with 4–6 median spines. Posterior branchial area unarmed behind mid-transverse ridge...............................................................................  G. sentosa Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 48. Carapace with 1 strong median spine on protogastric ridge.............................  G. profunda Macpherson, 2012</p>
            <p> – Carapace with 2 small median spines on protogastric ridge...........................  G. barbellata Macpherson, 2012</p>
            <p>49. Gastric region with all ridges scale-like, usually arcuate (at most epigastric or protogastric ridges transverse with multiple interruptions)....................................................................................... 50</p>
            <p>– Gastric region with some ridges not scale-like.............................................................. 75</p>
            <p> 50. Ocular peduncles elongate, more than 2.5 times longer than broad....  G. longioculata Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Ocular peduncles short, clearly less than twice longer than broad............................................... 51</p>
            <p>51. Branchial region of carapace with at least 1 dorsal spine..................................................... 52</p>
            <p>– Branchial region of carapace without dorsal spines.......................................................... 63</p>
            <p>52. Epigastric spines absent. Rostrum at least twice longer than wide.............................................. 53</p>
            <p>– Epigastric spines present. Rostrum less than twice longer than wide............................................ 55</p>
            <p> 53. Rostrum twice longer than wide.................................................  G. genkai Miyake &amp; Baba, 1964</p>
            <p>– Rostrum more than 2.5 times longer than broad............................................................. 54</p>
            <p> 54. P2 more than twice carapace length. P2 merus more than 6 times longer than broad..............................................................................................  G. gladiola Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – P2 less than twice carapace length. P2 merus less than 6 times longer than broad..............................................................................................  G. machaera Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 55. P2–4 meri each with 2 spines at distoflexor angle (1 spine sometimes absent in small specimens)...................................................................................  G. lepidota Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– P2–4 meri each with 1 spine at distoflexor angle............................................................ 56</p>
            <p>56. Carapace with 1 postcervical spine on each side............................................................ 57</p>
            <p>– Carapace without postcervical spines..................................................................... 58</p>
            <p> 57. Anterior branchial region unarmed. Epipods only on P1..................  G. cymo Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Anterior branchial region with spines. Epipods on P1–3..............................  G. subsquamata Stimpson, 1858</p>
            <p>58. Epipod only on P1................................................................................... 59</p>
            <p>– Epipods on P1–3..................................................................................... 60</p>
            <p> 59. P1 fingers clearly longer than palm................................  G. acerata Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – P1 fingers clearly shorter than palm.................................................  G. longimana Paul’son, 1875 </p>
            <p> 60. Carapace lateral margin without spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin........................................................................  G. polydora Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Carapace lateral margin with spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin............. 61</p>
            <p> 61. Distomesial spine of antennal article 1 nearly reaching end of peduncle. P2 merus 4.9–5.3 times as long as broad....................................................................................  G. johnsoni Lin &amp; Osawa, 2016</p>
            <p>– Distomesial spine of antennal article 1 slightly exceeding end of article 2. P2 merus 3.2–3.4 times as long as broad....... 62</p>
            <p> 62. Carapace as long as broad. Ridges on posterior half of carapace behind mid-transverse ridge usually laterally scale-like. Rostrum less than 1.5 times longer than broad. P2–4 propodi more than 4 times longer than broad...........................................................................................  G. peitho Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Carapace longer than broad. Ridges on posterior half of carapace usually laterally uninterrupted and never scale-like. Rostrum more than 1.5 times longer than broad. P2–4 propodi 4 times longer than broad.................  G. aculeata Haswell, 1882</p>
            <p>63. Epipods absent on P1–3............................................................................... 64</p>
            <p>– Epipods at least on P1................................................................................. 66</p>
            <p> 64. Carapace with 2 epigastric spines.......................................................  G. squamea Baba, 1979</p>
            <p>– Carapace without epigastric spines...................................................................... 65</p>
            <p> 65. Carapace lateral margin with spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin. Antennular article 1 with small distomesial spine.........................................................  G. ryuguu Osawa, 2015</p>
            <p> – Carapace lateral margin without spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin. Antennular article 1 with well-developed distomesial spine............  G. lopisma Macpherson, Rodríguez-Flores &amp; Machordom, 2023</p>
            <p>66. Epigastric spines absent............................................................................... 67</p>
            <p>– Epigastric spines present.............................................................................. 69</p>
            <p> 67. Body color white, with numerous large red spots. P1-4 with white and red bands........  G. chura Osawa &amp; Higashiji, 2012</p>
            <p>– Body color and pereiopods brown or orange............................................................... 68</p>
            <p> 68. Scale-like ridges on meta and mesogastric areas arcuate. P2–4 meri 2.5–2.7 times as long as broad. Short setae on dorsal carapace surface simple.......................................  G. lemniscata Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Scale-like ridges on meta and mesogastric areas transverse, not arcuate. P2–4 meri 4.0 times as long as broad. Short setae on dorsal carapace surface plumose............................................................  G. arani sp. nov.</p>
            <p> 69. Epipods on P1–2..............................................  G. poupini Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Epipods only on P1................................................................................... 70</p>
            <p>70. Carapace with all ridges between mid-transverse ridge and posterior ridge scale-like............................... 71</p>
            <p>– Carapace with at least 2 medially uninterrupted ridges between mid-transverse ridge and posterior ridge............... 73</p>
            <p> 71. Carapace with 2 epigastric spines.................................................  G. submagnifica Laurie, 1926</p>
            <p>– Carapace with at least 4 epigastric spines................................................................. 72</p>
            <p> 72. Carapace without parahepatic spines................................  G. waiora Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Carapace with 1 parahepatic spine on each side......................  G. furfurea Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 73. P2–3 meri each with 2 spines at distoflexor angle.......................................  G. magnifica Haswell, 1882</p>
            <p>– P2–3 meri each with 1 spine at distoflexor angle............................................................ 74</p>
            <p> 74. Pterygostomian facial spine present...............................  G. bracteosa Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Pterygostomian facial spine absent.............................  G. schnabelae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>75. Carapace with well-developed median mesogastric spine..................................................... 76</p>
            <p>– Carapace without median mesogastric spine, at most minute spines............................................. 77</p>
            <p> 76. Epipods on P1......................................  G. acaena Macpherson, Rodríguez-Flores &amp; Machordom, 2023</p>
            <p> – Epipods absent on P1–3............................................................  G. babai Dong &amp; Li, 2010</p>
            <p>77. Antennular basal article with 2 well-developed terminal spines, distomesial spine minute or obsolescent, clearly not reaching midlength of distolateral spine.......................................................................... 78</p>
            <p>– Antennular basal article with 3 well-developed terminal spines, distomesial spine always reaching or exceeding midlength of distolateral spine.................................................................................... 105</p>
            <p> 78. Sternite 4 clearly broader than sternite 5........................  G. hispidissima Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Sternite 4 narrower than sternite 5....................................................................... 79</p>
            <p>79. Rostrum extremely narrow, 2.5–3.5 times longer than broad.................................................. 80</p>
            <p>– Rostrum relatively broad, 2.0 times longer than broad or less than so........................................... 85</p>
            <p> 80. Carapace with pair of epigastric spines only.........................  G. ganindo Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Carapace with 4 or more epigastric spines................................................................. 81</p>
            <p> 81. Hepatic spine absent.............................................  G. perone Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Hepatic spine present................................................................................. 82</p>
            <p> 82. Anterior protogastric ridge interrupted or scale-like...................  G. scolopia Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Anterior protogastric ridge uninterrupted.................................................................. 83</p>
            <p> 83. Pleonal tergites 2–3 with 2 uninterrupted ridges.....................  G. rhaphidia Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Pleonal tergites 2–3 with 4 uninterrupted or interrupted ridges................................................. 84</p>
            <p> 84. Rostrum with distalmost lateral teeth minute, clearly smaller than distal second teeth............................................................................................  G. tribulosa Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Rostrum with distalmost lateral teeth well-developed, slightly smaller than distal second teeth...................................................................................................  G. inconspicua Henderson, 1885</p>
            <p>85. Carapace without or with 2 epigastric spines only.......................................................... 86</p>
            <p>– Carapace with 4 or more epigastric spines and often with spinules on hepatic and branchial regions................... 96</p>
            <p>86. Pterygostomian flap with facial spine on anterior part........................................................ 87</p>
            <p>– Pterygostomian flap unarmed on surface.................................................................. 90</p>
            <p>87. Epipods on P1–3..................................................................................... 88</p>
            <p>– Epipods on P1 and rarely on P2......................................................................... 89</p>
            <p> 88. Parahepatic spine present. Rostrum triangular..........................  G. clarki Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Parahepatic spine absent. Rostrum trapezoidal.....................  G. rubrispina Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 89. Carapace without epigastric and parahepatic spines...........................................  G. dianthus sp. nov.</p>
            <p> – Carapace with epigastric and parahepatic spines.....................  G. cymothoe Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>90. Epipods absent on P1–3............................................................................... 91</p>
            <p>– Epipods present at least on P1.......................................................................... 93</p>
            <p> 91. Hepatic spine present..........................................  G. eucrante Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Hepatic spine absent.................................................................................. 92</p>
            <p> 92. Carapace lateral margin with spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin. Pleonal tergites 2–3 with 2 transverse ridges.................................................................  G. pennata sp. nov.</p>
            <p> – Carapace lateral margin without spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin. Pleonal tergites 2–3 with 4 or 5 transverse ridges.............................................  G. yamashitai Miyake &amp; Baba, 1967</p>
            <p> 93. Carapace with 1 parahepatic spine on each side......................  G. barbata Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Carapace without parahepatic spines..................................................................... 94</p>
            <p> 94. Mxp3 merus with flexor distal spine smaller than proximal spine. Rostrum triangular..............  G. hispida Baba, 2005</p>
            <p>– Mxp3 merus with flexor distal spine subequal to proximal spine. Rostrum nearly truncate........................... 95</p>
            <p> 95. Rostrum 2.0 times longer than broad; lateral margins convex; lateral spines small and shallowly incised.............................................................................  G. phalangis Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Rostrum 1.5–1.7 times longer than broad; lateral margins straight; lateral spines sharp and deeply incised...........................................................................  G. punctata Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 96. Epipods absent on P1–3...........................................  G. micra Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Epipods present at least on P1........................................................................... 97</p>
            <p>97. Rostral lateral teeth shallowly incised. P1 fingers distally ending in incurved teeth to cross each other when closed...... 98</p>
            <p>– Rostral lateral teeth deeply incised. P1 fingers distally spooned................................................ 99</p>
            <p> 98. Anterior metagastric ridge continued laterally on anterior branchial ridges....................  G. albatrossae Baba, 1988</p>
            <p> – Anterior metagastric ridge not continued laterally on anterior branchial ridges..................................................................................................  G. pauxilla Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 99. P2 propodus more than 8 times longer than broad...................  G. caesariata Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– P2 propodus less than 8 times longer than broad........................................................... 100</p>
            <p>100. Carapace with some anterior branchial and postcervical spines............................................... 101</p>
            <p>– Carapace without anterior branchial and postcervical spines (rarely 1–2 minute spines)............................ 102</p>
            <p> 101. Distomesial spine of antennular basal article very small but distinct......................  G. pubescens Stimpson, 1858</p>
            <p> – Distomesial spine of antennular basal article obsolescent................  G. crinita Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 102. Anterior protogastric ridge with median prominent convexity, with 2 minute spines and some thick long setae.................................................................................................  G. gibbosa sp. nov.</p>
            <p>– Anterior protogastric ridge without median prominent convexity, unarmed and without thick long setae............... 103</p>
            <p> 103. Distomesial spine of antennular article 1 distinct. Ridges on dorsal surface of carapace with dense short plumose setae................................................................  G. pascualae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Distomesial spine of antennular article 1 obsolescent....................................................... 104</p>
            <p> 104. Rostrum lanceolate..............................................  G. villosa Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Rostrum narrowly triangular.....................................  G. tagaloa Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>105. Carapace without epigastric spines..................................................................... 106</p>
            <p>– Carapace with epigastric spines........................................................................ 129</p>
            <p>106. Epipods absent on P1–3.............................................................................. 107</p>
            <p>– Epipods present at least on P1......................................................................... 114</p>
            <p> 107. Anterior metagastric ridge usually extending laterally to anterior branchial ridges...............................................................................................  G. politula Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Anterior metagastric ridge not extending laterally to anterior branchial ridges.................................... 108</p>
            <p> 108. Hepatic spine present...................................................................  G. lenis Baba, 1969</p>
            <p>– Hepatic spine absent................................................................................. 109</p>
            <p> 109. Carapace distinctly longer than broad.........................................  G. omanensis Tirmizi &amp; Javed, 1993</p>
            <p>– Carapace slightly broader than long or nearly as long as broad................................................ 110</p>
            <p>110. Scale-like ridge behind midpoint of anterior protogastric ridge. Rostrum 1.8–2.0 times as long as broad............... 111</p>
            <p>– No scale-like ridge behind midpoint of anterior protogastric ridge. Rostrum 1.2 times as long as broad................ 113</p>
            <p> 111. Spines on flexor margin of Mxp3 merus subequal..................................  G. bengala Tirmizi &amp; Javed, 1993</p>
            <p>– Proximal spine on flexor margin of Mxp3 merus much longer than distal spine.................................. 112</p>
            <p> 112. Anterior protogastric ridge medially interrupted. Rostral lateral teeth shallowly incised.........................................................................................  G. connudata Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Anterior protogastric ridge medially uninterrupted. Rostral lateral teeth deeply incised...........................................................................................  G. anoplos Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 113. Branchial carapace margin with 5 spines...................................  G. rubromaculata Miyake &amp; Baba, 1967</p>
            <p> – Branchial carapace margin with 4 spines.........................  G. nicobarica Tiwari, Padate, Cubelio &amp; Osawa, 2022</p>
            <p>114. Epipods present only on P1........................................................................... 115</p>
            <p>– Epipods present on P1–3............................................................................. 125</p>
            <p>115. Carapace without hepatic spine........................................................................ 116</p>
            <p>– Carapace with hepatic spine........................................................................... 118</p>
            <p>116. Carapace lateral margin without spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin; mesogastric ridge scale-like..................................................................................... 117</p>
            <p> – Carapace lateral margin with spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin; mesogastric ridge medially uninterrupted............................................  G. eione Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 117. One median scale behind anterior protogastric ridge. Mxp3 merus with distal spine on extensor margin................................................................................  G. psylla Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Median scale behind anterior protogastric ridge absent. Mxp3 merus without distal spine on extensor margin....................................................................................  G. bimaculata Miyake &amp; Baba, 1966</p>
            <p>118. Anterior metagastric ridge extending laterally to anterior branchial ridges...................................... 119</p>
            <p>– Anterior metagastric ridge not extending laterally to anterior branchial ridges.................................... 121</p>
            <p> 119. Pleonal tergites 2–3 each with 4 transverse ridges......................................  G. ternatensis De Man, 1902</p>
            <p>– Pleonal tergites 2–3 each with 2 transverse ridges.......................................................... 120</p>
            <p> 120. Rostrum 1.5–1.6 times as long as broad...........................  G. melobosis Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Rostrum as long as broad.................................................................  G. aurata sp. nov.</p>
            <p> 121. P2 merus more than 4 times longer than broad. P2 propodus 5 or more times longer than broad....................................................................................  G. patriciae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– P2 merus less than 4 times longer than broad. P2 propodus less than 5 times longer than broad...................... 122</p>
            <p>122. Carapace lateral margin with spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin............. 123</p>
            <p> – Carapace lateral margin without small but distinct spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin....................................................................  G. maculiabdominalis Baba, 1972</p>
            <p>123. Carapace with 2 uninterrupted ridges behind mid-transverse ridge; anterior protogastric ridge usually medially uninterrupted.................................................................................................. 124</p>
            <p> – Carapace with at most 1 uninterrupted ridge behind mid-transverse ridge of carapace (rarely more than one); anterior protogastric ridge usually medially interrupted...................................................  G. providentia Laurie, 1926</p>
            <p> 124. Parahepatic spine on each side.................................  G. boisselierae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Parahepatic spine absent...................................  G. kalingasagara Tiwari, Padate, Cubelio &amp; Osawa, 2024</p>
            <p> 125. Carapace without hepatic spine.............................................  G. boninensis Miyake &amp; Baba, 1965</p>
            <p>– Carapace with hepatic spinule(s)....................................................................... 126</p>
            <p>126. Anterior branchial margin with 3 spines................................................................. 127</p>
            <p>– Anterior branchial margin with 2 spines................................................................. 128</p>
            <p> 127. Carapace with 4 uninterrupted ridges behind mid-transverse ridge; male with G1–2..........  G. amboinensis De Man, 1888</p>
            <p> – Carapace with 2 uninterrupted ridges behind mid-transverse ridge; male with G2 only...............  G. inflata Potts, 1915</p>
            <p> 128. P1 palm more than 3 times longer than broad. Crista dentata of Mxp3 ischium with 14–20 teeth.................................................................................................  G. leptocheir Baba &amp; Fujita, 2008</p>
            <p> – P1 palm twice longer than broad. Crista dentata of Mxp3 ischium with 8 teeth....................................................................................................  G. rangi Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 129. Double distomesial spine on antennular article 1..........................  G. calcifer Rodríguez-Flores &amp; Giribet, 2024</p>
            <p>– Distomesial spine on antennular article 1 simple.......................................................... 130</p>
            <p>130. Carapace always with 4 or more epigastric spines.......................................................... 131</p>
            <p> – Carapace with 2 epigastric spines only (but see  G. spinosorostris )............................................. 132 </p>
            <p> 131. Epipods present on P1–3. P2–4 meri each with 2 spines at distoflexor angle.  G. hydrae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Epipods present on P1. P2–4 meri each with 1 spine at distoflexor angle...  G. pubipes Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 132. Rostrum as long as broad; lateral margins strongly convex (subparallel between basal first and second incisions)...................................................................................  G. cymbulaerostris Tirmizi, 1966</p>
            <p>– Rostrum at least 1.2 times longer than broad; lateral margins straight or slightly convex (breadth smaller between basal second incisions than between basal incisions).................................................................. 133</p>
            <p>133. Epipods absent on P1–3.............................................................................. 134</p>
            <p>– Epipods present at least on P1......................................................................... 151</p>
            <p> 134. P1 fingers not spooned distally, distally ending in incurved spines to cross each other when closed................................................................................................  G. longimanoides Johnson, 1970</p>
            <p>– P1 fingers distally spooned............................................................................ 135</p>
            <p> 135. P2 merus more than 5 times longer than broad. Lateral rostral teeth shallowly incised...........................................................................................  G. minutiae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– P2 merus less than 5 times longer than broad. Lateral rostral teeth usually deeply incised........................... 136</p>
            <p>136. Flexor margin of Mxp3 merus with proximal spine clearly stronger than distal spine.............................. 137</p>
            <p>– Flexor margin of Mxp3 merus with subequal spines or proximal slightly longer than distal......................... 146</p>
            <p> 137. Hepatic spine present...............................................  G. ceti Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Hepatic spine absent................................................................................. 138</p>
            <p>138. Parahepatic spine present............................................................................. 139</p>
            <p>– Parahepatic spine absent.............................................................................. 141</p>
            <p> 139. Posterior branchial region with 6–8 ridges. Rostrum trapezoidal........................  G. balssi Miyake &amp; Baba, 1964</p>
            <p>– Posterior branchial region at most with 5 ridges. Rostrum triangular........................................... 140</p>
            <p> 140. Rostrum twice longer than broad. Flexor margin of Mxp3 merus with 3 spines...................................................................................................  G. galene Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Rostrum less than twice longer than broad. Flexor margin of Mxp3 merus with 2 spines....  G. raventosae Macpherson, 2012</p>
            <p> 141. Carapace without scale-like stria behind anterior protogastric ridge. Mxp3 merus with large flexor distal spine..........................................................................................  G. nasimae Karasawa, 2019</p>
            <p>– Carapace with scale-like stria behind anterior protogastric ridge. Mxp3 merus with small flexor distal spine........... 142</p>
            <p> 142. Carapace with numerous long iridescent setae; posterior protogastric ridge divided into some scale-like ridges; median scale-like ridge with some long iridescent setae............................  G. paleroi Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Carapace without or with a few long iridescent setae; posterior protogastric ridge with median scale-like ridge only, with or without 2 long setae................................................................................. 143</p>
            <p> 143. Pterygostomian flap largely visible in dorsal view.............  G. quadrangularis Tiwari, Padate, Cubelio &amp; Osawa, 2024</p>
            <p>– Pterygostomian flap not visible in dorsal view............................................................ 144</p>
            <p>144. P1 fingers longer than or as long as palm. Distomesial spine of antennal article 1 exceeding antennal article 3.......... 145</p>
            <p> – P1 fingers shorter than palm. Distomesial spine of antennal article 1 at most reaching end of antennal article 3............................................................................................  G. anepipoda Baba, 1990</p>
            <p> 145. Lateral rostral teeth shallowly incised.............................  G. bharata Tiwari, Padate, Cubelio &amp; Osawa, 2024</p>
            <p> – Lateral rostral teeth deeply incised...................................  G. gruis Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 146. Anterior protogastric ridge strongly convex medially. Mesogastric and metagastric ridges scale-like................................................................................  G. erythrina Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Anterior protogastric ridge transverse or slightly convex medially. Mesogastric and metagastric ridges not scale-like.... 147</p>
            <p> 147. Mesogastric or/and metagastric ridges medially interrupted...........  G. anouchkae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Mesogastric and metagastric ridges medially uninterrupted.................................................. 148</p>
            <p> 148. Carapace without scale-like median ridge behind protogastric ridge........  G. argus Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Carapace with scale-like median ridge behind protogastric ridge.............................................. 149</p>
            <p> 149. Mxp3 merus with extensor margin unarmed.......................  G. tirmiziae Tiwari, Padate, Cubelio &amp; Osawa, 2022</p>
            <p>– Mxp3 merus with small distal spine on extensor margin..................................................... 150</p>
            <p> 150. P2–4 propodi 3.5–4.0 times longer than broad. Base color light brown.....................  G. consobrina De Man, 1902</p>
            <p> – P2–4 propodi 4.5–4.8 times longer than broad. Base color green..........  G. tagaro Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>151. Epipods present at least on P1–2....................................................................... 152</p>
            <p>– Epipods present on P1 only........................................................................... 155</p>
            <p>152. Epipods present on P1–2. Pterygostomian flap unarmed on surface............................................ 153</p>
            <p>– Epipods present on P1–3. Pterygostomian flap with facial spine on anterior part.................................. 154</p>
            <p> 153. Mxp3 merus with distal spine on extensor margin. Distomesial spine of antennal article 1 reaching end of article 3.....................................................................  G. parvula Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Mxp3 merus without distal spine on extensor margin. Distomesial spine of antennal article 1 exceeding antennal peduncle..............................................................  G. lemaitrei Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 154. Pleonal tergite 2 with 2–3 ridges behind anterior ridge...............................  G. australiensis Stimpson, 1858</p>
            <p> – Pleonal tergite 2 with 1 ridge behind anterior ridge....................  G. minima Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>155. Pterygostomian flap with facial spine on anterior part....................................................... 156</p>
            <p>– Pterygostomian flap unarmed on surface................................................................. 160</p>
            <p> 156. Carapace with scattered feathered setae and scale-like median stria behind protogastric ridge..................................................................................................  G. coralliophilus Baba &amp; Oh, 1990</p>
            <p>– Carapace without both scattered feathered setae and scale-like median stria behind protogastric ridge................. 157</p>
            <p> 157. Carapace with 1 parahepatic spine on each side.....................  G. eupompe Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Carapace without parahepatic spine..................................................................... 158</p>
            <p>158. Pleonal tergite 2 with 2 transverse ridges................................................................. 159</p>
            <p> – Pleonal tergite 2 with 4 transverse ridges.............................................  G. corallicola Haswell, 1882</p>
            <p> 159. Carapace lateral margin without spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin.....................................................................................  G. ohshimai Miyake &amp; Baba, 1967</p>
            <p> – Carapace lateral margin with small but distinct spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin..............................................................................  G. orientalis Stimpson, 1858</p>
            <p>160. Carapace without hepatic and parahepatic spines.......................................................... 161</p>
            <p>– Carapace with hepatic and/or parahepatic spines........................................................... 167</p>
            <p> 161. P2–4 meri each with 2 spines at distoflexor angle......................................  G. brevimana Paul’son, 1875 </p>
            <p>– P2–4 meri each with 1 spine at distsoflexor angle.......................................................... 162</p>
            <p> 162. Carapace lateral margin without spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin....................................................................  G. machordomae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Carapace lateral margin with spine between anterolateral spine and anteriormost spine of branchial margin............ 163</p>
            <p> 163. Mxp3 merus with flexor distal spine clearly smaller than proximal spine....................  G. tanegashimae Baba, 1969</p>
            <p>– Mxp3 merus with flexor distal spine subequal to or slightly larger than proximal spine............................ 164</p>
            <p> 164. Anterior branchial margin with 3 spines.............................  G. eridani Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Anterior branchial margin with 2 spines................................................................. 165</p>
            <p> 165. Rostral lateral teeth shallowly incised...............................  G. mariae Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Rostral lateral teeth deeply incised...................................................................... 166</p>
            <p> 166. Carapace with 4 uninterrupted ridges between mid-transverse ridge and posterior margin. Pleonal tergites 2–3 with several ridges behind anterior ridge...............................................  G. whiteleggi Grant &amp; McCulloch, 1906</p>
            <p> – Carapace with 2 uninterrupted ridges between mid-transverse ridge and posterior margin. Pleonal tergites 2–3 without additional ridges behind anterior ridge.........................................  G. atua Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>167. Carapace with both hepatic and parahepatic spines on each side.............................................. 168</p>
            <p>– Carapace with either 1 hepatic or 1 parahepatic spine on each side............................................ 173</p>
            <p>168. Anterior protogastric ridge medially interrupted with median scale-ridge....................................... 169</p>
            <p> – Anterior protogastric ridge uninterrupted (rarely interrupted in  G. eulimene )..................................... 170 </p>
            <p> 169. P2 merus 4 times longer than broad. P2 more than twice carapace length...  G. leporis Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – P2 merus 3 times longer than broad. P2 twice carapace length or less than so.  G. tongi Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 170. P1 movable finger with row of strong spines on mesial margin. Posterior median margin of pleonal somite 6 usually convex..............................................................................  G. spinosorostris Dana, 1852</p>
            <p>– P1 movable finger unarmed or with small proximal spines on mesial margin. Posterior median margin of pleonal somite 6 straight........................................................................................... 171</p>
            <p> 171. P1 palm without row of small spine on dorsal surface..................  G. cephyra Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– P1 palm with row of small spines on dorsal surface........................................................ 172</p>
            <p> 172. P2–4 propodi 3–4 times longer than broad...................................................  G. algae Baba, 1969</p>
            <p> – P2–4 propodi 5 times longer than broad............................  G. eulimene Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>173. Mxp3 merus with flexor distal spine subequal to or slightly larger than proximal spine............................ 174</p>
            <p>– Mxp3 merus with flexor distal spine clearly smaller than proximal spine........................................ 176</p>
            <p> 174. Carapace with parahepatic spine, without hepatic spine.................  G. gnoma Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Carapace without parahepatic spine, with hepatic spine..................................................... 175</p>
            <p> 175. Rostral lateral teeth shallowly incised....................................  G. denticulata Macpherson &amp; Cleva, 2010</p>
            <p> – Rostral lateral teeth deeply incised...................................  G. ploto Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> 176. Carapace with 1 hepatic spine, but without parahepatic spine..............  G. halia Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p>– Carapace without hepatic spine, but with parahepatic spine.................................................. 177</p>
            <p> 177. Distomesial spine of antennal article 1 exceeding antennal peduncle. Antennal article 3 unarmed....................................................................................  G. autahi Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
            <p> – Distomesial spine of antennal article 1 only reaching end of article 2. Antennal article 3 with distomesial spine.......................................................................  G. lingadua Macpherson &amp; Robainas-Barcia, 2015</p>
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	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A25F535A3C71FFDE23B6FA8AFA79D355	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Macpherson, Enrique;Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C.;Machordom, Annie	Macpherson, Enrique, Rodríguez-Flores, Paula C., Machordom, Annie (2025): New species of Galathea Fabricius, 1793 and Nanogalathea Tirmizi & Javed, 1980 (Crustacea: Decapoda, Galatheidae) from the Western Pacific. Zootaxa 5570 (3): 447-483, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5570.3.2
