identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
BB2787C35C11FFD1E4F594F2A6F2B9C3.text	BB2787C35C11FFD1E4F594F2A6F2B9C3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psilocladia indica M. Singh, Lenka & N. Singh 2025	<div><p>Psilocladia indica M. Singh, Lenka &amp; N. Singh,  sp. nov.</p><p>urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 00D5F0FA-4745-488F-8604-009E992E6278</p><p>(Figs. 1–4, 9–10, 12–13)</p><p>Material examined:</p><p>Holotype: ♂, India, Arunachal Pradesh, West Kameng district, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.4829&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.1949" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.4829/lat 27.1949)">Upper Singchung</a>, 29.iv.2022, Alt. 1533.4 m, 27.1949ᵒN 92.4829ᵒE, D. Mitra leg.</p><p>Paratypes (1 ♂, 9 ♀): India, Odisha, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=85.0826&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=20.1053" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 85.0826/lat 20.1053)">Angul district</a>, 1 ♂, 4 ♀, Karadei, 3.iv.2022, Alt. 79.4 m, 20.1053ᵒN 85.0826ᵒE, R. Lenka leg.   Arunachal Pradesh, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=92.1122&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=27.1041" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 92.1122/lat 27.1041)">West Kameng district</a>, 1 ♀, Kalakthang, 10.vi.2022, Alt. 345.3 m, 27.1041ᵒN 92.1122ᵒE, D. Mitra leg. ;  2 ♀, Tenga, Husi gaon, 12.vi.2023, Alt. 1282 m, 27.2196ᵒN 92.6098ᵒE, P. Chatterjee leg.;  1 ♀, Tenga, Helipad, 15.vi.2023, Alt. 1624 m, 27.1995ᵒN 92.5019ᵒE, P. Chatterjee leg.;  1 ♀, Dirang, Sagar basti, 24.vii.2023, Alt. 1741 m, 27.3316ᵒN 92.2661ᵒE, P. Chatterjee leg.</p><p>Diagnosis (Figs. 1–4): Externally,  P. indica sp. nov. resemble  P. obliquata (Fig. 5). However, the new species is significantly smaller in size with a forewing length of 10–13 mm compared to approximately 18 mm in  P. obliquata .  Psilocladia indica sp. nov. is distinct by the forewing with a broad, obliquely straight medial line from inner margin to lower edge of the cell, then narrower towards the costa with a distinctive inward curve within the cell and a conspicuous dark brown triangular patch on the inner margin; hindwing with a more prominent antemedial line. Whereas in  P. obliquata, medial line of forewing is partially double between the inner margin and the lower edge of the cell and subsequently running obliquely straight to the costa; also a postmedial series of dark brown spots on each vein from the costa to CuA2, which is absent in  P. indica sp. nov.</p><p>In male genitalia,  P. indica sp. nov. (Figs. 9–10) is distinct from  P. obliquata (Fig. 11) by its symmetrical pair of furca, arising straightly from their bulbous bases, as well as a markedly longer uncus and a shorter medial process of the gnathos. In contrast, male genitalia of  P. obliquata bear basely curved, asymmetrical furca: the left one significantly longer.</p><p>In the female genitalia (Figs. 12–13),  P. indica sp. nov. is distinct from  P. obliquata (Fig. 14) by its significantly larger signum, which has a small medial concavity and transverse ends terminating in spines, giving it a somewhat groundnut-shaped appearance. In  P. obliquata, the signum is oval, distinctly smaller, with a large medial concavity and small spines around its periphery.</p><p>Furthermore,  P. indica sp. nov. is distinct from its other three congeners,  P. repudiosa (Fig. 6),  P. diaereta (Fig. 7), and  P. loxostigma (Fig. 8), by its dark brown wings that are basally infused with white. In  P. indica sp. nov., the outer margin of the hindwing exhibits reduced crenulation with a protruded apex at Rs. In contrast,  P. repudiosa displays less extended Rs into a tail but has deep crenulations along the outer margin. In  P. diaereta and  P. loxostigma, there is an excision between Rs and M3, which is more pronounced without a medial protrusion in  P. diaereta and shallower with a noticeable medial protrusion in  P. loxostigma .</p><p>Description: Head: Antennae simple and lamellate in both sexes. The frons yellow. Labial palpi are porrect and reach beyond the frons, with terminal segment gently drooping. The vertex is covered with long yellow scales. Ocellus well-developed and marked by pale yellow piliform scales. Thorax: The notum covered with smooth pale white scales. Patagia pale brown, while tegulae are white. The pleuron and sternum are pale brown. Legs feature a bunch of hair-pencil scaled basally on the fore tibia. The hind tibia has two pairs of spurs. The forewing length is 10–11 mm in males and 11–13 mm in females. Wings have a pale brown ground color, infused with grey scales. The forewing is elongated with a straight costa up to two-thirds then well arched with a subacute apex. The outer margin is more or less straight, the anal margin round and somewhat lobed, and the inner margin is slightly sinuous in the middle.</p><p>Forewing with transverse lines reddish brown; the antemedial line is short obliquely straight running from the inner margin to the edge of the cell; medial line is broad between the inner margin and the lower edge of the cell, then appears slender with an inward curve between the lower edge of the cell and costal margin. There is a broad prominent triangular or trapezoid reddish-brown patch at the inner margin of submarginal area. Sometimes an indistinct postmedial line, dark and highly curved near costal margin, runs obliquely straight to join the reddish-brown triangular or trapezoid patch; the basal part along the inner area is infused with white; cilia are brown.</p><p>Hindwing with costal margin straight, and the outer margin is produced at Rs. The medial and postmedial lines are more or less obliquely straight, with the latter originates from a small, dark brown triangular patch at the costa and slightly curved just before meeting the inner margin; cilia are the same as forewing. Discal spot absents in both wings. The underside of both wings is dark brown but in forewing, the area from basal to the outer margin above M3 is faded. The transverse line is darker. The hindwing has a postmedial line partially doubled from inner margin to CuA2. Abdomen: The dorsum is pale brown, mixed with pale yellow and black scales. The anal tuft is pale yellow.</p><p>Male genitalia (Figs. 9–10): The uncus is broad at the base, elongated, slender with a pointed apex. The lateral arms of the gnathos are weakly sclerotized, and the median process is short with numerous setal hairs. The valva is simple, broad, with a uniformly convexed ventral margin and an apex that is somewhat acute with slightly pointed apices; the costa is broad, and slightly incurved medially. A pair of symmetrical furca, arise straightly from the bulbous base. The aedeagus is short and slender with an apically acute extension; the vesica is membranous and has a weakly sclerotized patch.</p><p>Female genitalia (Figs. 12–13): Papillae anales are somewhat tapered and setosed. Posterior apophyses are typically long and slender. Anterior apophyses are extremely reduced and acute with pointed tips. The ductus bursae is slender and tubular. Corpus bursae has a broad, tube-like proximal part with moderate sclerotization where the ductus bursae conjoins with the corpus bursae. The posterior part is membranous, bearing a large signum with small medial concavity. The transverse ends of the signum terminate in a spine, giving it a groundnut-shaped appearance, with a few central minute spines scattered inside.</p><p>Bionomics:  Psilocladia indica sp. nov. is found in a variety of ecosystems (Figs. 15–18) ranging from lowland tropical forests to wet temperate forests, at altitude range up to 1800 m. These habitats are dominated by several prominent plant families, including  Rosaceae,  Ericaceae,  Passifloraceae,  Brassicaceae,  Lamiaceae,  Melastomataceae,  Fabaceae,  Betulaceae,  Asteraceae, and  Verbenaceae . The Eastern Ghats (India) too are markedly different from the habitats of its congeners in the Afrotropic. African species of  Psilocladia inhabit diverse ecosystems, such as coastal forests to grasslands ( P. obliquata) (Mapcarta 2024), tropical rainforests ( P. loxostigma and  P. repudiosa) (Linder et al. 2012) and urban areas with forest patches ( P. diaereta) (Kenya forest services (2024)).</p><p>Distribution: The new species is distributed in the Eastern Ghats (Odisha) and Himalayas (Arunachal Pradesh), India.</p><p>Etymology: The name of the species represents country of origin ‘India’.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB2787C35C11FFD1E4F594F2A6F2B9C3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Lenka, Rajesh;Chatterjee, Pallab;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Lenka, Rajesh, Chatterjee, Pallab, Singh, Navneet (2025): A new species of genus Psilocladia Warren from India, bridging the boundaries of Africa and Asia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Zootaxa 5594 (2): 316-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.4
BB2787C35C11FFD7E4F5932AA720BD15.text	BB2787C35C11FFD7E4F5932AA720BD15.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Psilocladia Warren 1898	<div><p>Genus  Psilocladia Warren, 1898</p><p>Psilocladia Warren, 1898, Novit. Zool. 5: 40.</p><p>TS:  Psilocladia obliquata Warren, 1898, Novit. Zool. 5: 40, by monotypy (TL: Northdene, Natal [South Africa])</p><p>Diagnosis: The genus  Psilocladia is closely related to an African genus  Xenimpia Warren, 1895, but can be diagnosed by its simple and lamellate antennae in both sexes. In male genitalia,  Psilocladia features a simple, elongated valva without any sclerotized structures, a pair of elongated furca (symmetrical or asymmetrical) with bulbous base, a slender and elongated aedeagus with a weakly sclerotized patch on vesica. The female genitalia exhibit a distinct large signum. In contrast, the females of  Xenimpia have simple antennae and males have pectinated antennae. The male genitalia of  Xenimpia display a short valva with sclerotized structures; furca absent; a small and broad aedeagus with one or two long cornuti in vesica. Female genitalia display a sclerotized patch but lacks signum.</p><p>Superficially,  Psilocladia also resembles  Zanclopera Warren, 1894 and Triginoptila Warren, 1894, currently, junior synonyms of an Indian genus  Krananda Moore, 1868 but  Psilocladia can be easily diagnosed from  Krananda by its antennal morphology (Warren 1898; Jiang et al. 2017). Besides this,  Psilocladia and  Krananda belong to different tribes, i.e.,  Gonodontini and  Boarmiini, respectively, which exhibit distinct characteristics (Holloway 1993 [1994]; Murillo-Ramos et al. 2019).</p><p>Distribution: South Africa, Malawi, Congo, Kenya, Cameroon (Warren 1898; Prout 1915, 1923; Staude &amp; Murphy 2011), India (New record).</p><p>Identification key to the currently known species of  Psilocladia</p><p>1. In forewing, outer marginal area characterized by fulvous area with a distinct small light subapical spot................. 2</p><p>• In forewing, outer marginal area without any fulvous area and light subapical spot.................................. 3</p><p>2. In forewing, an elongated pale subapical spot present; Hindwing with deeper excision on termen near apex between Rs and M3, with no protrusion in the middle.................................................................  P. diaereta</p><p>• In forewing, a small, pale subapical spot present; Hindwing with less excision on termen near apex with a slight protrusion in the middle on vein M1.......................................................................  P. loxostigma</p><p>3. In hindwing, postmedial line dark brown, distinct and clearly defined............................................ 4</p><p>• In hindwing, postmedial line represented by series of dark brown spots on each veins......................  P. repudiosa</p><p>4. In forewing, medial line partially doubled between the inner margin to lower edge of the cell, then continues as single, obliquely straight towards the costal margin...............................................................  P. obliquata</p><p>• In forewing, medial line broad, not doubled between the inner margin to lower edge of cell, then is display an inward curve towards the costal margin..................................................................  P. indica sp. nov.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BB2787C35C11FFD7E4F5932AA720BD15	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		MagnoliaPress via Plazi	Singh, Manpreet;Lenka, Rajesh;Chatterjee, Pallab;Singh, Navneet	Singh, Manpreet, Lenka, Rajesh, Chatterjee, Pallab, Singh, Navneet (2025): A new species of genus Psilocladia Warren from India, bridging the boundaries of Africa and Asia (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Ennominae). Zootaxa 5594 (2): 316-324, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.4, URL: https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5594.2.4
