taxonID	type	format	identifier	references	title	description	created	creator	contributor	publisher	audience	source	license	rightsHolder	datasetID
C52E87DEFFFB6D7A9A3849228DFDB4FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15519003/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15519003	FIG. 2. — Right squamosal of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut, Morales, Mein & Sanchez, 2008, referred specimen GSN BC 21’19 (photographs): A, B, part of the zygomatic process in posterior and ventral views, C-F, part of the external auditory meatus (postglenoid process and posttympanic process) in posterior,anterior,medial and lateral views.Abbreviations:bon tub, bony tuberosity of exoccipital; can temp, canalis temporalis;eam, external auditory meatus; EOC, exoccipital: gf, glenoid fossa; pgc, postglenoid canal; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; pty, posttympanic process; SQ, squamosal; sut, suture; temp f, temporal fossa (scale of the squamosal); zyg cr (br), zygomatic crest of the squamosal (broken); zyg pr, zygomatic process. Orientation axes: dors, dorsal; med, medial; lat, lateral; post, posterior. Photos by P. Loubry (CR2P, MNHN). Scale bar: 20 mm.	FIG. 2. — Right squamosal of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut, Morales, Mein & Sanchez, 2008, referred specimen GSN BC 21’19 (photographs): A, B, part of the zygomatic process in posterior and ventral views, C-F, part of the external auditory meatus (postglenoid process and posttympanic process) in posterior,anterior,medial and lateral views.Abbreviations:bon tub, bony tuberosity of exoccipital; can temp, canalis temporalis;eam, external auditory meatus; EOC, exoccipital: gf, glenoid fossa; pgc, postglenoid canal; pgf, postglenoid foramen; pgp, postglenoid process; pty, posttympanic process; SQ, squamosal; sut, suture; temp f, temporal fossa (scale of the squamosal); zyg cr (br), zygomatic crest of the squamosal (broken); zyg pr, zygomatic process. Orientation axes: dors, dorsal; med, medial; lat, lateral; post, posterior. Photos by P. Loubry (CR2P, MNHN). Scale bar: 20 mm.	2025-05-22	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin		Zenodo	biologists	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin			
C52E87DEFFFB6D7A9A3849228DFDB4FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15519007/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15519007	FIG. 3. — Occipital of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut, Morales, Mein & Sanchez, 2008, referred specimen GSN BC 21’19 (photographs): A, B, basioccipital with attached occipital condyles in dorsal and ventral views; C, D, supraoccipital, lower part, in posterior and anterior (internal) views; E, F, supraoccipital, damaged upper part, in posterior and anterior (internal) views. Abbreviations: Boc pr, basioccipital process for attachment of the posttympanic process of squamosal; bony tub, bony tuberosity; cb ec, cerebellum endocasts; fm, foramen magnum; hf, hypoglossal foramen; jf, jugular foramen; Nuch tub, nuchal tuberosity;Oc, occipital condyle;od n, odontoid notch of the foramen magnum;ot cav, otic cavity (place of the petrosal);vent k, ventral keel.Photos by P. Loubry (CR2P, MNHN). Scale bar: 20 mm.	FIG. 3. — Occipital of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut, Morales, Mein & Sanchez, 2008, referred specimen GSN BC 21’19 (photographs): A, B, basioccipital with attached occipital condyles in dorsal and ventral views; C, D, supraoccipital, lower part, in posterior and anterior (internal) views; E, F, supraoccipital, damaged upper part, in posterior and anterior (internal) views. Abbreviations: Boc pr, basioccipital process for attachment of the posttympanic process of squamosal; bony tub, bony tuberosity; cb ec, cerebellum endocasts; fm, foramen magnum; hf, hypoglossal foramen; jf, jugular foramen; Nuch tub, nuchal tuberosity;Oc, occipital condyle;od n, odontoid notch of the foramen magnum;ot cav, otic cavity (place of the petrosal);vent k, ventral keel.Photos by P. Loubry (CR2P, MNHN). Scale bar: 20 mm.	2025-05-22	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin		Zenodo	biologists	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin			
C52E87DEFFFB6D7A9A3849228DFDB4FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15519009/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15519009	FIG. 4. — Right petrosal of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut, Morales, Mein & Sanchez, 2008, referred specimen GSN BC 21’19 (photographs): A, lateral view; B, posteromedial view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations for petrosal morphology: acf, external aperture of the cochlear fossula; ca, cochlear aqueduct; ci, crista interfenestralis;cp, crista parotica;ea, eminantia arcuata;exo. con. surf. (broken), connecting surface of the right petrosal bone with the exoccipital; ew, epitympanic wing; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fsg, foramen singular; fv, fenestra vestibuli; iam, internal auditory meatus; pmc, petromastoid canal; pr, promontorium; rtp, rostral tympanic process; smn, stylomastoid notch; thy, tympanohyal; thyc f2, tympanohyal canal, posterolateral foramen; tt, tegmen tympani; ttf, tensor tympanic fossa; va, vestibular aqueduct. Orientation axes: ant, anterior; dors, dorsal; med, medial; lat, lateral; post, posterior; ventr, ventral. Photos by P. Loubry (CR2P, MNHN). Scale bars: 10 mm.	FIG. 4. — Right petrosal of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut, Morales, Mein & Sanchez, 2008, referred specimen GSN BC 21’19 (photographs): A, lateral view; B, posteromedial view; C, anterior view; D, posterior view. Abbreviations for petrosal morphology: acf, external aperture of the cochlear fossula; ca, cochlear aqueduct; ci, crista interfenestralis;cp, crista parotica;ea, eminantia arcuata;exo. con. surf. (broken), connecting surface of the right petrosal bone with the exoccipital; ew, epitympanic wing; fs, facial sulcus; fsa, fossa subarcuata; fsg, foramen singular; fv, fenestra vestibuli; iam, internal auditory meatus; pmc, petromastoid canal; pr, promontorium; rtp, rostral tympanic process; smn, stylomastoid notch; thy, tympanohyal; thyc f2, tympanohyal canal, posterolateral foramen; tt, tegmen tympani; ttf, tensor tympanic fossa; va, vestibular aqueduct. Orientation axes: ant, anterior; dors, dorsal; med, medial; lat, lateral; post, posterior; ventr, ventral. Photos by P. Loubry (CR2P, MNHN). Scale bars: 10 mm.	2025-05-22	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin		Zenodo	biologists	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin			
C52E87DEFFFB6D7A9A3849228DFDB4FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15519011/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15519011	FIG. 5. — Left petrosal of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford,Senut,Morales, Mein & Sanchez, 2008, referred specimen GSN BC 21’19: A, medial view (photograph); B, posteromedial view (3D digital model reconstructed from micro-CT scan).Abbreviations for petrosal morphology:ca, cochlear aqueduct; ea, eminantia arcuata; ew, epitympanic wing; exo. con. surf. (broken), connecting surface of the left petrosal bone with the exoccipital; fsa, fossa subarcuata; iam, internal auditory meatus;pm, mastoid part of the petrosal; pmc, petromastoid canal; pr, promontorium; smn, stylomastoid notch; va, vestibular aqueduct. Orientation axes: med, medial;lat, lateral;post, posterior;ventr, ventral.Photo by P.Loubry (CR2P,MNHN);3D Model reconstructed by N.Poulet (CR2P,MNHN).Scale bars:10 mm.	FIG. 5. — Left petrosal of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford,Senut,Morales, Mein & Sanchez, 2008, referred specimen GSN BC 21’19: A, medial view (photograph); B, posteromedial view (3D digital model reconstructed from micro-CT scan).Abbreviations for petrosal morphology:ca, cochlear aqueduct; ea, eminantia arcuata; ew, epitympanic wing; exo. con. surf. (broken), connecting surface of the left petrosal bone with the exoccipital; fsa, fossa subarcuata; iam, internal auditory meatus;pm, mastoid part of the petrosal; pmc, petromastoid canal; pr, promontorium; smn, stylomastoid notch; va, vestibular aqueduct. Orientation axes: med, medial;lat, lateral;post, posterior;ventr, ventral.Photo by P.Loubry (CR2P,MNHN);3D Model reconstructed by N.Poulet (CR2P,MNHN).Scale bars:10 mm.	2025-05-22	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin		Zenodo	biologists	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin			
C52E87DEFFFB6D7A9A3849228DFDB4FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15519017/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15519017	FIG. 8. — Comparison of the bony labyrinth of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut, Morales & Sanchez, 2008 (A-D, left petrosal referred specimen GSN BC 21’19) with that of Arsinoitherium zitteli Beadnell, 1902 (E-H) and Stylolophus major Gheerbrant, 2021 (I-L): A, E, I, lateral views; B, F, J, anterior views; C, G, K, posterior views; D, H, L, dorsal views. E-H, from Benoit et al. (2013b); I-L from Gheerbrant et al. (2021). 3D digital models reconstructed from micro-CT scan.Abbreviations for labyrinth morphology:aa, anterior ampulla;apc, apical turn of cochlea;asc, anterior semicircular canal;av, vestibular aqueduct;btc, basal turn of cochlea; cc, crus commune; ca, cochlear aqueduct; cfsg, canal of the foramen singulare (for nervus ampullaris posterior); co, cochlear canal; er, elliptical recess; fc, fenestra cochleae; fsg, foramen singulare; fv, fenestra vestibuli; h, helicotrema; la, lateral ampulla; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pa, posterior ampulla; psc, posterior semicircular canal; sbl, secondary bony lamina; sr, spherical recess; tr, tractus foraminus; va, vestibular aqueduct. Orientation axes: ant, anterior;dors, dorsal; med, medial; lat, lateral;post, posterior;ventr, ventral.A-D, 3D Model reconstructed by N. Poulet (CR2P, MNHN). Scale bars:4 mm.	FIG. 8. — Comparison of the bony labyrinth of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut, Morales & Sanchez, 2008 (A-D, left petrosal referred specimen GSN BC 21’19) with that of Arsinoitherium zitteli Beadnell, 1902 (E-H) and Stylolophus major Gheerbrant, 2021 (I-L): A, E, I, lateral views; B, F, J, anterior views; C, G, K, posterior views; D, H, L, dorsal views. E-H, from Benoit et al. (2013b); I-L from Gheerbrant et al. (2021). 3D digital models reconstructed from micro-CT scan.Abbreviations for labyrinth morphology:aa, anterior ampulla;apc, apical turn of cochlea;asc, anterior semicircular canal;av, vestibular aqueduct;btc, basal turn of cochlea; cc, crus commune; ca, cochlear aqueduct; cfsg, canal of the foramen singulare (for nervus ampullaris posterior); co, cochlear canal; er, elliptical recess; fc, fenestra cochleae; fsg, foramen singulare; fv, fenestra vestibuli; h, helicotrema; la, lateral ampulla; lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pa, posterior ampulla; psc, posterior semicircular canal; sbl, secondary bony lamina; sr, spherical recess; tr, tractus foraminus; va, vestibular aqueduct. Orientation axes: ant, anterior;dors, dorsal; med, medial; lat, lateral;post, posterior;ventr, ventral.A-D, 3D Model reconstructed by N. Poulet (CR2P, MNHN). Scale bars:4 mm.	2025-05-22	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin		Zenodo	biologists	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin			
C52E87DEFFFB6D7A9A3849228DFDB4FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15519019/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15519019	FIG. 9. — Detail of the bony labyrinth of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut,Morales & Sanchez,2008 (referred specimen GSN BC 21’19,left petrosal). 3D digital model reconstructed from micro-CT scan: A, view showing the short extension of the bony labyrinth,and the canal for the nervus ampullaris posterior (opening in the foramen singulare); B, view showing the peculiar morphology of the fenestra vestibuli, which is constricted at its opening on the cochlear canal (asterisk at the neck of the constriction of the fenestra) and which presents a change in its orientation (angled arrow depicting the broken axis of the fenestra opening); A and B are two subposterior views with slightly different orientations. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; ca, cochlear aqueduct; cc, crus commune; cna, canal for nervus ampullaris posterior; co, cochlear canal;fc, fenestra cochleae; fv, fenestra vestibuli; la, lateral ampulla;lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pa, posterior ampulla; psc, posterior semicircular canal; sbl, secondary bony lamina;va, vestibular aqueduct.3D Model reconstructed by N. Poulet (CR2P, MNHN). Scale bar: 5 mm.	FIG. 9. — Detail of the bony labyrinth of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut,Morales & Sanchez,2008 (referred specimen GSN BC 21’19,left petrosal). 3D digital model reconstructed from micro-CT scan: A, view showing the short extension of the bony labyrinth,and the canal for the nervus ampullaris posterior (opening in the foramen singulare); B, view showing the peculiar morphology of the fenestra vestibuli, which is constricted at its opening on the cochlear canal (asterisk at the neck of the constriction of the fenestra) and which presents a change in its orientation (angled arrow depicting the broken axis of the fenestra opening); A and B are two subposterior views with slightly different orientations. Abbreviations: asc, anterior semicircular canal; ca, cochlear aqueduct; cc, crus commune; cna, canal for nervus ampullaris posterior; co, cochlear canal;fc, fenestra cochleae; fv, fenestra vestibuli; la, lateral ampulla;lsc, lateral semicircular canal; pa, posterior ampulla; psc, posterior semicircular canal; sbl, secondary bony lamina;va, vestibular aqueduct.3D Model reconstructed by N. Poulet (CR2P, MNHN). Scale bar: 5 mm.	2025-05-22	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin		Zenodo	biologists	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin			
C52E87DEFFFB6D7A9A3849228DFDB4FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15519022/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15519022	FIG. 10. — CT Scan sections of the petrosal cochlear area of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut, Morales & Sanchez, 2008, referred specimen GSN BC 21’19: A, B, left petrosal; C, right petrosal; D, 3D digital model of the right petrosal showing the right labyrinth by transparency and the position of CT sections A and B (tympanic view); E, same as D, for the left petrosal, CT scan section C. Abbreviations for labyrinth morphology: cc, cochlear canal; cgc, cochlear ganglion canal; co, cochlea; iam, internal auditory meatus; pbl, primary bony lamina; sbl, secondary bony lamina; sp for, tractus spiralis foraminosus; st, scala tympani; sv, scala vestibuli; tf for, tractus foraminus. 3D Model reconstructed by N. Poulet (CR2P, MNHN). Scale bars: 5 mm.	FIG. 10. — CT Scan sections of the petrosal cochlear area of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut, Morales & Sanchez, 2008, referred specimen GSN BC 21’19: A, B, left petrosal; C, right petrosal; D, 3D digital model of the right petrosal showing the right labyrinth by transparency and the position of CT sections A and B (tympanic view); E, same as D, for the left petrosal, CT scan section C. Abbreviations for labyrinth morphology: cc, cochlear canal; cgc, cochlear ganglion canal; co, cochlea; iam, internal auditory meatus; pbl, primary bony lamina; sbl, secondary bony lamina; sp for, tractus spiralis foraminosus; st, scala tympani; sv, scala vestibuli; tf for, tractus foraminus. 3D Model reconstructed by N. Poulet (CR2P, MNHN). Scale bars: 5 mm.	2025-05-22	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin		Zenodo	biologists	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin			
C52E87DEFFFB6D7A9A3849228DFDB4FC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/StillImage	image/png	https://zenodo.org/record/15519024/files/figure.png	https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.15519024	FIG. 11. — Composite reconstruction of the skull of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut, Morales & Sanchez, 2008 based of the new specimen GSN BC 21’19 and the holotype GSN BC 13’08:A-E, ventral (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), anterior (D) and posterior (E) views. The reconstruction of the posterior and basicranial parts of the skull was made by assemblage of the 3D digital models of the broken bones of GSN BC 21’19 that were obtained from surface-scanning. The reconstruction of the anterior and median parts of the skull is based on a restored model of the holotype GSN BC 13'08 where distorted and missing parts were corrected and completed as far as possible by mirror-imaging of the best preserved bones. See also Appendix 3. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; boc pr, basioccipital process for attachment of the posttympanic process of squamosal; eam, external auditory meatus; eoc (bony tub), exoccipital bony tuberosity;fm, foramen magnum;pet, petrosal; oc, occipital condyle;pgp, postglenoid process; ptp, posttympanic process; so, supraoccipital;sq, squamosal;temp f, temporal fossa (scale of the squamosal);zyg/nuch cr, zygomatic and nuchal crest;zyg p, zygomatic process.3D Model reconstructed by F. Goussard (CR2P,MNHN). Scale bar: 10 cm.	FIG. 11. — Composite reconstruction of the skull of Namatherium blackcrowense Pickford, Senut, Morales & Sanchez, 2008 based of the new specimen GSN BC 21’19 and the holotype GSN BC 13’08:A-E, ventral (A), dorsal (B), lateral (C), anterior (D) and posterior (E) views. The reconstruction of the posterior and basicranial parts of the skull was made by assemblage of the 3D digital models of the broken bones of GSN BC 21’19 that were obtained from surface-scanning. The reconstruction of the anterior and median parts of the skull is based on a restored model of the holotype GSN BC 13'08 where distorted and missing parts were corrected and completed as far as possible by mirror-imaging of the best preserved bones. See also Appendix 3. Abbreviations: boc, basioccipital; boc pr, basioccipital process for attachment of the posttympanic process of squamosal; eam, external auditory meatus; eoc (bony tub), exoccipital bony tuberosity;fm, foramen magnum;pet, petrosal; oc, occipital condyle;pgp, postglenoid process; ptp, posttympanic process; so, supraoccipital;sq, squamosal;temp f, temporal fossa (scale of the squamosal);zyg/nuch cr, zygomatic and nuchal crest;zyg p, zygomatic process.3D Model reconstructed by F. Goussard (CR2P,MNHN). Scale bar: 10 cm.	2025-05-22	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin		Zenodo	biologists	Gheerbrant, Emmanuel;Billet, Guillaume;Pickford, Martin			
