identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
2819F6ADB10756D596C2A83209625D43.text	2819F6ADB10756D596C2A83209625D43.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acheta domesticus (Linnaeus 1758) Fabricius 1775	<div><p>Acheta cf. A. domesticus (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Figs 132, 133</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Since only three female specimens are known, this taxon’s identification on Socotra is uncertain. They are referred to here as Acheta cf. A. domesticus . Proper identification should be done, based on males’ genitalia and bioacoustics.</p><p>Acheta domesticus is a medium-sized, yellowish-light brown cricket. In males, the tegmina cover two-thirds of the abdomen and contain four harp veins. The head is yellowish-brown, with two broad dark bands, one on the occiput and one between the eyes. Frons and clypeus are dark with a light central mushroom-shaped marking on the frons. The pronotum has a characteristic pattern of three dark triangular markings; sometimes, the two lateral ones are divided, resulting in five spots.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Acheta domesticus is a synanthrope species with a worldwide distribution nowadays. Its original distribution area was presumably comprised of northern Africa, southern Europe and southwest Asia, which is comparable to other members of the genus (Gorochov and Llorente 2001). On Socotra, only three recent records of this presumed species are known, two in the southern coastal area and one in Wadi Ayhaft (Fig. 133).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>One of the two specimens was found in a palm grove near a village and the other was found in a wadi, far from any urbanisation. Records are from April and October.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The song of Acheta domesticus is well known and consists of a repetition of short echemes (e. g. Baudewijn Odé, XC 446402, accessible at https://www.xeno-canto.org/446402).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/2819F6ADB10756D596C2A83209625D43	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
8814DBBC38A75C64BFD7AF20E17F675D.text	8814DBBC38A75C64BFD7AF20E17F675D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acheta rufopictus Uvarov 1957	<div><p>Acheta rufopictus Uvarov, 1957</p><p>Figs 134, 135, 136, 137, 138</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1903: 412, 422 [as Gryllus lepidus]; Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 365–366; Chopard 1961: 271, plate IV; Gorochov 1993: 86; Wranik 2003: 316, plates 147, 149; Chintauan-Marquier et al. 2016: 57, 71; Massa et al. 2022: 10, 11, 16, 24.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Acheta rufopictus is a medium-sized cricket with a relatively uniform dark body. Its head is dark reddish-brown to black, with only the median and lateral ocelli light and a light spot behind the eye (Figs 134, 135). The pronotum is uniformly blackish-brown on the disc, sometimes with a reddish hue and has a light hind margin and lateral lobes with a broadly yellowish margin. The tegmina have four harp veins. Legs are pale. Nymphs are strikingly patterned (Fig. 138).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Endemic to Socotra. The crickets are found throughout the island. In 2009 and 2010, the species was common in Ayhaft, Qeysoh, Adho Dimello, Begobig and various localities in Dixam (Fig. 136).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Found in almost all habitats, ranging from sandy plains, limestone plateaus and urbanisation to montane shrub- and woodlands in the Hagher, from 0–1470 m a. s. l. Nocturnal and hiding by day in all kinds of crevices. Adults are present year-round.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The calling song of Acheta rufopictus is a simple syllable, more or less regularly repeated at a maximum rate of about 2.5 per second (Fig. 137; https://www.xeno-canto.org/877940). Syllable duration is about 35 ms. Only the closing hemisyllable produces sound. The carrier frequency of the song is around 5.4 kHz. The song has some harmonics at higher frequencies.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Chintauan-Marquier et al. (2016) genetically analysed a male specimen from Ayhaft (26 Oct 2010). Sequences are stored in GenBank (KR 904150.1; KR 903964.1; KR 903786.1; KR 903623.1; KR 903446.1; KR 903272.1; KR 903101.1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8814DBBC38A75C64BFD7AF20E17F675D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
943E9EEC77405E1C9894EEA2E4BEDB9F.text	943E9EEC77405E1C9894EEA2E4BEDB9F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acorypha bimaculata (Krauss 1902)	<div><p>Acorypha bimaculata (Krauss, 1902)</p><p>Figs 21, 22</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Krauss 1902: 4–5 [as Calliptamus bimaculatus]; Krauss 1907: 24, 29 [as C. bimaculatus]; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 372–373 [as Caloptenopsis bimaculatus]; Jago 1967: 416, 441–442, fig. 14; Wranik 1998: 171; Wranik 2003: 321, plates 151, 155.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Acorypha bimaculata and the following species, A. glaucopsis, have pinkish-based hind wings. A. bimaculata is distinguished from the latter by the following characteristics: the inner side of the hind femora is solid black, the hind femora are more slender with a length-to-height ratio greater than 2.8 and the ventral femoral carina is lower than the dorsal one.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Acorypha bimaculata is an outlier within the genus because of its slender appearance, the unique shape of the pronotal lateral carinae and its long wings (Fig. 21). Jago (1967) considered it most closely related to A. ornatipes Uvarov, 1950 from nearby mainland Africa (Somalia, Ethiopia, Kenya and Tanzania).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Acorypha bimaculata is endemic to the Socotra Archipelago and occurs on Socotra and Samha. It is a widespread and common species in the Hagher and limestone plateaus. The type locality of A. bimaculata is Ras Shuab. Since the cape (Ras) is an unreachable site because of pure rock and surf, we consider the collecting site to be the coastal area of Shuab instead, north of the cape (Fig. 22).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>A. bimaculata is a geophilous species found year-round on rocky soils from sea level up to 1000 m a. s. l. On sandy soils, it is much scarcer. Records are from high shrubland with succulents, submontane grasslands, Frankincense woodland and forest and montane mosaic and - forest. It inhabits more wooded habitats compared to A. glaucopsis (Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/943E9EEC77405E1C9894EEA2E4BEDB9F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
04EB2F1EBF6C5F7BB59F60507BD98AB7.text	04EB2F1EBF6C5F7BB59F60507BD98AB7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acorypha glaucopsis (Walker 1870)	<div><p>Acorypha glaucopsis (Walker, 1870)</p><p>Figs 23, 24</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Krauss (1902): 5 [as Calliptamus pachypus]; Burr (1903): 412, 420 [as Caloptenus italicus]; Krauss (1907): 24–25, 29 [as Calliptamus pachypus]; Uvarov (1950): 387, 393 [as Caloptenopsis pachypus]; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 372 [as Caloptenopsis glaucopsis orientalis]; Jago (1967): 416, 426, 429–430, figs 14, 123; Wranik (1998): 171; Wranik (2003): 321, plates 151, 155.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Acorypha glaucopsis can be distinguished from A. bimaculata by the following characteristics: the inner side of the hind femora is yellow; the hind femora are broader, with a length-to-height ratio of less than 2.8. The femoral carinae are high; the dorsal and ventral ones are more or less the same height, with the ventral one being clearly whitish (Fig. 23).</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Specimens from Socotra were formerly described by Krauss (1902) as Calliptamus pachypus Krauss, 1902 . Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) synonymised the species with Caloptenopsis glaucopsis orientalis, which, in turn, was synonymised with the nominate by Jago (1967), who also synonymised Caloptenopsis with Acorypha .</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>It has a wide distribution from Sahelian West Africa, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia and Somalia, as well as Arabia and India (Rowell and Hemp 2017). On Socotra, the species is widespread and locally very common on coastal plains, like Hadiboh Plain. It is much scarcer at higher elevations (Fig. 24).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Acorypha glaucopsis is a typical geophilous species characteristic of gravelly, stony, sandy plains with sparse vegetation. Most records are from sparse dwarf, low Croton - Jatropha shrubland and submontane grassland from 0–800 m a. s. l. Records are of all seasons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/04EB2F1EBF6C5F7BB59F60507BD98AB7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
6B54145FCDE05A378D8C8D6A2D31AFA9.text	6B54145FCDE05A378D8C8D6A2D31AFA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrotylus incarnatus Krauss 1907	<div><p>Acrotylus incarnatus Krauss, 1907</p><p>Figs 58, 59, 60, 61, 64, 65</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1898: 384 [as Acrotylus longipes]; Burr 1903: 412, 419 [as A. longipes]; Krauss 1907: 17, 19–20, 29 [as A. longipes var. incarnata]; Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 378; Wranik 1998: 171; Wranik 2003: 324, plates 153, 157; Massa 2009: 56–57, figs 10, 13, 16; Hemp and Rowell 2020: 104; Wehrt 2021: 5–7 [as Acrotylus longipes].</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Acrotylus Fieber, 1853 is a genus of relatively small and slender Oedipodine grasshoppers characterised by a short, strongly saddle-shaped pronotum with a dark mark on the lateral lobe, with an off-central white dot (Figs 58 – 60, 62 – 65).</p><p>Acrotylus incarnatus is slender, long-winged and - legged. The hind wings are basally orange-red without a dark band. The pronotum is smooth with a rounded posterior margin, a weak median carina, weak first and primary transverse sulci and a gently sloping first half of the prozona (Figs 58 – 60, 64 C, F).</p><p>A. incarnatus resembles a second species of Acrotylus present on the island: A. innotatus (Figs 62 – 65). The latter species is as slender as A. incarnatus, but A. incarnatus has longer femora of the mid-legs (Fig. 65). The main differences are in the pronota (Fig. 64). A. innotatus has a step-like raised frontal half of the prozona in lateral view, a subrounded to slightly angular posterior margin and a rugose surface. Hind wings are pinkish-red basally instead of orange-red, like in A. incarnatus, although the difference can be subtle. The wings in A. innotatus are infumated in the apical half, with prominent black apical spots (Figs 63, 65 B), while A. incarnatus lacks this infumation.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Krauss (1907) based his description of A. longipes var. incarnata on specimens collected by Oscar Simony on Socotra in 1899 (Fig. 59), but also lists the specimen collected by Bennet (in 1896–1897) in the description. Therefore, the latter specimen, present in OUMNH, must be considered one of the syntypes. Krauss (1907) mentioned that the described var. incarnata is characterised by hind wings with a “ meat red ” coloured base, contrary to the nominate species in which the base of the hind wing is yellow. He further stated that the same var. occurs in Sicily (It.) and southern Tunisia.</p><p>Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) raised Krauss’ var. incarnata to a full species. He stated that all Socotran specimens have rose-coloured wings and that A. longipes is more heavily built and appears “ specifically distinct ” from incarnatus . At the same time, he stated that the Socotran incarnatus “ do not differ morphologically ” from Acrotylus longipes var. meruensis Sjöstedt, 1932 from East Africa and synonymised the latter with the former.</p><p>Massa (2009) raised var. meruensis to species level, based on differences in femur length and characteristics of the pronotum and, as a consequence, considered incarnatus a Socotra endemic.</p><p>Preliminary results of genetic analyses by Wehrt (2021) suggest incarnatus to be a junior synonym of A. longipes . Until that research has been published more extensively, we here consider incarnatus a full species, as indicated by Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) and Massa (2009).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>A. incarnatus is endemic to Socotra. It is widespread and very common and one of the most numerous species of grasshoppers (Fig. 61). Despite its abundance and widespread distribution on Socotra, there are no known records from other islands in the Archipelago. Acrotylus longipes occurs in southern Europe, northern Africa, Central Asia and the Middle East, including Arabia.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>It is a geophilous species of sparsely vegetated, sandy and gravelly soils. Very common on sandy and gravelly plains along the coast, as on stony plateaus and vegetated meadows in the Hagher. Records are mainly from sparse dwarf and low Croton - Jatropha shrubland, submontane grassland and open areas within higher-elevation woodlands and forests. It occurs at elevations from 0–1000 m a. s. l. Records are from all seasons.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>Members of the Oedipodinae subfamily are known to emit quiet, buzzing sounds during rivalry, courtship and flight. From the genus Acrotylus, the sounds resemble the noise created by squabbling house sparrows, Passer domesticus (Roesti and Keist 2009) . On Socotra, sounds have not been recorded.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6B54145FCDE05A378D8C8D6A2D31AFA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
59480BD70FFF5467B8F1165FCCBE760E.text	59480BD70FFF5467B8F1165FCCBE760E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Acrotylus innotatus Uvarov 1933	<div><p>Acrotylus innotatus Uvarov, 1933</p><p>Figs 62, 63, 64, 65, 66</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Uvarov 1933: 267 [as Acrotylus insubricus innotatus]; Ingrisch 1999: 359, figs 19–20, 66; Massa 2009: 57 [as Acrotylus insubricus]; Wehrt 2021: 5–7.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Acrotylus innotatus differs from A. incarnatus as follows: in lateral view, A. innotatus has a step-like raised instead of a gently sloping first half of the prozona. The posterior margin of the pronotum is subrounded to slightly angular instead of rounded and the pronotum has a rugose instead of a smooth surface. The hind wings are basally pinkish-red instead of orange-red, as in A. incarnatus, although the difference can be subtle (Figs 63 – 65). A. innotatus has shorter mid-femora than A. incarnatus (Fig. 65 B).</p><p>Preliminary results of genetic analyses of the holotype of A. innotatus and several of our Socotran specimens confirm the identification of our Socotran material (Wehrt 2021). Socotran specimens differ morphologically to some extent from the type specimens. The ratio of the prozona and metazona of the pronotum seems to be smaller (a relatively long metazona) compared to the type specimens. The darkening of the apical halves of the wings is less pronounced and sometimes hardly visible (Figs 63, 65). However, these differences are likely to represent local variations.</p><p>Acrotylus innotatus differs from A. insubricus (Scopoli, 1786) as a former subspecies of the latter by a slimmer habitus, relatively longer tegmina and, most importantly, the absence of a dark band on the hind wings (Uvarov 1933). The name innotatus, meaning unmarked, may refer to that character. A. insubricus does not occur on Socotra. Massa (2009) mentioned A. insubricus to be present on Socotra, referring to A. innotatus (as a former ssp. of A. insubricus) (Massa, in litt).</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Uvarov (1933) described Acrotylus insubricus innotatus, based on specimens collected in several countries: the Arabian Peninsula, Iran and Somalia. All are deposited in the NHMUK. The male holotype (Fig. 63), together with 24 paratypes, was collected in the “ South Arabian Desert ” between 10 December 1930 and 5 February 1931 by Bertram Thomas during a camel journey from Dhofar (Oman) to Doha (Qatar) (Thomas and Wyllie 1931; Uvarov 1933). When Uvarov first saw Thomas’ specimens, he thought they belonged to A. incarnatus from Socotra. Only after studying the type of that species did Uvarov (1933) realise incarnatus is more closely related to longipes, while Thomas’ specimens were closer to Acrotylus insubricus (Scopoli, 1786) . We found several specimens of A. innotatus identified as incarnatus in Popov’s material from Socotra collected in 1953 (Uvarov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)). When working out the Socotran material, Uvarov probably did not have innotatus in mind anymore. Finally, Ingrisch (1999) raised A. insubricus innotatus to a full species, based on three specimens collected in Yemen in 1996 and 1998.</p><p>After examining the specimens, based on which Ingrisch raised A. insubricus innotatus to a full species, we conclude they do not belong to A. innotatus . Ingrisch (1999) stated that innotatus has a “ distinctly different pronotum ” from insubricus . After studying the type series, the pronotum, in reality, appeared much like that of A. insubricus, especially the step-like raised frontal half of the prozona (Fig. 64 D). Drawings of the pronotum of the specimens from mainland Yemen in figs 19, 20 on p. 372 in Ingrisch (1999) do not show a step-like raised frontal half of the prozona and only display the principal sulcus, no secondary one. In the holotype of A. innotatus, the pronotum in lateral view is precisely like Ingrisch’s drawing of insubricus (fig. 18, p. 372).</p><p>Re-description.</p><p>Since Uvarov (1933) gave a limited species description and Ingrisch (1999) raised the taxon to the species level, based on specimens belonging to a different species, we provide a short re-description based on the type material. Apart from the characters already mentioned by Uvarov (1933), A. innotatus is characterised by a step-like raised anterior half of the prozona in front of the first transverse sulcus (Fig. 64 D). The pronotum has a well-pronounced median carina cut / impressed by two sulci, the mentioned first transverse sulcus and the principal sulcus. The dorsal part of the pronotum is strongly sculptured. The posterior margin of the pronotum is subrounded (Fig. 64 A). The base of the hind wing is pinkish-red with a more or less darkened (infumated) apical half and dark spots are present on the apex of the hind wing (Fig. 63).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Based on the type series of A. innotatus, the species occurs from Somalia through the Arabian Peninsula into Iran. Future studies could show that the actual distribution of the species is more restricted than that, as several paratypes from Somalia and Iran might represent other species. Hemp and Rowell (2020) state that A. innotatus only occurs in Arabia.</p><p>On Socotra, the species is restricted to the eastern part of the island, occurring on the limestone plateaus of Dixam and Momi and in the Hagher (Fig. 66). Due to the superficial resemblance with incarnatus, it is probably overlooked.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Uvarov (1933) considered A. insubricus innotatus as “ restricted to the driest deserts ” despite missing information about the collecting sites’ habitat. On Socotra, it occurs from 25–1450 m a. s. l. in a variety of habitats, mainly in high shrubland with succulents, Frankincense and Dracaena woodland and forests, submontane shrubland and grassland and montane mosaic. Records are from all seasons.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>Members of the Oedipodinae subfamily emit quiet, buzzing sounds during rivalry. From the genus Acrotylus, the sounds resemble the noise created by squabbling house sparrows, Passer domesticus (Roesti and Keist 2009) . On Socotra, sounds have not been recorded.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/59480BD70FFF5467B8F1165FCCBE760E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
88578276FBF659EF98B5D2838DF93EE7.text	88578276FBF659EF98B5D2838DF93EE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabricius 1781)	<div><p>Aiolopus thalassinus (Fabricius, 1781) s</p><p>Figs 67, 68</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1903: 412, 417 [as Epacromia thalassina]; Krauss 1907: 19, 29 [as Epacromia thalassina]; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 379; Hollis 1968: 343, fig. 84; Wranik 1998: 171; Wranik 2003: 324, plates 153, 158; Hemp and Rowell 2020: 119.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Aiolopus thalassinus is the only representative of the genus in the Archipelago. Its habitus is slender, with long wings and slender femora and its general colouration varies from green through brown, with markings of all shades of brown to whitish. The pronotum is weakly saddle-shaped and has a contrasting pattern of two white incurved lines bordered by dark markings, suggesting the presence of two lateral carinae (but they are absent) (Fig. 67). The hind wings are hyaline with a greenish hue, slightly infumated in the apex and posterior margin.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Hollis (1968) revised the genus Aiolopus Fieber, 1853, distinguished seven species and provided a key. Since his revision, five extra species have been described (Cigliano et al. 2024 a), amongst which Aiolopus puissanti Defaut, 2005, a cryptic species resembling A. thalassinus . Aiolopus puissanti mainly occurs around the Mediterranean, but has recently been confirmed for Arabia, namely in Qatar (Defaut 2021). Aiolopus puissanti can be separated from A. thalassinus by the shape of a dark marking on the tegmen: the dark transverse band in the tegmen situated at the level of the apex of the medial field is shallow. It does not extend caudally into the medial field when seen with open tegmen. It is much broader than high. In A. thalassinus, this transverse band is almost as broad as high. It penetrates from the frontal ridge caudally well into the medial field and, consequently, is almost square (Defaut and Jaulin 2008; Defaut 2021). Furthermore, in A. puissanti, the tegmina extend much further beyond the hind knee (≥ 4.3 mm in males, ≥ 6.0 mm in females) than in A. thalassinus (≤ 4.2 mm in males, ≤ 5.5 mm in females) (Defaut 2021). See Defaut and Jaulin (2008) and Defaut (2021) for illustrations of the wing patterns in both species and morphometric values for other parameters.</p><p>Hollis (1968) identified the taxon present on Socotra as the nominate ssp. of Aiolopus thalassinus . However, based on the shape of the dark marking on the tegmen, the material examined is quite variable. Some are typical for A. thalassinus or A. puissanti, while others show an in-between pattern. Based on the length of the tegmina extending beyond the hind knees in both males and females and the ratio of eye length to the length of the subocular furrow in females, Aiolopus specimens from Socotra identify as A. thalassinus (Table 4). However, the value of the latter parameter for males points towards A. puissanti, as does the value for the eye length ratio to the interocular space width (Table 4). Since the wing pattern is variable and not decisive in the Socotra specimens and wing length is considered one of the essential distinguishing parameters between the two species, we tentatively consider the taxon on Socotra to be A. thalassinus .</p><p>A thorough future molecular study of both Aiolopus species should give more insight into their status and the exact world distribution of both taxa.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Aiolopus thalassinus is widely distributed in Europe, Africa and western Asia. On Socotra, it is widely distributed, but restricted to sites with suitable habitat, from Qalansiyah in the west to Arher in the east (Fig. 68). It is an abundant species on many sites, for example, in Wadi Zerig, Qeysoh and Adho Dimello.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Aiolopus thalassinus is a phytophilous species that occurs in grassy vegetation along streams (Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)). In 2009 and 2010, the species was numerous in moist, grassy areas in wadis and wetlands, from 0–1450 m a. s. l. It may also be widely abundant in grazed fields and agricultural settings such as those that occur near villages. Records are from all seasons.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>Members of the genus Aiolopus emit quiet, buzzing sounds during rivalry, courtship and flight (Roesti and Keist 2009). On Socotra, sounds have not been recorded.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/88578276FBF659EF98B5D2838DF93EE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
4603E321D1755833815848E4C4D3B7AA.text	4603E321D1755833815848E4C4D3B7AA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Anacridium melanorhodon subsp. arabafrum Dirsh & Uvarov 1953	<div><p>Anacridium melanorhodon arabafrum Dirsh &amp; Uvarov, 1953</p><p>Fig. 30</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Taschenberg 1883: 185 [as Acridium tataricum var. moestum]; Burr 1903: 412, 421 [as Acridium tataricum var. moestum]; Krauss 1907: 29 [as Acridium moestum]; Dirsh and Uvarov 1953: 23–24; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 375; Popov and Ratcliffe 1968: 24; Wranik 1998: 171; Wranik 2003: 322, plates 152, 156.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Grasshoppers of the genus Anacridium Uvarov, 1923 are huge. The pronotum is roof-like with a distinct median carina, incised by three transverse sulci. A pinkish or orange line runs mid-dorsally over the head and pronotum. The hind wings have a dark wing disc and the hind tibiae are adorned with robust spines. The male subgenital plate is deeply trilobate with obtuse lobes. A. m. arabafrum is the only member of the genus in the Archipelago and the largest grasshopper species present.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Anacridium is a predominantly African genus with thirteen species (Cigliano et al. 2024 a), which are identified by the trilobate subgenital plate, the extent of the dark hind-wing disc and the shape of the sulci in the median carina of the pronotum (Dirsh and Uvarov 1953). A. melanorhodon (Walker, 1870) has two subspecies, of which the nominate occurs in the western and A. m. arabafrum in the eastern part of its distribution.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Anacridium m. arabafrum occurs from Ethiopia and Sudan eastwards into Yemen and Saudi Arabia. On Socotra, it appears to be relatively scarce, with only a handful of widespread records at lower elevations (Fig. 30). Burr (1898, 1903) mentioned nymphs of Acridium sp., which may refer to this species.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Anacridium are known as “ tree locusts ” and feed on trees, especially Acacia, Balanites and Zizyphus . They sometimes damage fruit trees (e. g. dates, citrus) and other woody plant crops (Lecoq and Zhang 2019; Hemp and Rowell 2020). Records on Socotra are from sparse dwarf and low Croton - Jatropha shrubland from 25–400 m a. s. l., nearly from all seasons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4603E321D1755833815848E4C4D3B7AA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
96E61FCC73D958279BED4187F4A08849.text	96E61FCC73D958279BED4187F4A08849.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cataloipus brunneri (Kirby 1910) Endangered, EN	<div><p>Cataloipus brunneri (Kirby, 1910)</p><p>Figs 34, 35</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1903: 412, 420, plate XXV: figs 2, 2 a [partim; as Cataloipus oberthuri]; Kirby 1910: 557; Uvarov 1921: 140–141 [as Cataloipus somalicus]; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 375; Kevan 1967: 88; Wranik 2003: 321, plate 155.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Cataloipus Bolívar, 1890 is a genus of medium-sized to large grasshoppers (Fig. 34). The pronotum is dark brown with two broad green longitudinal stripes along the inner side of the obtuse lateral carinae. The lateral lobes of the pronotum are margined whitish and have yellowish spots in the centre. The tegmina are light brown, with small dark spots and a light streak along the anterior margin. The hind femora are large and slender. The male subgenital plate is elongated, shallow and has a notched aрех. The prosternal process directs backwards and is slightly flattened with an acute apex.</p><p>Cataloipus brunneri is the Archipelago’s only member of the genus. It is a relatively small member of the genus. Its hind femora are long and slender and marked with an interrupted black stripe on the dorsal edge of the medio lateral area.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Burr (1903) mentioned six specimens collected by Forbes &amp; Ogilvie-Grant, two from Hadiboh Plain (Fig. 34; present in WML) and four from Homhil (NHMUK). One of Burr’s female specimens collected at Homhil later appeared to be Heteracris coerulescens (Stål, 1876) (Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)).</p><p>Kirby (1910) named Burr’s specimens from Socotra Cataloipus brunneri (Kirby, 1910) without a proper description. According to Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)), the reference to Burr’s figures makes the name valid and he regarded Kirby as the author. Thus, all five specimens of C. brunneri collected by Forbes &amp; Ogilvie-Grant present in the Liverpool and London collections are syntypes. Uvarov (1921) found no differences between the descriptions of Eyprepocnemis somalicus Rehn, 1901 and the types of C. brunneri . He examined three specimens of C. brunneri in the collection of the NHMUK and synonymised brunneri with somalicus, the latter tentatively synonymised with C. oberthuri Bolívar, 1890 by Kevan (1967), who studied brunneri, but could not decide whether it differs from oberthuri . Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) restored the status of C. brunneri, emphasising the need for a crucial revision of the genus.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Cataloipus brunneri is endemic to Socotra. There are few records from the Hagher, the surrounding limestone plateaus and the surroundings of Qalansiyah (Fig. 35). There are no records of the species since 2008.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The primary habitat is marsh vegetation along streams at elevations from 10–1000 m a. s. l. According to Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)), it is confined to Juncus and sedge marshes along and at the mouths of streams and numerous in its strict habitat, but absent elsewhere. Records are from January to April and August. Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) encountered “ late-instar nymphs and adults in various stages of maturation ” in February and March. We visited several suitable Juncus vegetations in February 2009 and October – November 2010 (Qalansiyah, Hadiboh Plain, Wadi Zerig, Dineghen / Adho Dimello), but did not encounter this species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/96E61FCC73D958279BED4187F4A08849	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
8D90B109127959B89597D56A2F470CAF.text	8D90B109127959B89597D56A2F470CAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Conocephalus maculatus (Le Guillou 1884)	<div><p>Conocephalus maculatus (Le Guillou, 1884)</p><p>Figs 199, 200, 201, 202</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 363–364, figs 8, 9 [as Conocephalus bidens]; Popov 1981: 127; Wranik 2003: 314, plate 148.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Amongst the bush-cricket species on Socotra, C. maculatus is recognisable as a typical smaller conehead: a slender, grass-green bush-cricket with long wings, a body length including wings around 26 mm, a pointed head in lateral view and the presence of a dark band extending from the frons to the hind margin of the pronotum (Fig. 199). Each male cercus is armed with one inner tooth (Fig. 200). It is the only member of Conocephalus on the Archipelago.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Uvarov (1952) described Conocephalus bidens Uvarov 1952 as an endemic species to Socotra, based on a single male. After examination of the type specimen and specimens collected afterwards by Guichard, Popov (1981) concluded that the type has a deformed spine on the cercus. Since all other material collected on Socotra is identical to Conocephalus maculatus, he considered C. bidens a junior synonym.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>The species is widespread in Africa and Asia. On Socotra, it is widespread, but only locally common. It also occurs in the Hagher, on the limestone plateaus and near Qalansiyah (Fig. 201).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>C. maculatus occurs in well-vegetated grassy sites, especially near water, for example, in wadis and along springs and lagoons, from 0–1000 m a. s. l. They have also been observed near lowland settlements with adequate weed and grass cover in wetter months (Fig. 202). Adults are fully winged and may visit lights at night in Hadiboh and other areas. Records are from all months.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The song of C. maculatus consists of high-pitched rustling echemes of 400 ms – 2 s, based upon recordings from UAE (Paolo Fontana in litt.), Mozambique (Naskrecki and Guta 2019) and Tanzania (Hemp 2021).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8D90B109127959B89597D56A2F470CAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
9826D174BC1E5291A1B4F50B57F7FBDA.text	9826D174BC1E5291A1B4F50B57F7FBDA.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (Linnaeus 1758)	<div><p>Cyrtacanthacris tatarica (Linnaeus, 1758)</p><p>Fig. 31</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1903: 412, 421 [as Acridium tataricum]; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 376; Wranik 2003: 323, plate 156.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>This large grasshopper has an elegant pattern of light and dark brown markings. The head and pronotum feature a mid-dorsal whitish longitudinal line extending on to the folded tegmina. The prosternal process is strongly curved backwards. The pronotum is moderately roof-like, slightly saddle-shaped, dark brown and thinly margined white. There are tiny white spots and a broad rectangular light bar on the lateral lobes. The tegmina have sharply defined dark fasciae and spots and the hind wings are pale yellowish at the base. The median external area of the hind femora bears a thin longitudinal blackish line on the dorsolateral edge. The subgenital plate is elongated and acutely conical. Cyrtacanthacris Walker, 1870 is an Asian and African genus containing seven species (Cigliano et al. 2024 a), differing from each other by the male phallic complex (Dirsh 1979).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Cyrtacanthacris tatarica occurs in Africa south of the Sahara and is common in Madagascar and the Seychelles, SW Asia, S Asia to Sumatra and the Philippines (Hemp and Rowell 2020). On Socotra, it is relatively scarce, with some scattered older records in the eastern part of the island. We did not find the species in 2009 and 2010. Records are from January to May (Fig. 31).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The species typically occurs in savannah grasslands (Hemp and Rowell 2020). Records on Socotra are from sparse dwarf and low Croton - Jatropha shrubland at elevations from 25–400 m a. s. l.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9826D174BC1E5291A1B4F50B57F7FBDA	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
6760F229E6C859B7B9ABDC152479F880.text	6760F229E6C859B7B9ABDC152479F880.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Diabolocatantops axillaris (Thunberg 1815)	<div><p>Diabolocatantops axillaris (Thunberg, 1815)</p><p>Figs 25, 26</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Krauss (1902): 4 [as Catantops versicolor]; Burr (1903): 412, 420 [as Oxya vicina]; Krauss (1907): 17, 23, 29, plate II, fig. 6 [as Catantops versicolor]; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 371 [as Catantops axillaris]; Wranik (1998): 171; Wranik (2003): 321, plates 151, 155.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Diabolocatantops axillaris is a medium-sized grasshopper, uniformly coloured light brown or grey, with dark brown sides of the pronotum and long tegmina. An oblique vertical whitish line on the posterior margin of the metathorax is characteristic. The hind femora are uniformly grey-brown, except for a black knee, two dorsal dark transverse bands and an isolated black marking on the dorsal edge of the median external area (Fig. 25).</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Diabolocatantops Jago, 1984 is a mainly Asian genus, defined by the male genitalia and shape of the cerci (Jago 1984; Rowell and Hemp 2018). D. axillaris is the only species that occurs outside Asia in Africa.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>It occurs across the dry savannah belt south of the Sahara, in the Arabian Peninsula, Iran and several Indian Ocean islands, including Socotra, where it is widespread and ubiquitous at low elevations (Fig. 26). It is one of the most common insects on the island (Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)). In 2009 and 2010, we encountered hundreds of individuals on many lowland sites.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>D. axillaris is found in various habitats on Socotra, but always occurs in the direct vicinity of vegetation. The species is numerous at low elevations, less so higher up in the Hagher. Records are from year-round, from 0–800 m a. s. l. Specimens overnight in shrubs like Senna socotrana . Records are from sparse dwarf and low Croton - Jatropha shrubland and submontane grassland, less from higher shrubland, woodland and forest.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/6760F229E6C859B7B9ABDC152479F880	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
74F7E57041235AC587DF17BB6578184F.text	74F7E57041235AC587DF17BB6578184F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dictyophorus griseus (Reiche & Fairmaire 1849)	<div><p>Dictyophorus griseus (Reiche &amp; Fairmaire, 1849)</p><p>Fig. 117</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Dictyophorus griseus is a common and widespread species in tropical Africa. The only known specimen from Socotra was photographed on 16 Jan 2019 near Hadiboh (Fig. 117). It is not a native species to the Archipelago and must have been introduced. It was probably ship-assisted.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Dictyophorus griseus is a woodland species in its native range, but can also be a severe pest in agricultural fields and gardens (Rowell et al. 2015). Future colonisations must be eliminated at an early stage since this species can become invasive and significantly threaten native Orthoptera species.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/74F7E57041235AC587DF17BB6578184F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
D36CCE86D2625338AB3F4FD98F6A87E0.text	D36CCE86D2625338AB3F4FD98F6A87E0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dioscoridus depressus Popov 1957	<div><p>Dioscoridus depressus Popov, 1957</p><p>Figs 27, 28, 29</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 373–374, fig. 23; Guichard 1992: 185; Wranik 2003: 321, plates 153, 155.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Dioscoridus depressus is readily identifiable by several distinct characteristics: it is entirely apterous, with a conspicuous yellowish to light brown central longitudinal line from the fastigium to the tip of the abdomen. Two irregularly swollen ridges on the pronotum’s sides represent the lateral carinae. It features a well-defined, large tympanum (Figs 27, 28).</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>The genus is named after Dioscorida, the name of Socotra in Sanskrit, meaning the island of the abode of bliss (Schoff 1912). Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) stated that the genus stands alone within the Catantopinae, without an apparent near relative, apart from some superficially resembling African bush-dwelling genera.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Dioscoridus is endemic to Socotra. Records are mainly from the Hagher and the surrounding limestone plateaus, but singletons in the west at Shuab suggest a much wider distribution (Fig. 29). It is considered uncommon, but may be easily overlooked due to its partially hidden way of life.</p><p>The labels of the specimens collected by Guichard on Mt. Shihali mention an elevation of 1500 m a. s. l. Since the peak of this mountain reaches 1324 m a. s. l., this is a mistake. Furthermore, Guichard’s field notes (1967) show he visited “ the mountain’s lower slopes ” on 20 April 1967, not the mountain’s peak. Based on this information and our knowledge of the area, we estimate the collecting site of these specimens to be more or less around 1100 m a. s. l. in an area much closer to Adho Dimello.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Records of Dioscoridus are from high shrubland with succulents, submontane shrubland, Dracaena woodland and forest, montane mosaic and forest. Adults and nymphs live under and in cracks of the bark of dead trees, under stones and on open ground (Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)). Guichard (1992) found several adults under the bark of dead trees, side by side with geckoes. The species is present year-round; nymphs were found in February, March and October. Records are from 10–1100 m a. s. l.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/D36CCE86D2625338AB3F4FD98F6A87E0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
F20DDD07156F574EABA899AB6DD6CBE7.text	F20DDD07156F574EABA899AB6DD6CBE7.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ectatoderus guichardi Gorochov 1993	<div><p>Ectatoderus guichardi Gorochov, 1993</p><p>Figs 152, 153, 154, 155, 156</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Gorochov 1993: 92–93; Wranik 2003: 316, plates 146, 149 [partim].</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Characteristic of the genus Ectatoderus is the prolonged, caudally wide and broadly rounded pronotum that completely covers the tegmina. The scape is relatively wide and the ratio of inter-antennal space (along the epistomal suture) / scape width is relatively small.</p><p>Diagnostic for E. guichardi is a protruding and bulbous clypeus, a short and relatively flat vertex and a somewhat triangular-shaped head, viewed from above (Figs 152 – 154). The ratio of inter-antennal space / scape width in Ectatoderus guichardi is around 1.66 in males and females (Table 7). The head and pronotum are light to dark reddish-brown and the abdomen is dark brown. Legs and cerci are yellowish; the hind legs are darker near the joints (Figs 152, 153). Cerci in females almost reach the apex of the ovipositor. The male specimen collected in 2009 at Begobig is much smaller than the holotype; the female is comparable in size to the female paratypes (Table 7).</p><p>Besides E. guichardi, two unidentified species of Ectatoderus Guérin-Méneville, 1847 occur on Socotra. Possibly, they belong to yet undescribed species. We refer to these here as Ectatoderus sp. 2 and Ectatoderus sp. 3 . They are treated concisely here and in the two following species accounts.</p><p>Proper identifications and species descriptions need additional collections and material from which the song can be linked to the specimen. Specimens collected in 2010 are at MNHN, Paris and could not be analysed.</p><p>Ectatoderus sp. 2 has a less protruding, not bulbous clypeus, a longer vertex and a more rounded head with less protruding eyes (Figs 154 C, 158). The inter-antennal space / scape width ratio in Ectatoderus sp. 2 is 1.9. The brownish colours in Ectatoderus sp 2 . lack reddish tones (Figs 154, 158). Songs of E. guichardi and E. sp 2. also differ significantly (see Bioacoustics).</p><p>Ectatoderus sp. 3 (Fig. 159) has an even higher inter-antennal space / scape width ratio of 3.1 (based on photographs) because of a very wide vertex (wider than in Ectatoderus sp. 2 and much wider than in E. guichardi). The body and legs are dark greyish with light markings. The pronotum is very broad with convex sides (Fig. 159).</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Gorochov (1993) described Ectatoderus guichardi, based on material collected by Guichard in 1967 (Fig. 153). Guichard (1967) did not mention collecting this tiny cricket species in his diary.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>E. guichardi is endemic to Socotra. It is known from the Hagher, Diksam, Momi and Hamadera and is locally common, for example, at Adho Dimello, where large numbers were heard singing at night in 2010 (Fig. 155).</p><p>For remarks on Guichard’s collecting site on Mt. Shihali on 20 April 1967, see the species account of Dioscoridus depressus .</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>In 2010, we found males singing at night in various shrubs. A specimen collected in 2012 at Momi was sifted out of sediment, indicating a hidden life during the day. Records of E. guichardi are from 350–1100 m a. s. l.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>E. guichardi calls after sunset. Its song consists of a series of 2–3 echemes with a fairly constant pattern. The first echeme consists of 10–17 syllables and lasts 600–1000 ms. This echeme may be missing in a series, contrary to the second and third echeme. The second echeme is short and consists of only two syllables; the third echeme has four syllables. Syllable duration is 30–35 ms; syllable repetition rate is 15–18 / s. The carrier frequency of the song is between 4.5 and 5.6 kHz and has some harmonics at higher frequencies (Fig. 156; XC 897108, accessible at https://xeno-canto.org/897108). Higher carrier frequencies and higher syllable repetition rates occur at higher temperatures in the lowland (e. g. RecRF 10097) compared to lower temperatures in the mountains (e. g. RecRF 10151 and 153).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F20DDD07156F574EABA899AB6DD6CBE7	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
A49C8B7F7ABD5AF4A9B014CDB4CC59BF.text	A49C8B7F7ABD5AF4A9B014CDB4CC59BF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ectatoderus undefined-2	<div><p>Ectatoderus sp. 2</p><p>Figs 157, 158</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>A yet unidentified species of Ectatoderus emits a calling song, as depicted in Fig. 157. That specimen has been collected, but was unavailable for analysis at the time of preparation of this paper. At the same collecting event on the same site, a second specimen was collected, depicted in Fig. 154 C. We assume both belong to the same species. A probable third specimen of this species is depicted in Fig. 158.</p><p>For characteristics, see Ectatoderus guichardi and Figs 154 C, 158.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>E. sp. 2 is known from Adho Dimello in the Hagher, where fair numbers were heard singing at night in 2010. Its song has also been recorded at Neet in 2010.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>Ectatoderus sp. 2 emits its calling song at night. It consists of two syllables with an interval of about 100–140 ms. This set of two syllables is repeated in a short series every 1–1.5s. The syllable duration is about 30–60 ms. The carrier frequency of the song is between 3.9 and 4.2 kHz, with some harmonics at higher frequencies (Fig. 157; XC 877954, accessible at https://www.xeno-canto.org/877954).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A49C8B7F7ABD5AF4A9B014CDB4CC59BF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
570A47735B465D2E853FEC0BAA5C454A.text	570A47735B465D2E853FEC0BAA5C454A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ectatoderus undefined-3	<div><p>Ectatoderus sp. 3</p><p>Figs 159, 161</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>A third species of Ectatoderus is only photographed and sound recorded. See Ectatoderus guichardi and Figs 159, 160 for diagnostic characteristics.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Ectatoderus sp. 3 is known from two photographic records by James Bailey in 2024, one at Firmihin and one on Noged Plain (Figs 159, 160), both in two very different habitats. These records suggest a rather wide distribution on the island (see https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203184039 and https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/199187230. E. sp. 3 probably also occurs at Neet.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The calling song of Ectatoderus sp. 3, emitted at night, resembles the song of E. sp. 2. in structure (Fig. 157), but is higher (Fig. 161). The carrier frequency of this taxon seems to vary between 5.0–5.9 kHz. The specimen depicted in Fig. 161 has a carrier frequency of around 5.0 kHz. In the recording made at Neet, where the same type of song was recorded in 2010 (RecRF 10119, 125–127), the frequency is around 5.9 kHz.</p><p>Recordings at Neet also show a taxon with a frequency of 3.9 kHz, possibly belonging to Ectatoderus sp. 2 (RecRF 10129–141). Further analysis of the bioacoustics of both species can only be satisfactorily conducted if the specimens from which the recordings were made are available for study.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/570A47735B465D2E853FEC0BAA5C454A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
99022DEC2AFE5124BC25CE4DD537ED0F.text	99022DEC2AFE5124BC25CE4DD537ED0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ermia variabilis Popov 1957	<div><p>Ermia variabilis Popov, 1957</p><p>Figs 43, 44, 45</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 380–382, figs 27–32; Wranik 2003: 325, plate 158.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Ermia variabilis is an unmistakable little, brachypterous, stramineously coloured grasshopper (Figs 43, 45). Its flanks have a dark, reddish-brown and broad stripe, starting behind the eyes and continuing over the lateral lobes of the pronotum, the tegmina and the abdomen. Its relatively large head has a strongly sloping frons, ensiform antennae and large elongated eyes.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Ermia variabilis is endemic to Socotra and confined to the Hagher massif, Dixam Plateau, Hamadero hills, Homhil and the Maaleh hills (Cheyrha) (Fig. 44). At Adho Dimello, it is abundant.</p><p>Popov collected one of the paratypes at Bijo, positioned on the map presented in Uvarov and Popov (1957) at 185 m a. s. l. It contradicts the statement by the same author that the species occurs above 2000 ft (609 m a. s. l.) (Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)). The label information is probably inaccurate and the specimen most likely has been found much higher in the mountains than at Bijo.</p><p>For remarks on Guichard’s collecting site on Mt. Shihali on 20 April 1967, see the species account of Dioscoridus depressus .</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>On Socotra, E. variabilis occurs in dense vegetations of grasses and herbs in Frankincense woodland and forest, montane meadows with Hyparrhenia and Themeda - grasses (Fig. 45) and at lower elevations in savannah woodland (Cheyrha) and submontane grasslands (Dixam). Apart from the probably erroneous record at Bijo (185 m a. s. l), the species is recorded from 400–1100 m a. s. l. Records are from February to April, October and November.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>This species possibly produces a song, but it is unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/99022DEC2AFE5124BC25CE4DD537ED0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
CF0D58F0C3665107912BB26341C9FBFD.text	CF0D58F0C3665107912BB26341C9FBFD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Eumodicogryllus chivensis (Tarbinsky 1930)	<div><p>Eumodicogryllus chivensis (Tarbinsky, 1930)</p><p>Figs 144, 145, 146, 147</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>With less than 1 cm, E. chivensis is a relatively small member of the true crickets on Socotra. It is characterised by a light brown, sandy colour, six faint longitudinal stripes on the occiput and a strongly curved epistomal suture between the antennae, forming an almost right angle with a sharp apex (Fig. 144). The latter character is diagnostic for the genus Eumodicogryllus, compared to Modicogryllus . The tegmina have two harp veins.</p><p>The pseudepiphallus forms a curved plate with a distinct wedge-shaped notch in its posterior margin, giving it a bifurcated appearance. In the middle, it has a characteristic transverse fold. Its main lateral lobes are pointed apically (Fig. 145).</p><p>We identified our specimens from Socotra as E. chivensis, based on its phallic structure (Fig. 145) and head pattern by comparing the illustrations in Gorochov (1978). We also used the key in Gorochov (1978) and the species description in Tarbinsky (1930). Our specimens seem relatively small compared to the holotype, based on the morphometrics mentioned by Tarbinsky (1930) (Table 5).</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Tarbinsky (1930) described Gryllus chivensis as follows: “ Lower part of face distinctly rounded in profile; lower frontal margin forms a strongly angularly inflexed line; frons under the middle ocellus with transverse brown spot separated from the other, upper, brownish part of the head, by a yellow stripe, very narrow in the middle. Occiput with indistinct narrow longitudinal yellow stripes. Lateral lobes of the pronotum with a short brown stripe reaching neither the hind nor the anterior margins. Tegmina of males and females are unicolourous; in females, they are one and a half times longer than the pronotum with a roundly prominent apex. The apex is somewhat tapering in males, with a broad apical field. Ovipositor longer than hind femora ”.</p><p>Chopard (1961) moved Gryllus chivensis Tarbinsky, 1930, amongst many other taxa, to his newly-erected genus Modicogryllus Chopard, 1961 . Gorochov (1978) distinguished three groups within this genus, based on the shape of the male genitalia and the curvation of the epistomal suture. One group was formed by M. bordigalensis and M. chivensis, for which Gorochov (1986) later erected the subgenus Eumodicogryllus, designating M. bordigalensis as the type species. In 1993, Gorochov elevated Eumodicogryllus to the genus level without further explanation, which was noted and subsequently accepted by Coray and Lehmann (1998).</p><p>The genus Eumodicogryllus contains five species (Cigliano et al. 2024 a): E. bordigalensis (Latreille, 1804), E. chinensis (Weber, 1801), E. chivensis, E. theryi (Chopard, 1943) and E. vicinus (Chopard, 1968) .</p><p>Recently, Ma et al. (2021) erroneously synonymised E. chivensis and E. bordigalensis with E. chinensis . They stated that Chopard (1967) made a mistake when synonymising E. chinensis with E. bordigalensis and claimed that, based on the principle of priority, the senior synonym should be E. chinensis instead of E. bordigalensis .</p><p>Chopard (1967), however, did not synonymise E. chinensis with E. bordigalensis . He only considered the specimens formerly identified as chinensis by several authors as belonging to E. bordigalensis . He kept E. chinensis as a valid species by mentioning “ chinensis (nec Weber) ”. Harz (1969) agreed on this.</p><p>Ma et al. (2021) synonymised E. chivensis with E. bordigalensis mainly because they found “ E. bordigalensis and E. chivensis to be very similar ”. They referred to the illustrations of the phallic structure of both species in Gorochov (1978). They stated they “ could find those two types of male genitalia in specimens collected in China ”. These arguments are too weak for synonymising two species widely accepted for decennia and OSF does not accept this proposed synonymy (Cigliano et al. 2024 a).</p><p>We compared the male genitalia of a specimen from Socotra with a specimen of E. bordigalensis from Italy and found several differences. The phallic structure of E. chivensis from Socotra is much smaller than the one from E. bordigalensis, with a width of the pseudepiphallus of 0.6 mm and 1.0 mm, respectively. There is also a difference in the shape of the pseudepiphallus. In E. chivensis, the wedge-shaped notch in the posterior margin of the pseudepiphallus is more profound and broader than in E. bordigalensis; as a result, the mean (lateral) lobes of the pseudepiphallus are more slender, corresponding to the illustration in Gorochov (1978). Finally, the songs of both species differ.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>E. chivensis was described from Ak-Mechet, near Khiva, in modern Uzbekistan (not Khazachstan as indicated by OSF). It is known from Oman and Saudi Arabia (Gorochov 1993), the United Arab Emirates (Gorochov 2017) and China (Ma et al. 2021). It is new for Socotra and is only known from three specimens at Neet (Fig. 146).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>In Central Asia, E. chivensis occurs in semi-deserts near salt lakes (Gorochov 2017). On Socotra, it was found in a sandy habitat with salt marsh vegetation behind the first row of dunes at 2 m a. s. l. (Fig. 2). The crickets were calling from the entrances of small holes in the ground.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The calling song of Eumodicogryllus chivensis is an echeme, repeated at the rate of about 3–4 per second, lasting 70–120 ms, produced in continuous series or broken up in groups of 2–15 (Fig. 147 A). Echemes consist of 9–11 syllables of more or less equal duration, repeated at 110–120 per second (Fig. 147 B). Usually, the first one or two syllables are quieter and are repeated at a lower rate. The carrier frequency of the song is around 7.7–8.0 kHz and the song has few harmonics at higher frequencies (https://www.xeno-canto.org/877946).</p><p>The song is markedly different from E. bordigalensis, as the song of that species has echemes with 14–20 syllables repeated at about 40–60 per second. Additionally, the carrier frequency in E. bordigalensis is much lower (Ragge and Reynolds 1998).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CF0D58F0C3665107912BB26341C9FBFD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
29A99497D65A58B89049F6A77D1B8408.text	29A99497D65A58B89049F6A77D1B8408.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glomeremus capitatus Uvarov 1957	<div><p>Glomeremus capitatus Uvarov, 1957</p><p>Figs 185, 186, 187, 188, 189, 190</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 361–362, fig. 3; Popov 1984: 197, fig. 73; Wranik 2003: 312, plate 148; Cadena-Castañeda 2019: 55, 84.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Raspy Crickets ( Gryllacrididae) are plump, non-jumping crickets with soft, fleshy bodies and nocturnal behaviour. They are often sandy-coloured (Fig. 185).</p><p>Glomeremus capitatus resembles G. pileatus in almost all aspects, including the male abdominal terminalia. The main characteristics of G. capitatus are the typical black pattern on the pronotum and more extensive black markings on the antennae, abdominal tergites and legs (Fig. 187), compared to G. pileatus . There are subtle differences in the genital plate in males of both species: rounded mainly with a slightly truncated apex in G. capitatus and trapezoid in G. pileatus (Fig. 188). In females, there is a clear difference in the subgenital plate. In G. capitatus, females have elongated lobes with a rounded apex. In G. pileatus, they are much shorter, square and sharply notched (Fig. 189).</p><p>The width of the head is not a good characteristic for separating both species, contrary to Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) and Popov (1984). In both species, the head is wider than the pronotum.</p><p>Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) and Popov (1984) state that, contrary to G. pileatus, G. capitatus does not have stridulatory pegs on the side of its tergites. However, an examination of the specimens G. capitatus collected at Skand and Zerig in 2012 shows the presence of those pegs on the second and third tergites, both in males, females and late instar nymphs.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) based his concise species description of Glomeremus capitatus on a male collected at Dixam Plateau by Popov in 1953. We presume this holotype to be a late instar nymph, based on its size (18 mm), general colouration and the apparent absence of well-developed styli at the posterior margin of the subgenital plate, as judged from the depicted photographs (only cerci are present) (Fig. 186).</p><p>Czech entomologists collected an adult male and female specimen in 2012 (Fig. 187). The male body is much larger (25 mm) than the holotype’s body and the degree of black markings on the abdomen and legs is much more extensive. The male has two well-developed styli on the hind margin of the subgenital plate (Fig. 188).</p><p>Here, we give a concise re-description of the male, with additional characteristics missing in the original species description (Uvarov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) and a brief description of the female.</p><p>Re-description.</p><p>Male: moderate size, body sandy-coloured with extensive black markings, shiny, eyes black. The posterior margins of the mesonotum, metanotum and abdominal segments are broadly marked black. The femora laterally and ventrally are extensively marked black and the tibiae, dorsally, have a black spot near their base. Lip sandy-coloured, jaws black, paler towards the base. The antennae are four times as long as the body, the two basal segments are sandy-coloured and from the third segment onwards, the antennae display a colour transition from blackish to dark brown and yellowish (Figs 185, 187). The posterior margin of the subgenital plate is essentially convex with a slightly truncated apex, ventrally with a depression in the centre (Fig. 188).</p><p>Female: same as male, except large size, much larger than male. Ovipositor elongate and rather thick, acuminate; the lower margin is almost straight and the upper slightly arched upwards (Fig. 187). The subgenital plate in the female is triangular, anteflexed and bifid at the apex, with elongated slender lobes (Fig. 189) — Body length male: 23 mm; female: 33 mm; ovipositor: 18 mm.</p><p>Both are based on only one specimen each, so we recommend a future examination of a small series of specimens.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Endemic to Socotra. Apparently, it is rare and local and confined to Dixam and the Hagher. Popov collected the holotype “ between RAF camp and Muhullus ”. The map in Uvarov and Popov (1957) shows the route Popov travelled in 1953, between the RAF camp in the north and Mahalis in the south, crossing Dixam at a point around 3000 feet (914 m a. s. l.). We expect the collecting site to be near that site (Fig. 190). Other Orthoptera specimens collected that day by Popov bear the label “ 10 miles south of RAF Camp ”, which fits the above site description.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Only found in higher elevations (700–1450 m a. s. l.). The habitat at the type locality at Dixam is supposed to be submontane shrubland or Dracaena woodland. At Mount Skand, the Czechs collected the species in a montane forest. Where these specimens were collected is unknown: inside shrubs or on / under the ground. It is a nocturnal species like all Gryllacridids. The records are from March and June.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>All gryllacridids produce sound by a femoral-abdominal stridulatory apparatus, formed by parallel rows of pegs on the lateral side of tergites and a row of pegs on the adjacent inner side of the hind femora. Sound producing is only used as a defence if the crickets are threatened. Tympana are absent in this cricket family (Rentz and John 1989).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/29A99497D65A58B89049F6A77D1B8408	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
CAB6AE3DF9CF563090ED5ED7B1674E5F.text	CAB6AE3DF9CF563090ED5ED7B1674E5F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glomeremus Karny 1937	<div><p>Glomeremus Karny, 1937</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>The genus Glomeremus Karny, 1937 contains sixteen species in mainland Africa and Reunion, Mauritius and Socotra (Cigliano et al. 2024 a). Hugel et al. (2010) and Cadena-Castañeda (2019) propose that the genus is likely polyphyletic, suggesting that the island species might warrant classification under a distinct genus. On Socotra, three species occur. Glomeremus pileatus (Krauss, 1902) is strongly related to G. capitatus Uvarov, 1957, whereas G. mediopictus Uvarov, 1957 differs strongly from the former two in the shape of terminalia and wings and may even merit placement in a separate genus.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CAB6AE3DF9CF563090ED5ED7B1674E5F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
4AB8E5C5E0D5514D9B25669C241EC754.text	4AB8E5C5E0D5514D9B25669C241EC754.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glomeremus mediopictus Uvarov 1957	<div><p>Glomeremus mediopictus Uvarov, 1957</p><p>Figs 188, 189, 195, 196, 197, 198</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 362, figs 4, 5; Popov 1984: 197–200, figs 74, 75, 76, 80–84; Wranik 2003: 313, plate 148; Massa 2009: 55, fig. 7; Cadena-Castañeda 2019: 55, 84.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Glomeremus mediopictus differs markedly from G. capitatus and G. pileatus . It is much smaller, has tiny scale-like wings, has a much more delicate appearance and has different black markings on the body and legs (Uvarov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) (Fig. 196). The most important difference with the other two species is the terminalia of males and females. In males of G. capitatus and G. pileatus, the hooks on the posterior margin of the 10 th tergite are directed backwards and slightly upwards. Conversely, in G. mediopictus, these hooks point downwards and inwards (Fig. 188). In female G. mediopictus, the subgenital plate has a transverse crescentic swelling in the middle, whereas G. capitatus and G. pileatus have an anteflexed, bifid structure (Fig. 189).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>The species is endemic to Socotra. Only a few records are known, scattered over the island (Fig. 197), but the species is probably overlooked. Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) mentioned that the collection site of the holotype is at 3000 ft [914 m a. s. l.]; Popov (1984) noted 100 m a. s. l. (300 ft) as elevation, as also stated on the label. We consider the latter to be correct (see Discussion).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>All records are from high scrubland with succulents. The species occurs at low elevations from 10–350 m a. s. l. In 2009, it was found at night in various shrubs, like Senna socotrana, Jatropha unicostata and Cissus subaphylla (Fig. 198). Massa (2009) collected the species in Croton socotranus . It is possibly associated with more humid localities than G. pileatus . Records are from February to April.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>See G. capitatus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4AB8E5C5E0D5514D9B25669C241EC754	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
9C3DE2A12120588DBC30C6CE620BCDE4.text	9C3DE2A12120588DBC30C6CE620BCDE4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Glomeremus pileatus (Krauss 1902)	<div><p>Glomeremus pileatus (Krauss, 1902)</p><p>Figs 188, 189, 191, 192, 193, 194</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Krauss 1902: 5 [as Eremus pileatus]; Krauss 1907: 17, 26, 30, plate II: figs 9, 9 A – D [as E. pileatus]; Griffini 1914: 245 [as Neanias pileatus]; Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 359, 361, figs 1–2; Popov 1984: 197–200, figs 71, 72, 78, 79; Wranik 1998: 173; Wranik 2003: 313, plates 145, 148; Massa 2009: 55, figs 1–6; Cadena-Castañeda 2019: 55, 84.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Glomeremus pileatus (Krauss, 1902) is characterised by a typical pattern of two bands in the middle of the pronotum (Figs 191, 192, 194). This pattern is quite variable (Uvarov in Uvarov and Popov (1957); Massa 2009). In some specimens, the markings are pitch black; in others, they are rufous, as mentioned for the type specimen or even faded. The same applies to other body markings like legs or abdomen. A population that may belong to G. pileatus occurs in dunes near Arher, but features little to no dark pigmentation.</p><p>Contrary to what Popov (1984) stated in his key to the species of Glomeremus of Socotra, the stridulatory pegs are on the 2 nd and 3 rd tergites, not the 1 st and 2 nd. Furthermore, in G. pileatus, the head is also clearly wider than the pronotum, as depicted in, for example, figs 1–2 in Massa (2009). The width of the head is not a good character to separate the species from G. capitatus .</p><p>In comparing Popov’s material with Krauss’s description, Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) noticed that the ninth tergite in the male is not convex behind, but decidedly truncated. The same is true in our material (Fig. 188). For further characteristics, see G. capitatus .</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Krauss (1902, 1907) gives the following species description [translated from Latin]: “ Small, ochraceous, occiput and fastigium of the vertex covered with a black, shiny, subtriangular spot, like a cap. The fastigium of the vertex is scarcely wider than the first antenna segment. Smooth forehead, shiny. Lip rufous, jaws black, paler towards the base. Antennae half as long as the body [probably broken in the type specimen, since in specimens studied by us, they are more than twice as long as the body], rusty, the two basal joints are ochreous, the third joint is black brown. Pronotum short, with rounded corners. A large central transverse rusty spot ornaments the centre of the pronotum; sometimes decorated with some black spots on the lateral side of the rusty spot. Mesonotum on the anterior margin, metanotum on the posterior margin marked by two chestnut spots. Femora rusty-coloured, underside with a black semi-lunar spot in front of the apex, underside hind femora with black spines, 2–5 on the inner margin, 1–5 on the outer margin. Tibiae dorsally with a black spot near their base. Abdominal tergites with black posterior marginal bands. Ninth abdominal tergite in male semi-lunar, convex, posteriorly arched. Subanal valves expanded transversely on the inner margin armed with black, hooked spinules. Subgenital plate in male semi-lunar, posteriorly arched, equipped with a stylus on both sides; in female, triangular, anteflexed, bifid at the apex, with obtuse lobes. Ovipositor rusty, slender, elongate, acuminate, the lower margin almost straight, the upper broadly arched, the apex suddenly ascending, almost hooked. Body length male 16 mm, female 22–27 mm, ovipositor 10 mm ” (Fig. 192).</p><p>We suspect the male type was a nymph, based on the small size of the male (16 mm) mentioned in the species description (Krauss 1902; 1907). Some of the specimens we studied are much larger (26 mm).</p><p>The type specimens, one male and two females collected at Shuab, have been lost, as stated by Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) and confirmed by the museum in Vienna (H. Bruckner in litt.). G. pileatus deserves the designation of an adult male neotype, preferably from the western part of Socotra. At the same time, a female should be collected, preferably during mating. Both should be re-described. Since the possible existence of one or several (cryptic) species besides G. pileatus, this will prevent later confusion.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Endemic to Socotra. Relatively widespread and not as rare as mentioned by Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) and Wranik (2003) (Fig. 193). Glomeremus spp. are called Brothers of the Goats in Socotri (Wranik 2003), suggesting a relatively common appearance on the island.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Nocturnal. In 2009 and 2010, they were found in various habitats, during the day under stones and at night in shrubs, like Croton socotranus and Jatropha unicostata (Fig. 194). G. pileatus occurs in all vegetation types, except montane forests and shrubland in the high Hagher. They are recorded nearly year-round at elevations from 5–350 m a. s. l.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>See G. capitatus .</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/9C3DE2A12120588DBC30C6CE620BCDE4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
7B325034BA255579A44B5EEAE37695AE.text	7B325034BA255579A44B5EEAE37695AE.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gryllodes sigillatus (Walker 1869)	<div><p>Gryllodes sigillatus (Walker, 1869)</p><p>Figs 139, 140, 141</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Taschenberg 1883: 185 [as Cophogryllus sp. ?]; Burr 1898: 385 [as Landreva sp. n.?]; Burr 1903: 412, 422 [as Cophogryllus sp. ?]; Burr 1903: 412, 423 [as Landreva sp. n.?]; Krauss 1907: 30 [as Cophogryllus sp. and Landreva sp.]; Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 365 [as Cophogryllus sp. and Landreva sp.]; Gorochov 1993: 82 [as Gryllodes supplicans]; Wranik 2003: 316, plates 147, 149 [as Gryllodes supplicans].</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Gryllodes sigillatus is a typical true cricket with a light brown colour, flattened body and a small head. Males have short, square wings ending halfway to the abdomen (Fig. 139). Females have tiny, reduced scaly wings. The head is light sandy with a broad dark line between the eyes. The pronotum has a characteristic dark hind margin.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Amongst taxonomists, there is no unanimity about the status of Gryllodes sigillatus and G. supplicans (Walker, 1859) . Otte (2006) considered both as valid species, based on genital morphology. This view is followed by many authors and is accepted by OSF (Cigliano et al. 2024 a). On the other hand, G. sigillatus is treated as a junior synonym of G. supplicans by Chopard (1967), Kevan and Kevan (1995), Gorochov and Llorente (2001) and Gorochov (2017). Gorochov (1993) mentioned G. supplicans to be present on Socotra. Since we follow OSF, we chose to list the taxon present on Socotra as G. sigillatus .</p><p>Taschenberg (1883), Burr (1903), Krauss (1907) and Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) mentioned an unidentified cricket as Cophogryllus sp., collected by Riebeck in 1881. The museum in Halle (MLUH) sent a photo of this specimen, which depicts a Gryllodes sigillatus (confirmed by A. Gorochov in litt. 2022, as G. supplicans).</p><p>Burr (1898; 1903), Krauss (1907) and Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) mentioned another unidentified cricket Landreva sp., collected by Bennet in 1897. Burr (1898) gives a short description, but considers the specimen not good enough for description: “ It is small, testaceous, with truncate tegmina and no wings. The tympanum is only visible on the exterior side of the anterior tibiae (subg. Ectolandreva Sauss.); the posterior tibiae are armed with five spines on each margin above and four terminal spines ”. Based on a photo from the Oxford Museum (OUMNH), this is also a Gryllodes sigillatus (A. Gorochov in litt. 2022).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Gryllodes sigillatus has a worldwide distribution and is widespread on Socotra (Fig. 140).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>It is found in various habitats, ranging from sandy plains to shrubland and woodlands and not limited to urbanisation. Nocturnal and hiding by day in all kinds of crevices. Found from 0–1000 m a. s. l.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The calling song of Gryllodes sigillatus is an echeme, lasting about 50 ms and repeated at about 10 per second. Echemes consist of three syllables, the first shorter than the other two. The carrier frequency of the song is around 6.8–7.0 kHz and it has many harmonics at higher frequencies (Fig. 141; https://xeno-canto.org/877942).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/7B325034BA255579A44B5EEAE37695AE	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
521429460AAF56A3ABBBD73C8A4E7CCC.text	521429460AAF56A3ABBBD73C8A4E7CCC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gryllotalpa africana Latreille 1802	<div><p>Gryllotalpa aff. G. africana Palisot de Beauvois, 1820</p><p>Figs 182, 183, 184</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Uvarov and Popov 1957: 366; Townsend 1983: 183; Wranik 2003: 317, plate 149; Chintauan-Marquier et al. 2016: 58, 67.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Mole crickets carry a highly distinctive morphology within Orthoptera, including modified forelegs built for digging (Figs 182, 183). The specific status of the mole crickets on Socotra is unclear.</p><p>We used Townsend’s (1983) key to identify our male specimen collected in 2009 at Ridah, Momi. Most characteristics point to G. africana: the stridulatory teeth of the file are more widely spaced at the centre than at its extremities, the radius is divided distally into two branches and the phallic structure is large (3 mm). Unfortunately, our specimen’s phallic structure is incomplete; only the pseudepiphallus, which is partly damaged, is present (Fig. 183 C). It differs from the pseudepiphallus of G. africana, as depicted in Townsend (1983). It also differs from the pseudepiphalli of G. unispina Saussure, 1874, G. gryllotalpa (Linnaeus, 1758) and G. stepposa Zhantiev, 1991, as shown in Iorgu et al. (2016), while it is superficially similar to the one of G. krishnani Prassanna 2012, depicted in Prassanna et al. (2012) and Frank (2020).</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Palisot de Beauvois (1820) described Gryllotalpa africana from several small specimens collected in Oware, a former kingdom bordering Benin (Palisot de Beauvois 1804).</p><p>Townsend (1983) revised the Afrotropical mole crickets and since the syntypes of G. africana were lost, he designated a neotype. He erroneously considered Oware to refer to a river running into Etosha Pan in northern Namibia. The nearest locality from Etosha, where he had specimens suitable as neotypes at his disposal, was South Africa. Therefore, the current G. africana with its neotype from South Africa may belong to a different taxon from Palisot de Beauvois’ original syntypes from Oware (Benin).</p><p>For his revision, Townsend (1983) examined the Socotran Gryllotalpa specimens deposited in the NHMUK and identified them as G. africana . We only found specimens from the Oxford expedition in the London collection, not Popov’s material (Uvarov and Popov 1957). It is not clear to us which material has been examined by Townsend and if, indeed, he examined the genitalia. Gorochov (1983), in his study on Arabian Grylloidea, examined several specimens of the Gryllotalpa in the collection of NHMUK, but he did not mention any from Socotra.</p><p>Since we only have one specimen with an incomplete phallic structure, we tentatively name it Gryllotalpa aff. G. africana, following Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) and Townsend (1983). A thorough study of the genitalia of the London specimens and preferably a new series of Gryllotalpa from Socotra is necessary to properly shed light on this matter.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>G. africana is found throughout Africa, on the Canary Islands and mentioned for Socotra (Townsend 1983). Records on Socotra are from several sites across the island, from the lowlands and limestone plateaus to the Hagher (Fig. 184). Most historical records are from Hadiboh and the surrounding plain (Oxford expedition and Popov’s specimens). Some tens of individuals were recorded at night in Feb 2009 at Qeysoh in the west and Momi Plateau in the east. On 30 Oct 2010, individuals were singing deep down the valley from the base camp at Adho Dimello.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) mentioned beds of shallow, stagnating, permanent streams overgrown with Juncus and sedges as the primary habitat on Socotra (Fig. 6). In 2009 and 2010, we found Gryllotalpa in wet soils along stagnant waters with Juncus (Zerig), semi-dry wadis (Momi) and grassy spring areas (Adho Dimello and Qeysoh). On Socotra, Gryllotalpa occurs at a wide elevational range of 60–1000 m a. s. l. The species is attracted to light. Male territories are often easily located due to the loud-calling songs. However, burrows often occur underground from wet riverbanks or submerged in marsh, where they can be difficult to pinpoint.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The song of Gryllotalpa on Socotra is a loud, raucous trill given from a burrow, similar to other species in the genus. The sound is given nocturnally and can be challenging to locate. Unfortunately, we did not make a recording.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Our specimen from Momi has been genetically analysed by Chintauan-Marquier et al. (2016). Sequences are stored in GenBank as G. africana, with voucher numbers KR 903963.1 and KR 903445.1.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/521429460AAF56A3ABBBD73C8A4E7CCC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
5C9C5D98C97D50808E33D63CA938F4C6.text	5C9C5D98C97D50808E33D63CA938F4C6.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer 1773	<div><p>Gryllus bimaculatus De Geer, 1773</p><p>Figs 142, 143</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1903: 412, 422 [as Liogryllus bimaculatus]; Wranik 2003: 315–316, plates 147, 149.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Gryllus bimaculatus is a large pitch-black cricket with yellow markings at the base of the long tegmina. Its size and colouration make it an unmistakable species.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Gryllus bimaculatus is a widespread species in southern Europe, northern and eastern Africa and parts of Asia. It is known to swarm and cross large distances, also across open seas (Ragge 1972).</p><p>Only one ancient record (1899) is known from the island, while recent ones are numerous (Fig. 142). It could mean that the island has been colonised several times, with only the recent one being successful. In 2010, it was common in Ayhaft and Adho Dimello.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>All kinds of habitats and vegetation types. Records from 20–1450 m a. s. l. The species is attracted by light (Adho Dimello, 30 Oct 2010).</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The calling song of Gryllus bimaculatus is an echeme, lasting about 100 ms and repeated at about 4–5 per second (Fig. 143; https://xeno-canto.org/877943). Echemes consist of three (rarely two) syllables of more or less equal duration and loudness. The carrier frequency of the song is around 4.7–4.8 kHz and has many harmonics at higher frequencies.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/5C9C5D98C97D50808E33D63CA938F4C6	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
36188E1523FA5F0D8375773DBD6ABFED.text	36188E1523FA5F0D8375773DBD6ABFED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteracris adspersa (Redtenbacher 1889)	<div><p>Heteracris adspersa (Redtenbacher, 1889)</p><p>Figs 36, 37, 38</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 375 [as Thisoicetrus sp.]; Grunshaw 1991: 39; Guichard 1992: 186; Wranik 2003: 322, plate 155; Rowell and Hemp 2017: 178.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Diagnostic for Heteracris adspersa within its genus is a rounded subgenital plate with two tubercles in males, a yellow-brown or light green side of the head, a distinctive yellowish stripe behind the eyes and reddish distal halves of the hind tibiae. Markings on the external side of the hind femora are always rather extensive and reach the middle line (Figs 36, 38).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>H. adspersa is distributed along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts of North Africa, southern Europe and Arabia east to India (Grunshaw 1991). On Socotra, the species seems to be rare, restricted to Shuab and Neet in the west (Fig. 37).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The habitat is strictly coastal, from 0–8 m a. s. l. The species can be abundant in Arthrocnemum macrostachyum and Aerva javanica at Neet, as observed in 2010. Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) observed some specimens of unknown identification, but probably belonging to this species, at the same site (Ghublet Nait). Records are from March, June and October.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/36188E1523FA5F0D8375773DBD6ABFED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
FAFB0475CB6F5337A5CA3FF2C9C0656D.text	FAFB0475CB6F5337A5CA3FF2C9C0656D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteracris annulosa Walker 1870	<div><p>Heteracris annulosa Walker, 1870</p><p>Fig. 39</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Grunshaw 1991: 39.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Heteracris annulosa has a broadly rounded male subgenital plate without an attenuated арех. The general colouration is variable and the tegmina have large brown spots merging into transverse bands. Hind wings are colourless. The internal surface of the hind femora is always with median and distal blасk spots. Spots on the external surface are variable, generally median and distal spots, sometimes absent. If present, spots on the median external area are always restricted to the upper half of this area, never extending to the median line, like in H. adspersa .</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>It is widespread in North Africa, the Mediterranean, the Middle East, Central Asia and Arabia (Grunshaw 1991). In the Socotra Archipelago, it has only been found once on Abd el Kuri by Kenneth Guichard (Fig. 39) (Guichard 1967; Grunshaw 1991). He collected six specimens on 7 May 1967, labelled with the locality J. Saleh. According to his travel notes, he went up Jebel Saleh on its north-western slope that date and collected some Scintharista notabilis (Walker, 1870) there (Guichard 1967). The material is probably in the NHMUK, but we did not find it.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The habitat of H. annulosa on the slopes of Jebel Saleh, Abd el Kuri, is probably formed by dry, stony soils with scattered bushes and Euphorbia abdelkuri (Fig. 87).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FAFB0475CB6F5337A5CA3FF2C9C0656D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
8FDCFAC6DDD35FB3BF2B83284D4F5CF0.text	8FDCFAC6DDD35FB3BF2B83284D4F5CF0.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Heteracris coerulescens (Stal 1876)	<div><p>Heteracris coerulescens (Stål, 1876)</p><p>Figs 40, 41, 42</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1903: 420 [partim; as Cataloipus oberthüri]; Uvarov 1921: 131 [as Bibulus brunni]; Popov 1950: 135 [as Thisoicetrus caerulescens]; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 375 [as T. caerulescens]; Kevan 1967: 86; Grunshaw 1991: 42; Wranik 2003: 322, plate 155; Rowell and Hemp 2017: 184.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Males of this Heteracris species can be identified by their uniform colours and the absence of clear external markings (Fig. 41). They are brown with yellow or yellow-green stripes on the sides of the pronotum and folded tegmina. The external median area of the hind femora is brown, without extensive dark spots or bands, while the inner side is marked with a basal, median and distal black band. Females are less uniformly coloured (Fig. 40).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Heteracris coerulescens occurs in north-eastern Africa, south into Tanzania and locally in Yemen. On Socotra, it has only been found on three sites on three occasions (Fig. 42). The first record is from Homhil, collected by Ogilvie-Grant in 1899 and labelled by Burr as Cataloipus oberthuri (Burr 1903; Uvarov 1921). The second record is from Hadiboh Plain in 1967, by Guichard. The third is from Wadi Di Farhoh in 2024. Records are from February, April and May.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The habitat of H. coerulescens on Socotra is unknown because the precise collecting sites are unknown. The specimen collected on 2 May 1967 by Guichard has been collected on or near the same site as where he found Ochrilidia gracilis, according to his diary, “ a tufted grass habitat ” at the foot of Ras Hazira M …. [= Moukaradia Pass], south of Rooget Hill, near Hadiboh ” (Guichard 1967).</p><p>In April, Guichard collected other specimens elsewhere on Hadiboh Plain when he went “ into the foothills ”, crossing the plain from his base camp at Sheq (Guichard 1967). On Socotra, it has probably been found between 50–400 m a. s. l. In other parts of its distribution area, like Kenya and Tanzania, it is common in all kinds of bush- and savannah woodlands (Rowell and Hemp 2017; Hemp in litt. 2024).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8FDCFAC6DDD35FB3BF2B83284D4F5CF0	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
56B5387AD2C35C5FA1C1C6DB62110165.text	56B5387AD2C35C5FA1C1C6DB62110165.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Modicogryllus perplexus Otte & Cade 1984	<div><p>Modicogryllus perplexus Otte &amp; Cade, 1984</p><p>Figs 148, 149, 150, 151</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Gorochov 1993: 87; Wranik 2003: 316, plate 149.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Modicogryllus perplexus is a medium-sized, dark-brown cricket (Fig. 148). It is slightly larger than Eumodicogryllus chivensis and much darker overall. It has six clear longitudinal stripes on the occiput and vertex, sometimes with a thin median line. The frons has a narrow pale line connecting the lateral ocelli. The epistomal suture is slightly curved, with an obtuse angle and a rounded apex (difference with Eumodicogryllus). The tegmina have two harp veins.</p><p>The pseudepiphallus has the shape of a bridge (Fig. 149). The main lobes of the pseudepiphallus (MLPs) are thick and short, with an obtuse apex curved inwards. The pseudepiphallic parameres (PsP) are long and slender, asymmetrical in shape and length and have sharp inward curved apices. The sclerites of the epi-ectophallic invagination do not have an apodem of the transverse parameral muscle. There is a wide and long ectophallic apodeme (EctAp) at the base (Arc) of the sclerites of the epi-ectophallic invagination.</p><p>Gorochov (1993) identified material from Saudi Arabia and Socotra in the NHMUK as this species. The material we collected in 2009 and 2010 tends to be smaller with shorter tegmina than the type specimens, especially in females (Table 6). Wing venation and the phallic complex are identical to Otte and Cade (1984) (Fig. 149).</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Otte and Cade (1984) described Modicogryllus perplexus from Transvaal, South Africa, giving a somewhat limited description in that it can only be identified by its genitalia.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>This species is only known from Natal and Transvaal in eastern South Africa (Otte and Cade 1984; Otte et al. 1988), Saudi Arabia and Socotra (Gorochov 1993). On Socotra, it is widespread (Fig. 150). In Oct 2010, it was abundant at Wadi Zerig, Adho Dimello and Wadi Shilhin.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>In South Africa, it is found in open grassy vegetation and around seasonally wet pans (Otte and Cade 1984). On Socotra, the habitat seems comparable: short and wet grassy vegetation, often near water, at elevations from 50–1100 m a. s. l. Records are from January, February, April, October and November.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The calling song of M. perplexus on Socotra consists of echemes lasting 400–450 ms and repeated at the rate of about 0.4–0.6 per second (Fig. 151 A). Echemes consist of 22–25 syllables, repeated at 63–67 per second in the second two-thirds part, being slower and quieter in the first part (42–48 per second) (Fig. 151 B). The carrier frequency is 5.6 kHz (5.5 kHz in the first few syllables) and has several harmonics at higher frequencies (Fig. 151 C; XC 877950, accessible at https://www.xeno-canto.org/877950).</p><p>Otte and Cade (1984) described the sound of specimens from South Africa as short trills consisting of two parts; the first third to two-thirds consists of a simple train of pulses; the second part consists of pairs of pulses. Deducing from the information in their publication, we would describe the calling song as consisting of echemes lasting 450–650 ms and repeated at about 0.8–1.4 per second. Echemes consist of about 32–36 syllables, repeated at 58–76 per second in the first part of the echeme up to 81–107 per second in the second part of the echeme and with 4–9 pairs of syllables (with a syllable repetition rate of 61–81 per second). The carrier frequency is 5.7–7.1 kHz.</p><p>The song of Socotran specimens is similar to that of South African specimens. However, there are also apparent differences, for example, in the number of syllables in echemes and the presence of pairs of syllables. Further research is needed to explain these differences.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/56B5387AD2C35C5FA1C1C6DB62110165	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
852F1E314AB65EDA87A8CAF7BC6AE91A.text	852F1E314AB65EDA87A8CAF7BC6AE91A.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Mogoplistes brunneus Serville 1838	<div><p>Mogoplistes aff. M. brunneus Serville, 1838</p><p>Fig. 160</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Mogoplistes is distinguished from Ectatoderus by the following characteristics: males are apterous with a more or less square pronotum (not elongated), the clypeus lacks a median furrow, the scape is very narrow and the broad inter-antennal space broad (hence with a very high inter-antennal space / scape width ratio).</p><p>On Socotra, a yet unidentified member of the Mogoplistini tribe occurs (Fig. 161), probably belonging to Mogoplistes and related to M. brunneus Serville, 1838 . Since M. brunneus is a species confined to the Mediterranean, the taxon on Socotra probably belongs to another species. For now, only nymphs have been recorded. In 2009 and 2010, several specimens were collected; in 2024, a late instar nymph was photographed (Fig. 161). For proper identification and description, more material must be collected.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Mogoplistes aff. M. brunneus is known from several records on the island, suggesting a rather wide distribution. See https://www.inaturalist.org/observations/203184073.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/852F1E314AB65EDA87A8CAF7BC6AE91A	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
68C3068D61815805964F46A024D91DF1.text	68C3068D61815805964F46A024D91DF1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ochrilidia geniculata (Bolivar 1913) , Jago 1977	<div><p>Ochrilidia cf. O. geniculata (Bolívar, 1913)</p><p>Fig. 46</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>The specimen collected by Wranik on Abd el Kuri fits Ochrilidia geniculata following the key of Jago (1977). Its measurements are within the range of the 25 females studied by Massa (2009), except for the shorter hind femur (Table 3). As the identification of Ochrilidia species is mainly based on males, we treat the taxon as Ochrilidia cf. O. geniculata .</p><p>Ochrilidia geniculata differs from O. socotrae Massa, 2009 primarily in its larger size (Table 3) and its temporal foveolae, of which the lower edges are completely visible from above. In O. gracilis nyuki (Sjösted, 1909), the temporal foveolae are not visible from above and the inner lower lobes of the hind knees do not have a block dot. The male genitalia are species-specific.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>This species inhabits large parts of northern Africa, south into Kenya, on the Arabian Peninsula and east through Iran into India. There is only one record from Abd el Kuri (Fig. 46).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The habitat of O. geniculata on Abd el Kuri is unknown.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The song of this species is unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/68C3068D61815805964F46A024D91DF1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
0077E3954C3B5D738F43F1D267C9C1E4.text	0077E3954C3B5D738F43F1D267C9C1E4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ochrilidia gracilis subsp. nyuki (Sjosted 1909)	<div><p>Ochrilidia gracilis nyuki (Sjösted, 1909)</p><p>Figs 47, 48</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Jago 1977: 191, figs 74, 76, 79, 100; Guichard 1992: 186.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>The main diagnostic character of Ochrilidia gracilis nyuki is its fastigium of the vertex that protrudes extensively in front of the eyes. The part of the fastigium in front of the eyes is much longer than the maximum width of the vertex at the frontal edge of the eyes in dorsal view. In the nominate ssp. (not present on Socotra), the fastigium in front of the frontal edge of the eyes is as long as it is wide (Jago 1977). The antenna segments 2–8 are very wide and flattened compared to the other segments, much more so than in the two other occurring species. The temporal foveolae are invisible from above (Fig. 47) (Jago 1977). The inner ventral lobes of the hind knees do not bear a black dot.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>O. gracilis occurs in North Africa and the Middle East, eastwards through Iran and into India. The ssp. nyuki is confined to the Horn of Africa and Socotra. Its occurrence on Socotra is only known from one collecting event at Hadiboh Plain in 1967.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>According to Guichard’s travel journal, O. gracilis has been found in a “ new tufted grass habitat near the foot of Ras Hazira M …. [= Moukaradia Pass], north [not north, but west] of Hadiboh ”. Jago (1977) described the habitat of O. gracilis as riverine floodplains and well-watered areas by run-offs from massifs and plateaus. Adaptation to these wet habitats in north-eastern Africa and Socotra has led to the evolution of the elongated ssp. nyuki according to Jago (1977).</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The song of this species is unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0077E3954C3B5D738F43F1D267C9C1E4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
49C4532B4DCE5C0C9FF6167AA048B967.text	49C4532B4DCE5C0C9FF6167AA048B967.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ochrilidia socotrae Massa 2009	<div><p>Ochrilidia socotrae Massa, 2009</p><p>Figs 49, 50, 51, 52, 53</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 379 [as Ochrilidia kraussi]; Jago 1977: 180 [as Ochrilidia kraussi]; Wranik 2003: 324, plates 153, 158 [as Ochrilidia gracilis]; Massa 2009: 59–63, figs 20–25, 27, 29, 30.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Ochrilidia socotrae can be separated from O. gracilis nyuki by a shorter protruding fastigium of the vertex: the length in front of the eyes is equal to the width of the vertex at the frontal edge of the eyes, in dorsal view. The inner lower lobe of the hind knee has a black dot.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Popov collected four Ochrilidia specimens at Shuab in 1953 (Fig. 51) and identified these as O. kraussi (Bolívar, 1913) (Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)). However, he mentioned some differences with O. kraussi specimens from different African sites. These differences are mainly in the shape of the metazona of the pronotum: in the Socotran specimens, it is as long as wide, while in other kraussi specimens, it is often longer than wide. Specimens of O. kraussi from Somalia resemble the Socotra taxon (Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)).</p><p>In his revision of the genus Ochrilidia, Jago (1977) synonymised O. kraussi with O. geniculata, including Popov’s specimens of Socotra. Jago (1977) erroneously listed the four Socotran specimens under Ethiopia instead of Yemen. Massa (2009), therefore, was misled when he interpreted Jago as not having studied the Socotran specimens.</p><p>Massa (2009) described O. socotrae, based on specimens he collected at Shuab in 2008, the same site where Popov collected his specimens. He mentioned the following characteristics of O. socotrae that separate this taxon from O. geniculata from Africa and Arabia: overall smaller, shorter wings, a less marked black spot on the inner side of the hind knees, a less pointed subgenital plate, shorter cerci and less stridulatory pegs.</p><p>According to Massa (2009), the length and width ratio of the metazona does not differ between socotrae and geniculata, contrary to Popov’s statement about kraussi (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)).</p><p>After comparison, Popov’s specimens belong to O. socotrae, which is unsurprising since they come from the same site and habitat.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Ochrilidia socotrae is endemic to Socotra. This species has only been found on three sites in coastal dunes near the two outermost capes of Socotra, Shuab and Neet in the west and Erisseyl in the east (Fig. 52). The species can be common in suitable habitat.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>O. socotrae is strictly associated with Urochondra setulosa (syn. Heleochloa dura) (Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957); Massa 2009). These grasses grow in narrow fringes of coastal dunes at an elevation of 0–10 m a. s. l. (Figs 2, 3). Adults are found year-round and nymphs are found in February and November (Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957); Massa 2009).</p><p>Ochrilidia gracilis and O. kraussi are intermixed in Wranik (2013): O. gracilis is mentioned as occurring in Heleochloa dura in Shoab and O. kraussi is mentioned as occurring elsewhere in Arabia in wet grasslands. The reverse is true. The former occurs in humid grasslands (also on Socotra; ssp. nyuki), while the latter, as O. socotrae, occurs in U. setulosa ( H. dura) vegetation.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The calling song consists of 20–30 syllables repeated at 3–4 per second. Syllables last 90–110 ms and consist of a short, sharp tick-sound of about 25 ms followed by a weaker rustling sound (Fig. 53). The tick-sound is probably linked to the upward movement of both hind legs. During interaction with other males, a series of syllables may be shorter or may lead to the production of alternating syllables of the males involved. Additionally, some weaker shortly buzzing sounds can be heard, possibly linked to situations where a female is close to the male.</p><p>The same syllabic structure can be found in the song of Ochrilidia sicula (Salfi, 1931) (Baudewijn Odé, XC 846260, accessible at https://www.xeno-canto.org/846260) and O. pruinosa Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882 (Willemse et al. 2018). However, in the latter species, the syllables are adjoined in a dense echeme.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/49C4532B4DCE5C0C9FF6167AA048B967	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
86A646BF3FCA5564B7C4F3042920974F.text	86A646BF3FCA5564B7C4F3042920974F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oecanthus castaneus Felix & Bouwman & Odé & Ketelaar & Pham & Bailey 2025	<div><p>Oecanthus castaneus Felix &amp; Bouwman sp. nov.</p><p>Figs 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Krauss 1907: 17, 27, 30 [partim; as Oecanthus indicus]; Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 364–365 [partim; as Oecanthus chopardi]; Gorochov 1993: 92 [partim; as O. chopardi]; Wranik 2003: 316, plates 146, 149 [partim; as O. chopardi]; Chintauan-Marquier et al. 2016: 60, 70 [as O. chopardi]; De Campos et al. 2022: 6 [as O. chopardi].</p><p>Material examined.</p><p>Holotype. YEMEN ● 1 ♂, on alcohol; Socotra, Aloove area, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.1233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.52" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.1233/lat 12.52)">Aloove vill. env.</a> Jatropha unicostata shrubland with Boswellia elongata trees; 221 m a. s. l.; 12°31.2'N, 54°07.4'E [12.5200°N, 54.1233°E]; 19–20 Jun 2012; J. Bezdĕk, J. Hájek, V. Hula, P. Kment, I. Malenovský, J. Niedobová &amp; L. Purchart leg.; NMPC SpCZ 12 YE 024 A .</p><p>Paratypes. YEMEN ● 1 ♂; Sokótra; Jan 1899; O. Simony leg.; NMW ● 1 ♀; Sokótra; Feb 1899; O. Simony leg.; NMW ● 1 ♂ [former paratype of Oecanthus chopardi Uvarov, 1957]; Socotra, Moabbadh plain [Maabad], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.1499&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6377" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.1499/lat 12.6377)">east of Hadiboh</a>; [12.6377°N, 54.1499°E]; 10–12 Feb 1953; G. Popov leg.; NHMUK 016032520 ● 1 ♂; Socotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.4877&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6888" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.4877/lat 12.6888)">Qualansiyah</a> [Qalansiyah]; [12.6888°N, 53.4877°E]; 25 Mar 1967; K. Guichard leg.; NHMUK 016032747 ● 1 ♀; same as for previous; NHMUK 016032489 ● 2 ♂; Socotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.0522&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6216" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.0522/lat 12.6216)">Hadiboh Plain</a>; 50 m a. s. l.; [12.6216°N, 54.0522°E]; 12 Apr 1967; K. Guichard leg.; NHMUK 016032577, NHMUK 016032824 ● 1 ♀; same as for previous NHMUK 016032601 ● 2 ♀; Socotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.0522&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6216" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.0522/lat 12.6216)">Hadiboh Plain</a>; 30 m a. s. l.; [12.6216°N, 54.0522°E]; 2 May 1967; K. Guichard leg.; NHMUK 016032587, NHMUK 016032767 ● 1 ♀; Socotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.1452&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.5016" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.1452/lat 12.5016)">Husaant</a> [Haasan]; 12.5016°N, 54.1452°E]; 29 Nov 1999; W. Wranik leg.; NMPC ● 1 ♀; Socotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.9855&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.53" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.9855/lat 12.53)">Di Lisha</a> [Di Hashus]; 12°31'48"N, 53°59'08"E [12.5300°N, 53.9855°E]; 4 Apr 2008; B. Massa leg.; BMPC ● 1 ♂; Socotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.6076&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6273" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.6076/lat 12.6273)">Qalansiyah river</a> (Shata) [Bi’r Haarso]; [12.6273°N, 53.6076°E]; 6 Apr 2008; B. Massa leg.; BMPC ● 2 ♂, 3 ♀; Socotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.9377&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6213" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.9377/lat 12.6213)">Wadi Ayehv</a> [Wadi Ayhaft]; 12°37'17"N, 53°56'16"E [12.6213°N, 53.9377°E]; 10 Apr 2008; B. Massa leg.; BMPC ● 1 ♂; Socotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.9927&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6059" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.9927/lat 12.6059)">Wadi Ayhaft</a>; 266 m a. s. l.; 12.6059°N, 53.9927°E; 22 Feb 2009; R. Felix, J. Bouwman &amp; R. Ketelaar leg.; RFPC SpRF 09 YE 327 ● 1 ♀; same data as for previous RFPC SpRF 09 YE 322 ● 1 ♂; Socotra, Ridah [Begobig], <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.2949&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.5294" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.2949/lat 12.5294)">Momi Plateau</a>; 350 m a. s. l.; [12.5294°N, 54.2949°E]; 24 Feb 2009; R. Felix, J. Bouwman &amp; R. Ketelaar leg.; RFPC SpRF 09 YE 324 ● 1 ♂; Socotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.0796&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.3554" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.0796/lat 12.3554)">Halmi beach</a>; 12°21.324'N, 54°04.780'E [12.3554°N, 54.0796°E]; 16 Jun 2009; V. Hula leg.; NMPC ● 1 ♂; Socotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.9927&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6059" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.9927/lat 12.6059)">Wadi Ayhaft</a>; 266 m a. s. l.; 12.6059°N, 53.9927°E; 26 Oct 2010; R. Felix, J. Bouwman &amp; R. Ketelaar leg.; RFPC SpRF 10 YE 018 ● 1 ♂; Socotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.0128&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6453" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.0128/lat 12.6453)">Hadiboh</a>; 23 m a. s. l.; 12.6453°N, 54.0128°E; 3 Nov 2010; R. Felix, J. Bouwman &amp; R. Ketelaar leg.; Sound recording RecRF 10202–206; RFPC SpRF 10 YE 119 ● 1 ♀; Socotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=53.9816&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6083" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 53.9816/lat 12.6083)">Wadi Ayhaft</a>; 200 m a. s. l.; 12°36.5'N, 53°58.9'E; [12.6083°N, 53.9816°E]; 7–8 Nov 2010; J. Hájek leg.; NMPC ● 1; Socotra, Shahab area, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.173&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.5413" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.173/lat 12.5413)">Baa vill. env.</a> [Ba’a]; [12.5413°N, 54.1730°E]; 9 Nov. 2010; J. Hájek leg.; NMPC ● 1 ♀; Socotra, Noged Plain, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.0883&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.365" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.0883/lat 12.365)">Sharet Halma vill., env.</a>; 20 m a. s. l.; 12°21.9'N, 54°05.3'E; [12.3650°N, 54.0883°E]; 10–11 Nov 2010; J. Bezdĕk leg.; NMPC ● 1 ♂; Socotra, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.1283&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.6866" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.1283/lat 12.6866)">Delisha vill. env</a>. Jatropha unicostata shrubland, at light; 36 m a. s. l.; 12°41.2'N, 54°07.7'E; [12.6866°N, 54.1283°E]; 8 Jun 2012; J. Bezdĕk, J. Hájek, V. Hula, P. Kment, I. Malenovský, J. Niedobová &amp; L. Purchart leg.; NMPC SpCZ 12 YE 032 ● 1 ♀; same as for previous NMPC SpCZ 12 YE 031 ● 1 ♀; Socotra, Noged Plain, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.0566&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.3683" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.0566/lat 12.3683)">Abataro</a>, border of dunes and succulent bush; 20 m a. s. l.; 12°22.1'N, 54°03.4'E [12.3683°N, 54.0566°E]; 12–13 Jun 2012; J. Bezdĕk, J. Hájek, V. Hula, P. Kment, I. Malenovský, J. Niedobová &amp; L. Purchart leg.; NMPC SpCZ 12 YE 039 ● 2 ♂; Socotra, Aloove area, <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.1233&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.52" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.1233/lat 12.52)">Aloove vill. env</a>. Jatropha unicostata shrubland with Boswellia elongata trees; 221 m a. s. l.; 12°31.2'N, 54°07.4'E [12.5200°N, 54.1233°E]; 19–20 Jun 2012; J. Bezdĕk, J. Hájek, V. Hula, P. Kment, I. Malenovský, J. Niedobová &amp; L. Purchart leg.; NMPC SpCZ 12 YE 024 B, C ● 1 ♀; same as for previous; NMPC SpCZ 12 YE 022 ● 1 ♂; Socotra, Wadi Matyaf (lower part), <a href="https://tb.plazi.org/GgServer/search?materialsCitation.longitude=54.3013&amp;materialsCitation.latitude=12.4505" title="Search Plazi for locations around (long 54.3013/lat 12.4505)">Noged</a>; [20–30 m a. s. l.]; [12.4505°N, 54.3013°E]; 21 Jan 2014; A. Carapezza leg.; BMPC .</p><p>Additional material.</p><p>YEMEN ● 1 ♂; Socotra, Hadiboh; 16 m a. s. l.; 12.6488°N, 54.0129°E; 21 Feb 2009; R. Felix, J. Bouwman &amp; R. Ketelaar leg.; RFPC SpRF 09 YE 323 [damaged; only genitalia available] ● 1 ♂; Socotra, Shuab; 8 m a. s. l.; 12.5779°N, 53.4002°E; 1 Mar 2009; R. Felix, J. Bouwman &amp; R. Ketelaar leg.; RFPC SpRF 09 YE 326 [damaged].</p><p>Generic placement.</p><p>Oecanthus castaneus Felix &amp; Bouwman, sp. nov. (Figs 162, 163), as well as O. chopardi Uvarov, 1957 (Fig. 173), the other tree cricket existing in the Archipelago, belong to the above-mentioned suprageneric ranks, based on the following characteristics, amongst others: the lateral field of the tegmen forming a sharp angle with the dorsal field; ovipositor straight in lateral view; male tegmen with a large mirror with two dividing veins and an almost absent apical field; dorsal valves of the ovipositor bifurcated apically; pseudepiphallic sclerite wider than long, with two main lobes and long rami; arc projecting anteriorly, with two long distal prolongations; cerci longer than FII (De Campos et al. 2022).</p><p>The two Socotran species have many characteristics that are considered diagnostic to Viphyus (Otte, 1988): a weakly prognathous head (Fig. 164 A); two thin dark lines bordering the light mid-line of the pronotum (Fig. 164 B), ventral apical spurs on both TI and TII (Fig. 164 E); black spots on the basal antennal segments (Fig. 164 A); spots on the outer surface of the hind femur (Figs 164 C, 165 A); two outer and three inner, dorsal, subapical spurs on TIII (Fig. 164 F); a well-developed metascutum and metascutellum, both more or less of the same length (Fig. 166); extensive dark markings on the tegmina (Toms and Otte 1988). See Cigliano et al. (2024 b) for photographs of Viphyus victorinoxi Otte, 1988, the type species of the genus.</p><p>Viphyus, however, has a median scutal tubercle, missing in O. castaneus sp. nov. and O. chopardi (Fig. 166). Furthermore, in Viphyus, the main lobes of the pseudepiphallus in the phallic complex are steeply pointing upwards. In the Socotran species, the main lobes of the pseudepiphallus do not steeply slope upwards (Fig. 168 E, F). At the same time, the pseudepiphallic parameres in the Socotran species differ from those in Viphyus and resemble those of Oecanthus . In (most) Oecanthus, however, there are no ventral apical spurs on TI or TII, only the metascutum is elaborately modified, a median scutal tubercle is presen, and TIII generally has 4–5 pairs of subapical spurs instead of 2–3 (Chopard 1955; Walker and Gurney 1967; Toms and Otte 1988; Collins in litt 2024).</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Oecanthus castaneus Felix &amp; Bouwman, sp. nov. can be separated from O. chopardi by its distinctive warm appearance due to its orange-brown colours and extensive brown markings on the wings (Figs 162, 163). Oecanthus chopardi is never brownish, but always uniformly whitish to pale straw, often with bright greenish tones (Fig. 173). Where the sides of the head, pronotum and legs are orange-brown in O. castaneus sp. nov., they are whitish to pale straw in O. chopardi . Dorsally, the head and pronotum of O. castaneus sp. nov. are darker brown, whereas O. chopardi has greenish tones in those parts (Fig. 173). O. castaneus sp. nov. has almost entirely blackish-brown antennae, except for the lighter scape and pedicle, while in O. chopardi, the antennae are light and of the same colour as the body (Figs 173, 177). The tegmina of O. castaneus sp. nov. are extensively marked blackish-brown, but there is variation in the extent (Fig. 167 A). The base of the tegmina is variably dark brown and the file and the plectrum are flanked with intensive blackish markings (Fig. 167 A, C). There is a large brown spot in the chordal area, halfway to the inner edge of the tegmina. The veins in the distal part of the dorsal field are all bordered brown, the cells are marked with infumated spots and the wing’s apex is heavily infumated (Fig. 167 A). In O. chopardi, the tegmina are translucent white to greenish, with only two small dark markings, one on the distal part of the file bordering the plectrum and a smaller one in the chordal area (Fig. 167 B). The tegmina in male O. castaneus sp. nov. are slightly narrower and shorter than O. chopardi (Table 8; Fig. 167); in females, they are at least shorter (width not measured). The female cerci and ovipositor of O. castaneus sp. nov. are shorter (&lt;4.0 mm and &lt;4.5 mm, respectively) than in O. chopardi (&gt; 4.5 mm and&gt; 5.0 mm, respectively) (Table 8; Fig. 165). In O. castaneus sp. nov., both inner and outer ventral lobes of the hind knee are lined black dorsally (Fig. 165 A), whereas, in O. chopardi, they are only tipped black (Fig. 165 B). The female subgenital plate of O. castaneus sp. nov. is triangular with an obtuse apex; in O. chopardi, it is more trapezoid with a broadly rounded to truncated apex. The metanotum of both species does not differ markedly, which is a common phenomenon in closely-related species (Walker and Gurney 1967).</p><p>The stridulatory file in O. castaneus sp. nov. is straight with 45–54 teeth (Fig. 167 C). The only studied specimen of O. chopardi has 59 teeth (Table 8) and a slightly more sinuous file (Fig. 167 D).</p><p>The pseudepiphallic sclerite in O. castaneus sp. nov. forms a transverse, narrow bridge with a slightly curved anterior margin in the dorsal view (Fig. 168 A). In O. chopardi, the transverse bridge is broader and the anterior margin is almost straight in dorsal view (Fig. 168 B). The main lobes of the pseudepiphallus differ slightly between both species. In O. castaneus sp. nov., the two lobes point more directly caudal and are somewhat slender, while in O. chopardi, the lobes curve more inwards and are somewhat coarser with a broader base (Fig. 168).</p><p>O. castaneus sp. nov. is distinguished from the following three species of Oecanthus known from the Arabian Peninsula: O. pellucens (Scopoli, 1763), O. dulcisonans Gorochov, 1993 and O. turanicus Uvarov, 1912 . These three species have a median scutal tubercle, a TIII with 5–6 pairs of subapical spurs and no ventral apical spurs on TI or TII. These species lack the dark markings on the tegmina and the diagnostic colouration of O. castaneus sp. nov.; they all are pale, plain straw-coloured or greenish. O. dulcisonans and O. turanicus are significantly larger (14–17 mm in males).</p><p>Description.</p><p>Male holotype. Like other species within the genus Oecanthus, it is slender-bodied and fragile (Figs 162, 163). Head: weakly prognathous (Fig. 164 A); head and pronotum with a light mid-line bordered by two thin dark lines (Fig. 164 B); no black postocular marking; scape and pedicel with a small black spot on their ventral face (Fig. 164 A); black dot on the scape sometimes very weak; spot on the pedicel somewhat thickened or callous. Pronotum: as wide as long, sometimes slightly wider than long (Table 8); saddle-shaped with ventral caudal corners of the paranotal lobes strongly curved inwards; hind margin slightly undulated, with bristles (Fig. 164 B). Metanotal gland: metascutum and metascutellum both well-modified and of more or less equal length (Fig. 166); main scutal relief inverted U-shaped with slightly swollen anterior and lateral margins (Fig. 166 a); posteriorly, with two posterad projecting flat processes, both with a tuft of long setal brushes on both sides of their apex; a deep transverse depression situated beneath the two processes; scuto-scutellar suture obtusely trapezoid (Fig. 166 b); main scutellal relief V-shaped, smaller than the scutum (Fig. 166 c), with a U-shaped depression in its anterior face; anterior margin of the scutellum, along the scuto-scutellar suture, with a pair of posterad, hook-like processes, bearing some setae; posterior margin of the scutellum with an obtuse angle; a median scutal tubercle is absent. Right tegmen: veins light; tegmina marked more or less extensively blackish-brown; base of the tegmina dark brown due to the infumation of the cells and margins of the veins; cells bordering the file and the plectrum intensively marked dark brown; chordal area with a large brown spot; cells in the dorsal field thinly margined brown along the veins and variably and locally marked with smooth infumation (Fig. 167 A, C). Stridulatory file: stridulum with 54 teeth, situated on a proximally sharply raised ridge, which gradually descends to the same level as the anal vein towards the plectrum (Fig. 167 C). Hind wings: light-coloured, apex brown, surpassing the tegmina with 2.2 mm. Legs: TI with an oval inner and outer tympanum; TI with an outer, apical, ventral spur; TII with an inner, apical, ventral spur (Fig. 164 E). Fore- and mid-legs with scattered small black spots (Figs 162, 163); FIII with thinly distributed small black spots on the lateral and dorsal outer surface and with black markings on the ventrolateral carinae (Fig. 164 C); TIII with two outer and three inner, dorsal, subapical spurs (Fig. 164 F), serrulated over the entire length, with small, but thick spines on the tibiae’s dorsal margins; serrulation denser in the basal than in the apical part; inner serrulation: no spine before the first subapical spur, 0 spines between the first and second spur, 1–2 spines between the second and third spur and 12–13 above the third spur; outer serrulation: 2–3 spines before the first subapical spur, 3–4 spines between the first and second spurs and 13–14 spines above the second spur; inner, apical three times shorter than inner, apical, dorsal spur; inner, apical, dorsal spur two times longer than outer, apical, dorsal spur; spurs and spines dark; ventral lobe of the hind knee dorsally lined black (Fig. 165 A). Abdomen: cerci slightly sinuous in both the basal and apical fifth and densely covered with long hairs (Fig. 164 D); subgenital plate with a rounded apex (Fig. 164 C). Genitalia: Pseudepiphallic sclerite is a narrow transverse bridge that is widely U-shaped; the anterior margin is slightly curved in dorsal view. Main lobes (MLPs.) placed on the posterior margin, more or less diamond-shaped in dorsal view, with rounded inner sides and angled outer sides; in lateral view, MLPs angled obliquely up- and backwards, resembling two triangular blades or scoops; inner space between the two main lobes slightly smaller than the width of one lobe at its base. Two widely-rounded, triangular pseudepiphallic apodemes (Ps. Ap.) directing anteriorly. Pseudepiphallic parameres (Ps. P.) much shorter than MLPs., rounded apically and directed inwards. Rami long and slender; arc projecting anteriorly, with two long distal prolongations and two short ectophallic apodemes (Ec. Ap.) (Fig. 168).</p><p>Colouration: sides of the head yellowish to orange, dorsally orange-brown to brown; eye colour orange-light reddish-brown (in vivo); scape and pedicel orange to orange-brown, the remaining antennomeres blackish brown; tarsi, tibiae and femora light yellow to orange-brown, gradually darkening towards the joints (Figs 162, 163); abdominal tergites largely coloured dark brown with light margins (Figs 162, 163); sternites light; cerci light; subgenital plate mottled brown at its base, rest light yellow.</p><p>Morphometrics holotype. Body length (anterior margin labrum – apex subgenital plate): 11.7 mm; pronotal length: 1.9 mm; pronotal width: 2.0 mm; right tegmen length: 10.3 mm; width dorsal field right tegmen: 3.6 mm; total width right tegmen: 5.4 mm; cercus length: 4.2 mm; FIII length: 7.1 mm; TIII length: 8.0 mm; stridulatory file length 1.4 mm; stridulatory teeth number 54.</p><p>Female. Same as male, except for the following characteristics: tegmina dark brown on the dorsal and lateral fields, translucent along the transition between the dorsal and lateral fields; due to light underwings, tegmina appear to be striped (Fig. 172); ovipositor short, apex denticulated; cerci slightly surpassing the apex of the ovipositor (Fig. 165 C); subgenital plate triangular with a rounded apex.</p><p>Biometrics of holo- and paratypes are shown in Table 8.</p><p>Variation.</p><p>In the paratype series, the extent of black markings varies, whether on the wings, legs or antennae and may fade in dried specimens. See Table 8 for variation in biometrics in the paratype series.</p><p>Discussion.</p><p>Based on its characteristics, mainly the ventral apical spurs on both TI and TII, O. castaneus sp. nov. (and O. chopardi) might merit assignment to Viphyus or a new genus close to the latter. However, taxonomic changes at this level should preferably be accompanied by a thorough phylogenetic analysis, based on DNA. Therefore, we tentatively describe the species here as a member of Oecanthus and leave the decision about the generic placement of both Oecanthus species from Socotra to a future study.</p><p>Etymology.</p><p>Oecanthus castaneus Felix &amp; Bouwman, sp. nov. is named after its warm brown appearance due to a combination of orange and brown hues. This characteristic distinguishes the species immediately from O. chopardi, the other tree cricket species on the island.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Endemic to Socotra. The species occurs throughout the island and is common, possibly less so higher in the mountains (Fig. 169).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The species occurs in all vegetated habitats, from 0–900 m a. s. l. and can be found in herbs, shrubs and trees like Jatropha unicostata and Croton socotranus . Records are from all seasons.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The calling song of Oecanthus castaneus Felix &amp; Bouwman, sp. nov. is a continuous echeme, sometimes mixed with very short silences (50–100 ms) (Figs 170 A, 171 A). Echemes consist of equal syllables, repeated at 48–60 per second (Figs 170 B, 171 B). The carrier frequency of the song is around 3.7–4.4 kHz and has few harmonics at higher frequencies (Figs 170 C, 171 C).</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Chintauan-Marquier et al. (2016) genetically analysed a specimen from Ayhaft. It is mentioned there as Oecanthus chopardi, the only species known to the island at the time of publication. The same applies to De Campos et al. (2022). Sequences of O. castaneus sp. nov. are stored in GenBank (as O. chopardi) with voucher numbers KR 904148.1, KR 903784.1, KR 903493.1, KR 903270.1 and KR 902990.1.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/86A646BF3FCA5564B7C4F3042920974F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
64F2072F8E8B57A3B49D85E5679088BC.text	64F2072F8E8B57A3B49D85E5679088BC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oecanthus chopardi Uvarov 1957	<div><p>Oecanthus chopardi Uvarov, 1957</p><p>Figs 165, 167, 168, 173, 174, 175, 176, 177</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1903: 412, 423 [as Oecanthus pellucens]; Krauss 1907: 17, 27, 30 [partim; as O. indicus]; Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 364–365 [partim]; Walker 1966: 270; Gorochov 1993: 92 [partim?]; Wranik 2003: 316, plates 146, 149 [partim]; Chintauan-Marquier et al. 2016: 60, 70 [is Oecanthus castaneus Felix &amp; Bouwman, sp. nov.]; De Campos et al. 2022: 6 [is Oecanthus castaneus Felix &amp; Bouwman, sp. nov.].</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>See Oecanthus castaneus Felix &amp; Bouwman, sp. nov.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>O. chopardi was described by Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)), based on four specimens from Wadi Dineghen, including the holotype (Fig. 174) and one paratype from Maabad. About that last paratype, Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) mentioned the following: “ There is some variation in the brown elytral pattern of the male; the male from Moabbadh plain [Maabad] is marked very heavily its head, pronotum and antennae being blackish-brown ”. In the collection of the NHMUK, this is written on a note by Bruce Townsend: “ wing pattern of the fifth syntype [= fourth paratype; Maabad] differs markedly from that of the other four and it is clearly a different species ”.</p><p>The paratype from Maabad is assigned here as a paratype of Oecanthus castaneus Felix &amp; Bouwman, sp. nov. Krauss (1907) also mentioned two different colour types within the specimens collected by Simony. After examination of these specimens, two belong to O. chopardi and two to O. castaneus sp. nov.</p><p>All specimens collected by Guichard in 1967, mentioned by Gorochov (1993) as O. chopardi, belong to O. castaneus sp. nov. Gorochov (1993) further mentioned three specimens (2 ♂, 1 ♀) collected by Kurzenko in 1984, the specific status of which is unknown to us. Wranik (2003) depicted O. castaneus sp. nov. instead of O. chopardi (plates 146, 149).</p><p>All Oecanthus material from Socotra in Massa’s collection belongs to O. castaneus sp. nov., except for two female specimens from Samha Is. These females are yellowish-white and might belong to O. chopardi or a third species. Further study must reveal the specific status of the taxon present on that island.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>O. chopardi is endemic to Socotra and is found at several sites in the Hagher and Maaleh Mountains (Fig. 175). Records are few and O. chopardi may well be a scarce species.</p><p>The labels of the type specimens mention Deneghan, 300 ft (ca. 91 m), while Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) mentions 3000 ft (ca. 914 m) instead, which is on Adho Dimello. Later, Popov (1984) mentioned 300 ft (ca. 91 m). We consider the latter as correct (see Discussion).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The species is restricted to well-wooded habitats in the zones with Frankincense woodland and forest, montane forest and mosaic. They were collected in a light trap. Records are from 90–914 m a. s. l. and February and March only.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The calling song of Oecanthus chopardi has not been described so far. We also have not been able to record and subsequently collect a specimen of this species. However, in one sound recording from Adho Dimello high in the Hagher, we heard an alleged Oecanthus species, clearly different from Oecanthus castaneus Felix &amp; Bouwman, sp. nov. We assume it could be possible that the song in the recording is from this species. The song recorded consists of echemes lasting 800–850 ms and is repeated not very frequently. Echemes consist of about 35 syllables, repeated at about 40 per second. The carrier frequency is 3.2 kHz.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>Chintauan-Marquier et al. (2016) genetically analysed an O. castaneus sp. nov. specimen from Ayhaft. However, they published it as Oecanthus chopardi, the only species known to the island at the time of publication (see O. castaneus sp. nov.).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/64F2072F8E8B57A3B49D85E5679088BC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
26EE549FF7A85CD4B3621F2382802DBC.text	26EE549FF7A85CD4B3621F2382802DBC.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss 1877)	<div><p>Oedaleus senegalensis (Krauss, 1877)</p><p>Figs 69, 70, 71</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1903: 412, 418; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 378; Ritchie 1981: 87, fig. 160; Wranik 2003: 324, plate 156.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Oedaleus senegalensis is a primarily greenish or light brown, sizeable Oedipodine grasshopper with long wings (Figs 69, 70). The pronotum is tectiform, slightly saddle-shaped, with light markings forming an open X. The basal two-fifths of the tegmina are dark brown, transversed with a clear pale band. The distal half is primarily clear with darker cells and blackish veins. The basal half of the hind wing is yellowish, at the tip hyaline, with a narrow black fascia, forming a (nearly) complete band, not reaching the posterior margin of the wing.</p><p>Ritchie (1981) revised the genus Oedaleus Fieber, 1853 and identified the taxon present on Socotra as Oedaleus senegalensis .</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>The species occurs from the Canary Islands and West Africa through Sub-Saharan Africa to Arabia, western Russia and south-western India. On Socotra, it is known to occur on several sites scattered over the island (Fig. 71).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>O. senegalensis is, like other members of the genus, a geophilous and graminivorous species occurring on dry savannah grasslands (Hemp and Rowell 2020). On Socotra, it has been found in short, grassy vegetation and on bare ground on the coastal plain (Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)). Records are from the lower parts of the island from 10–500 m a. s. l. in sparse dwarf shrubland and low Croton - Jatropha shrubland. In 2009 and 2010, we found the species at only two sites: at Qeysoh and in the low hills where Wadi Dineghen flows into Hadiboh Plain. Both sites are characterised by bare ground alternated with sparse and low vegetation. Records are from all seasons.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The related Oedaleus decorus (Germar, 1825) emits quiet, rattling sounds during flight. During rivalry, buzzing sounds are emitted. Courtship consists of 0.5–1.1s sounds, emitted with irregular intervals (Roesti and Keist 2009). On Socotra, sounds emitted by O. senegalensis have not been recorded.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/26EE549FF7A85CD4B3621F2382802DBC	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
50545D936CF35FF894B5642756A0DC7B.text	50545D936CF35FF894B5642756A0DC7B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Oxytruxalis ensis (Burr 1899) Critically Endangered, CR	<div><p>Oxytruxalis ensis (Burr, 1899)</p><p>Figs 16, 17, 18</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1899 b: 43–44 [as Truxalis ensis]; Burr 1902: 161–162 [as Acrida ensis]; Burr 1903: 412, 413, 416, plate XXV: figs 4, 4 a [as Truxalis ensis]; Krauss 1907: 29 [as Acrida ensis]; Dirsh 1950: 149–151, figs 50, 51; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 384–385; Wranik 2003: 325, plates 153, 158.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Oxytruxalis ensis is a very slender and elongated species (Figs 16, 17). It differs from Truxalis viridifasciata (Fig. 19) in very long antennae that exceed the combined length of the head and pronotum, an almost flat and strongly elongated pronotum parallel in the prozona, very long tegmina that are gradually narrowed and pointed in the apical half and hind wings that are much shorter than the tegmina (Figs 16, 17) (Burr (1899 b, 1902, 1903). The inner upper lateral lobe of the hind knee is elongated and longer than the outer upper lobe (Fig. 17 B) (Dirsh 1950; Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)).</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Burr (1899 b, 1903) described the species, based on two female syntypes (Fig. 17). Dirsh (1950) gave a re-description of the genus and species. The male of O. ensis has never been described. A short description of the male is provided here, together with a photo of the only known adult male specimen (Fig. 16).</p><p>Description of the male.</p><p>Smaller than the female; body length: 39 mm; frons 10 mm; antenna length: 18 mm; tegmen length: 26 mm; hind wing length: 23 mm. The apex of the fastigium tapers more sharply and is less rounded than in the female. The hind wing is relatively longer than in the female: it is only 12 % shorter than the tegmen; in females, this is 20 % (Figs 16, 17 A) (Dirsh 1950). The pronotum is malformed, making it indescribable in detail. The subgenital plate is short and conical with a sharp apex. The general colouration is yellowish-green. The tegmina have longitudinal reddish, brownish and white lines. The basal disc of the hind wing is reddish with a tessellate pattern (Fig. 16). Other characteristics are the same as in the female (see Dirsh (1950)).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Oxytruxalis ensis is endemic to Socotra and a very scarce species. It is only known from one adult male, two adult females and a nymph found in the mid-elevations in the Hagher massif and on the surrounding limestone plateau (Fig. 18). There are no records after 1967.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The habitat is unknown. Based on its distribution, the species probably inhabits herbaceous or grassy sites in wood- and shrubland at 250–950 m a. s. l. All known localities, Moukaradia Pass, Wadi Dineghen and Jena-agahan, are in Frankincense woodland. Records are from January, March (a nymph), April and December.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>It is unknown if this species emits a calling song. Members of Truxalini are known to possess a stridulatory apparatus and can produce sounds through crepitation by snapping their hind wings during flight (Harz 1975; Haggag and Badawy 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/50545D936CF35FF894B5642756A0DC7B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
8179EE54D05B5333BC74CD86B468529E.text	8179EE54D05B5333BC74CD86B468529E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pachysmopoda abbreviata (Taschenberg 1883)	<div><p>Pachysmopoda abbreviata (Taschenberg, 1883)</p><p>Figs 208, 209, 210, 211</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Taschenberg 1883: 184–185 [as Mecopoda abbreviata]; Karsch 1886: 108, 109, 114–115, plate IV, fig. 2 [as Mecopoda (Pachysmopoda) abbreviata]; Burr 1903: 412, 421–422; Krauss 1907: 17, 25–26, 29, plate II: figs 8, 8 ª; Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 362–363; Popov 1981: 120, plate 3; Wranik 1998: 158, 161, 171; Wranik 2003: 314, plates 145, 148.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>The size, appearance and loud song make Pachysmopoda abbreviata an unmistakable bush-cricket (Fig. 208). It is the largest bush-cricket on Socotra, characterised by a reddish-brown or green colour, a sturdy and robust body, broadly rounded and heavily-veined tegmina dotted with little cream spots and larger black ones, the latter as an extension of a black line starting at the anterior edge of the pronotum below the lateral carinae. Hind knees are also black.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>It is a widespread endemic to Socotra (Fig. 210), locally common in well-vegetated habitats, for example, Wadi Ayhaft, but also occurring in more open vegetation.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>P. abbreviata occurs in various vegetated habitats from 10–1470 m a. s. l. It is primarily nocturnal, hiding under stones during the day (Krauss 1907). In Feb 2009, we found it singing at night at Wadi Ayhaft from various herbs, shrubs and trees, like Senna socotrana, Buxus hildebrandtii and Jatropha unicostata (Fig. 212). Field observations indicated that a recording of the song played can sometimes trigger song responses from nearby males.</p><p>Records of both adults and nymphs (Fig. 209) are from all months. Most records of nymphs are from the last quarter of the year. The only adults on the 2010 trip were present in October at Adho Dimello. That year, we found no adults at other sites like Wadi Ayhaft, where they were numerous in February 2009.</p><p>In 2009, an elytron was found under a stone at Dixam, next to the skin of Monocentropus balfouri Pocock, 1897, suggesting Pachysmopoda is preyed upon by this spider.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The loud, far-carrying calling song of Pachysmopoda abbreviata is an echeme, repeated irregularly, lasting 600–1200 ms (Fig. 211 A). Echemes consist of 15–27 syllables of equal duration, repeated at about 23 per second. The first few syllables are quieter than the following ones (Fig. 211 B). The main frequencies of the song are between 9.5 and 21 kHz (Fig. 211 C) (XC 877963, accessible at https://www.xeno-canto.org/877963).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8179EE54D05B5333BC74CD86B468529E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
CF9E1ECCB729521DB6F4FC0F1461EF2F.text	CF9E1ECCB729521DB6F4FC0F1461EF2F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Paratettix subpustulatus (Walker 1871)	<div><p>Paratettix subpustulatus (Walker, 1871)</p><p>Figs 130, 131</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Krauss 1907: 17, 18, 29 [as Paratettix scaber]; Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 366 [as Paratettix sp.]; Wranik 2003: 318, plate 154 [as Paratettix sp.]; Massa 2009: 55–56; Devriese et al. 2023: 524–526.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Members of Tetrigidae are amongst the smallest grasshoppers in the world. A long and pointed projection of the pronotum covers their abdomen. Tegmina are reduced to small, scale-like structures placed on the side of the body, while the hind wings are fully developed and can be very long, even projecting beyond the apex of the pronotum (Fig. 130). Nymphs can be separated from adults by the absence of tegmina and an uninterrupted keel over the hind femora at the knee level.</p><p>Paratettix species are characterised by a median carina of the pronotum ending just before it reaches the anterior margin of the pronotum. So far, Paratettix subpustulatus is the only tetrigid that occurs in the Archipelago. It can be separated from other members of the genus by its pale brown hind tibia without dark rings, straight borders of the middle femora and a straight carina on the hind femora (Devriese et al. 2023).</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>The identity of the taxon present on Socotra has long been unclear. Hendrik Devriese identified Tetrix specimens collected by Bruno Massa in 2008 as Paratettix subpustulatus, a widespread African species (Devriese in Massa 2009). Devriese also identified our specimens collected in 2009 as belonging to the same species (H. Devriese in litt.). In their revision of the African Tetrigini, Devriese et al. (2023) confirmed the identity of the Socotran tetrigid as P. subpustulatus . Other than the specimens examined by Devriese (Massa’s and our material), the specimens mentioned in the material examined section have only been superficially examined by us.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>P. subpustulatus is widely distributed in Africa south of the Sahara, Madagascar, the Comores and Socotra (Devriese et al. 2023). On Socotra, it is common, but because it prefers moist habitats, it is mainly restricted to the eastern half of Socotra (Fig. 131).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>On Socotra, it can be found on moist soil, in wadis and wetlands, from 25–1450 m a. s. l. In 2009, the species was common along a stream in Wadi Ayhaft, in vegetation dominated by Plantago amplexicaulis . Records are from all seasons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/CF9E1ECCB729521DB6F4FC0F1461EF2F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
696AE5FAC3C1538EB0C2676B8B745FDD.text	696AE5FAC3C1538EB0C2676B8B745FDD.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaneroptera sparsa Stal 1857	<div><p>Phaneroptera sparsa Stål, 1857</p><p>Figs 213, 214, 215</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Taschenberg 1883: 184 [ Phaneroptera sp.]; Burr 1903: 412, 421 [as Phaneroptera nana]; Krauss 1907: 29 [as Phaneroptera sp.]; Ragge 1956: 226, 236–237 [as Phaneroptera nana sparsa]; Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 363 [as Phaneroptera nana]; Popov 1981: 134–135; Wranik 1998: 171 [as Phaneroptera nana]; Wranik 2003: 315, plates 146, 148; Massa 2021: 126 [as Phaneroptera aff. P. cleomis].</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Bush-crickets in the genus Phaneroptera are generic green, elegant species with long legs and tegmina surpassing the hind knees (Fig. 213). Phaneroptera sparsa is the only member of the genus known to occur in the Archipelago. It differs from the only other Socotran member of Phaneropterinae, the endemic Phaneroptila insularis Uvarov, 1957, by its long hind wings extending beyond the tegmina and the shape of its pronotum and cerci. Beyond Socotra, P. sparsa can be separated from other members of the genus by its cerci, song and stridulatory file (Fig. 214).</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Popov (1981) mentioned five species of Phaneroptera occurring in Arabia and the Middle East: P. albida Walker, 1869, P. cleomis Ayal, Broza &amp; Pener, 1974, P. gracilis Burmeister, 1838, P. minima Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1878 and P. sparsa . He identified his specimens from Socotra as P. sparsa . Massa (2021) tentatively identified his specimens from Socotra, UAE and Oman as Phaneroptera aff. P. cleomis . New insights, based on comparing the subgenital plate and stridulatory file (Fig. 214) with those of African specimens, reveal that Socotran Phaneroptera specimens belong to P. sparsa (B. Massa, in litt.).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Phaneroptera sparsa occurs in most of Africa south of the Sahara, Madagascar and Socotra, extending northwest to Morocco and the Canary Islands and in the northeast to Arabia and eastern Turkey (Ragge 1980; Popov 1981). On Socotra, the species is widespread, occurring from sea level at Hadiboh, up into the Hagher and on the surrounding limestone plateaus. It is also present in the western mountains (Fig. 215).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Records are mainly from high shrubland, Frankincense woodland and forest, Dracaena woodlands and montane mosaic and forests. Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) mentioned tall grasses on the slopes of the Hagher as its primary habitat. In 2010, we found the species in various shrubs (Fig. 213). On Socotra, the species occurs from 15–1200 m a. s. l. and records are from all months. Phaneroptera is attracted to light.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The song of this species is well-known and consists of short, high-pitched clicks (Hemp 2021; XC 786755, accessible at https://www.xeno-canto.org/786755). There is no information on the bioacoustics of this species on Socotra.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/696AE5FAC3C1538EB0C2676B8B745FDD	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
C6C1D60BBFD354068BBCD0FE00046126.text	C6C1D60BBFD354068BBCD0FE00046126.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaneroptila insularis Uvarov 1957	<div><p>Phaneroptila insularis Uvarov, 1957</p><p>Figs 216, 217, 218</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 363, figs 6, 7; Ragge 1968: 93; Ragge 1980: 122; Popov 1981: 133; Wranik 2003: 315, plate 148; Massa 2017: 38–39, figs 1–3.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>The genus differs from the genus Phaneroptera by the shape of the pronotum, the short hind wings (tegmina longer than the hind wings) and the robust cerci (Ragge 1980; Massa 2017). The stridulatory file is more similar to that of Eulioptera Ragge, 1956 and Dannfeltia nana Sjöstedt, 1902 than Phaneroptera in that it is missing the double bending in the distal part of the file, characteristic for the latter genus (B. Massa in litt.).</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) described the species based on a single male specimen (Fig. 217). The female of Phaneroptila insularis Uvarov, 1957 is unknown.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Endemic to Socotra. Only three records from the well-wooded slopes of the Hagher massif are known (Fig. 218). Due to its arboreal habitat, the species is undoubtedly under-recorded. The two specimens collected in 2014 were found after foliage beating (A. Carapezza in litt.). The coordinates of the 2014 record given by Massa (2017) refer to the entrance of Wadi Ayhaft and are less precise. The coordinates mentioned above are of the estimated collecting site in Wadi Ayhaft (A. Carapezza and B. Massa, in litt.).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Based on the collecting sites, the habitat of P. insularis is within dense woodland and thick shrubland at a medium elevation in the Hagher (Fig. 11). Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) mentioned dense undergrowth in mixed thickets on the northern slopes of the Hagher. In 2024, a live specimen was observed feeding on the flowers of Croton sulcifructus at around 980 m a. s. l. after sunset (Fig. 216). Records are from 250 to 1000 m a. s. l., from January to March.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The song of this species is yet unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C6C1D60BBFD354068BBCD0FE00046126	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
37423CA63B5F5E948462BD5852A0591E.text	37423CA63B5F5E948462BD5852A0591E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaulotypus dioscoridus (Popov 1957)	<div><p>Phaulotypus dioscoridus (Popov, 1957)</p><p>Figs 102, 103</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 367–369, figs 14, 15 [as Brachytypus dioscoridus]; Descamps 1970: 124–126, 129, figs 7–9; Descamps 1977: 50, 78–79, figs 137–139; Popov 1997: 120–122, figs 5, 6; Wranik 2003: 319, plate 154.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Phaulotypus dioscoridus is a small, uniformly green or greenish-brown species. The female pronotum protrudes posteriorly, ending in a sharp angle, covering both the meso- and metanotum (Fig. 102), but less so than in P. granti (Fig. 105). In males, the spines on the median carina on the femur are small and the vertex’s fastigium protrudes slightly above the eye’s upper edge.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Endemic to Socotra. P. dioscoridus occurs in the Hagher and its vast surroundings, from sea level near Hadiboh to high in the mountains at Adho Dimello (Fig. 103). It has also been found at Wadi Zerig on Dixam Plateau. The number of records is lower than Phaulotypus insularis, which occurs in more or less the same habitat. For remarks on Guichard’s collecting site on Mt. Shihali on 20 April 1967, see the species account of Dioscoridus depressus .</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Phaulotypus dioscoridus is, like all other members of the genus, a phytophilous species living in a variety of plant species, occurring in all main vegetation types from 15–1100 m a. s. l. Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) did not find any apparent association with a specific plant species. Records are from February to April and October. Nymphs were seen in March and April.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/37423CA63B5F5E948462BD5852A0591E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
BAE95DE3FBB450089FFA4CC31C948F8F.text	BAE95DE3FBB450089FFA4CC31C948F8F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaulotypus granti Burr 1899	<div><p>Phaulotypus granti Burr, 1899</p><p>Figs 101, 104, 105, 106</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1899 a: 88, 303–304; Burr 1899 b: 44; Burr 1903: 412, 418, plate XXV: fig. 7; Burr 1904: 5; Krauss 1907: 17, 29, 29; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 369, figs 16, 17; Descamps 1970: 124, 125, 128, figs 1–6; Descamps 1977: 50, 78–79, figs 131–136; Popov 1997: 120–122, figs 7–9; Wranik 2003: 319, plate 154.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Like the previous species, Phaulotypus granti has a pronotum projecting posteriorly and covering the mesonotum and metanotum in females (Figs 104, 105). In this species, the extent is much more significant than in the previous. In males, the fastigium of the vertex strongly protrudes above the upper edge of the eye (Fig. 101).</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Burr (1899 a) erected the genus Phaulotypus and he named the type species after Mr W. R. Ogilvie-Grant, who collected the Orthoptera specimens during the zoological expedition undertaken by the British and Liverpool Museums in 1889 and 1899. Descamps (1970) first described the male (neoallotype).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Endemic to Socotra. The species is restricted to the highest parts of the Hagher mountains (above 900 m a. s. l.) (Fig. 106). It is only known from Adho Dimello (type location), the lower slopes of Mt. Shihali and Mt. Skand. In 2010, some tens of specimens were easily found at Adho Dimello, so it is not considered to be uncommon there.</p><p>For remarks on Guichard’s collecting site on Mt. Shihali on 20 April 1967, see the species account of Dioscoridus depressus .</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>P. granti is restricted to montane forest and montane mosaic vegetation types from 900–1500 m a. s. l. In 2010, most specimens were found in shrubs of Hypericum scopulorum at Adho Dimello (Fig. 12). Shrub communities dominated by Hypericum and Helichrysum form the predominant vegetation type at the highest altitudes in the Hagher mountains (Brown and Mies 2012). Records are from all seasons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BAE95DE3FBB450089FFA4CC31C948F8F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
500FCABEB719559887953FBB8F7A49C2.text	500FCABEB719559887953FBB8F7A49C2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaulotypus insularis (Burr 1899)	<div><p>Phaulotypus insularis (Burr, 1899)</p><p>Figs 107, 108, 109</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1899 a: 88, 302–303 [as Plagiotriptus insularis]; Burr 1899 b: 44 [as Plagiotriptus insularis]; Burr 1903: 412, 413, 417, plate XXV: fig. 6 [as Plagiotriptus insularis]; Burr 1904: 5–6 [as Brachytypus (Plagiotriptus) insularis]; Krauss 1907: 17, 29 [as Brachytypus (Plagiotriptus) insularis]; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 366, figs 10, 11 [as Brachytypus insularis]; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 369, figs 18, 19 [as Clerithes (?) nanus]; Descamps 1970: 124, 126, 130, figs 23–30; Descamps 1977: 50, 79, 80, figs 153–160; Popov 1997: 120–122, figs 10–12; Wranik 2003: 318, plates 150, 154.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Phaulotypus insularis is a small brown, sometimes greenish species. The female pronotum is not protruding posteriorly. The median carina on the male femur is armed with large spines. The male pronotum has a strongly sinuous and humped median carina (Figs 107, 108). The ventral carina of the hind femur is smooth in both sexes.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Descamps (1970) synonymised Clerithes nanus Popov, 1957 with Phaulotypus insularis (Burr, 1899) . The holotype of the former appeared to be the male of P. insularis .</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Phaulotypus insularis is a widespread and common endemic to Socotra (Fig. 109). It can be found wherever there are shrubs.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Like all species in the genus, P. insularis is a phytophilous species found in various bushes like Jatropha unicostata Balf. f., but also on rocks or the ground. It occurs from 10–1100 m a. s. l. and in all seasons. Nymphs were recorded in April.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/500FCABEB719559887953FBB8F7A49C2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
A74E8F6F9F9550179820AA6A18B2CDAF.text	A74E8F6F9F9550179820AA6A18B2CDAF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Phaulotypus socotranus (Popov 1957)	<div><p>Phaulotypus socotranus (Popov, 1957)</p><p>Figs 110, 111, 112, 113</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 367, figs 12, 13 [as Brachytypus socotranus]; Descamps 1970: 124, 126, 127, 129–130, figs 10–22, 31; Descamps 1977: 50, 78, 80, figs 140–152, 161; Popov 1997: 120–122, figs 13–15; Wranik 2003: 319, plates 150, 154.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Phaulotypus socotranus is the largest member of the Thericleidae family. It is a bright green species with a characteristic bluish dorso-median line on the abdomen with yellow spots (Fig. 110). In females, the median carina of the pronotum is evenly convex. In males, the pronotum is only slightly humped in the middle (Fig. 111). The ventral carina of the hind femur is strongly granulose in both sexes.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>P. socotranus is a rather scarce Socotran endemic. The species is only recorded in and around the Hagher and on the eastern limestone plateaus (Fig. 112). It is probably under-recorded because of its arboreal lifestyle.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) mentioned this species as strongly associated with Jatropha unicostata . The specimens collected in 2010 were all found in this shrub (Fig. 113). P. socotranus occurs from 25–1000 m a. s. l. Records are from all seasons.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A74E8F6F9F9550179820AA6A18B2CDAF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
EDCDF8138970578C930BA70BB6217B4D.text	EDCDF8138970578C930BA70BB6217B4D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Physemophorus sokotranus (Burr 1898)	<div><p>Physemophorus sokotranus (Burr, 1898)</p><p>Figs 118, 119, 120, 121, 122</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1898: 384–385, plate XXX, fig. 4 [as Poecilocerus sokotranus]; Krauss 1900: 155–157, figs 1–4 [as Poecilocerus socotranus (sic)]; Burr 1903: 412, 419–420 [as Poecilocerus sokotranus]; Bolívar 1904: 434 [as Poecilocerus sokotranus]; Krauss 1907: 17, 21–23, 29, plate II: fig. 5 [as Physemophorus socotranus (sic)]; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 371 [as Physemophorus socotranus (sic)]; Kevan 1973: 1169; Popov 1997: 143–145, figs 73, 74; Wranik 1998: 171 [as Physemophorus socotranus (sic)]; Wranik 2003: 320, plates 150, 154.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Physemophorus sokotranus is a unique and beautifully, but subtly coloured grasshopper with soft tones of greyish-green, olive-green, reddish-brown and black (Fig. 118). The most peculiar characteristic of this species is the knob-like tubercle on the dorsal side of the first tergite (Figs 119, 122). It measures 1 mm in diameter, is present in males and females and is visible with closed wings because of a bend in the hind margin of both tegmina. Erroneously, Burr (1898) considered the pale hard knob-like tubercle as a “ foreign body, possibly a fungus ” and, therefore, omitted it from the species description. Krauss (1900, 1907) tried to explain the function of this tubercle, but failed and suggested it could be a light-emitting organ. Popov (1997) mentioned that the function is still unknown and that at least there is no such thing as a discharge of any substances in live specimens.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>According to Burr (1898), the description of Physemophorus sokotranus is based on two females (№ 87, 88). The specimen in OUMNH (Oxford) (labelled as type № 87) was re-assigned as Lectotype by Kevan in 1958 (Fig. 119). Specimens in NHMUK are erroneously labelled as types (note by Kevan) since they were collected in 1899, a year later than the species description (Burr 1898).</p><p>Krauss (1907) erected the new genus Physemophorus, positioned between Poecilocerum and Zonocerus, but belonging within the Poecilocerum group, based on some unique characteristics like the dull colour, the short, thin legs and, above all, the knob-like tubercle on the dorsal side of the first tergite. Kevan (1973) considered the species of Zonocerus, common in East Africa, as the nearest, though distant relatives of Physemophorus . Popov (1997) placed the genus in the tribe Phymateini and subtribe Zonocerina, together with the genus Zonocerus .</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Physemophorus sokotranus is endemic to Socotra. It is considered common by Burr (1903) and Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)). It is widespread in the island’s eastern half and common in the Hagher and locally on Dixam (e. g. Wadi Zerig). There are few records from the east part of the island, Homhil and Hamadero. One record is from Noged Plain on the southern shore and there is currently one western record from near Qalansiyah (Fig. 120).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The species is found in various vegetated habitats at elevations from 10–1200 m a. s. l.: on gravelly ground, rocks, trunks of trees and within herbs and shrubs. Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) explicitly mentioned Buxus hildebrandtii . In 2009 and 2010, specimens were found in Senna socotrana and on stems and branches of Croton socotranus (Figs 121, 122). Popov (1997) suggested that the species is univoltine, based on sightings of adults and older nymphs in January – March and young nymphs in August.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EDCDF8138970578C930BA70BB6217B4D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
199BCA95EE3A5851B37EF5CF68B73B8E.text	199BCA95EE3A5851B37EF5CF68B73B8E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrgomorpha conica subsp. kurii Hsiung & Kevan 1975	<div><p>Pyrgomorpha conica kurii Hsiung &amp; Kevan, 1975</p><p>Fig. 123</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1903: 412, 424 [as Pyrgomorpha cognata]; Hsiung and Kevan 1975: 64, 66–67, figs 1 F, L, R, X, 5 F; Popov 1997: 152, figs 87–88, 91; Wranik 2003: 320; Massa 2009: 56; Rowell, C. Hemp and Harvey 2015: 125.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Pyrgomorphid grasshoppers generally have a spindle-like shape, with tapered ends of the body and a maximum width in the middle. The head is conical, often with an elongated vertex, downward-facing frons, concave below the eyes, a characteristic groove along the frontal part of the vertex and slightly flattened first antenna segments. In this respect, Pyrgomorpha resembles members of Truxalis and Oxytruxalis .</p><p>Pyrgomorpha conica kurii and the following species are typical members of the P. conica - bispinosa- cognata complex (Kevan 1974; Hsiung and Kevan 1975). Species of this complex are difficult to identify. All have a relatively small size, a very variable colour, fully developed tegmina and hind wings with a pinkish hue. The kurii subspecies is characterised by a distinctly robust appearance, with a dorsally more convex head and more concave frons than the nominate (Hsiung and Kevan 1975). The sides of the female pronotum are diverging posteriorly over the entire length of the pronotum.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Hsiung and Kevan (1975) described the endemic ssp. of P. conica (Olivier, 1791), based on specimens collected by Guichard in 1967 and, on one specimen, collected by Forbes and Ogilvie-Grant in 1898 on Abd el Kuri.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Endemic to Abd el Kuri Is. and known from two sites, one on the northern shore of the island and one on the north-western slope of Jebel Saleh (Fig. 123). It is probably more widespread and not uncommon on the island, although Wranik did not collect this taxon during his visits.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The habitat on the presumed collecting site on Jebel Saleh is described in the species account of Sphingonotus albipennis . Records are from May and December.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/199BCA95EE3A5851B37EF5CF68B73B8E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
EF76BF8B0423534A910BF9FB7C2A4719.text	EF76BF8B0423534A910BF9FB7C2A4719.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Pyrgomorpha tereticornis (Brulle 1840)	<div><p>Pyrgomorpha tereticornis (Brullé, 1840)</p><p>Figs 124, 125, 126</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 371 [as Pyrgomorpha cognata]; Hsiung and Kevan 1975: 58, 63–64, figs 2 C, F, I, L [as Pyrgomorpha conica tereticornis]; Popov 1997: 153–154, figs 89–91 [as Pyrgomorpha conica tereticornis]; Wranik 2003: 319–320, plates 150, 154 [as Pyrgomorpha conica tereticornis]; Massa 2009: 56 [as Pyrgomorpha conica tereticornis]; Rowell et al. 2015: 125 [ Pyrgomorpha conica tereticornis].</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Pyrgomorpha tereticornis, which has its type locality on the Canary Islands, is a member of the taxonomically complex P. conica - bispinosa- cognata group (Kevan 1974; Hsiung and Kevan 1975). This species group occurs in northern Africa, southern Europe and parts of Asia.</p><p>Kevan (1974) and Hsiung and Kevan (1975) considered Pyrgomorpha tereticornis a subspecies of P. conica . Pyrgomorpha specimens from Socotra studied by Hsiung and Kevan (1975) have been identified as this subspecies. However, their very long head characterises them compared to specimens from other parts of its range. Massa (2009) mentioned the small size of the Socotran specimens compared to specimens from the African continent. The sides of the female pronotum are less diverging posteriorly in the frontal than in the posterior half.</p><p>Default (2017, 2018) proposed to raise ssp. tereticornis to species level, based on a study of specimens from north-western Africa. At the same time, he did not exclude the possibility that, after molecular study, tereticornis will appear to be a subspecies of P. conica confined to the Canary Islands only, while the taxon on the African mainland should be named differently (Defaut 2017, 2018). However, OSF (Cigliano et al. 2024 a) accepts the proposal of Defaut (2017, 2018) and considers P. tereticornis a full species.</p><p>In his study on tereticornis, Defaut (2017, 2018) did not incorporate material from eastern Africa and Socotra; his taxonomical suggestions are only attributed to north-western Africa. However, until further study, we here consider the Socotran taxon as P. tereticornis, following Hsiung and Kevan (1975).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>The distribution area of P. tereticornis, according to Hsiung and Kevan (1975), comprises the Canary Islands, Cape Verde, northern Africa, Socotra and Southwest Asia. According to Defaut (2017), P. tereticornis tentatively occurs in Africa and the Middle East.</p><p>On Socotra, Popov found P. tereticornis widespread and uncommon in all drier parts (Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)). We found the species in 2009 and 2010 everywhere on the island at lower elevations (Fig. 125).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>In most regions of its extensive range, P. tereticornis occurs in steppe grassland and semi-desert (Hsiung and Kevan 1997). According to Popov (1997), who does not explicitly mention the situation on Socotra, P. tereticornis has a wide range of different habitats, from open coastal and inland plains and valleys with meso- and xerophytic vegetations consisting of low bushes, shrubs and annual plants to hillsides, wadis and croplands. This appears to summarise the Socotran situation better. In 2009 and 2010, we found it in various vegetation types at lower elevations from 5–500 m a. s. l. The species seems absent from the montane forests and mosaic of the Hagher. Records of adults as well as nymphs are from all months.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/EF76BF8B0423534A910BF9FB7C2A4719	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
F6EF591C65A5591D8F7BC2E6FA7E741B.text	F6EF591C65A5591D8F7BC2E6FA7E741B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Ruspolia basiguttata (Bolivar 1906) Schulthess 1898	<div><p>Ruspolia aff. R. basiguttata (Bolívar, 1906)</p><p>Figs 203, 204, 205, 206, 207</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 364 [ Homorocoryphus nitidulus]; Popov 1981: 128–130, figs 35–38; Wranik 2003: 314–315, plate 148.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Ruspolia aff. R. basiguttata is a large conehead unlikely to be confused with any other bush-cricket in Socotra. Most members of the species-rich tribe Copiphorini are acoustically distinct, but morphologically very similar: medium-sized to large bush-crickets with a large, pointed head and long wings reaching far beyond the hind knees. R. aff. R. basiguttata is the only large conehead species of the Archipelago. It occurs in both green and brown forms, similar to most species in the subfamily Conocephalinae .</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Popov and Bailey tentatively identified material from Yemen, Oman and Socotra as possibly belonging to R. basiguttata, using Bailey’s key (1975) (Popov 1981) (Fig. 204). There are some marked differences, however, between R. basiguttata from Ghana and Cameroon and the Arabian and Socotran specimens: the latter have a smaller size, a higher number of teeth in the stridulatory file and a much weaker armature of the hind femur and knee (Popov 1981). The song resembles that of R. differens (Serville, 1838) (KG Heller, in litt.) (see Bioaccoustics). Further study is required to determine the specific status of the Socotran specimens.</p><p>The genus Ruspolia Schulthess, 1898 requires a complete revision, combining morphological, molecular and bioacoustic data (Naskrecki and Guta 2019).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>R. basiguttata is only known from its type localities in Cameroon and Ghana (Naskrecki 2009). On Socotra, Ruspolia aff. R. basiguttata is restricted to the Hagher and Dixam Plateau (Fig. 205).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>In 2010, some males sang from deep inside shrubs of Searsia thyrsiflora at Adho Dimello resulting in us being unable to catch them (Fig. 206). The species occurs from 450–1000 m a. s. l. Older records are from Frankincense and Dracaena woodland and forests at lower elevations. Adults were recorded in January, March and October; nymphs in February and October.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The calling song of Ruspolia aff. R. basiguttata is a continuous echeme, sometimes mixed with very short silences (200 ms) (Fig. 207), typical for all African species of the genus (Bailey 1975). Echemes consist of equal syllables, repeated at 150 per second (SRR). The carrier frequency of the song is around 13–15 kHz and has no clear harmonics at higher frequencies. Close inspection of the spectrogram shows that the opening and closing movements of the wings produce different carrier frequencies. Based on the high syllable repetition rate (SRR) of nearly 150 Hz, the Socotran species could be related to R. differens (KG Heller, in litt.). R. differens has the highest SRR of the African species of 120–160 Hz and a peak frequency between 13 and 17 kHz (Bailey 1975). Heller (2019) recorded an SRR of 189 Hz and a peak at 14 kHz during a high nightly temperature of about 28 ° C. Temperatures at Adho Dimello were not noted, but certainly much lower at the time of the sound recording in 2010 (Fig. 207). Hence, a much lower SRR is expected under such circumstances.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/F6EF591C65A5591D8F7BC2E6FA7E741B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
580CE78CFFFD5B539E8F909A09114651.text	580CE78CFFFD5B539E8F909A09114651.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Schistocerca gregaria (Forskal 1775)	<div><p>Schistocerca gregaria (Forskål, 1775)</p><p>Figs 32, 33</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 375; Popov 1959: 89–95; Wranik 1998: 161; Wranik 2003: 322, plates 152, 156.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>This large, fully-winged grasshopper is light brown and subtly patterned with minor dark spots. The pronotum is saddle-shaped and constricted in the prozona. The median external area of the hind femora bears a thin longitudinal blackish line in the centre (Fig. 32). The subgenital plate is deeply bilobate.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Schistocerca Stål, 1873 is a species-rich genus from the Americas with a single ancestor from the Old World, Schistocerca gregaria (Song et al. 2017; Hemp and Rowell 2020).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Schistocerca gregaria occurs in Africa and Southwest Asia (Hemp and Rowell 2020), including Socotra (Fig. 32). Both the solitary and swarming phases occur on the island. Records of solitary specimens are relatively scarce. Orthoptera expeditions before 1953 did not record the species (Uvarov and Popov 1957). When Popov worked on the island in 1953, the species was mainly in the gregarious phase. He recorded only two adults of the solitary phase at Noged, the coastal plane in the south. The Oxford expedition in 1956 collected only one specimen (Popov 1959). Wranik recorded a handful of specimens during his trips (Wranik 1998). In 2009, we only recorded (and collected) one specimen. In 2010, we only did one sight record at Erisseyl (Fig. 33).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Popov (1959) reported three swarming events of Schistocerca on Socotra: in 1942, in the winter of 1950–51 and in the winter of 1952–53. In the latter, the initial arrival of the swarm and the following egg-laying were expected to have occurred between early December and mid-January. At those times of the year, rains ensure moist conditions suitable for egg-laying. Egg-laying occurred over most parts of the island, mainly on the coastal plains and higher in the Hagher. The first fledging was reported on 20 February and lasted until the first week of March. Few areas of the island were clear of hopper bands, except the dry western parts. After operations to wipe out the heavy infestation, survivors moved high into the Hagher, forming a huge swarm measuring many square miles. After 23 March, the swarm left Socotra, presumably to Somalia (Popov 1959).</p><p>The origin of all three known swarming events is expected to be connected to outbreaks in India and Pakistan and the subsequent movement towards the southwest, to southern Iran, the Arabian Peninsula and Somalia. The swarms on Socotra could have crossed from Arabia or even originated directly from India. Although the species occurs on Socotra in the solitary phase, according to Popov (1959), the circumstances on the island seem unfavourable for the development of the swarming phase there itself. It is unclear if this is still the case.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/580CE78CFFFD5B539E8F909A09114651	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
4F88A7DE0A4F530196ABF87FA597AE54.text	4F88A7DE0A4F530196ABF87FA597AE54.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scintharista forbesii (Burr 1899)	<div><p>Scintharista forbesii (Burr, 1899)</p><p>Figs 72, 73, 74, 75</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1899 b: 44–45; [as Dissosteira forbesii]; Burr 1903: 412, 413, 418–419, plate XXV: fig. 1 [as D. forbesii]; Krauss 1907: 17, 19, 29, plate II: figs 2, 2 A [as Quiroguesia forbesii (sic)]; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 379; Wranik 1998: 171; Wranik 2003: 324, plates 153, 156.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Scintharista forbesii is an unmistakable member of the genus Scintharista Saussure, 1884 . It is the only species with the basal two-thirds of the hind wings inky black (Fig. 73). The distal one-third of the hind wings is transparent, except for an infumated top. Hind tibiae are red in the distal half.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Burr (1899 b) named this remarkable species after Dr H. O. Forbes, director of the Liverpool Museum, who led the zoological expedition to Socotra together with Mr W. R. Ogilvie-Grant of the British Museum in 1889 and 1899.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Scintharista forbesii is endemic to Socotra, where it is widespread and locally common (Fig. 74). It is found mainly in the Hagher and limestone plateaus, but also on sea-level plains.</p><p>A record from Abd el Kuri, collected in January 1899 by Simony, mentioned by Kraus (1907), is not referred to in subsequent literature. This specimen could not be found in the collection in Vienna (H. Bruckner, NMW in litt.). The record has been omitted from the map in Fig. 74.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>S. forbesii favours dry, open habitats from 10–1000 m a. s. l., mostly on coarse gravel, large boulders and bare rock in high shrubland with succulents, submontane grassland and shrubland, also on boulders in more wooded areas (montane mosaic, Frankincense woodland and forest). Records are from all seasons; nymphs are recorded in January, February and August.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>S. forbesii gives distinct flight crepitations when disturbed, similar to its relative S. notabilis (Walker, 1870) (see species account S. notabilis). The sound of S. forbesii has not been recorded. Members of the Oedipodinae subfamily are known to emit quiet, buzzing sounds during rivalry, courtship and flight (Roesti and Keist 2009).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/4F88A7DE0A4F530196ABF87FA597AE54	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
338A4DFD9F805F0397DC994DBA851088.text	338A4DFD9F805F0397DC994DBA851088.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Scintharista notabilis (Walker 1870)	<div><p>Scintharista notabilis (Walker, 1870)</p><p>Figs 76, 77</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Guichard 1992: 186 [as Schintharista [sic] notabilis]; Wranik 2003: 324, plate 156.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Scintharista notabilis resembles S. forbesii at rest, but in flight, the coloured hind wings are unmistakable. No other taxon in the Archipelago combines a large body size with the following pattern of its hind wing: a yellow to red basal half bordered by a dark fascia of medium width reaching the posterior margin (Fig. 76). The distal part of the wing is transparent, except for a dark apex. Hind tibiae are orange in the distal two-thirds.</p><p>The OSF (Cigliano et al. 2024 a) distinguishes eight subspecies of Scintharista notabilis, of which Uvarov (1941) treats seven, accompanied by a key. The two males with spread wings collected by Guichard on Abd el Kuri show a combination of characters not exactly fitting one of the subspecies in Uvarov’s key (Uvarov 1941). They mostly resemble S. notabilis blanchardiana (Saussure, 1888), a subspecies known to occur in Arabia (Uvarov 1941; Ingrisch 1999). According to Uvarov (1941), the yellowish colour of the male hind wing does not match the red hind wings of male blanchardiana, a feature given only for females (but this is probably variable), nor does the absence of a bluish colour near the anal margin of the hind wing and the relatively narrow dark fascia. The orange colour of the hind tibiae and the banded tegmina are otherwise consistent with the Arabian subspecies.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>S. notabilis is widespread in Africa and Southwest Asia. It occurs on Abd el Kuri and potentially on Socotra. The specimen collected by Wranik at Hadiboh, Socotra, in 1984 is the only record known from the island. As S. notabilis is a rather conspicuous species with red or yellow wings, it is remarkable that it has not been recorded during other explorations on Socotra. Therefore, the sole record at Hadiboh, the island’s main town, may represent a stowaway, vagrant or a case of mislabelling. Natural vagrants, if occurring, could be searched for on the western coastline of Socotra.</p><p>Three specimens collected by Guichard in 1967 on Socotra (Hadiboh Plain, Hamadero, Kalansiya), placed in a draw between S. notabilis in the collection in NMHUK, are identified as S. forbesii, based on the darker colour, especially the distal half of the tegmina. The wings are closed, so it is difficult to identify the wing colour. Guichard (1992) only mentioned Abd el Kuri as a collecting site of S. notabilis .</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>For a description of the habitat at the northern slopes of Jebel Saleh, see the species account of Sphingonotus albipennis Krauss, 1902 . Remarkably, Guichard did not collect this species, which must have been present on the site where he collected Scintharista notabilis and Heteracris annulosa .</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The only song known to us is a series of up to about 20 very short clicks. Clicks are repeated at the rate of about 12 / s and show a frequency spectrum between 5 and 20 kHz (e. g. Baudewijn Odé, XC 786780, accessible at https://www.xeno-canto.org/786780).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/338A4DFD9F805F0397DC994DBA851088	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
AA56D9A101F85A5A95598B7C79A5557B.text	AA56D9A101F85A5A95598B7C79A5557B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Socotracris kleukersi , Felix & Desutter-Grandcolas 2012	<div><p>Socotracris kleukersi Felix &amp; Desutter-Grandcolas, 2012</p><p>Figs 178, 179</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Desutter-Grandcolas and Felix 2012: 57–65; Chintauan-Marquier et al. 2016: 62, 69, 72; Hugel et al. 2021: 204.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Socotracris kleukersi is the only known cave-dwelling cricket on Socotra. It is unmistakable for its light colour, with an apparent orange head and long legs. Males have dark brown tegmina reaching tergite III (Fig. 178) and females have small, scale-like tegmina reaching the distal margin of the metanotum.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Socotracris Desutter-Grandcolas, 2012 is a monotypic phalangopsid cricket genus whose taxonomic position is close to Homoeogryllus Guérin-Méneville, 1847 and Meloimorpha Walker, 1870, settled together with Phaeogryllus Bolívar, 1912 and most members of Gryllomorphini forming one clade (Chintauan-Marquier et al. 2016).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Endemic to Socotra. Only known with certainty from the type locality (Fig. 179). One juvenile of possibly the same species, depicted in Cheung and DeVantier (2006), was collected in 2004 in Dilhaile Cave, Dixam Plateau, four kilometres from the type locality (K. Van Damme, in litt.). The two sites are located in strongly karstified limestone, which would allow the species to disperse by a subterranean network.</p><p>In 2009, we visited some other caves: Hoq Cave (12.5877°N, 54.3545°E) at Momi Plateau and Dejub Cave (12.3849°N, 54.0156°E) on the southern edge of Dixam, but no crickets were found (Desutter-Grandcolas and Felix 2012).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Specimens were found in a small cave on a cliff along the right bank of Wadi Zerik. The cave is approximately 30 m long and some 10 m high. Most individuals were found where external light was almost absent, two to four metres high on vertical walls. The species seemed less abundant in deeper parts of the cave.</p><p>On all three visits to the cave, the species appeared numerous, occurring in tens of individuals. On the visit on 21 Feb 2009, only nymphs were found. On both visits in November 2010, apart from tens of nymphs, several adults were collected. We did not observe any specimens outside the cave during the day.</p><p>The species may be active at night near the entrance of the cave. Due to the habitat, S. kleukersi can be defined as troglobitic, confirmed by its light colouration and reduced eyes.</p><p>S. kleukersi is predated by spiders. Potential other predators present in the cave are bats (Rhinopoma cystops ssp. arabium) and whip spiders (Amblypygi, Charinidae) (Desutter-Grandcolas and Felix 2012).</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>Based on a well-developed stridulatory file, the species is expected to produce sound, but the authors never observed it.</p><p>Remarks.</p><p>One of the paratypes has been genetically analysed by Chintauan-Marquier et al. (2016) and stored in GenBank (accession numbers KR 904052.1, KR 903862.1, KR 903700.1, KR 903528.1, KR 903357.1, KR 903177.1, KR 903026.1).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AA56D9A101F85A5A95598B7C79A5557B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
86B8448865B55772ACE3D3480B4A1EA1.text	86B8448865B55772ACE3D3480B4A1EA1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Socotrella monstrosa Popov 1957	<div><p>Socotrella monstrosa Popov, 1957</p><p>Figs 114, 115, 116</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 370–371, fig. 20–22; Descamps 1970: 132–134, figs 33–41; Descamps 1977: 50, 82–84, figs 26, 163–171; Popov 1997: 123–124, figs 17–21; Guichard 1992: 184; Wranik 2003: 318, plate 154.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Socotrella monstrosa is an unmistakable species with an atypical appearance, characterised by its strongly rugose body (Figs 114, 115). Contrary to Phaulotypus, it has ten antennal segments and the vertex of the fastigium is laterally compressed and strongly projects forward in front of the eyes (Fig. 114). The median frontal carinulae are separated between the antennae, but do not form a broad shield as in Phaulotypus . The pronotum is short in both sexes, with an elevated posterior part. The abdomen is long and straight, not curved upwards as in Phaulotypus and has a clear median carina. The hind femora are rather slender.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Descamps (1970) thoroughly re-described the genus Socotrella Popov, 1957 . He first described the male (neoallotype) collected by Guichard at Wadi Dineghen. Furthermore, he mentioned the female from Wadi Darho as aberrant in the pronotum shape and colour (Descamps 1970).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Socotrella monstrosa is endemic to Socotra and only found in the Hagher Mountains (Fig. 116). The species seems to occur in very low densities. Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) stated that, after finding his specimen, he looked for several hours on two occasions without seeing another one.</p><p>Guichard erroneously named the wadi flowing south from Adho Dimello Wadi Dajoj (Guichard 1967). According to the map of the Royal Geographical Society (1978), this wadi is called Wadi Darho, as also stated by Bezdĕk et al. (2012). Wadi Dajoj [Dajog] does exist, but is situated much further east (Royal Geographical Society 1978; Bezdĕk et al. 2012).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The species occurs in wooded areas in the foothills and high up in the Hagher in Frankincense woodland, montane forest and mosaic. Popov collected his specimen on bare, gravelly ground at 914 m a. s. l. (Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)). Based on the specimen’s structure and colouration, Povov suggested that it probably is a phytophilous species living on the bark of trees.</p><p>Indeed, Guichard collected five males and one female in 1967 on the bark of Acacia pennivenia at Zufuk, in the “ hills behind the Sultan’s palace ”, in a “ fine glade ” near a clear stream (Guichard 1967, 1992). According to the labels, these specimens were collected at Hadiboh Plain at an elevation of 50 m a. s. l. However, Guichard’s field notes (1967) mentioned that the species was found in the hills, suggesting the elevation must have been higher, at least several hundred metres.</p><p>The 2010 specimen was found on a rock in dense montane shrubland at 768 m a. s. l., probably on more or less the same site as the specimen collected by Guichard in Wadi Darho. Records are from March, April and October.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/86B8448865B55772ACE3D3480B4A1EA1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
C240612844F95A66B052C09993E27AF5.text	C240612844F95A66B052C09993E27AF5.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingonotus (Neosphingonotus) canariensis Saussure 1884	<div><p>Sphingonotus (Neosphingonotus) canariensis Saussure, 1884</p><p>Fig. 78</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 376; Wranik 1998: 171; Wranik 2003: 323, plate 157.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Sphingonotus (N.) canariensis is the only member of the subgenus Neosphingonotus Benediktov, 1998, present in the Archipelago. Thickened cross veinlets between the radial and medial veins in the tegmina characterise the subgenus. The intercalary and radial veins are not serrated. The supra-anal plate is triangular or rounded (Husemann et al. 2011).</p><p>S. canariensis is a somewhat darker- and uniformly coloured, brownish member of the genus with broad, coarse bands on the tegmina. The hind wings are hyaline and characterised by a narrow complete dark fascia continuing on the anal fan, a feature lacking in other Sphingonotus species in the Archipelago, apart from Sphingonotus (S.) balteatus (Serville, 1838), which has very broad fasciae and a violet base of the hind wing (Fig. 88). Sphingonotus (S.) insularis (Popov, 1957) has short dark fasciae not covering all anal veins in the basally bluish hind wing and a unique habitus, very different from S. canariensis (see species account S. insularis).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>The type locality of Sphingonotus (Neosphingonotus) canariensis is considered Cape Verde (Huseman 2020). S. canariensis is widespread in northern Africa, reaching Kenya in the south and parts of the Arabian Peninsula (Huseman 2020). On Socotra, the taxon is apparently rare (or under-recorded) and only collected on two sites in 1953 by Popov and on one site by us in 2010 (Fig. 78).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>All collecting sites are open, gravelly plains with low Croton - Jatropha shrubland. RAF Camp and Hadiboh Plain are around 25 m a. s. l. and Wadi Shilhin is at 281 m a. s. l. Records are from January, April and December.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>Members of the Oedipodinae subfamily are known to emit quiet, buzzing sounds during rivalry, courtship and flight (Roesti and Keist 2009). The sound of this species is unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C240612844F95A66B052C09993E27AF5	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
BE9AB932052D5059AFF226AC166B9DF4.text	BE9AB932052D5059AFF226AC166B9DF4.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingonotus (Parasphingonotus) turkanae Uvarov 1938	<div><p>Sphingonotus (Parasphingonotus) turkanae Uvarov, 1938</p><p>Figs 79, 80, 81</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 376; Wranik 1998: 171; Wranik 2003: 323, plates 152, 157; Husemann et al. 2011: 57–59.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>The subgenus Parasphingonotus Benediktov &amp; Husemann, 2009 is characterised by a serrated radial vein that is raised above the subcostal vein. Thickened cross veinlets between the radial and medial veins are absent (Husemann et al. 2011). Sphingonotus (P.) turkanae is a relatively small member of the genus (Figs 79, 81), lacking a dark fascia in the hind wings, with a short, strongly trilobate supra-anal plate with raised tubercles (Husemann et al. 2011).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>The type locality of Sphingonotus (P.) turkanae is Lake Turkana in Kenya. The species is restricted to eastern Africa (Ethiopia, Somalia, Kenya, Tanzania) and Yemen, including Socotra (Fig. 80) (Husemann et al. 2011). Husemann (2020) mentioned only Ethiopia, Tanzania and Kenya.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>On Socotra, the species can be found in various habitats between 5 and 500 m a. s. l., mostly in sparse dwarf shrubland, low Croton - Jatropha shrubland and submontane grassland. At Taaqs, it was found on a fine, gravelly plain with grassy vegetation (Fig. 4), at Dehamd on a coastal plain and at Ayhaft on gravelly soils in a Frankincense forest. Records are from all seasons.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>Members of the Oedipodinae subfamily are known to emit quiet, buzzing sounds during rivalry, courtship and flight (Roesti and Keist 2009). The sound of this species is unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/BE9AB932052D5059AFF226AC166B9DF4	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
54B7C5B3A62D527DBE4DBD3E5ADF30CF.text	54B7C5B3A62D527DBE4DBD3E5ADF30CF.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) albipennis Krauss 1902	<div><p>Sphingonotus (S.) albipennis Krauss, 1902</p><p>Figs 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 87</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Krauss 1902: 4; Burr 1903: 412, 424 [as Sphingonotus caerulans]; Krauss 1907: 17, 20, plate II: fig. 3; Mistshenko 1937: 157; Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 376; Wranik 2003: 323, plate 157.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>In the subgenus Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852, the intercalary vein in the medial area of the tegmen is serrated. In females, it is only slightly serrated or smooth (Husemann et al. 2011).</p><p>Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) stated that S. (S.) albipennis (Figs 82, 83) is very close to S. (S.) savignyi Saussure, 1884 and that the only difference is the missing dark band in the hind wings of albipennis, which is present in savignyi . However, S. albipennis can have a faint dark wing band (Fig. 84) (see also Mistshenko (1937)). The hind wings are whitish / hyaline, not bluish, as Wranik (2003) stated. Another difference is that in S. albipennis, the inner sides of the hind femora are yellow with three dark bands. S. savigny has entirely yellow inner sides of the hind femora, except for one dark band. Furthermore, S. albipennis is a much smaller species than savigny . Differences with Sphingonotus (S.) ganglbaueri Krauss, 1907, occurring on Socotra and Samha Is. are as follows: Sphingonotus albipennis has an obtusely-angled posterior margin of the pronotum, longer hind femora and a sloping head seen from the side. In S. ganglbaueri, the posterior margin of the pronotum is acutely angled, the head has a straight profile seen from the side and the hind femora are much shorter. The hind wings often have a trace of a smoky dark band and are bluish at its base.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Sphingonotus (S.) albipennis has been described and re-described by Krauss (1902; 1907), based on specimens collected by Simony on Abd el Kuri between 17 and 22 January 1899 (Fig. 83). During two visits of Forbes and Ogilvie-Grant to Abd el Kuri (3–6 Dec 1898 and 22–25 Feb 1899), they also collected S. albipennis, but Burr (1903) misidentified those specimens as S. caerulans (Linnaeus, 1767) (Fig. 84) (Uvarov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)).</p><p>Material collected during the Forbes expedition to the Archipelago in 1898 and 1899 processed at that time in London (NHMUK) bears the label “ Sokotra 1900-234 ”. Material collected on the island of Abd el Kuri also bears that label (see earlier in this paper). For this reason, Mistshenko (1937), who identified Burr’s specimens correctly as S. albipennis, erroneously considered those specimens as collected on Socotra in the year 1900 (Uvarov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)). The material from the Forbes expedition processed in Liverpool has been labelled correctly and bears a label with Abd el Kuri as the collecting site.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Sphingonotus (S.) albipennis is endemic to Abd el Kuri Is (Fig. 85). Mistshenko (1937) erroneously mentioned the species to occur on Socotra.</p><p>A rough idea of where Simony and Forbes and Ogilvie-Grant collected S. albipennis on Abd el Kuri in 1898 and 1899 can be determined from Rebel (1907) and Forbes (1903), respectively. According to Rebel (1907), the collecting events by Simony on Abd el Kuri were primarily on Jebel Saleh and Cimali. These two mountains are only accessible from the northern plains and slopes, their southern slopes being steep, inaccessible cliffs.</p><p>In Forbes (1903), it can be read that, on 5 Dec 1898, the collecting party went up Jebel Saleh through its north-western slope, departing from base camp at a sandy beach at the foot of the mountain southwest of it, known as Bandar Saleh. The specimens collected on 22 Feb 1899 were also encountered very close to Bandar Saleh (Forbes 1903).</p><p>During a trip in 2022, several individuals were observed mainly on the plain north of Jebel Saleh and the adjacent northern slopes (P. van der Wielen, in litt.). Based on this information, the plains near Jebel Saleh and its slopes may have been the only known collecting sites of this Abd el Kuri endemic over the years. The exact collecting sites of Wranik’s specimens are unknown to us.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>In 2022, the species was observed on the plains north of Jebel Saleh and its slopes, especially on stony sites covered by small rocks and scattered stands of Euphorbia abdelkuri (Figs 86, 87) (P. van der Wielen, in litt.). Records of the species are from December – March.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>Members of the Oedipodinae subfamily are known to emit quiet, buzzing sounds during rivalry, courtship and flight (Roesti and Keist 2009). The sound of this species is unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/54B7C5B3A62D527DBE4DBD3E5ADF30CF	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
05D8011C81EB51ADB268635EE3053A0F.text	05D8011C81EB51ADB268635EE3053A0F.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) balteatus (Serville 1838)	<div><p>Sphingonotus (S.) balteatus (Serville, 1838)</p><p>Fig. 88</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1903: 412, 424 [as Sphingonotus savignyi]; Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 376 [as S. savignyi].</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Sphingonotus (S.) balteatus is a large species with unmistakably coloured hind wings: basally violet or purple with an extensive black fascia and a hyaline apex (Fig. 88).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Sphingonotus balteatus is found in Egypt and Somalia, eastwards, through Arabia, into Pakistan and India (Husemann 2020).</p><p>Burr (1903) mentioned a specimen of S. savignyi collected by the Forbes expedition on Abd el Kuri on 5 December 1898. Uvarov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) was unable to trace that specimen in the London and the Liverpool collections and expected Burr to have been misled by a dark specimen of S. albipennis . We found one specimen of Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) balteatus between congeners in a drawer in the NHMUK, labelled as savigny bearing the label “ Sokotra 1900-234 ” (Fig. 88). This label indicates it was collected during Forbes’ expedition to Socotra and Abd el Kuri in 1889 and 1899 and it does not mean the specimen was collected on Socotra itself. We conclude this must be the specimen collected by Forbes and Ogilivie-Grant on Abd el Kuri, mentioned by Burr (1903). Since S. balteatus differs markedly from S. savignyi, we cannot explain Burr’s misidentification.</p><p>In the Socotra Archipelago, it has only been found once on Abd el Kuri Is. (Fig. 89). Since the specimen was collected on 5 Dec 1898, the day the party went up Jebel Saleh (Forbes 1903), it is assumed that the collecting site is the same as that of S. albipennis collected that day (see species account S. albipennis).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The habitat on Abd el Kuri is expected to be the same as that of S. albipennis .</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>Members of the Oedipodinae subfamily are known to emit quiet, buzzing sounds during rivalry, courtship and flight (Roesti and Keist 2009). The sound of this species is unknown.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/05D8011C81EB51ADB268635EE3053A0F	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
AA6EDF0CCE345A8B9CB1A588E383A5F2.text	AA6EDF0CCE345A8B9CB1A588E383A5F2.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) ganglbaueri Krauss 1907	<div><p>Sphingonotus (S.) ganglbaueri Krauss, 1907</p><p>Figs 90, 91, 92, 93</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Krauss 1907: 21, 29, plate II: fig. 4; Mistshenko 1937: 155; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 377; Wranik 1998: 171; Wranik 2003: 323, plates 152, 157.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Sphingonotus (S.) ganglbaueri is often a whitish or pearl-coloured species, characterised by a slender body and an acutely-angled posterior margin of the pronotum. A broad pale medial band on the forewing is often lighter than the overall base colour and contrasts strikingly in darker specimens (Figs 90, 93). Base colouration adapts locally, such as brick-red specimens occurring at Dehamd amongst similarly coloured soils. The hind wings are hyaline with bluish veins, sometimes with a faint, bluish base. There is often a trace of a dark fascia, mainly in males.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Krauss (1907) described S. (S.) ganglbaueri, based on a single male collected on Socotra by Simony in 1899. Mistshenko (1937) re-described the species and Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) described the female.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>The species is endemic to the Socotra Archipelago and occurs on Socotra and Samha Is. It is widespread and locally common on Socotra, especially on the coastal plains below 70 m a. s. l. (Fig. 91). There are exceptional records up to 700 m a. s. l. (see Popov in Uvarov and Popov (1957)), as in Wadi Dineghen in 1956 and Di Hashus and Betin in 2008. In 2009, it was common at Ditwah Lagoon and on Noged Plain.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>S. ganglbaueri can be found on dry, bare patches of gravelly and sandy soils on the coast in dunes (Fig. 90), sparse dwarf shrubland, low Croton - Jatropha shrubland and high shrubland with succulents and, occasionally, in more vegetated areas. It is recorded year-round.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The song consists of repeated echemes of 10–20 ticking syllables. Echemes are repeated with intervals of 2–3 s (Fig. 92 A). The syllables are very short (&lt;1 ms) and repeated at about 18 per second (Fig. 92 B). Within syllables, the sound is seemingly primarily produced by one moving direction of the hind legs. The frequency spectrum is quite broad, with main frequencies between 4 and 7 kHz (XC 877928, accessible at https://www.xeno-canto.org/877928).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/AA6EDF0CCE345A8B9CB1A588E383A5F2	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
FED6BFC186E15A96BEE68E2BC21412A3.text	FED6BFC186E15A96BEE68E2BC21412A3.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) insularis (Popov 1957)	<div><p>Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) insularis (Popov, 1957)</p><p>Figs 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 377–378, figs 24–26 [as Wernerella insularis]; Johnsen 1985: 156, 166 [as W. insularis]; Wranik 2003: 323–324, plates 152, 157 [as W. insularis]; Massa 2009: 57–59, figs 17–19.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) insularis is easy to distinguish from other members of the genus in the Archipelago by the strongly undulated margins of the pronotum, the sudden notch in the dorsal carina of the hind femur close to the knee, the very large meso- and metasternal interspaces, the microscopic pearls on the tegmen and the stout appearance of the animal (Figs 94, 95) (Massa 2009). The hind wings are basally light blue and have a short, often incomplete band not reaching the hind margin and covering only the first anal veins. This band may sometimes only consist of separate dark spots (Fig. 95). The key in Johnsen (1985) separates S. insularis from other species formerly attributed to Wernerella by the deep blue supra-anal plate in the males.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) attributed Sphingonotus (S.) insularis (Fig. 95) to the genus Wernerella Karny, 1907, known from the Canary Islands and the Moroccan coast and considered it sister to Sphingonotus asperus (Brullé, 1840) . Hochkirch and Husemann (2008) synonymised Wernerella with Sphingonotus Fieber, 1852: genetic analyses suggested that Wernerella is polyphyletic, comprising ancient lineages and very young species, while the characters used to identify Wernerella are variable. Hence, the authors synonymised Wernerella with Sphingonotus .</p><p>This species and some former African Wernerella species have very different characteristics from all other Sphingonotus species, as listed by Massa (2009). The notch in the dorsal carina of the hind femur is an important characteristic of Oedipoda Latreille, 1829 (in Oedipodini Walker (1871)) . However, the head rising above the pronotum (although not visible in Fig. 95 because of the angle) is a character for Sphingonotus (in Sphingonotini Johnston (1956)), as does the low median carina of the pronotum that is not raised as in Oedipoda . Based on the above-mentioned unique as well as intermediate characteristics between Sphingonotus and Oedipoda, the erection of a new genus for Sphingonotus insularis and some other species formerly included in Wernerella, such as S. somalicus (Johnsen, 1985), is suggested.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>The species occurs on Socotra and Samha Is. and is endemic to the Socotra Archipelago. It is widespread and common from the plains to the higher limestone plateaus. It is absent from the higher regions in the Hagher (Fig. 96).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>Sphingonotus insularis, as a geophilous species, can be found on all kinds of dry and bare, gravelly soils from 0–900 m a. s. l. in sparse dwarf shrubland, low Croton - Jatropha shrubland, high shrubland with succulents, Frankincense and Dracaena woodland and forest and submontane shrubland and grassland. Records are from all months.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>In the available recordings, two elements can be recognised, which possibly represent both courtship and rivalry. The first element exists of repeated echemes of 3 (2–5) loosely grouped syllables (Fig. 98). Syllables last about 18–20 ms and the syllable repetition rate within these echemes is about six per second. A clear up and downstroke within a syllable is visible in the oscillogram. The first element has a peak frequency of 3–4 kHz.</p><p>The second element is formed by an echeme with 13–21 syllables (Fig. 99). The syllable duration is about 4 ms and syllables are repeated at the rate of about five per second. This echeme has a broader frequency spectrum and seems to be produced by wing flapping, but the latter needs to be confirmed. Massa (2009) observed specimens producing a sound before taking off. This may refer to the latter sound element.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/FED6BFC186E15A96BEE68E2BC21412A3	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
0DC75291794B50969F9FF7224A470C9D.text	0DC75291794B50969F9FF7224A470C9D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) rubescens (Walker 1870)	<div><p>Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) rubescens (Walker, 1870)</p><p>Fig. 100</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Dey et al. 2021: 132, fig. 1, table S 3 b.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Sphingonotus (Sphingonotus) rubescens (Walker, 1870) has a pattern of relatively small dark spots on the tegmina with less clear transverse bands, hyaline hind wings and a characteristic strongly S-shaped intercalary vein (Mistshenko 1937).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>It is widespread in northern Africa, southern Europe, Arabia and parts of Asia (Husemann 2020; Dey et al. 2021). It was newly reported for Socotra based on one specimen collected in 2010 (Dey et al. 2021). We found one specimen in Wranik’s collection from Samha, 1999 (Fig. 100).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>On Socotra, one specimen was found on a gravelly slope at 150 m a. s. l. near Hadiboh.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The song of this species consists of whistling and ticking sounds (e. g. Baudewijn Odé, XC 786864, accessible at https://www.xeno-canto.org/786864) and is described by Bland (1985).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/0DC75291794B50969F9FF7224A470C9D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
8A0E01B424B25C9FB9C8C573EC4A5BD1.text	8A0E01B424B25C9FB9C8C573EC4A5BD1.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Stenohippus socotranus (Popov 1957)	<div><p>Stenohippus socotranus (Popov, 1957)</p><p>Figs 54, 55, 56, 57</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 382–383, fig. 36 [as Leva socotrana]; Jago 1996: 114–116, 120, figs 153–155, 182; Wranik 2003: 325, plate 158 [as Leva socotrana].</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>The Socotran material can be recognised as Stenohippus, based on the main characteristics according to the key in Jago (1996): frontal ridge flat to slightly convex above the median ocellus, while lightly concave below it; long-winged; temporal foveolae rhomboid; well-developed lateral carinae in prozona and metazona of the pronotum.</p><p>S. socotranus can be distinguished from other members of the genus by a longer fastigium of the vertex (narrow, elongated and with an equal width at the level of the transverse groove to the length in front of this groove), relatively short antennae (slightly longer than head and pronotum together) and a prozona of the pronotum that is somewhat shorter than the metazona; see key in Jago (1996) — considered to be closely related to S. xanthus (Karny, 1907) occurring in Africa, Asia and Arabia (Oman, Yemen and Saudi Arabia).</p><p>Stenohippus socotranus is the only grasshopper on Socotra resembling European Gomphocerinae of the genus Chorthippus: a subconical head, sloping frons and subcylindrical pronotum, which is slightly constricted in the prozona and with angularly incurved lateral carinae (Figs 54, 55). Tegmina and hind wings are fully developed and the male subgenital plate is conical.</p><p>The genus Stenohippus is characterised by a high degree of polychromatism and polymorphism. There is a significant variation in colour patterns and some well-defined variations are separated. On Socotra, the variation S. socotranus var. marginellus is very common, at least amongst females. This variation is characterised by a large triangular dark brown mark on the pronotal side lobe. This character is accompanied by much less curved lateral carinae in the prozona of the pronotum. Jago (1996) stated that, despite the high degree of polymorphism in Stenohippus, the shape and dimensions of the fastigium of the vertex are considered stable to separate species reliably.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)) temporarily described Stenohippus socotranus (Popov, 1957) as a member of Leva Bolívar, 1909, despite the fact that he already recognised more similarities with Stenohippus Uvarov, 1926 (Fig. 55). Jago (1971) synonymised Stenohippus with Leva, based on his statement that the sulcation of the upper part of the frontal ridge (above the ocellus) is the only real difference between the two genera. Jago (1996) thoroughly revised Leva and Stenohippus, restored the latter genus and moved Popov’s socotranus from Leva to Stenohippus .</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>It is an endemic species to Socotra and widely distributed and common, especially on the plains (Fig. 56). In 2009, it was abundant at Taaqs, Ba’a and Qeysoh.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The typical habitat of S. socotranus is open, grassy patches with sparse and low vegetation on plains and hillsides in all lower vegetation types (Fig. 4). It seems absent in typical montane vegetation. It occurs year-round, from 5–1000 m a. s. l.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>The calling song consists of an echeme lasting 2–4.5s with about 40–100 syllables repeated at 18–23 per second (Fig. 57 A). Syllables last about 10 ms with a weak first part (hardly visible in the oscillograms) and a loud second part (Fig. 57 B) (XC 877924, accessible at https://www.xeno-canto.org/877924). During rivalry, males produce shorter echemes, sometimes down to a few syllables. The song resembles the song of Stenohippus mundus (Walker, 1871), known from the UAE (Buzzetti et al. 2014), but with shorter echemes.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/8A0E01B424B25C9FB9C8C573EC4A5BD1	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
C84F5327C76F5742BD1CA808BCDBC27E.text	C84F5327C76F5742BD1CA808BCDBC27E.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Trigonidium cicindeloides Rambur 1838	<div><p>Trigonidium cicindeloides Rambur, 1838</p><p>Figs 180, 181</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Massa 2009: 53.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Trigonidium cicindeloides is an unmistakable little cricket with large eyes, a shiny black body and orange-brown hind legs and cerci (Fig. 180).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>It is a widespread species in Africa, southern Europe, Asia and Arabia. Massa (2009) recorded it on Socotra. The only records are from Zerig and Zemhom, south of the Hagher (Fig. 181). The presence is most certainly overlooked and the species is probably more widely distributed in suitable habitats.</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>On Socotra, Trigonidium occurs in dense Juncus vegetations at 250–650 m a. s. l. (Fig. 6).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/C84F5327C76F5742BD1CA808BCDBC27E	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
1F7AC34EC0365529968DE0345E9E701D.text	1F7AC34EC0365529968DE0345E9E701D.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Truxalis viridifasciata (Krauss 1902)	<div><p>Truxalis viridifasciata (Krauss, 1902)</p><p>Figs 19, 20</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Burr 1898: 384 [as Tryxalis nasuta]; Krauss 1902: 4 [as Acrida (Acridella) viridifasciata]; Burr 1903: 412, 416 [as Truxalis nasuta]; Krauss 1907: 18, 29, plate II: figs 1, 1 A [as Acrida viridifasciata]; Dirsh 1950: 196–199, figs 125, 126; Popov (in Uvarov and Popov (1957)): 383, figs 37, 38; Wranik 1998: 158, 171; Wranik 2003: 325, plates 153, 158.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Truxalis viridifasciata can be distinguished from Oxytruxalis ensis by the following characteristics: antennae shorter than head and pronotum combined; pronotum saddle-shaped; tegmina more abruptly narrowed and obtusely pointed apically; hind wings only somewhat shorter than the tegmina; both the upper lateral lobes (inner and outer) of the hind knees of more or less the same length. Only adults of Oxytruxalis and Truxalis can be separated, based on the above characteristics. Nymphs are much harder to identify since their wings and the shape of the pronotum have not yet fully developed.</p><p>We identified the nymph specimens in our collection and those collected by Wranik as T. viridifasciata, based on the equal length of the inner and outer dorsal spurs on the hind knees. A nymph mentioned by Burr (1898) under Truxalis nasuta (Linnaeus, 1758) is also considered to belong to this species (Krauss 1907; Popov in Uvarov and Popov 1957).</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>The species is endemic to Socotra. It is relatively widespread in the Hagher, the surrounding limestone plateaus and the lower plains, but is uncommon (Fig. 20).</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The species occurs in various habitats between 35 and 1000 m a. s. l. Most records are from sparse dwarf, Croton - Jatropha - and submontane shrubland, submontane grassland and open woodland. Both adults and nymphs are present in all seasons.</p><p>Bioacoustics.</p><p>This species supposedly produces a song. Members of Truxalini are known to possess a stridulatory apparatus and can produce sounds through crepitation by snapping their hindwings during flight (Harz 1975; Haggag and Badawy 2017).</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1F7AC34EC0365529968DE0345E9E701D	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
A25EB339904F54B58A530C2F7DE06B0B.text	A25EB339904F54B58A530C2F7DE06B0B.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Xenephias socotranus Kevan 1973	<div><p>Xenephias socotranus Kevan, 1973</p><p>Figs 127, 128, 129</p><p>References for Socotra.</p><p>Kevan 1973: 1169–1173, figs 1, 2; Guichard 1992: 186; Popov 1997: 147–148, figs 76–78; Wranik 2003: 320, plate 154.</p><p>Diagnostic notes.</p><p>Xenephias socotranus is a medium-sized, typical pyrgomorphid grasshopper with an elongated vertex, downward-facing frons, concave below the eyes and slightly flattened first antenna segments (Fig. 128). It resembles a Pyrgomorpha species. but is entirely wingless, featuring a rugose body uniformly adorned with granules.</p><p>Taxonomic notes.</p><p>Kevan (1973) considered Xenephias a member of the subtribus Sphenexiina, with Sphenexia Karsch, 1896 as its closest relative. The latter genus occurs in coastal forests in East Africa. According to Kevan (1973), this demonstrates the relation of the Socotran Orthoptera to the Ethiopian fauna, as Uvarov and Popov (1957) mentioned earlier.</p><p>Distribution and occurrence.</p><p>Xenephias is endemic to Socotra and only known from the highest elevations in the Hagher at Adho Dimello, the lower slopes of Mt. Shihali and Mt. Skand (Fig. 129). In Mar / Apr 2022, Kay van Damme and Francesca Pella (in litt.) observed a nymph at Mt. Skand (Fig. 127).</p><p>For remarks on Guichard’s collecting site on Mt. Shihali on 20 April 1967, see the species account of Dioscoridus depressus .</p><p>Habitat and biology.</p><p>The species strictly occurs above 1000 m a. s. l. in montane forests and shrubland. The only records are from March and April.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/A25EB339904F54B58A530C2F7DE06B0B	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Felix, Rob;Bouwman, Jaap;Odé, Baudewijn;Ketelaar, Robert;Pham, Duc Minh;Bailey, James	Felix, Rob, Bouwman, Jaap, Odé, Baudewijn, Ketelaar, Robert, Pham, Duc Minh, Bailey, James (2025): The grasshoppers and crickets (Orthoptera) of the Socotra Archipelago (Yemen): a comprehensive overview and a description of a new Oecanthus Tree Cricket (Oecanthidae). Contributions to Entomology 75 (1): 21-166, DOI: 10.3897/contrib.entomol.75.e144389
