identifier	taxonID	type	CVterm	format	language	title	description	additionalInformationURL	UsageTerms	rights	Owner	contributor	creator	bibliographicCitation
E465A069FFE1FF908385B367E40BFDED.text	E465A069FFE1FF908385B367E40BFDED.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendronotus Alder et Hancock 1845	<div><p>Dendronotus Alder et Hancock, 1845</p><p>Type species:  Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius, 1774), by original designation.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E465A069FFE1FF908385B367E40BFDED	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ekimova, I. A.;Schepetov, D. M.;Chichvarkhina, O. V.;Chichvarkhin, A. Yu.	Ekimova, I. A., Schepetov, D. M., Chichvarkhina, O. V., Chichvarkhin, A. Yu. (2016): Nudibranch molluscs of the genus Dendronotus Alder et Hancock, 1845 (Heterobranchia: Dendronotina) from Northwestern Sea of Japan with description of a new species. Invertebrate Zoology 13 (1): 15-42, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.13.1.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.13.1.02
E465A069FFE1FF918388B3D7E467FEE9.text	E465A069FFE1FF918388B3D7E467FEE9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius 1774)	<div><p>Dendronotus frondosus (Ascanius, 1774)</p><p>Figs. 3–5.</p><p>Amphitrite frondosa Ascanius, 1774: 155–158, pl. 5, fig. 2.</p><p>See Robilliard (1970) and Ekimova et al. (2015) for a full list of synonyms</p><p>Material examined: W204, 1 specimen,  Sea of Japan, Amursky Bay, near the Institute of Marine Biology, 2–5 m depth, coll. K. Dudka, 25 May 2014 ;   W205,  Sea of Japan, Amursky Bay, near the Institute of Marine Biology, 2–5 m depth, coll. K. Dudka, 25 May 2014  .</p><p>Description: External morphology (Figs. 3, 5A). Body elongate, laterally compressed. Foot narrow, tail short. Oral veil with 10–14 short lip papillae and 4–5 secondary branched appendages. Rhinophoral sheaths with long stalk and five crown appendages. Lateral papilla moderate in size with small secondary branches. Rhinophores with 6–10 lamellae. 5 pairs of dorsolateral processes. Dorsolateral processes moderately branched by secondary and tertiary branches of similar size (Fig. 5A). Digestive gland diverticula penetrate dorsolateral processes and rhinophoral branched processes. These diverticula in first pair of cerata and rhinophores originate from anterior lobe of digestive gland; others arise from posterior lobe. Anal opening on right side of body about midway between first and second pair of dorsolateral processes. Reproductive openings lateral, below first pair of dorsolateral processes on right side.</p><p>Colour (Fig. 3): Background colour usually white or light-pink. Brown spots, lines, stripes and dots placed on dorsal side of body und upper parts of foot. Body covered by opaque golden or white pigment on which placed in small tubercles or gathered in large spots. Digestive gland diverticula can be seen through transparent body wall, digestive gland brown. Rhinophores similar in colour to body.</p><p>Internalmorphology (Figs.4, 5B–D):Length of dorsal processes of jaws about one-third length of jaw body. Inclined posteriorly at about 30°. Masticatory process about one-fifth as long as jaw body, slightly curved downwards. Masticatory border without denticles (Fig. 4D). Masticatory process strong, dark at base, transparent and subulate posteriorly. Jaw body yellow, brown towards masticatory border and ligament. Radula formula: 33 × 6–7.1.6–7 (W205). Rachidian tooth strong, triangular, approximately 1.2 times longer than width. Rachidian tooth bears 8–12 well-defined sharp denticles with large furrows on both sides of reduced cusp (Fig. 4B, C). Lateral teeth slightly curved towards midline and possess 5–10 large sharp denticles (Fig.4E). Outermost lateral teeth flattened with two or three reduced denticles. Innermost laterals thin and highly denticulated. Reproductive system triaulic (Fig. 5C, D). Ovotestis consists of numerous white rounded lobules. Long hermaphroditic duct leads to wide semicircular ampulla. Prostate discoid body consists of 16–30 small alveolar glands. Distal part of vas deferens long and winding, expanding to elongate penis. Oviduct connects through insemination duct into female gland complex. Vagina long, gradually narrowing into a rounded seminal receptaculum, and then connecting into oviduct and female gland mass. Bursa copulatrix small and rounded. Female genital aperture opens posterior to penis on right side of body, between first and second pairs of dorsolateral processes.</p><p>Ecology: Depth range does not exceed 20 m (Ekimova et al., 2015; present study). Feeds on several tecaphoran hydrozoan species from genera  Obelia,  Dynamena,  Gonothyraea, and  Laomedea . Egg mass is narrow cord, forms an irregular, compressed off-white spiral. Reproduction period from June to October; the larva is a planctotrophic veliger with oval shell.</p><p>Distribution: North-West and North-East Atlantic, including the White and the Barents seas, north parts of the Sea of Japan</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E465A069FFE1FF918388B3D7E467FEE9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ekimova, I. A.;Schepetov, D. M.;Chichvarkhina, O. V.;Chichvarkhin, A. Yu.	Ekimova, I. A., Schepetov, D. M., Chichvarkhina, O. V., Chichvarkhin, A. Yu. (2016): Nudibranch molluscs of the genus Dendronotus Alder et Hancock, 1845 (Heterobranchia: Dendronotina) from Northwestern Sea of Japan with description of a new species. Invertebrate Zoology 13 (1): 15-42, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.13.1.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.13.1.02
E465A069FFE0FF928396B0D7E3E5FA29.text	E465A069FFE0FF928396B0D7E3E5FA29.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendronotus kamchaticus Ekimova, Korshunova, Schepetov, Neretina, Sanamyan et Martynov 2015	<div><p>Dendronotus kamchaticus Ekimova, Korshunova, Schepetov, Neretina, Sanamyan et Martynov, 2015</p><p>Fig. 6–8.</p><p>Type material:   Holotype ZMMU Op-245, northwest Pacific, Kamchatka,  Avacha Bay, 7 m depth, coll. D.B. Semenov, 15 June 2010.</p><p>Material examined: W194, 2 specimens, Sea of Japan, Rudnaya Bay, 10–16 m depth, coll. T. Antokhina, A. Chichvarkhin, 8 May 2013 .</p><p>Description. External morphology (Figs. 6, 8A): Body elongate, laterally compressed. Foot narrow, tail short. Oral veil with 4–6 lip papillae and branched appendages. Primary stalks of veil appendages tall and slender, giving rise to numerous secondary branches with short tertiary branches. Rhinophoral sheath divide into 5– 6 crown papillae that about same length. Lateral papillae (about one-third or one-half of sheath length) branches off sheath base and expanded with secondary branches. Rhinophores bear 14– 20 lamellae. 5 pairs of dorsolateral appendages. Primary stalks of cerata long, slender and conical (Fig. 8A). Secondary branches of dorsal appendages well-expressed, narrow; tertiary branches of dorsal appendages short, rounded at tip. Digestive gland diverticula penetrate cerata and rhinophoral branched processes. These diverticula in first part of cerata and rhinophores originate from anterior lobe of digestive gland; others arise from posterior lobe. Anal opening on right side of body about midway between first and second pair of dorsal appendages. Reproductive openings lateral near the first pair of cerata on right side.</p><p>Colour (Fig. 6): Background colour is transparent white, with complex pattern of light, dark, and red-brown spots and stripes. On dorsal side spots and stripes merge and form characteristic striped pattern. Lateral sides of body devoid of stripes but covered with brown spots. Brown branches of digestive gland clearly visible through thin walls of rhinophoral sheathes, dorsal appendages, and velar papillae. Lamellae of rhinophores brown. All body, including rhinophoral sheathes, cerata, and upper parts of foot covered with white and golden pigment spots. Large dots of pigment are often placed inside tubercles on dorsal and lateral surface of body.</p><p>Internal morphology (Figs. 7, 8B, C): Dorsal process of jaws strong; length about onequarter of jaw body length. Inclined posteriorly at about 15°. Length of dorsal processes of jaws about one-third length of jaw body, strong at base, but becoming transparent and subulate posteriorly. Denticles absent on masticatory border. Radula formula:24 × 9–10.1.9–10 (adult specimen), 17 × 10–11.1.10–11 (subadult specimen). Rachidian tooth large and strong, with quadrangular base and triangular cusp. Rachidian tooth of subadult specimens bear 10–12 small, relatively sharp denticles that continue down dorsal side of cusp as thin furrows. In adult specimens denticles absent, tooth completely smooth, sometimes with faint furrows (Fig. 7A, B). Colour of oldest rachidian teeth is light yellow, others transparent. 9–11 lateral teeth, each consisting of elongate, flattened plate and cusp. Outer border of cusps bear 5–9 sharp and strong denticles. Innermost lateral tooth thin, delicate, and highly denticulated, one or two outermost teeth narrow, thin and flattened and do not bear denticles (Fig. 7C). Reproductivesystemtriaulic (Fig.8C). Largewhiteovotestis composed of many rounded lobules, and leading to hermaphrodite duct that expands into elongate sinuous ampulla. Prostata consists of 7–8 oval alveoli, distal part of vas deferens narrow and winding, expanding to narrow, elongate unarmed penis. Oviduct connects through insemination duct into female gland complex. Vagina long, strait, with small bursa copulatrix, gradually narrows into rounded seminal receptaculum. Long insemination duct emerges from seminal receptaculum and connects into oviduct and female gland mass. Female genital aperture opens posterior to penis on right side of body, between first and second pairs of dorsolateral processes.</p><p>Ecology: Found subtidally at 7–16 m in depth. Inhabits brown and red algae or rocks covered with hydrozoan colonies (Thecaphora). Egg masses are unknown.</p><p>Distribution: This far, known from Avacha Bay, Kamchatka peninsula (Ekimova et al., 2015) and from Rudnaya Bay, Sea of Japan (present study).</p><p>Remarks:  D. kamchaticus was described from Avacha Bay (North-West Pacific, Kamchatka peninsula) at the depth 7–10 m (Ekimova et al., 2015). Here for the first time this species out of its type locality is described. External and internal morphology of holotype corresponds to our specimens, with a few exceptions. Type specimens of  D. kamchaticus are defined by small dorsolateral appendages with short and bulbous primary stalks and small secondary branches and lacking tertiary. Probably it can be related with preserving changes of soft tissues. Radula formula described in Ekimova et al. (2015) is 16–20 × 7–10.1.7–10, while in our specimens it is 17–24 × 9–11.1.9–11. However, it can be explained as intraspecific variations of radular teeth number. Morphology of the rachidian and lateral teeth, jaws and reproductive system is quite similar in type specimens and individuals studied.</p><p>It can be concluded that our specimens truly belong to  D. kamchaticus according to both morphological and molecular analyses. The first finding of this species in the Sea of Japan extends its known distribution from the boreal regions of Northwestern Pacific to the northern part of the Sea of Japan. Supposedly, this species can be also found in Sakhalin, Kuril Islands and in the Okhotsk Sea.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E465A069FFE0FF928396B0D7E3E5FA29	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ekimova, I. A.;Schepetov, D. M.;Chichvarkhina, O. V.;Chichvarkhin, A. Yu.	Ekimova, I. A., Schepetov, D. M., Chichvarkhina, O. V., Chichvarkhin, A. Yu. (2016): Nudibranch molluscs of the genus Dendronotus Alder et Hancock, 1845 (Heterobranchia: Dendronotina) from Northwestern Sea of Japan with description of a new species. Invertebrate Zoology 13 (1): 15-42, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.13.1.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.13.1.02
E465A069FFE3FF97825DB4AAE13BFDA9.text	E465A069FFE3FF97825DB4AAE13BFDA9.taxon	http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text	http://rs.tdwg.org/ontology/voc/SPMInfoItems#GeneralDescription	text/html	en	Dendronotus dudkai Ekimova & Schepetov & Chichvarkhina & Chichvarkhin 2016	<div><p>Dendronotus dudkai sp.n.</p><p>Figs. 9–11.</p><p>Dendronotus frondosus sensu Baba, 1993 non Ascanius, 1774</p><p>Type material:   Holotype: ZMMU Lc-40364, Sea of Japan,  Vostok Bay, Vostok Marine Biological Station, 6–7 m depth, coll. A. Chichvarkhin &amp; A. Goloseyev, 10–15 August 2014  .  Paratypes: ZMMU Lc-40365, 1 specimen, Sea of Japan, Vostok Bay, Vostok Marine Biological Station, 6–7 m depth, coll. A. Chichvarkhin &amp; A. Goloseyev, 15 August 2014;   ZMMU Lc- 40366, 1 specimen, Sea of Japan, Amursky Bay,  near the Institute of Marine Biology, 2–5 m depth, coll. K. Dudka, 25 May 2014 ;  ZMMU Lc-40367, 2 specimens, Sea of Japan, Vostok Bay, Vostok Marine Biological Station, 10–15 m depth, coll. I. Ekimova &amp; A. Chichvarkhin, 10–15 September 2015 .</p><p>Additional material examined:W195, 1 specimen,  Sea of Japan, Rudnaya Bay, 10 m depth, coll. A. Chichvarkhin, 10 June 2012; W196, 1 specimen,  Sea of Japan, Rudnaya Bay, 10–12 m depth, coll. A. Chichvarkhin, 8 June 2013; W197–W200, 4 specimens, place, depth, date and collectors are the same as W196; W201, 1 specimen,  Sea of Japan, Vostok Bay, Vostok Marine Biological Station, 6–7 m depth, coll. A. Chichvarkhin &amp; A. Goloseyev, 10 August 2014; W202, 2 specimens,  Sea of Japan, Vostok Bay, Vostok Marine Biological Station, 6–7 m depth, coll. A. Chichvarkhin &amp; A. Goloseyev, 15 August 2014; W207, 3 specimens,  Sea of Japan, Vostok Bay, Vostok Marine Biological Station, 6–7 m depth, coll. K. Dudka, 15 March 2015; WS2894–WS2897, 4 specimens,  Sea of Japan, Vostok Bay, Vostok Marine Biological Station, 10–15 m depth, coll. I. Ekimova &amp; A. Chichvarkhin, 10–15 September 2015.</p><p>Type locality:  Sea of Japan, Vostok Bay, Vostok Marine Biological Station, 6–7 m depth, on  Obelia cf. longissima (Pallas, 1766) .</p><p>Etymology: Dedicated to our friend and invaluable assistant Mr. Konstantin Dudka, stuff diver of Institute of Marine Biology RAS (Vladivostok), one of the first collectors of this species.</p><p>Description. External morphology (Figs. 9, 11A): Body elongate, laterally compressed.Foot narrow, tail short. Oral veil small with 6–12 large, secondary branched cerata. Muscular lips with 5–10 short lip papillae.Rhinophoral sheaths with long stalk and 4–5 crown secondary branched appendages. Lateral papillae moderate in size with small secondary branches. Rhinophores with 8–10 lamellae. 6–8 pairs of highly branched dorsolateral processes, size and degree of branching decrease towards the tail. 2–5 primary stalks on each cerata, branching pattern “rosette” (Fig. 11A). Secondary branches long and rounded, tertiary branches short and sometimes pointed. Digestive gland diverticula penetrate cerata and rhinophoral sheath processes. These diverticula in first pair of cerata and rhinophores originate from anterior lobe of digestive gland; others arise from posterior lobe. Cardiac prominence slightly raised. Body covered with conical papillae that usually tallest on cardiac prominence. Anal opening on right side of body about midway between first and second pair of dorsolateral processes. Reproductive openings lateral, below first pair of dorsolateral processes on right side.</p><p>Colour (Fig. 9): General colour pattern varies from beige to dark-brown. Background colour translucent-white or light yellow. A lot of spots, stripes and dots on dorsal side of the body, cerata, rhinophoral sheath processes and upper parts of foot. Their colour varies from yellow to dark-brown. Some specimens covered with dots of golden or white opaque pigment. This pigment locates also in low body papillae and small turbecles. All specimens possess well-visible white stripes between pairs of cerata. Digestive gland diverticula can be seen through transparent body wall. Digestive gland beige or brown. The colour of the rhinophores similar to body colour.</p><p>Internal morphology (Figs. 10, 11B–D): Dorsal processes of jaws about 2.5 times shorter than jaw body (Fig. 11B). Inclined posteriorly at about 45°. Masticatory process about one-third as long as jaw body, slightly curved at base and become transparent and subulate posteriorly. Masticatory border with a single raw of denticles (Fig. 10G). Radula formula: 32 × 7–8.1.7– 8 (W203); 27 × 6–7.1.6–7 (W201), 29 × 8– 9.1.8–9 (W196) (Fig. 10A–D). Rachidian tooth strong, triangular, length same as width, bears 12–18 sharp denticles with thin furrows on both sides of the reduced cusp (Fig. 10E). Lateral teeth slightly curved toward midline, bear 4–8 well-defined denticles (Fig. 10F). Outermost lateral teeth form varies from flattened shape to narrow with pointed apex. Innermost lateral teeth thin and highly denticulated. Reproductive system triaulic (Fig. 11C, D). Ovotestis large and white, composed from number of rounded lobules, leads to hermaphrodite duct. Ampulla wide and sinuous, merging with oviduct and connecting into prostate. Prostate concentric ring-shaped, consists of 12–14 oval alveolar glands. Distal part of vas deference winding expand into wide, muscular portion. Penis slightly curved, lacking armature. Oviduct connects through insemination duct into female gland complex. Vagina long, convoluted, narrows into rounded seminal receptaculum and then connects into oviduct and female gland mass. Small bursa copulatrix near proximal part of vagina, Female genital aperture opens posterior to penis on right side of body, between first and second pairs of dorsolateral processes.</p><p>Рис. 10.  Dendronotus dudkai sp.n., микрофотографии участков радулы и жевательной поверхности челюстей (СЭМ). A — W201, центральные и латеральные Зубы; B — W203, центральные и латеральные Зубы; C — W202, центральные и внутренние латеральные Зубы, D — W197, центральные и латеральные Зубы; E — W197, центральный Зуб; F — W197, латеральные Зубы; G — жевательный отросток челюстей, жевательнаЯ поверхность несет одинарный рЯд Зубчиков. МасШтаб: A, B, F — 50 мкм; C — 20 мкм; D — 80 мкм; E — 10 мкм; G — 100 мкм.</p><p>Ecology: Found subtidally at 2–16 m in depth. Feeds on tecaphoran hydrozoan colonies of the family  Campanulariidae ( Obelia cf. longissima). These colonies occupied artificial substrates (ropes) only; we never found them with  Dendronotus spp. on natural substrates. Reproduction period in June–July. Egg mass is narrow white cord, coiled on hydrozoan colonies.</p><p>Distribution: the Sea of Japan: from Rudnaya Bay to Amursky Bay, Sado Isl. Probably has wider distribution.</p><p>Remarks:</p><p>The differences between  D. dudkai sp.n. and  D. primorjensis were discussed above. The individuals of  D. dudkai sp.n. have very similar internal and external morphology with eastern Pacific species  D. venustus and amphiboreal  D. frondosus . Nevertheless, an array of diagnostic differences can be designated in these three species. In contrast with  D. dudkai sp.n.,  D. venustus possesses unbranched papillae of rhinophoral sheath, very large outgrowth of cardiac prominence, the ampulla is crescent-shaped.  D. frondosus is distinguished from  D. dudkai sp.n. by absence of denticles on the masticatory process of jaws, elongated shape of rachidian teeth, flattened shape of outer lateral teeth with no cusp; the ampulla  D. frondosus is rounded, prostate contains more alveoli (16–40). According to morphological cladistic analysis by Stout et al. (2010), morphological differences shown above are sufficient for species delimitation.</p><p>Similar colour pattern and morphology is specific also to  D. kamchaticus,  D. kalikal as well as some colour variations of  D. lacteus . Nevertheless these species differ from  D. dudkai sp.n. in radular morphology. The rachidian tooth in  D. kamchaticus is smooth, denticles and furrows are absent.  D. kalikal possesses elongated rachidian tooth bearing tiny denticles along external edge, although the number of denticles is lower while furrows are very fine and nearly invisible. Rachidian tooth in  D. lacteus possesses large number of small denticles, their furrows are fine, lateral teeth are triangle shaped with small proximal denticles; some individuals are lacking denticles.</p><p>The rachidian tooth of  D. dudkai sp.n. radula possesses well-developed denticles that lengthen with deep furrows; conical cusp is reduced. This pattern of features distinguishes this species from  D. dalli,  D. kamchaticus,  D. niveus (possessing smooth rachidian tooth),  D. robustus,  D. patricki,  D. iris (developed conical cusp),  D. rufus,  D. lacteus,  D. kalikal,  D. albus,  D. gracilis (denticle furrows more or less reduced till complete disappearance),  D. subramosus (sporadic denticles and furrows),  D. albopunctatus (furrows approach central part of the teeth). Teeth shape in  D. dudkai sp.n. is well distinguished form  D. noachi and  D. regius — spacing between margins in these two species increases toward the cusp. Rachidian tooth in  D. dudkai sp.n. is similar to  D. venustus,  D. frondosus,  D. comteti,  D. orientalis . As said above, both  D. frondosus and  D. venustus differ from  D. dudkai sp.n. with the features of internal and external morphology.  D. comteti possesses elongated rachidian tooth and lower number of lateral ones (4–5). Besides that, this species possesses lower number of dorsolateral appendages (2–4 pairs), with no secondary branching. The number of lateral teeth in  D. orientalis (2) is a good diagnostic trait to be distinguished from  D. dudkai sp.n.</p></div>	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E465A069FFE3FF97825DB4AAE13BFDA9	Public Domain	No known copyright restrictions apply. See Agosti, D., Egloff, W., 2009. Taxonomic information exchange and copyright: the Plazi approach. BMC Research Notes 2009, 2:53 for further explanation.		Plazi	Ekimova, I. A.;Schepetov, D. M.;Chichvarkhina, O. V.;Chichvarkhin, A. Yu.	Ekimova, I. A., Schepetov, D. M., Chichvarkhina, O. V., Chichvarkhin, A. Yu. (2016): Nudibranch molluscs of the genus Dendronotus Alder et Hancock, 1845 (Heterobranchia: Dendronotina) from Northwestern Sea of Japan with description of a new species. Invertebrate Zoology 13 (1): 15-42, DOI: 10.15298/invertzool.13.1.02, URL: https://doi.org/10.15298/invertzool.13.1.02
